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Barreiro-Crespo L, Fernández-Tejedor M, Diogène J, Rambla-Alegre M. The Temporal Distribution of Cyclic Imines in Shellfish in the Bays of Fangar and Alfacs, Northwestern Mediterranean Region. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 16:10. [PMID: 38251227 PMCID: PMC10819045 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Spirolides (SPXs), gymnodimines (GYMs), and pinnatoxins (PnTXs) have been detected in shellfish from the northwestern Mediterranean coast of Spain. Several samples of bivalves were collected from Fangar Bay and Alfacs Bay in Catalonia over a period of over 7 years (from 2015 to 2021). Shellfish samples were analyzed for cyclic imines (CIs) on an LC1200 Agilent and 3200 QTrap triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. In shellfish, SPX-1 was detected in two cases (of 26.5 µg/kg and 34 µg/kg), and GYM-A was only detected in trace levels in thirteen samples. Pinnatoxin G (PnTX-G) was detected in 44.6% of the samples, with its concentrations ranging from 2 µg/kg to 38.4 µg/kg. Statistical analyses revealed that seawater temperature influenced the presence or absence of these toxins. PnTX-G showed an extremely significant presence/temperature relationship in both bays in comparison to SPX-1 and GYM-A. The prevalence of these toxins in different bivalve mollusks was evaluated. A seasonal pattern was observed, in which the maximum concentrations were found in the winter months for SPX-1 and GYM-A but in the summer months for PnTX-G. The obtained results indicate that it is unlikely that CIs in the studied area pose a potential health risk through the consumption of a seafood diet. However, further toxicological information about CIs is necessary in order to perform a conclusive risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Barreiro-Crespo
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km.5, 45350 La Ràpita, Spain; (L.B.-C.); (M.F.-T.); (J.D.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43002 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Margarita Fernández-Tejedor
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km.5, 45350 La Ràpita, Spain; (L.B.-C.); (M.F.-T.); (J.D.)
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km.5, 45350 La Ràpita, Spain; (L.B.-C.); (M.F.-T.); (J.D.)
| | - Maria Rambla-Alegre
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou km.5, 45350 La Ràpita, Spain; (L.B.-C.); (M.F.-T.); (J.D.)
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Sibat M, Mai T, Tanniou S, Biegala I, Hess P, Jauffrais T. Seasonal Single-Site Sampling Reveals Large Diversity of Marine Algal Toxins in Coastal Waters and Shellfish of New Caledonia (Southwestern Pacific). Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:642. [PMID: 37999505 PMCID: PMC10674433 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Algal toxins pose a serious threat to human and coastal ecosystem health, even if their potential impacts are poorly documented in New Caledonia (NC). In this survey, bivalves and seawater (concentrated through passive samplers) from bays surrounding Noumea, NC, collected during the warm and cold seasons were analyzed for algal toxins using a multi-toxin screening approach. Several groups of marine microalgal toxins were detected for the first time in NC. Okadaic acid (OA), azaspiracid-2 (AZA2), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), pinnatoxin-G (PnTX-G), and homo-yessotoxin (homo-YTX) were detected in seawater at higher levels during the summer. A more diversified toxin profile was found in shellfish with brevetoxin-3 (BTX3), gymnodimine-A (GYM-A), and 13-desmethyl spirolide-C (SPX1), being confirmed in addition to the five toxin groups also found in seawater. Diarrhetic and neurotoxic toxins did not exceed regulatory limits, but PnTX-G was present at up to the limit of the threshold recommended by the French Food Safety Authority (ANSES, 23 μg kg-1). In the present study, internationally regulated toxins of the AZA-, BTX-, and OA-groups by the Codex Alimentarius were detected in addition to five emerging toxin groups, indicating that algal toxins pose a potential risk for the consumers in NC or shellfish export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoëlla Sibat
- Ifremer, ODE/PHYTOX/METALG, Rue de l’île d’Yeu, F-44300 Nantes, France;
| | - Tepoerau Mai
- Ifremer, IRD, Univ Nouvelle-Calédonie, Univ La Réunion, CNRS, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, 98800 Nouméa, New Caledonia; (T.M.); (T.J.)
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Simon Tanniou
- Ifremer, ODE/PHYTOX/METALG, Rue de l’île d’Yeu, F-44300 Nantes, France;
| | - Isabelle Biegala
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, UM110, 13288 Marseille, France;
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, ODE/PHYTOX/METALG, Rue de l’île d’Yeu, F-44300 Nantes, France;
| | - Thierry Jauffrais
- Ifremer, IRD, Univ Nouvelle-Calédonie, Univ La Réunion, CNRS, UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, 98800 Nouméa, New Caledonia; (T.M.); (T.J.)
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Rossignoli AE, Ben-Gigirey B, Cid M, Mariño C, Martín H, Garrido S, Rodríguez F, Blanco J. Lipophilic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Marine Invertebrates from the Galician Coast. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:631. [PMID: 37999494 PMCID: PMC10675701 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
For the purpose of assessing human health exposure, it is necessary to characterize the toxins present in a given area and their potential impact on commercial species. The goal of this research study was: (1) to screen the prevalence and concentrations of lipophilic toxins in nine groups of marine invertebrates in the northwest Iberian Peninsula; (2) to evaluate the validity of wild mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) as sentinel organisms for the toxicity in non-bivalve invertebrates from the same area. The screening of multiple lipophilic toxins in 1150 samples has allowed reporting for the first time the presence of 13-desmethyl spirolide C, pinnatoxin G, okadaic acid, and dinophysistoxins 2 in a variety of non-traditional vectors. In general, these two emerging toxins showed the highest prevalence (12.5-75%) in most of the groups studied. Maximum levels for 13-desmethyl spirolide C and pinnatoxin G were found in the bivalves Magallana gigas (21 µg kg-1) and Tellina donacina (63 µg kg-1), respectively. However, mean concentrations for the bivalve group were shallow (2-6 µg kg-1). Okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin 2 with lower prevalence (1.6-44.4%) showed, on the contrary, very high concentration values in specific species of crustaceans and polychaetes (334 and 235 µg kg--1, respectively), to which special attention should be paid. Statistical data analyses showed that mussels could be considered good biological indicators for the toxicities of certain groups in a particular area, with correlations between 0.710 (for echinoderms) and 0.838 (for crustaceans). Polychaetes could be an exception, but further extensive surveys would be needed to draw definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli E. Rossignoli
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Xunta de Galicia, Pedras de Corón s/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain (J.B.)
- Xefatura Territorial de Vigo, Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Concepción Areal nº8, 4, 36201 Vigo, Spain
| | - Begoña Ben-Gigirey
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Monitoring of Marine Biotoxins, Citexvi, Fonte das Abelleiras 4, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (B.B.-G.); (M.C.); (F.R.)
| | - Mónica Cid
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Monitoring of Marine Biotoxins, Citexvi, Fonte das Abelleiras 4, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (B.B.-G.); (M.C.); (F.R.)
| | - Carmen Mariño
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Xunta de Galicia, Pedras de Corón s/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain (J.B.)
| | - Helena Martín
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Xunta de Galicia, Pedras de Corón s/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain (J.B.)
| | - Soledad Garrido
- Centro Nacional Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain; (S.G.)
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Monitoring of Marine Biotoxins, Citexvi, Fonte das Abelleiras 4, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (B.B.-G.); (M.C.); (F.R.)
- Centro Nacional Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain; (S.G.)
| | - Juan Blanco
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Xunta de Galicia, Pedras de Corón s/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain (J.B.)
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Wang G, Qiu J, Li A, Ji Y, Zhang J. Apoptosis and oxidative stress of mouse breast carcinoma 4T1 and human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell lines caused by the phycotoxin gymnodimine-A. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 384:110727. [PMID: 37739050 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Gymnodimine-A (GYM-A) is a cyclic imine phycotoxin produced by some marine dinoflagellates. It can cause rapid death of mice via intraperitoneal administration and frequently accumulate in shellfish potentially threatening human health. In this study, four different cell lines were exposed to GYM-A for the viability assessment. Results showed that GYM-A was cytotoxic with concentration-dependent pattern to each cell type, with mean IC50 values ranging from 1.39 to 2.79 μmol L-1. Results suggested that the loss of cell viability of 4T1 and Caco-2 cells was attributed to apoptosis. Furthermore, the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential and caspases activation were observed in the GYM-A-treated cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxides (LPO) levels were markedly increased in 4T1 and Caco-2 cells exposed to GYM-A at 2 μmol L-1, and the oxidative stress in 4T1 cells was more obvious than that in Caco-2 cells. Additionally, unusual ultrastructure impairment on mitochondria and mitophagosomes occurred in the GYM-A-treated cells. These results suggested that an ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway for apoptosis and mitophagy was implicated in the cytotoxic effects induced by GYM-A. This is the first report to explore the cytotoxic mechanisms of GYM-A through apoptosis and oxidative stress, and it will provide theoretical foundations for the potential therapeutic applications of GYM-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixiang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jingrui Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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Rossignoli AE, Mariño C, Martín H, Blanco J. First Report of Two Gymnodimines and Two Tetrodotoxin Analogues in Invertebrates from the North Atlantic Coast of Spain. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040232. [PMID: 37103371 PMCID: PMC10144553 DOI: 10.3390/md21040232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gymnodimine D (GYM D), 16-desmethyl gymnodimine D (16-desmethyl GYM D), and two tetrodotoxin analogues have been found in invertebrates obtained from the north Atlantic coast of Spain from May 2021 to October 2022. It is the first report of GYMD and 16-desmethyl GYM D in invertebrates worldwide and of the tetrodotoxin analogues, 5,6,11 trideoxy tetrodotoxin (5,6,11 trideoxy TTX) and its isomer (referred to as 5,6,11 trideoxy-epi-TTX), in the north Atlantic Coast of Spain. In this study, we also report for the first time the detection of tetrodotoxin (TTX) in three species (the cnidaria Calliactis parasitica, an unidentified species, and the bivalve Tellina donacina). The prevalence was medium for GYM D and 16-desmethyl GYM D and low for TTXs overall. The concentrations recorded were variable, with maximum values of GYM D in the bivalve Cerastoderma edule (8.8 μg GYM A equivalents kg-1), of 16-desmethyl GYM D in the bivalve Magellana gigas (10 μg GYM A equivalents kg-1) and of TTX and 5,6,11 trideoxy TTX in the cnidaria C. parasitica (49.7 and 233 μg TTX equivalents kg-1, respectively). There is very scarce information about these compounds. Therefore, the reporting of these new detections will increase the knowledge on the current incidence of marine toxins in Europe that the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), in particular, and the scientific community, in general, have. This study also highlights the importance of analyzing toxin analogues and metabolites for effective monitoring programs and adequate health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli E Rossignoli
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Pedras de Corón s/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Carmen Mariño
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Pedras de Corón s/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Helena Martín
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Pedras de Corón s/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Juan Blanco
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Pedras de Corón s/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
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Abstract
Covering: January to December 2021This review covers the literature published in 2021 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 736 citations (724 for the period January to December 2021) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1425 in 416 papers for 2021), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Pertinent reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included. An analysis of the number of authors, their affiliations, domestic and international collection locations, focus of MNP studies, citation metrics and journal choices is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Carroll
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. .,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brent R Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Enivironment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery, and School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Stability and Chemical Conversion of the Purified Reference Material of Gymnodimine-A under Different Temperature and pH Conditions. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110744. [PMID: 36355994 PMCID: PMC9695126 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gymnodimines (GYMs) are a group of fast-acting phycotoxins and their toxicological effects on human beings are still unclear due to the lack of sufficiently well-characterized large quantities of purified toxins for toxicology studies. In this study, a certified reference material (CRM) of GYM-A was prepared from the dinoflagellate Karenia selliformis, followed by multi-step chromatography separation and purification. Subsequently, the stability of GYM-A in methanolic media was evaluated at different temperature (-20, 4, and 20 °C) and pH (3, 5, and 7) conditions for 8 months, and the conversion products of GYM-A were explored by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The results show that the stability of GYM-A decreased with increasing temperature and pH values. The GYM-A was stable during storage at -20 °C regardless of pH, but it decreased rapidly (81.8% ± 9.3%) at 20 °C in pH 7 solution after 8 months. Moreover, the concentrations of GYM-A did not significantly change at all temperatures in solutions with pH 3 (p > 0.05). It is recommended that GYM-A should be stored at low temperature (≤-20 °C) and pH (≤3) conditions for long-term storage in aqueous methanolic media. In addition, two conversion products of GYM-A, tentatively named as GYM-K (m/z 540) and GYM-L (m/z 524), were identified in the samples stored at high levels of pH and temperature. Based on the LC-HRMS data, the hypothetical chemical structures of both converting derivatives were proposed. A useful strategy for long-term storage of GYM-A CRM in aqueous methanolic media was suggested and two hypothesized conversion products of GYM-A were discovered in this study.
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Aboualaalaa H, El Kbiach ML, Rijal Leblad B, Hervé F, Hormat-Allah A, Baudy L, Ennaskhi I, Hammi I, Ibghi M, Elmortaji H, Abadie E, Rolland JL, Amzil Z, Laabir M. Development of harmful algal blooms species responsible for lipophilic and amnesic shellfish poisoning intoxications in southwestern Mediterranean coastal waters. Toxicon 2022; 219:106916. [PMID: 36115413 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mediterranean waters have undergone environmental changes during the last decades leading to various modifications of the structure of phytoplankton populations, especially Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) species. Monitoring of the potentially toxic phytoplankton species was carried out biweekly in the western Mediterranean coast of Morocco from March 2018 to March 2019. Lipophilic Shellfish Toxins (LSTs) using LC-MS/MS and Domoic Acid (DA) using HPLC-UV were measured in the exploited mollusks, the cockle Acanthocardia tuberculata and the smooth clam Callista chione. We also determined the prevailing environmental factors in four surveyed sites (M'diq bay, Martil, Kaa Asras, and Djawn) selected to cover a variety of coastal ecosystems. Results showed that Pseudo-nitzschia spp. a DA producer species, was abundant with a pick of 50 × 103 cells l-1 on October 2018 in Djawn. Dinophysis caudata was the dominate Dinophysis species and showed a maximum density of 2200 cells l-1 on July in Djawn. Prorocentrum lima, an epibenthic dinoflagellate, appeared rarely in the water column with densities <80 cells l-1. Gonyaulax spinifera and Protoceratium reticulatum were found occasionally with a maximum density of 160 cells l-1. Karenia selliformis was detected only five times (<80 cells l-1) throughout the survey period. LC-MS/MS analyses revealed the presence of OA/DTX3, PTX-2, PTX-2 sa, and PTX-2 sa epi in the cockle at concentrations of up to 44.81 (OA/DTX-3+PTXs) ng g-1 meat. GYM-A was detected in the clam at concentrations of up to 4.22 ng g-1 meat. For the first time, AZAs and YTXs were detected in the southwestern Mediterranean with maximum values of 2.49 and 10.93 ng g-1 meat of cockle, respectively. DA was detected in moderate concentrations not exceeding 5.65 μg g-1 in both mollusks. Results showed that the observed toxic algae in the water column were responsible from the analysed toxins in the mollusks. It is likely that the southwestern Mediterranean waters could see the development of emergent species producing potent toxins (YTXs, AZAs, GYM-A). These dinoflagellates have to be isolated, ribotyped, and their toxin profiles determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Aboualaalaa
- Equipe de Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University Tetouan, Morocco; INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco; Université Montpellier, MARBEC CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Benlahcen Rijal Leblad
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco.
| | - Fabienne Hervé
- Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), PHYTOX, METALG Laboratory, Nantes, France
| | - Amal Hormat-Allah
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Lauriane Baudy
- Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), PHYTOX, METALG Laboratory, Nantes, France
| | - Ismail Ennaskhi
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Ikram Hammi
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Ibghi
- Equipe de Biotechnologie Végétale, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University Tetouan, Morocco; INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Environment Monitoring Laboratory, Tangier, Morocco; Université Montpellier, MARBEC CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Montpellier, France
| | - Hind Elmortaji
- INRH (Moroccan Institute of Fisheries Research), Marine Biotoxins Laboratory, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Eric Abadie
- MARBEC, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
| | - Jean Luc Rolland
- MARBEC, Université Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France
| | - Zouher Amzil
- Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), PHYTOX, METALG Laboratory, Nantes, France
| | - Mohamed Laabir
- Université Montpellier, MARBEC CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, Montpellier, France
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Otero P, Silva M. Emerging Marine Biotoxins in European Waters: Potential Risks and Analytical Challenges. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:199. [PMID: 35323498 PMCID: PMC8955394 DOI: 10.3390/md20030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms pose a challenge regarding food safety due to their erratic nature and forming circumstances which are yet to be disclosed. The best strategy to protect human consumers is through legislation and monitoring strategies. Global warming and anthropological intervention aided the migration and establishment of emerging toxin producers into Europe's temperate waters, creating a new threat to human public health. The lack of information, standards, and reference materials delay effective solutions, being a matter of urgent resolution. In this work, the recent findings of the presence of emerging azaspiracids, spirolildes, pinnatoxins, gymnodimines, palitoxins, ciguatoxins, brevetoxins, and tetrodotoxins on European Coasts are addressed. The information concerning emerging toxins such as new matrices, locations, and toxicity assays is paramount to set the risk assessment guidelines, regulatory levels, and analytical methodology that would protect the consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paz Otero
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Marisa Silva
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
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Ji Y, Yan G, Wang G, Liu J, Tang Z, Yan Y, Qiu J, Zhang L, Pan W, Fu Y, Li T, Luo X, Lan W, Wang Z, Li W, Li A. Prevalence and distribution of domoic acid and cyclic imines in bivalve mollusks from Beibu Gulf, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127078. [PMID: 34523496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Beibu Gulf is an important shellfish aquaculture area in the northwest of the South China Sea, China. In this study, the toxin profile and spatial-temporal distribution of domoic acid (DA) and 10 lipophilic phycotoxins were systematically analyzed in the bivalve mollusks collected in Beibu Gulf from October 2018 to October 2020. Neurotoxin DA was first detected in the mollusks from the investigative regions with a prevalence of 17.7%, peaking at 401 µg kg-1. Cyclic imines (CIs) including gymnodimine-A (GYM-A, 46.6%) and 13-desmethyl-spirolide-C (SPX1, 15.8%) predominated the lipophilic phycotoxins in shellfish, peaking at 10.1 µg kg-1 and 19.6 µg kg-1, respectively. Gymnodimine-A partially accompanied by SPX1 was detected in all batches of shellfish samples, suggesting that Alexandrium ostenfeldii and Karenia selliformis were possible sources of CIs-group toxins in Beibu Gulf. During the investigative period, relatively higher levels of DA occurred in shellfishes from March to August, while slightly higher contents of CIs in mollusks appeared in October and December. Spatial distribution of the targeted phycotoxins demonstrated that shellfishes tended to accumulate relatively higher contents of toxins in Lianzhou, Qinzhou and Tieshan bays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Guowang Yan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Guixiang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jianwei Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Zhixuan Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yeju Yan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Wanyu Pan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yilei Fu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Tianshen Li
- Marine Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangxi, Beihai 536000, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Marine Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangxi, Beihai 536000, China
| | - Wenlu Lan
- Marine Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangxi, Beihai 536000, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Weiguo Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China.
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11
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Tang Z, Qiu J, Wang G, Ji Y, Hess P, Li A. Development of an Efficient Extraction Method for Harvesting Gymnodimine-A from Large-Scale Cultures of Karenia selliformis. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:793. [PMID: 34822577 PMCID: PMC8621799 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gymnodimine-A (GYM-A) is a fast-acting microalgal toxin and its production of certified materials requires an efficient harvesting technology from the large-scale cultures of toxigenic microalgae. In this study the recoveries of GYM-A were compared between several liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) treatments including solvents, ratios and stirring times to optimize the LLE technique for harvesting GYM-A from Karenia selliformis cultures, of which the dichloromethane was selected as the extractant and added to microalgal cultures at the ratio 55 mL L-1 (5.5%, v/v). The recovery of GYM-A obtained by the LLE technique was also compared with filtration and centrifugation methods. The stability of GYM-A in culture media were also tested under different pH conditions. Results showed that both the conventional filter filtration and centrifugation methods led to fragmentation of microalgal cells and loss of GYM-A in the harvesting processes. A total of 5.1 µg of GYM-A were obtained from 2 L of K. selliformis cultures with a satisfactory recovery of 88%. Interestingly, GYM-A obviously degraded in the culture media with the initial pH 8.2 and the adjusted pH of 7.0 after 7 days, but there was no obvious degradation in the acidic medium at pH 5.0. Therefore, the LLE method developed here permits the collection of large-volume cultures of K. selliformis and the high-efficiency extraction of GYM-A. This work provides a simple and valuable technique for harvesting toxins from large-scale cultures of GYM-producing microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixuan Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (Z.T.); (J.Q.); (G.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jiangbing Qiu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (Z.T.); (J.Q.); (G.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Guixiang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (Z.T.); (J.Q.); (G.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (Z.T.); (J.Q.); (G.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44000 Nantes, France;
| | - Aifeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; (Z.T.); (J.Q.); (G.W.); (Y.J.)
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
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12
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Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Mussels from the Eastern Cantabrian Sea: Toxicity, Toxin Profile, and Co-Occurrence with Cyclic Imines. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110761. [PMID: 34822545 PMCID: PMC8617803 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the late autumn of 2018 and 2019, some samples taken by the official monitoring systems of Cantabria and the Basque Country were found to be paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)-positive using a mouse bioassay. To confirm the presence of PSP toxins and to obtain their profile, these samples were analyzed using an optimized version of the Official Method AOAC 2005.06 and using LC–MS/MS (HILIC). The presence of some PSP toxins (PSTs) in that geographical area (~600 km of coast) was confirmed for the first time. The estimated toxicities ranged from 170 to 983 µg STXdiHCl eq.·kg−1 for the AOAC 2005.06 method and from 150 to 1094 µg STXdiHCl eq.·kg−1 for the LC–MS/MS method, with a good correlation between both methods (r2 = 0.94). Most samples contained STX, GTX2,3, and GTX1,4, and some also had NEO and dcGTX2. All of the PSP-positive samples also contained gymnodimine A, with the concentrations of the two groups of toxins being significantly correlated. The PSP toxin profiles suggest that a species of the genus Alexandrium was likely the causative agent. The presence of gymnodimine A suggests that A. ostenfeldii could be involved, but the contribution of a mixture of Alexandrium species cannot be ruled out.
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