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Shahrokhi R, Rahman A, Hubbe MA, Park J. Aminated clay-polymer composite as soil amendment for stabilizing the short- and long-chain per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances in contaminated soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134470. [PMID: 38714051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Soils contaminated with per- and poly- fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) require immediate remediation to protect the surrounding environment and human health. A novel animated clay-polymer composite was developed by applying polyethyleneimine (PEI) solution onto a montmorillonite clay-chitosan polymer composite. The resulting product, PEI-modified montmorillonite chitosan beads (MMTCBs) were characterized as an adsorptive soil amendment for immobilizing PFAS contaminants. The MMTCBs exhibited good efficiency to adsorb the PFAS, showing adsorption capacities of 12.2, 16.7, 18.5, and 20.8 mg g-1 for PFBA, PFBS, PFOA, and PFOS, respectively, which were higher than those obtained by granular activated carbon (GAC) (i.e., an adsorbent used as a reference). Column leaching tests demonstrated that amending soil with 10% MMTCBs resulted in a substantial decrease in the leaching of PFOA, PFOS, PFBA, and PFBS by 90%, 100%, 64%, and 68%, respectively. These reductions were comparable to the values obtained for GAC-modified soil, particularly for long-chain PFAS. Incorporating MMTCBs into the soil not only preserved the structural integrity of the soil matrix but also enhanced its shear strength (kPa). Conversely, adding GAC to the soil resulted in a reduction of the soil's mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Shahrokhi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Aneesu Rahman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Martin A Hubbe
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, NC, United States
| | - Junboum Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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2
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Vakili M, Cagnetta G, Deng S, Wang W, Gholami Z, Gholami F, Dastyar W, Mojiri A, Blaney L. Regeneration of exhausted adsorbents after PFAS adsorption: A critical review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134429. [PMID: 38691929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The adsorption process efficiently removes per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from water, but managing exhausted adsorbents presents notable environmental and economic challenges. Conventional disposal methods, such as incineration, may reintroduce PFAS into the environment. Therefore, advanced regeneration techniques are imperative to prevent leaching during disposal and enhance sustainability and cost-effectiveness. This review critically evaluates thermal and chemical regeneration approaches for PFAS-laden adsorbents, elucidating their operational mechanisms, the influence of water quality parameters, and their inherent advantages and limitations. Thermal regeneration achieves notable desorption efficiencies, reaching up to 99% for activated carbon. However, it requires significant energy input and risks compromising the adsorbent's structural integrity, resulting in considerable mass loss (10-20%). In contrast, chemical regeneration presents a diverse efficiency landscape across different regenerants, including water, acidic/basic, salt, solvent, and multi-component solutions. Multi-component solutions demonstrate superior efficiency (>90%) compared to solvent-based solutions (12.50%), which, in turn, outperform salt (2.34%), acidic/basic (1.17%), and water (0.40%) regenerants. This hierarchical effectiveness underscores the nuanced nature of chemical regeneration, significantly influenced by factors such as regenerant composition, the molecular structure of PFAS, and the presence of organic co-contaminants. Exploring the conditional efficacy of thermal and chemical regeneration methods underscores the imperative of strategic selection based on specific types of PFAS and material properties. By emphasizing the limitations and potential of particular regeneration schemes and advocating for future research directions, such as exploring persulfate activation treatments, this review aims to catalyze the development of more effective regeneration processes. The ultimate goal is to ensure water quality and public health protection through environmentally sound solutions for PFAS remediation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Cagnetta
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Shubo Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xi'ning, Qinghai Province 810016, China
| | - Zahra Gholami
- ORLEN UniCRE, a.s, Revoluční 1521/84, 400 01 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Fatemeh Gholami
- Department of Mathematics, Physics, and Technology, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, Klatovská 51, Plzeň 301 00, Czech Republic
| | - Wafa Dastyar
- Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering Department, McArthur Engineering Building, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA
| | - Amin Mojiri
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-3005, USA
| | - Lee Blaney
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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3
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Shin J, An B. Effect of ligand interactions within modified granular activated carbon (GAC) on mixed perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) adsorption. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:142025. [PMID: 38614400 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
A new adsorbent based on commercial granular activated carbon (GAC) and loaded with Cu(II) (GAC-Cu) was prepared to enhance the adsorption capacity of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). The surface area (SA) and pore volume of GAC-Cu decreased by ∼15% compared to those of pristine GAC. The scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and leaching test results indicated that, compared with GAC, the Cu atomic ratio and Cu amount in GAC-Cu increased by 2.91 and 2.43 times, respectively. The point of zero charge (PZC) measured using a salt addition method obtained a pH of 6.0 (GAC) and 5.0 (GAC-Cu). According to the isotherm models obtaining highest coefficient of determination (R2), GAC-Cu exhibited a 20.4% and 35.2% increase for PFOA and PFOS in maximum uptake (qm), respectively, compared to those of GAC. In addition, the adsorption affinity (b) for GAC-Cu increased by 1045% and 175% for PFOA and PFOS, respectively. The pH effect on the adsorption capacity of GAC-Cu was investigated. The uptake of PFOA and PFOS decreased with an increase in pH for both GAC and GAC-Cu. GAC-Cu exhibited higher uptake than GAC at pH 6 and 7, but no enhanced uptake was observed at pH 4.0, 5.0, and 8.5. Therefore, ligand interaction was effective at weak acid or neutral pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongwoo Shin
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Biomedical Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, 31066, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungryul An
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sangmyung University, Cheonan, 31066, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Cheng L, Fan C, Deng W. Simultaneous size and defect control of metal-organic framework by deep eutectic solvent for efficient perfluoroalkyl substances adsorption: Delving into mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142155. [PMID: 38688351 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
This study reports an environment-friendly protocol to prepare a metal-organic framework (MOF) with simultaneously controlled particle size and open metal site for adsorption removal of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). The successful preparation of UiO-66 with defect and crystal size modulation was achieved using a green and straightforward method, adjusting the components and molar ratios of ammonium salt/glycolic acid deep eutectic solvents (DESs). The corresponding modulation mechanism primarily relied on the combined regulation of the deprotonation and competitive coordination abilities of the eutectic solvent components. The adsorption process was thoroughly examined using spectral analyses, adsorption behavior profiling, and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. The results revealed that PFAS adsorption is driven by combined capturing effects, such as CF-π, acid/base coordination, C-F⋯Zr, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions. Our findings were not thus that the smaller the crystal size of MOF and the higher the defect concentration in the material, the better the PFAS adsorption performance. The result demonstrated the combined effect of these adsorbent features on PFAS mixtures. Furthermore, they revealed unique differences in sorption properties between these targets with different carbon chain lengths. Extensive defects in DES-based UiO-66 led to larger pores, increasing the availability of many adsorption sites and aiding in PFAS adsorption and diffusion. Nevertheless, the surplus of larger pores in the substance increased the competitive adsorption, reducing the total quantity of PFASs absorbed. Furthermore, various interactions and a less restrictive configuration increased the contact of functional groups with adsorbates, substantially enhancing the adsorption. This study investigates the basic questions about how PFAS molecules are adsorbed on DES-based MOFs and the relationship among the structure, properties, and performance to improve the efficiency of this novel adsorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linru Cheng
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Chen Fan
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Wanlin Deng
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
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5
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Behnami A, Pourakbar M, Ayyar ASR, Lee JW, Gagnon G, Zoroufchi Benis K. Treatment of aqueous per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances: A review of biochar adsorbent preparation methods. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:142088. [PMID: 38643842 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals widely used in everyday products, causing elevated concentrations in drinking water and posing a global challenge. While adsorption methods are commonly employed for PFAS removal, the substantial cost and environmental footprint of commercial adsorbents highlight the need for more cost-effective alternatives. Additionally, existing adsorbents exhibit limited effectiveness, particularly against diverse PFAS types, such as short-chain PFAS, necessitating modifications to enhance adsorption capacity. Biochar can be considered a cost-effective and eco-friendly alternative to conventional adsorbents. With abundant feedstocks and favorable physicochemical properties, biochar shows significant potential to be applied as an adsorbent for removing contaminants from water. Despite its effectiveness in adsorbing different inorganic and organic contaminants from water environments, some factors restrict its effective application for PFAS adsorption. These factors are related to the biochar properties, and characteristics of PFAS, as well as water chemistry. Therefore, some modifications have been introduced to overcome these limitations and improve biochar's adsorption capacity. This review explores the preparation conditions, including the pyrolysis process, activation, and modification techniques applied to biochar to enhance its adsorption capacity for different types of PFAS. It addresses critical questions about the adsorption performance of biochar and its composites, mechanisms governing PFAS adsorption, challenges, and future perspectives in this field. The surge in research on biochar for PFAS adsorption indicates a growing interest, making this timely review a valuable resource for future research and an in-depth exploration of biochar's potential in PFAS remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Behnami
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Pourakbar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran; Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ji-Woong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Nano-Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk CO2 Research Center, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Graham Gagnon
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Khaled Zoroufchi Benis
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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6
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Mer K, Arachchilage P, Tao W, Egiebor NO. Activation of sawdust biochar with water and wastewater treatment residuals for sorption of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid in water. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142160. [PMID: 38685330 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Recent research has found biochar to be a cost-effective adsorbent for removal of perfluoroalkyl substances in water. To promote cleaner production and sustainable waste management, this study explored the potential to produce activated biochars by co-pyrolyzing sawdust with iron-rich biosolids and polyaluminum sludge. The maximum capacity to adsorb perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) reached 27.2 mg g-1 with biosolids-activated biochar and 19.2 mg g-1 with aluminum sludge-activated biochar, compared to 6.2 mg g-1 with sawdust biochar. The increased adsorption capacities were attributed to electrostatic interactions between the anionic PFOS and metal functionalities on the biochar surface. In contrast, hydrophobic interaction was the dominant adsorption mechanism of sawdust biochar. The presence of dissolved organic matter at 5-50 mg L-1 was found to inhibit adsorption of PFOS in water, while pH as low as 3.0 and sodium chloride concentrations up to 100 mM enhanced removal of PFOS by all the three adsorbents. In batch adsorption tests at environmentally relevant PFOS dosages and adsorbent dosage of 0.25 g L-1, the biosolids-sawdust biochar and Al sludge-sawdust biochar removed 71.4% and 66.9% of PFOS from drinking water and 77.9% and 87.9% of PFOS from filtrate of sludge digestate, respectively. The biosolids-sawdust biochar additionally removed Fe, although the Al sludge-sawdust biochar released Al into the alkaline drinking water and filtrate. Overall, this study proved co-pyrolyzing sawdust and Fe-rich biosolids to be an effective approach to activate sawdust biochar for enhanced removal of PFOS while recycling wastewater treatment residuals and sawdust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Mer
- Department of Environmental Resources Engineering, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Pubudu Arachchilage
- Department of Environmental Resources Engineering, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Wendong Tao
- Department of Environmental Resources Engineering, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - Nosa O Egiebor
- Montana Technological University, 1300 W. Park Street, Butte, MT, 59701, USA.
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7
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Yin Y, Fan C, Cheng L, Shan Y. Adsorption of perfluoroalkyl substances on deep eutectic solvent-based amorphous metal-organic framework: Structure and mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 248:118261. [PMID: 38272299 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of emerging organic pollutants characterized by high toxicity, environmental persistence, and widespread detection in water sources. The removal of PFASs from water is a matter of global concern, given their detrimental impact on both the environment and public health. Many commonly used PFAS adsorbents demonstrate limited adsorption capacities and/or slow adsorption kinetics. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of efficient adsorbents. For the first time, this work systematically investigated the performance of a deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based amorphous metal-organic framework (MOF) for the adsorption of PFASs with different carbon-chain lengths under the state of the mixture in aquatic environments. The adsorption mechanism was probed by a suite of adsorption kinetics studies, adsorption isotherm profiling, spectral characterization, and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations, revealing that PFAS adsorption is driven by synergistic capturing effects including acid/base coordination, CF-π (carbon-fluorine-π), hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions. Furthermore, the adsorption processes of short-chain and long-chain targets were found to involve different rate-controlling steps and interaction sites. Hydrophobic interactions facilitated the swift arrival of long-chain PFASs at the coordinatively interacting sites between carboxyl termini and Lewis acid Zr unsaturated sites, thanks to their lower reaction barriers. On the other hand, the adsorption of short-chain PFASs primarily relied on a Zr hydroxyl-based ligand exchange force, which would take place at Brønsted acid sites. The existence of massive structural disorder in amorphous UiO-66 led to the development of larger pores, thus improving the accessibility of abundant adsorption sites and facilitating adsorption and diffusion. The presence of multiple types of interactions and flexible structure in defect-rich amorphous UiO-66 significantly increased the exposure of functional groups to the adsorbates. Additionally, this material possessed outstanding regeneration efficiency and outperformed other MOF-based adsorbents with high affinity for targets. It enhances our understanding of the adsorption performances and mechanisms of amorphous materials toward PFASs, thereby paving the way for designing more efficient PFAS adsorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Yin
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chen Fan
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Linru Cheng
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuwei Shan
- School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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8
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Hamid H, Nicomel NR, Mohamed BA, Abida O, Li LY. Adsorption and leaching of fluorotelomer compounds and perfluoroalkyl acids in aqueous media by activated carbon prepared from municipal biosolids. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 358:120839. [PMID: 38599091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are ubiquitous in nature and pose serious health risks to humans and animals. Limiting PFAA exposure requires novel technology for their effective removal from water. We investigated the efficacy of biosolid-based activated carbon (Bio-SBAC) in removing frequently detected PFAAs and their precursor fluorotelomer compounds at environmentally relevant concentrations (∼50 μg/L). Batch experiments were performed to investigate adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and leachability. Bio-SBAC achieved >95% removal of fluorotelomeric compounds, indicating that the need for PFAA removal from the environment could be minimised if the precursors were targeted. Kinetic data modelling suggested that chemisorption is the dominant PFAA adsorption mechanism. As evidenced by the isotherm modelling results, Freundlich adsorption intensity, n-1, values of <1 (0.707-0.938) indicate chemisorption. Bio-SBAC showed maximum capacities for the adsorption of perfluorooctanoic acid (1429 μg/g) and perfluorononanoic acid (1111 μg/g). Batch desorption tests with 100 mg/L humic acid and 10 g/L NaCl showed that Bio-SBAC effectively retained the adsorbed PFAA with little or no leaching, except perfluorobutanoic acid. Overall, this study revealed that Bio-SBAC is a value-added material with promising characteristics for PFAA adsorption and no leachability. Additionally, it can be incorporated into biofilters to remove PFAAs from stormwater, presenting a sustainable approach to minimise biosolid disposal and improve the quality of wastewater before discharge into receiving waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Hamid
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nina Ricci Nicomel
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Badr A Mohamed
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Agricultural Engineering, Cairo University, El-Gamma Street, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Otman Abida
- African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Laâyoune 70000, Morocco
| | - Loretta Y Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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9
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Biggeri A, Stoppa G, Facciolo L, Fin G, Mancini S, Manno V, Minelli G, Zamagni F, Zamboni M, Catelan D, Bucchi L. All-cause, cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality in the population of a large Italian area contaminated by perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (1980-2018). Environ Health 2024; 23:42. [PMID: 38627679 PMCID: PMC11022451 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-024-01074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are associated with many adverse health conditions. Among the main effects is carcinogenicity in humans, which deserves to be further clarified. An evident association has been reported for kidney cancer and testicular cancer. In 2013, a large episode of surface, ground and drinking water contamination with PFAS was uncovered in three provinces of the Veneto Region (northern Italy) involving 30 municipalities and a population of about 150,000. We report on the temporal evolution of all-cause mortality and selected cause-specific mortality by calendar period and birth cohort in the local population between 1980 and 2018. METHODS The Italian National Institute of Health pre-processed and made available anonymous data from the Italian National Institute of Statistics death certificate archives for residents of the provinces of Vicenza, Padua and Verona (males, n = 29,629; females, n = 29,518) who died between 1980 and 2018. Calendar period analysis was done by calculating standardised mortality ratios using the total population of the three provinces in the same calendar period as reference. The birth cohort analysis was performed using 20-84 years cumulative standardised mortality ratios. Exposure was defined as being resident in one of the 30 municipalities of the Red area, where the aqueduct supplying drinking water was fed by the contaminated groundwater. RESULTS During the 34 years between 1985 (assumed as beginning date of water contamination) and 2018 (last year of availability of cause-specific mortality data), in the resident population of the Red area we observed 51,621 deaths vs. 47,731 expected (age- and sex-SMR: 108; 90% CI: 107-109). We found evidence of raised mortality from cardiovascular disease (in particular, heart diseases and ischemic heart disease) and malignant neoplastic diseases, including kidney cancer and testicular cancer. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, an association of PFAS exposure with mortality from cardiovascular disease was formally demonstrated. The evidence regarding kidney cancer and testicular cancer is consistent with previously reported data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annibale Biggeri
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giorgia Stoppa
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | | | - Giuliano Fin
- Comitato mamme NO-PFAS, Vicenza, Padua, Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Mancini
- Emilia-Romagna Cancer Registry, Romagna Cancer Institute, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) Dino Amadori, Meldola, Forlì, Italy
| | - Valerio Manno
- Statistical Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giada Minelli
- Statistical Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Zamagni
- Emilia-Romagna Cancer Registry, Romagna Cancer Institute, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) Dino Amadori, Meldola, Forlì, Italy
| | | | - Dolores Catelan
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Lauro Bucchi
- Emilia-Romagna Cancer Registry, Romagna Cancer Institute, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) Dino Amadori, Meldola, Forlì, Italy
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10
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Creton B, Barraud E, Nieto-Draghi C. Prediction of critical micelle concentration for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 35:309-324. [PMID: 38591134 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2024.2337011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we focus on the development of Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship (QSPR) models to predict the critical micelle concentration (CMC) for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Experimental CMC values for both fluorinated and non-fluorinated compounds were meticulously compiled from existing literature sources. Our approach involved constructing two distinct types of models based on Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms applied to the dataset. Type (I) models were trained exclusively on CMC values for fluorinated compounds, while Type (II) models were developed utilizing the entire dataset, incorporating both fluorinated and non-fluorinated compounds. Comparative analyses were conducted against reference data, as well as between the two model types. Encouragingly, both types of models exhibited robust predictive capabilities and demonstrated high reliability. Subsequently, the model having the broadest applicability domain was selected to complement the existing experimental data, thereby enhancing our understanding of PFAS behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Creton
- Thermodynamics and Molecular Simulation, IFP Energies nouvelles, Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - E Barraud
- Thermodynamics and Molecular Simulation, IFP Energies nouvelles, Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - C Nieto-Draghi
- Thermodynamics and Molecular Simulation, IFP Energies nouvelles, Rueil-Malmaison, France
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11
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He Y, Cheng X, Gunjal SJ, Zhang C. Advancing PFAS Sorbent Design: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Perspectives. ACS MATERIALS AU 2024; 4:108-114. [PMID: 38496039 PMCID: PMC10941273 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.3c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic chemicals characterized with persistence and multisurface resistance. Their accumulation in the environment and toxicity to human beings have contributed to the rapid development of regulations worldwide since 2002. The sorption strategy, taking advantage of intermolecular interactions for PFAS capture, provides a promising and efficient solution to the treatment of PFAS contaminated sources. Hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions are the two commonly found in commercially available PFAS sorbents, with the fluorous interaction being the novel mechanism applied for sorbent selectivity. The main object of this Perspective is to provide a critical review on the current design criteria of PFAS sorbents, with particular focus on their sorption and interaction mechanisms as well as limitations. An outlook on future innovative design for efficient PFAS sorbents is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong He
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of
Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
- The
Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Xinrong Cheng
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of
Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
- The
Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Samruddhi Jayendra Gunjal
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of
Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
- The
Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of
Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
- The
Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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12
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Dey D, Shafi T, Chowdhury S, Dubey BK, Sen R. Progress and perspectives on carbon-based materials for adsorptive removal and photocatalytic degradation of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141164. [PMID: 38215829 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (also known as 'forever chemicals') have emerged as trace pollutants of global concern, attributing to their persistent and bio-accumulative nature, pervasive distribution, and adverse public health and environmental impacts. The unregulated discharge of PFAS into aquatic environments represents a prominent threat to the wellbeing of humans and marine biota, thereby exhorting unprecedented action to tackle PFAS contamination. Indeed, several noteworthy technologies intending to remove PFAS from environmental compartments have been intensively evaluated in recent years. Amongst them, adsorption and photocatalysis demonstrate remarkable ability to eliminate PFAS from different water matrices. In particular, carbon-based materials, because of their diverse structures and many exciting properties, offer bountiful opportunities as both adsorbent and photocatalyst, for the efficient abatement of PFAS. This review, therefore, presents a comprehensive summary of the diverse array of carbonaceous materials, including biochar, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, that can serve as ideal candidates in adsorptive and photocatalytic treatment of PFAS contaminated water. Specifically, the efficacy of carbon-mediated PFAS removal via adsorption and photocatalysis is summarised, together with a cognizance of the factors influencing the treatment efficiency. The review further highlights the neoteric development on the novel innovative approach 'concentrate and degrade' that integrates selective adsorption of trace concentrations of PFAS onto photoactive surface sites, with enhanced catalytic activity. This technique is way more energy efficient than conventional energy-intensive photocatalysis. Finally, the review speculates the cardinal challenges associated with the practical utility of carbon-based materials, including their scalability and economic feasibility, for eliminating exceptionally stable PFAS from water matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjali Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Tajamul Shafi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Shamik Chowdhury
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
| | - Brajesh Kumar Dubey
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India; School of Water Resources, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Ramkrishna Sen
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
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13
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Sadia M, Beut LB, Pranić M, Wezel AP, Laak TL. Sorption of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances and their precursors on activated carbon under realistic drinking water conditions: Insights into sorbent variability and PFAS structural effects. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25130. [PMID: 38317999 PMCID: PMC10839585 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent stringent drinking water quality standards create challenges for water utilities to meet these standards. Advanced treatment techniques will have to be applied on many drinking water production locations to meet these quality standards. This study investigated the sorption of per- and polyfluorinated-alkyl substances (PFAS) onto granular activated carbon (GAC). The study was performed at environmentally relevant PFAS concentrations and a realistic water-to-GAC ratio, providing a realism often overlooked in existing studies. Three different forms of GAC were evaluated, differing in micropore and mesopore structures. Tap water spiked with 5 ng/L of each of 31 PFAS was used in the sorption experiments, i.e. perfluorocarboxylic acids (C4-C12), perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSA, C5-C10) including linear and branched isomers, and three groups of PFAS precursors (per-/polyfluoroalkyl ether acids, sulfonamides, and sulfonamide acetic acids). The three studied GAC did not exhibit distinct differences in PFAS sorption. The removal of PFAS was below 50 % for most studied PFAS, except for the short-chain PFAS precursors. Sorption was affected by both the carbon chain length and functional groups for PFAS, while this was not observed for PFAS precursors. The presence of ether linkages and sulfonamide groups notably enhanced sorption. Linear and branched PFSA demonstrated similar sorption behavior, whereas branched isomers of the sulfonamide acetic acid precursors exhibited significantly higher sorption. This indicates that sorption was determined by both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Given the relatively low PFAS removal by GAC under environmentally relevant test conditions, further improvements in sorbents are required to ensure that PFAS concentrations in produced drinking water comply with drinking water standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sadia
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lola Beltrán Beut
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marko Pranić
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Annemarie P.van Wezel
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas L.ter Laak
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- KWR Water Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3430BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
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14
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Li S, Ma J, Cheng J, Wu G, Wang S, Huang C, Li J, Chen L. Metal-Organic Framework-Based Composites for the Adsorption Removal of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Water. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 38301280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The increasing health risks posed by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the environment highlight the importance of implementing effective removal techniques. Conventional wastewater treatment processes are inadequate for removing persistent organic pollutants. Recent studies have increasingly demonstrated that metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are capable of removing PFASs from water through adsorption techniques. However, there is still constructive discussion on the potential of MOFs in adsorbing and removing PFASs for large-scale engineering applications. This review systematically investigates the use of MOFs as adsorbents for the removal of PFAS in water treatment. This primarily involved a comprehensive analysis of existing literature to understand the adsorption mechanisms of MOFs and to identify factors that enhance their efficiency in removing PFASs. We also explore the critical aspects of regeneration and stability of MOFs, assessing their reusability and long-term performance, which are essential for large-scale water treatment applications. Finally, our study highlights the challenges of removing PFASs using MOFs. Especially, the efficient removal of short-chain PFASs with hydrophilicity is a major challenge, while medium- to long-chain PFASs are frequently susceptible to being captured from water by MOFs through multiple synergistic effects. The ion-exchange force may be the key to solving this difficulty, but its susceptibility to ion interference in water needs to be addressed in practical applications. We hope that this review can provide valuable insights into the effective removal and adsorption mechanisms of PFASs as well as advance the sustainable utilization of MOFs in the field of water treatment, thereby presenting a novel perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266033, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiping Ma
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266033, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawen Cheng
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266033, People's Republic of China
| | - Gege Wu
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266033, People's Republic of China
| | - Shasha Wang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266033, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaonan Huang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266033, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, Shandong 264003, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, People's Republic of China
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15
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McTaggart M, Malardier-Jugroot C. The role of helicity in PFAS resistance to degradation: DFT simulation of electron capture and defluorination. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:4692-4701. [PMID: 38251935 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04973f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Defluorination of perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) via the direct capture of excess electrons poses a promising path to environmental decontamination. Herein we show that quantum-chemical model optimization methods can be adapted to simulate the changes to molecular geometry that result from electron capture. These reaction pathways demonstrate that the introduction of an additional electron causes a loss of the helical arrangement along linear carbon tail chains. Regaining helicity is sufficiently favourable to enable fluoride release in C7-C10 PFAS chains; shorter chains are enthalpically hindered from degradation while the additional charge is stabilized on longer chains by the greater entropy their flexibility permits. These results suggest that reductive PFAS treatment processes could be made more effective under high pressure or confined conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt McTaggart
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Cécile Malardier-Jugroot
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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16
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Kimbi Yaah VB, Ahmadi S, Quimbayo M J, Morales-Torres S, Ojala S. Recent technologies for glyphosate removal from aqueous environment: A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 240:117477. [PMID: 37918766 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The growing demand for food has led to an increase in the use of herbicides and pesticides over the years. One of the most widely used herbicides is glyphosate (GLY). It has been used extensively since 1974 for weed control and is currently classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a Group 2A substance, probably carcinogenic to humans. The industry and academia have some disagreements regarding GLY toxicity in humans and its effects on the environment. Even though this herbicide is not mentioned in the WHO water guidelines, some countries have decided to set maximum acceptable concentrations in tap water, while others have decided to ban its use in crop production completely. Researchers around the world have employed different technologies to remove or degrade GLY, mostly at the laboratory scale. Water treatment plants combine different technologies to remove it alongside other water pollutants, in some cases achieving acceptable removal efficiencies. Certainly, there are many challenges in upscaling purification technologies due to the costs and lack of factual information about their adverse effects. This review presents different technologies that have been used to remove GLY from water since 2012 to date, its detection and removal methods, challenges, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velma Beri Kimbi Yaah
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu. Oulu, Finland; NanoTech - Nanomaterials and Sustainable Chemical Technologies. Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avda. Fuente Nueva, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Sajad Ahmadi
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu. Oulu, Finland
| | - Jennyffer Quimbayo M
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu. Oulu, Finland; Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit (NANOMO), Faculty of Science, University of Oulu. Oulu, Finland
| | - Sergio Morales-Torres
- NanoTech - Nanomaterials and Sustainable Chemical Technologies. Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Avda. Fuente Nueva, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Satu Ojala
- Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu. Oulu, Finland
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17
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Umeh AC, Hassan M, Egbuatu M, Zeng Z, Al Amin M, Samarasinghe C, Naidu R. Multicomponent PFAS sorption and desorption in common commercial adsorbents: Kinetics, isotherm, adsorbent dose, pH, and index ion and ionic strength effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166568. [PMID: 37633378 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption and desorption of 9 PFAS, including 3 perfluoroalkyl sulphonic and 6 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids, in artificial groundwater was investigated using 3 commercial adsorbents that comprised a powdered activated carbon (PAC), a surface-modified organoclay (NMC+n), and a carbonaceous organic amendment (ROAC). Sorption kinetics and isotherms of PFAS, as well as the effects of adsorbent dose, pH, index ion and ionic strength on PFAS adsorption and desorption were investigated. Sorption of multicomponent PFAS in the adsorbents was rapid, especially for NMC+n and ROAC, regardless of PFAS chain length. The sorption and (and especially) desorption of PFAS in the adsorbents was impacted by the pH, index ion, and ionic strength of simulated groundwater, especially for the short chain PFAS, with only minimal impacts on NMC+n and PAC compared to ROAC. Although the potential mineral and charged constituents of the adsorbents contributed to the adsorption of short chain PFAS through electrostatic interactions, these interactions were susceptible to variable groundwater chemistry. Hydrophobic interactions also played a major role in facilitating and increasing PFAS sorption, especially in adsorbents with aliphatic functional groups. The desorption of PFAS from the adsorbents was below 8 % when the aqueous phase was deionised water, with no measurable desorption for NMC+n. In contrast, the desorption of short chain PFAS in simulated groundwater increased substantially (30-100 %) in the adsorbents, especially in ROAC and NMC+n, but more so with ROAC. In general, the three adsorbents exhibited strong stability for the long chain PFAS, especially the perfluoroalkyl sulphonic acids, with minimal to no sorption reversibility under different pH and ionic composition of simulated groundwater. This study highlights the importance of understanding not only the sorption of PFAS in groundwater using adsorbents, but also the desorption of PFAS, which may be useful for decision making during the ex-situ and in-situ treatment of PFAS-contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Umeh
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; crcCARE, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Masud Hassan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Maureen Egbuatu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Zijun Zeng
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Md Al Amin
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Chamila Samarasinghe
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; crcCARE, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; crcCARE, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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18
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Vatankhah H, Anderson RH, Ghosh R, Willey J, Leeson A. A review of innovative approaches for onsite management of PFAS-impacted investigation derived waste. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 247:120769. [PMID: 37931356 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The historic use of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) has led to widespread detection of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) in groundwater, soils, sediments, drinking water, wastewater, and receiving aquatic systems throughout the United States (U.S.). Prior to any remediation activities, in order to identify the PFAS-impacted source zones and select the optimum management approach, extensive site investigations need to be conducted. These site investigations have resulted in the generation of considerable amount of investigation-derived waste (IDW) which predominantly consists of well purging water and drill fluid, equipment washing residue, soil, drill cuttings, and residues from the destruction of asphalt and concrete surfaces. IDW is often impacted by varying levels of PFAS which poses a substantial challenge concerning disposal to prevent potential mobilization of PFAS, logistical complexities, and increasing requirement for storage as a result of accumulation of the associated wastes. The distinct features of IDW involve the intermittent generation of waste, substantial volume of waste produced, and the critical demand for onsite management. This article critically focuses on innovative technologies and approaches employed for onsite treatment and management of PFAS-impacted IDW. The overall objective of this study centers on developing and deploying end-of-life treatment technology systems capable of facilitating unrestricted disposal, discharge, and/or IDW reuse on-site, thereby reducing spatial footprints and mobilization time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Vatankhah
- Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program and the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program, Arlington, VA, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Leeson
- Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program and the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program, Arlington, VA, USA
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19
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Koopmann AK, Ehgartner CR, Euchler D, Claros M, Huesing N. Sustainable Tannin Gels for the Efficient Removal of Metal Ions and Organic Dyes. Gels 2023; 9:822. [PMID: 37888395 PMCID: PMC10606356 DOI: 10.3390/gels9100822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The usage of a highly efficient, low-cost, and sustainable adsorbent material as an industrial wastewater treatment technique is required. Herein, the usage of the novel, fully sustainable tannin-5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (TH) aerogels, generated via a water-based sol-gel process, as compatible biosorbent materials is presented. In particular, this study focusses on the surface modification of the tannin biosorbent with carboxyl or amino functional groups, which, hence, alters the accessible adsorption sites, resulting in increased adsorption capacity, as well as investigating the optimal pH conditions for the adsorption process. Precisely, highest adsorption capacities are acquired for the metal cations and cationic dye in an alkaline aqueous environment using a carboxyl-functionalized tannin biosorbent, whereas the anionic dye requires an acidic environment using an amino-functionalized tannin biosorbent. Under these determined optimal conditions, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of the tannin biosorbent ensues in the following order: Cu2+ > RB > Zn2+ > MO, with 500, 244, 192, 131 mg g-1, respectively, indicating comparable or even superior adsorption capacities compared to conventional activated carbons or silica adsorbents. Thus, these functionalized, fully sustainable, inexpensive tannin biosorbent materials, that feature high porosity and high specific surface areas, are ideal industrial candidates for the versatile adsorption process from contaminated (heavy) metal or dye solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Koopmann
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (A.-K.K.)
- Salzburg Center for Smart Materials, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Caroline Ramona Ehgartner
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (A.-K.K.)
- Salzburg Center for Smart Materials, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Euchler
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (A.-K.K.)
| | - Martha Claros
- Escuela de Ingeniería Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2362854, Chile
| | - Nicola Huesing
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (A.-K.K.)
- Salzburg Center for Smart Materials, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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20
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Cui J, Deng Y. Enhanced coagulation coupled with cyclic IX adsorption-ARP regeneration for removal of PFOA in drinking water treatment. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2023; 95:e10928. [PMID: 37740247 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory investigations were conducted to demonstrate a potentially transformative, cost-efficient per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) treatment approach, consisting of enhanced coagulation and repeated ion exchange (IX)-advanced reduction process (ARP) for concurrent PFAS removal and IX resin regeneration. Enhanced alum coagulation at the optimal conditions (pH 6.0, 60 mg/L alum) could preferentially remove high molecular-weight, hydrophobic natural organic matter (NOM) from 5.0- to ~1.2-mg/L DOC in simulated natural water. This facilitated subsequent IX adsorption of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, a model PFAS in this study) (20 μg/L) using IRA67 resin by minimizing the competition of NOM for functional sites on the resin. The PFOA/NOM-laden resin was then treated by ARP, generating hydrated electrons (eaq - ) that effectively degraded PFOA. The combined IX-ARP regeneration process was applied over six cycles to treat PFOA in pre-coagulated simulated natural water, nearly doubling the PFOA removal compared with the control group without ARP regeneration. This study underscores the potential of enhanced coagulation coupled with cyclic IX-ARP regeneration as a promising, cost-effective solution for addressing PFOA pollution in water. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Enhanced alum coagulation can substantially mitigate NOM to favor the following IX removal of PFOA in water. Cyclic IX adsorption-ARP regeneration offers an effective, potentially economical solution to the PFOA pollution in water. ARP can effectively degrade PFOA during the ARP regeneration of PFOA/NOM-laden resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkui Cui
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
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21
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Pan Y, Helbling DE. Revealing the factors resulting in incomplete recovery of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) when implementing the adsorbable and extractable organic fluorine methods. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 244:120497. [PMID: 37619306 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are environmental contaminants of concern. Techniques that quantify total organic fluorine (TOF) such as the adsorbable organic fluorine (AOF) and extractable organic fluorine (EOF) methods are important for PFAS risk assessments. The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate each step of the AOF (loading, washing, combustion) and EOF (loading, washing, elution, combustion) methods for the recovery of ten ultrashort-, short-, and long-chain unsubstituted perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). We measured the overall recovery of fluoride for each method for each PFAA, and the recovery of each PFAA around the loading, washing, and elution steps. We also measured the combustion efficiency of each PFAA by direct combustion. The overall AOF and EOF recovery ranged from 9.3%-103.3% to 21.0%-108.1%, respectively, with higher recoveries measured for PFAAs with increasing chain length in both methods. The three ultrashort-chain PFAAs (trifluoroacetic acid, perfluoropropionic acid, and perfluoropropanesulfonic acid) exhibited the lowest overall recoveries from 9.3-25.2% for AOF and 21.0-51.5% for EOF. We found that decreases in the overall recovery are the result of losses of ultrashort- and short-chain PFAAs during the washing step and the incomplete mineralization of perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids during combustion for AOF and incomplete elution of short- and long-chain PFAAs and the loss of ultrashort-chain PFAAs during the washing step for EOF. Our data suggest that the EOF method is more appropriate than the AOF method for measuring TOF in samples containing ultrashort- and short-chain PFAAs and that methodological improvements are possible with a focus on the washing, elution, and combustion steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Pan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Damian E Helbling
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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22
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Cardoso IMF, Pinto da Silva L, Esteves da Silva JCG. Nanomaterial-Based Advanced Oxidation/Reduction Processes for the Degradation of PFAS. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13101668. [PMID: 37242085 DOI: 10.3390/nano13101668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on a critical analysis of nanocatalysts for advanced reductive processes (ARPs) and oxidation processes (AOPs) designed for the degradation of poly/perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water. Ozone, ultraviolet and photocatalyzed ARPs and/or AOPs are the basic treatment technologies. Besides the review of the nanomaterials with greater potential as catalysts for advanced processes of PFAS in water, the perspectives for their future development, considering sustainability, are discussed. Moreover, a brief analysis of the current state of the art of ARPs and AOPs for the treatment of PFAS in water is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês M F Cardoso
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joaquim C G Esteves da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Geosciences, Environment and Territorial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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