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Pei L, Sun L. Application Effect of MF-OP on Collection of Trivalent Holmium from Rare Earth Mining Wastewater. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1498. [PMID: 36674251 PMCID: PMC9861080 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microtube microfilter with organic phosphoric acid (expressed as MF-OP) containing a wastewater portion with buffer fluid and an enriched portion with nitric acid fluid and organic phosphoric extractant dissolved in benzin has been studied for its trivalent holmium (expressed as Ho(III) collection from rare earth wastewater. Common parameters affecting the collection effect have been investigated, including hydrogen ion molar concentration (molar concentration can be expressed as Cm) or pH value, initial concentration (expressed as Co) of Ho(III), ion-force of rare earth wastewater, voluminal proportion of organic phosphoric extractant with benzin and nitric acid fluid (expressed as Vr), nitric acid Cm, extractant Cm, and type of acid fluid in an enriched portion. The virtues of MF-OP compared to the traditional collection was explored. The impacts of hydrodynamic characteristics (steadiness and current speed) and MF parameter factors (inradius of tube, tube-shell thickness, proportion of holes) on the collection performance of MF-OP for Ho(III) collection were also considered. The test results displayed that the greatest collection conditions of Ho(III) were attained as nitric acid Cm was 4.00 mol/L, extractant Cm was 0.220 mol/L, and Vr was 0.8 in the enriched portion, and pH value was 4.60 in the wastewater portion. Ion- force of rare earth wastewater had no noticeable outcome on Ho(III) collection. The collection proportion of Ho(III) was attainable to 93.1% in 280 min, while Co was 1.80 × 10-3 mol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Pei
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Desert-Oasis Ecological Construction, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Bioremediation, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liying Sun
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Bioremediation, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Pei L, Wang C, Sun L. Effects of Unconventional Water Agricultural Utilization on the Heavy Metals Accumulation in Typical Black Clay Soil around the Metallic Ore. TOXICS 2022; 10:476. [PMID: 36006155 PMCID: PMC9412433 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Unconventional water is an important water resource for agricultural utilization in the drought and water shortage of Northeast China. Additionally, exploration in making full use of it is an important way to alleviate water shortage in China. This paper analyzed the effects of unconventional water through field trials on the accumulation of heavy metals in both cucumbers and the typical black clay soil (expressed as black soil) around the Anshan metallic ore. By exploring the effects of unconventional water after secondary treatment on the accumulation characteristics of heavy metals in cucumbers and the heavy metal balance in the soil-crop system under different conditions, the study shows that there are no significant differences in the heavy metal content when the quantity of unconventional water for irrigation varies. Unconventional water for short-term irrigation does not cause pollution to either the soil environment or the crops. Nor will it cause the accumulation of heavy metals, and the index for the heavy metal content is far below the critical value of the trade standard and national standard, which indicates that the crops irrigated with unconventional water during their growth turn out to be free of pollutants. Unconventional water brings less heavy metals into the black soil than crops. The input and output quantities have only small effects on the heavy metal balance in the black soil. This paper provides a reference for the safety control and evaluation of unconventional agricultural utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Pei
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liying Sun
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Pei L, Wang L. Migration of Trivalent Praseodymium from Tombarthite Sewage by Microtubule Ultrafiltration Reactor with Organophosphorus in Fuel Oil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159364. [PMID: 35954715 PMCID: PMC9368681 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A microtubule ultrafiltration reactor (MUFR), with an organophosphorus system containing a sewage section with buffer liquid acetic acid and an enrichment section with aqua fortis liquid and organophosphorus dissolved in fuel oil, has been studied for praseodymium(III) migration. Many factors of praseodymium(III) migration using MUFR need to be explored, including hydrogen ion molarity (or pH), cinit of praseodymium(III), the different ionic strengths of rare-earth mine sewage, the volume ratio of organophosphorus fuel oil and aqua fortis liquid (O/A), aqua fortis’ molarity, organophosphorus’ molarity, and the effects of different acid liquids in the enrichment section on praseodymium(III) migration with MUFR. The virtues of MUFR compared to conventional migration were explored. The effects of the hydrodynamic properties (stability and flow velocity) and UF system parameters (internal diameter of the microtubule, tubule shell thickness, void ratio), etc., on the mass migration performance of the MUFR process for praseodymium(III) migration were also studied. The experimental results show that the best migration prerequisites of praseodymium(III) were obtained as follows: an aqua fortis molarity of 4.00 mol/L, an organophosphorus molarity of 0.200 mol/L, an O/A of 0.6 in the enrichment section, and a pH value of 4.80 in the sewage section. The ionic strength of rare-earth mine sewage had no obvious effect on praseodymium(III) migration. When the cinit of praseodymium(III) molarity was 1.58 × 10−4 mol/L, the migration percentage of praseodymium(III) reached 95.2% in 160 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Pei
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-457-18710151743
| | - Liming Wang
- School of Environment and Chemistry Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China;
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Baranenko D, Boulkrane MS, Borisova I, Astafyeva B, Lu W, Abd El-Aty AM. Translocation of Phthalates From Food Packaging Materials Into Minced Beef. Front Nutr 2022; 8:813553. [PMID: 35127794 PMCID: PMC8811533 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.813553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been increased concern regarding the potential human health risks associated with exposure to phthalates. Research indicates that food intake is the most critical exposure pathway for phthalates. This study aimed to investigate packaged beef samples for the presence of dimethyl terephthalate (DMTP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), and diisooctyl phthalate (DiOP) and to assess their translocation from the common form of food packaging procured from various Saint-Petersburg and Leningrad region shops. The packaging samples include paper and different types of plastic. Phthalates were extracted by dichloromethane and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). While DnBP had the highest mean values in beef from 34.5 to 378.5 μg·kg−1, DiOP displayed the lowest mean values from LOD to 37 μg·kg−1. The larger contact area and the presence of distributed fat on the surface of the minced meat resulted in significantly higher phthalate translocation than beef slices. Further, DMTP was not detected in any samples. However, the examined food packages do not meet the requirements of Russian, EU and USA legislation, as DnBP migrates to meat. Calculated maximum DnBP daily intake of 0.167 μg·kg−1·day−1 for chilled minced beef in vacuum packaging did not exceed tolerable daily intake (TDI) level. The most alarming results are concerning the phthalates presence in beef farmed in the Leningrad region and not subjected to any plastic packaging. A full-scale study is warranted to determine the pathways and sources of phthalates migration in the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Baranenko
- International Research Centre “Biotechnologies of the Third Millennium”, Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- *Correspondence: Denis Baranenko
| | - Mohamed Said Boulkrane
- International Research Centre “Biotechnologies of the Third Millennium”, Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Borisova
- International Research Centre “Biotechnologies of the Third Millennium”, Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Bazhena Astafyeva
- International Research Centre “Biotechnologies of the Third Millennium”, Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Weihong Lu
- Institute of Extreme Environment Nutrition and Protection, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - A. M. Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Fierens T, Van Holderbeke M, Standaert A, Cornelis C, Brochot C, Ciffroy P, Johansson E, Bierkens J. Multimedia & PBPK modelling with MERLIN-Expo versus biomonitoring for assessing Pb exposure of pre-school children in a residential setting. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 568:785-793. [PMID: 27102273 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on a case study - conducted within the European FP7 project "4FUN" - focusing on exposure of pre-school children to lead resulting from past emissions by non-ferrous smelters in Belgium (Northern Campine area). Exposure scenarios were constructed and simulated with the MERLIN-Expo tool to estimate external Pb exposure as well as the Pb body burden in children living in the vicinity of the former industrial sites as compared to children living in adjacent areas and a reference area. Simulations were run for several scenarios ranging from very simple to rather complex in order to study the effect of different simulation approaches (e.g., deterministic vs. probabilistic, individual vs. aggregated population exposure) and different exposure scenarios (e.g., with vs. without considering local food consumption or time activity patterns) on the model outcomes (predicted concentrations of Pb in environmental and human matrices). This paper discusses the two most complex scenarios, namely exposure at the aggregated population level and at the individual level for a random sub-sample of subjects, respectively. In the final and most realistic exposure scenario, simulating individual lead exposure, model predictions were shown to be higher than the biomonitoring data. Blood Pb levels in children, irrespective of the area they lived in, were overpredicted by MERLIN-Expo with a factor of about 2 on average. The model predictions for individual children overlap with the prediction interval calculated by MERLIN-Expo based on population averages, demonstrating the use of probabilistic approaches in risk assessment. While these results constitute a first verification of the model performance of MERLIN-Expo dealing with inorganic pollutants in a complex real-world exposure scenario and a demonstration of the robustness of the modelling tool, further validation and benchmarking efforts are required for a larger number of inorganic pollutants and different exposure settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Fierens
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Human and Environmental Exposure and Risk Assessment, VITO-Health, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Mirja Van Holderbeke
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Human and Environmental Exposure and Risk Assessment, VITO-Health, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Arnout Standaert
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Human and Environmental Exposure and Risk Assessment, VITO-Health, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Christa Cornelis
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Human and Environmental Exposure and Risk Assessment, VITO-Health, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Céline Brochot
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité Modèles pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie (METO), Parc ALATA BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Philippe Ciffroy
- Electricité de France (EDF) R&D, National Hydraulic and Environment Laboratory, 6 quai Watier, 78400 Chatou, France
| | - Erik Johansson
- Facilia AB Gustavslundsvägen 151C, 167 51 Bromma, Sweden
| | - Johan Bierkens
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Human and Environmental Exposure and Risk Assessment, VITO-Health, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
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Van Holderbeke M, Fierens T, Standaert A, Cornelis C, Brochot C, Ciffroy P, Johansson E, Bierkens J. Assessing multimedia/multipathway exposures to inorganic arsenic at population and individual level using MERLIN-Expo. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 568:794-802. [PMID: 27113276 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report on model simulations performed using the newly developed exposure tool, MERLIN-Expo, in order to assess inorganic arsenic (iAs) exposure to adults resulting from past emissions by non-ferrous smelters in Belgium (Northern Campine area). Exposure scenarios were constructed to estimate external iAs exposure as well as the toxicologically relevant As (tAs, i.e., iAs, MMA and DMA) body burden in adults living in the vicinity of the former industrial sites as compared to adults living in adjacent areas and a reference area. Two scenarios are discussed: a first scenario studying exposure to iAs at the aggregated population level and a second scenario studying exposure at the individual level for a random sub-sample of subjects in each of the three different study areas. These two scenarios only differ in the type of human related input data (i.e., time-activity data, ingestion rates and consumption patterns) that were used, namely averages (incl. probability density functions, PDFs) in the simulation at population level and subject-specific values in the simulation at individual level. The model predictions are shown to be lower than the corresponding biomonitoring data from the monitoring campaign. Urinary tAs levels in adults, irrespective of the area they lived in, were under-predicted by MERLIN-Expo by 40% on average. The model predictions for individual adults, by contrast, under-predict the biomonitoring data by 7% on average, but with more important under-predictions for subjects at the upper end of exposure. Still, average predicted urinary tAs levels from the simulations at population level and at individual level overlap, and, at least for the current case, lead to similar conclusions. These results constitute a first and partial verification of the model performance of MERLIN-Expo when dealing with iAs in a complex site-specific exposure scenario, and demonstrate the robustness of the modelling tool for these situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Van Holderbeke
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Human and Environmental Exposure and Risk Assessment, VITO - Health, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Tine Fierens
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Human and Environmental Exposure and Risk Assessment, VITO - Health, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Arnout Standaert
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Human and Environmental Exposure and Risk Assessment, VITO - Health, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Christa Cornelis
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Human and Environmental Exposure and Risk Assessment, VITO - Health, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Céline Brochot
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Unité Modèles pour l'Ecotoxicologie et la Toxicologie (METO), Parc ALATA BP2, 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Philippe Ciffroy
- Electricité de France (EDF) R&D, National Hydraulic and Environment Laboratory, 6 quai Watier, 78400 Chatou, France
| | - Erik Johansson
- Facilia AB, Gustavslundsvägen 151C, 167 51 Bromma, Sweden
| | - Johan Bierkens
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Human and Environmental Exposure and Risk Assessment, VITO - Health, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
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Jarošová A, Bogdanovičová S. Phthalates in meat products in dependence on the fat content. POTRAVINARSTVO 2016. [DOI: 10.5219/621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The content of dibutylphthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in samples of packages intended for thermally processed meat products and release of phthalates from packages into meat products in dependence on the fat content were observed. 80 samples of packages were analyzed, 5 of them wereselected due to exceeding the specific migration limit. The raw meat was prepared, one type with the fat content of 10% and second one with the fat content of 50%. The both types of raw meat were analyzed for the content of DBP and DEHP and packed into chosen packages.The samples of meat products were thermally processed (70 ℃, 10 min in the core), stored until the expiration date at 4 °C and gradually analyzed after 1st, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day of storage. Determination of phthalates was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the Zorbax Eclipse C8column and by UV detection at a wavelength of 224 mm. The phthalate content in the raw meat was under the limit of detection. According to the EU Commission Regulation no. 10/2011 the specific migration limit of products intended for the contact with food for DEHP (max. 1.5 mg.kg-1of food stimulant and DBP max. 0.3 mg.kg-1 of food stimulant), wasexceeded already after first day of storage, in case of DBP in two samples with 10% of fat and after 7th day of storage in one sample. In the samples with 50% of fat, SML was exceeded after first day of storage in four samples and in one sample after 14th day of storage. Regarding DEHP in the samples with 10% of fat SML was exceeded after 1st day of storage in one sample and after 7th day of storage also in one sample and after 21st day of storage similarly in one sample. Four samples with 50% of fat had SML exceeded in case of DEHP already after 1st day of storage. By comparison of PAE migration depending on the fat content we concluded that leaching of PAE from a package into food was 2 - 21 times higher in samples with 50% of fat than in samples with 10% of fat.
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Study on the Effects of Irrigation with Reclaimed Water on the Content and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Soil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13030298. [PMID: 27005639 PMCID: PMC4808961 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13030298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reclaimed water is an important resource for irrigation, and exploration in making full use of it is an important way to alleviate water shortage. This paper analyzes the effects of irrigation with reclaimed water through field trials on the content and distribution of heavy metals in both tomatoes and the soil. By exploring the effects of reclaimed water after secondary treatment on the content and distribution characteristics of heavy metals in tomatoes and the heavy metal balance in the soil-crop system under different conditions, the study shows that there are no significant differences in the heavy metal content when the quantity of reclaimed water for irrigation varies. Reclaimed water for short-term irrigation does not cause pollution to either the soil environment or the crops. Nor will it cause the accumulation of heavy metals, and the index for the heavy metal content is far below the critical value of the national standard, which indicates that the vegetables irrigated with reclaimed water during their growth turn out to be free of pollutants. The heavy metals brought into the soil by reclaimed water are less than that taken away by the crops. The input and output quantities have only small effects on the heavy metal balance in the soil. This paper provides a reference for the evaluation and safety control of irrigation with reclaimed water.
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Trapp S. Calibration of a plant uptake model with plant- and site-specific data for uptake of chlorinated organic compounds into radish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:395-402. [PMID: 25426767 DOI: 10.1021/es503437p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The uptake of organic pollutants by plants is an important process for the exposure of humans to toxic chemicals. The objective of this study was to calibrate the parameters of a common plant uptake model by comparison to experimental results from literature. Radish was grown in contaminated soil (maximum concentration 2.9 mg/kg dw) and control plot. Uptake of HCHs, HCB, PCBs, and DDT plus metabolites was studied (log K(ow) 3.66 to 7.18). Measured BCF roots-to-soil were near 1 g/g dw on the control plot and about factor 10 lower for the contaminated soil. With default data set, uptake into roots of most substances was under predicted up to factor 100. The use of site-specific data improved the predictions. Consideration of uptake from air into radish bulbs was relevant for PCBs. Measured BCF shoots ranged from <0.1 to >10 g/g dw and were much better predicted by the standard model. The results with default data and site-specific data were similar. Deposition from air was the major uptake mechanism into shoots. Transport from soil with resuspended particles was only relevant for the contaminated plot. The calculation results (in dry weight) were most sensitive to changes of the water content of plant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Trapp
- Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Miljøvej bd 113, Denmark
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Fierens T, Standaert A, Cornelis C, Sioen I, De Henauw S, Willems H, Bellemans M, De Maeyer M, Van Holderbeke M. A semi-probabilistic modelling approach for the estimation of dietary exposure to phthalates in the Belgian adult population. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 73:117-127. [PMID: 25113625 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a semi-probabilistic modelling approach was applied for the estimation of the long-term human dietary exposure to phthalates--one of world's most used families of plasticisers. Four phthalate compounds were considered: diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Intake estimates were calculated for the Belgian adult population and several subgroups of this population for two considered scenarios using an extended version of the EN-forc model. The highest intake rates were found for DEHP, followed by DnBP, BBP and DEP. In the Belgian adult population, men and young adults generally had the highest dietary phthalate intake estimates. Nevertheless, predicted dietary intake rates for all four investigated phthalates were far below the corresponding tolerable daily intake (TDI) values (i.e. P99 intake values were 6.4% of the TDI at most), which is reassuring because adults are also exposed to phthalates via other contamination pathways (e.g. dust ingestion and inhalation). The food groups contributing most to the dietary exposure were grains and grain-based products for DEP, milk and dairy products for DnBP, meat and meat products or grains and grain-based products (depending on the scenario) for BBP and meat and meat products for DEHP. Comparison of the predicted intake results based on modelled phthalate concentrations in food products with intake estimates from other surveys (mostly based on measured concentrations) showed that the extended version of the EN-forc model is a suitable semi-probabilistic tool for the estimation and evaluation of the long-term dietary intake of phthalates in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fierens
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium; Ghent University, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - A Standaert
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - C Cornelis
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - I Sioen
- Ghent University, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Egmontstraat 5, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S De Henauw
- Ghent University, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; University College Ghent, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Care "Vesalius", Keramiekstraat 80, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - H Willems
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - M Bellemans
- Ghent University, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - M De Maeyer
- Ghent University, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Van Holderbeke
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
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