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Bajetto G, Arnodo D, Biolatti M, Trifirò L, Albano C, Pasquero S, Gugliesi F, Campo E, Spyrakis F, Prandi C, De Andrea M, Dell’Oste V, Visentin I, Blangetti M. Antiherpetic Activity of a Root Exudate from Solanum lycopersicum. Microorganisms 2024; 12:373. [PMID: 38399777 PMCID: PMC10892521 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The rise of drug resistance to antivirals poses a significant global concern for public health; therefore, there is a pressing need to identify novel compounds that can effectively counteract strains resistant to current antiviral treatments. In light of this, researchers have been exploring new approaches, including the investigation of natural compounds as alternative sources for developing potent antiviral therapies. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the antiviral properties of the organic-soluble fraction of a root exudate derived from the tomato plant Solanum lycopersicum in the context of herpesvirus infections. Our findings demonstrated that a root exudate from Solanum lycopersicum exhibits remarkable efficacy against prominent members of the family Herpesviridae, specifically herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) (EC50 25.57 µg/mL, SI > 15.64) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) (EC50 9.17 µg/mL, SI 32.28) by inhibiting a molecular event during the herpesvirus replication phase. Moreover, the phytochemical fingerprint of the Solanum lycopersicum root exudate was characterized through mass spectrometry. Overall, these data have unveiled a novel natural product with antiherpetic activity, presenting a promising and valuable alternative to existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Bajetto
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (M.B.); (L.T.); (C.A.); (S.P.); (F.G.); (M.D.A.)
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Davide Arnodo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.A.); (C.P.)
| | - Matteo Biolatti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (M.B.); (L.T.); (C.A.); (S.P.); (F.G.); (M.D.A.)
| | - Linda Trifirò
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (M.B.); (L.T.); (C.A.); (S.P.); (F.G.); (M.D.A.)
| | - Camilla Albano
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (M.B.); (L.T.); (C.A.); (S.P.); (F.G.); (M.D.A.)
| | - Selina Pasquero
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (M.B.); (L.T.); (C.A.); (S.P.); (F.G.); (M.D.A.)
| | - Francesca Gugliesi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (M.B.); (L.T.); (C.A.); (S.P.); (F.G.); (M.D.A.)
| | - Eva Campo
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry, and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Turin, Italy; (E.C.); (I.V.)
| | - Francesca Spyrakis
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy;
| | - Cristina Prandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.A.); (C.P.)
| | - Marco De Andrea
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (M.B.); (L.T.); (C.A.); (S.P.); (F.G.); (M.D.A.)
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Valentina Dell’Oste
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.B.); (M.B.); (L.T.); (C.A.); (S.P.); (F.G.); (M.D.A.)
| | - Ivan Visentin
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry, and Food Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Turin, Italy; (E.C.); (I.V.)
| | - Marco Blangetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.A.); (C.P.)
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Veerakone S, W Waite D, Delmiglio C, Kanchiraopally D, Kelly M, Khan S, Liefting L, T Lilly S, Perez-Egusquiza Z, Tang J, Yan J, Tomiczek L, Thompson JR. Detection, Characterization, and Distribution of the First Case of Pepino Mosaic Virus in Aotearoa New Zealand. Plant Dis 2024; 108:291-295. [PMID: 37755419 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-23-0381-sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L., family Solanaceae) represents one of the most economically valuable horticultural crops worldwide. Tomato production is affected by numerous emerging plant viruses. We identified, for the first time in New Zealand (NZ), Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) in greenhouse grown tomato crops using a combination of methods from electron microscopy and herbaceous indexing to RT-qPCR and high-throughput sequencing. Phylogenetic and genomic analysis of a near-complete PepMV genome determined that the detected strain belonged to the mild form of the CH2 lineage of the virus. Subsequently, a delimiting survey of PepMV was conducted, and PepMV was detected at four additional locations. PCR-derived sequences obtained from samples collected from different greenhouses and from herbaceous indicator plants were identical to the original sequence. Since PepMV has never been reported in NZ before, seed pathways are speculated to be the most likely source of entry into the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Veerakone
- Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI), Auckland 1140, New Zealand
| | - David W Waite
- Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI), Auckland 1140, New Zealand
| | - Catia Delmiglio
- Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI), Auckland 1140, New Zealand
| | - Deepika Kanchiraopally
- Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI), Auckland 1140, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Kelly
- Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI), Auckland 1140, New Zealand
| | - Subuhi Khan
- Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI), Auckland 1140, New Zealand
| | - Lia Liefting
- Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI), Auckland 1140, New Zealand
| | - Sonia T Lilly
- Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI), Auckland 1140, New Zealand
| | - Zoila Perez-Egusquiza
- Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI), Auckland 1140, New Zealand
| | - Joe Tang
- Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI), Auckland 1140, New Zealand
| | - Juncong Yan
- Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI), Auckland 1140, New Zealand
| | - Laura Tomiczek
- Biosecurity Surveillance and Incursion Investigation, MPI, Auckland 1140, New Zealand
| | - Jeremy R Thompson
- Plant Health and Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI), Auckland 1140, New Zealand
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Caldas SA, Murphy E, Habeshian K, Kirkorian AY, Hinds T. Ulcerated diaper dermatitis: Child abuse mimicker. Pediatr Dermatol 2024; 41:87-90. [PMID: 37329293 DOI: 10.1111/pde.15374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Irritant diaper dermatitis is a common dermatologic problem among infants and young children. Severe erosive presentations, although uncommon, are diagnostically challenging and can mimic non-accidental trauma (NAT). Diagnosing inflicted injury and NAT where it does not exist can cause parental distress, yet failing to diagnose inflicted injury and NAT can result in re-injury. We describe three cases of severe erosive diaper dermatitis in pediatric patients aged 2-6 years that were initially concerning for inflicted scald burn or neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella A Caldas
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Emily Murphy
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kaiane Habeshian
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Dermatology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anna Yasmine Kirkorian
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Dermatology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tanya Hinds
- Division of Child and Adolescent Protection, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
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Włodarczyk K, Smolińska B, Majak I. The Antioxidant Potential of Tomato Plants ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) under Nano-ZnO Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11833. [PMID: 37511592 PMCID: PMC10380518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most valuable horticulture crops, consumed in both its raw and processed forms. To increase yield and efficiency, conventional and organic fertilizers are utilized in modern agriculture. Traditional fertilizers increase crop yield but are harmful to the environment. These circumstances motivate the pursuit of an alternate solution. The purpose of this research was to investigate how the application of nanoparticles (nano-ZnO) combined with conventional fertilizer influence tomato plants' development, including the antioxidant potential of cultivated plants. Three factors such as different types of cultivars, dosage of applied nano-ZnO solution and the method of nanoparticles application were implemented. Multiple analysis of selected antioxidants content and their activities such as malondialdehyde (MDA), flavonoids, polyphenols, ascorbic acid, peroxidase (POX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) or catalase (CAT) were analyzed. The obtained data exhibited that all examined parameters were strongly dependent on three implemented factors: concentration of nano-ZnO suspension, the type of cultivated tomato and the method of nanoparticles application. For instance, the accumulation of MDA in cultivated plants was different among plants under nanoparticles treatment, but in one specific case (Malinowy Bossman cultivar treated with 50 mg/L nano-ZnO suspension) the content of this marker was decreased by 34% in comparison to the corresponding control. Nevertheless, the results presented in this study showed that the usage of certain doses of nano-ZnO suspension may increase the antioxidant potential of tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Włodarczyk
- Institute of Natural Products and Cosmetics, Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Smolińska
- Institute of Natural Products and Cosmetics, Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
| | - Iwona Majak
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, ul. Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
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Akhtar M, Akhtar A, Nazir W, Khalid N. Formulation of Edible Coatings from Alfalfa Saponins to Enhance the Postharvest Quality of Tomatoes. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2023; 28:178-188. [PMID: 37416793 PMCID: PMC10321443 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2023.28.2.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomatoes are a major crop for global exports and have significant nutritional benefits. However, their lifespan is limited due to various biotic and abiotic factors. This study aimed to formulate an edible coating using crude alfalfa saponins coupled with decaglycerol monolaurate (ML-750) and polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20), to enhance the postharvest quality and shelf life of tomatoes by preventing spoilage. The effectiveness of alfalfa saponins coatings, both alone, and with ML-750 and Tween 20, was evaluated by comparing their impact on color, texture, overall acceptability, and % weight loss at 4°C and 25°C for 7 days. Significant improvements were observed in the quality attributes of tomatoes, including firmness, aroma, color, texture, and overall acceptability. Crude alfalfa saponins in emulsified form with Tween 20 increased the shelf stability of tomatoes more effectively than uncoated and ML-750 combined coatings. The total soluble solids (TSS) and pH also play a crucial role in determining the quality of the fruits. The results indicated no significant changes in the TSS of tomatoes coated with encapsulated saponins. Subsequently, a gradual increase in the pH of the coated tomatoes was observed on days 5 and 7, respectively. The findings of this study revealed that alfalfa saponins coupled with synthetic emulsifiers may be a beneficial strategy for prolonging the shelf life and improving the postharvest quality of tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnoor Akhtar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Akhtar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Wahab Nazir
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Nauman Khalid
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- College of Health Sciences, Adu Dhabi University, Adu Dhabi 59911, United Arab Emirates
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Adhikari TB, Siddique MI, Louws FJ, Sim SC, Panthee DR. Molecular mapping of quantitative trait loci for resistance to early blight in tomatoes. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1135884. [PMID: 37324699 PMCID: PMC10267708 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1135884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Early blight (EB), caused by Alternaria linariae (Neerg.) (syn. A. tomatophila) Simmons, is a disease that affects tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) throughout the world, with tremendous economic implications. The objective of the present study was to map the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with EB resistance in tomatoes. The F2 and F2:3 mapping populations consisting of 174 lines derived from NC 1CELBR (resistant) × Fla. 7775 (susceptible) were evaluated under natural conditions in the field in 2011 and in the greenhouse in 2015 by artificial inoculation. In all, 375 Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) assays were used for genotyping parents and the F2 population. The broad-sense heritability estimate for phenotypic data was 28.3%, and 25.3% for 2011, and 2015 disease evaluations, respectively. QTL analysis revealed six QTLs associated with EB resistance on chromosomes 2, 8, and 11 (LOD 4.0 to 9.1), explaining phenotypic variation ranging from 3.8 to 21.0%. These results demonstrate that genetic control of EB resistance in NC 1CELBR is polygenic. This study may facilitate further fine mapping of the EB-resistant QTL and marker-assisted selection (MAS) to transfer EB resistance genes into elite tomato varieties, including broadening the genetic diversity of EB resistance in tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tika B. Adhikari
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Muhammad Irfan Siddique
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Mills River, NC, United States
| | - Frank J. Louws
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Sung-Chur Sim
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dilip R. Panthee
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Mills River, NC, United States
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Kozukue N, Kim DS, Choi SH, Mizuno M, Friedman M. Isomers of the Tomato Glycoalkaloids α-Tomatine and Dehydrotomatine: Relationship to Health Benefits. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083621. [PMID: 37110854 PMCID: PMC10142774 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of three commercial tomatine samples and another isolated from green tomatoes revealed the presence of two small peaks in addition to those associated with the glycoalkaloids dehydrotomatine and α-tomatine. The present study investigated the possible structures of the compounds associated with the two small peaks using HPLC-mass spectrophotometric (MS) methods. Although the two peaks elute much earlier on chromatographic columns than the elution times of the known tomato glycoalkaloids dehydrotomatine and α-tomatine, isolation of the two compounds by preparative chromatography and subsequent analysis by MS shows the two compounds have identical molecular weights, tetrasaccharide side chains, and MS and MS/MS fragmentation patterns to dehydrotomatine and α-tomatine. We suggest the two isolated compounds are isomeric forms of dehydrotomatine and α-tomatine. The analytical data indicate that widely used commercial tomatine preparations and those extracted from green tomatoes and tomato leaves consist of a mixture of α-tomatine, dehydrotomatine, an α-tomatine isomer, and a dehydrotomatine isomer in an approximate ratio of 81:15:4:1, respectively. The significance of the reported health benefits of tomatine and tomatidine is mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kozukue
- Department of Food Service & Culinary Arts, Seowon University, Cheongju-City 28674, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Kim
- Department of Food Service & Industry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-City 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Hyun Choi
- Department of Food Service & Culinary Arts, Seowon University, Cheongju-City 28674, Republic of Korea
| | - Masashi Mizuno
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mendel Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
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Darling E, Palmisano A, Chung H, Quintanilla-Tornel M. A New Biological Product Shows Promising Control of the Northern Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, in Greenhouse Tomatoes. J Nematol 2023; 55:20230023. [PMID: 37533965 PMCID: PMC10390845 DOI: 10.2478/jofnem-2023-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato plants are susceptible to significant yield losses when infested by the northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla. While there are many options for conventional chemical management, few of these options offer effective control for organic growers or those who seek to adopt more environmentally considerate strategies. In this study, we showed that a new, biologically based product (referred to as "MN21.2") has potential for controlling populations of the northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, as a pest of susceptible tomato (cv. Rutgers) in a greenhouse trial. This is significant because if this product's efficacy is supported under field conditions, it may provide organic tomato growers with a valuable tool for fighting the plant-parasitic nematode pest, M. hapla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Darling
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48843, USA
| | - Abigail Palmisano
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48843, USA
| | - Henry Chung
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Ln, East Lansing, MI, 48843, USA
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Tang Z, Jin Y, Brown PH, Park M. Estimation of tomato water status with photochemical reflectance index and machine learning: Assessment from proximal sensors and UAV imagery. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1057733. [PMID: 37089640 PMCID: PMC10117946 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1057733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tracking plant water status is a critical step towards the adaptive precision irrigation management of processing tomatoes, one of the most important specialty crops in California. The photochemical reflectance index (PRI) from proximal sensors and the high-resolution unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery provide an opportunity to monitor the crop water status efficiently. Based on data from an experimental tomato field with intensive aerial and plant-based measurements, we developed random forest machine learning regression models to estimate tomato stem water potential (ψ stem), (using observations from proximal sensors and 12-band UAV imagery, respectively, along with weather data. The proximal sensor-based model estimation agreed well with the plant ψ stem with R 2 of 0.74 and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.63 bars. The model included PRI, normalized difference vegetation index, vapor pressure deficit, and air temperature and tracked well with the seasonal dynamics of ψ stem across different plots. A separate model, built with multiple vegetation indices (VIs) from UAV imagery and weather variables, had an R 2 of 0.81 and MAE of 0.67 bars. The plant-level ψ stem maps generated from UAV imagery closely represented the water status differences of plots under different irrigation treatments and also tracked well the temporal change among flights. PRI was found to be the most important VI in both the proximal sensor- and the UAV-based models, providing critical information on tomato plant water status. This study demonstrated that machine learning models can accurately estimate the water status by integrating PRI, other VIs, and weather data, and thus facilitate data-driven irrigation management for processing tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhehan Tang
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Zhehan Tang,
| | - Yufang Jin
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Patrick H. Brown
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Meerae Park
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Jia S, Zhang N, Ji H, Zhang X, Dong C, Yu J, Yan S, Chen C, Liang L. Effects of Atmospheric Cold Plasma Treatment on the Storage Quality and Chlorophyll Metabolism of Postharvest Tomato. Foods 2022; 11. [PMID: 36553830 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) is a potential green preservation technology, but its preservation mechanism is still unclear, and the effects of different plasma intensities on postharvest tomatoes are little studied. In this study, the effects of different ACP treatments (0 kV, 40 kV, 60 kV, and 80 kV) on the sensory quality, physiological indexes, key enzyme activities, and gene expression related to the chlorophyll metabolism of postharvest tomatoes were investigated during the storage time. The results showed that compared with the control group, the tomatoes in the plasma treatment group had a higher hardness and total soluble solid (TSS) and titratable acid (TA) contents, a lower respiratory intensity and weight loss rate, a higher brightness, and a lower red transformation rate, especially in the 60 kV treatment group. In addition, chlorophyll degradation, carotenoid accumulation, and chlorophyllase and pheophorbide a mono-oxygenase (PAO) enzyme activities in the postharvest tomatoes were inhibited in the 60 kV treatment group, and the expressions of three key genes related to chlorophyll metabolism, chlorophyll (CLH1), pheophytinase (PPH), and red chlorophyll catabolic reductase (RCCR) were down-regulated. The results of the correlation analysis also confirmed that the enzyme activity and gene expression of the chlorophyll metabolism were regulated by the ACP treatment, aiming to maintain the greenness of postharvest tomatoes.
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Nchu F, Macuphe N, Rhoda I, Niekerk LA, Basson G, Keyster M, Etsassala NGER. Endophytic Beauveria bassiana Induces Oxidative Stress and Enhances the Growth of Fusarium oxysporum-Infected Tomato Plants. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11223182. [PMID: 36432911 PMCID: PMC9698551 DOI: 10.3390/plants11223182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Studying the mechanisms through which endophytic fungi confer protection to host plants against parasites will contribute toward elucidating the endophytic fungi−plant−pathogen relationship. In this study, we evaluated the effects of endophytic Beauveria bassiana on the antioxidant activity, oxidative stress, and growth of tomatoes infected with the fusarium wilt pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL). Tomato seedlings were inoculated with B. bassiana conidia and then contaminated with FOL experimentally. Four treatments (Control [T1], FOL only [T2], B. bassiana only [T3], and B. bassiana and FOL [T4]) were assessed. The plants from the B. bassiana and FOL treatment (T4) were significantly taller (DF = 3, 56; p < 0.001) and produced more leaves and aerial part biomass than those treated with only FOL (T2). Remarkably, plants in the two treatments with FOL (T2 and T4) had the lowest antioxidant activities; meanwhile, plants from the FOL treatment (T2) had the lowest ROS (superoxide and hydroxyl radicals) contents. Broadly, strong positive correlations between ROS and all the plant growth parameters were recorded in this study. While the current results revealed that the endophytic entomopathogen B. bassiana enhanced antioxidant capacity in plants, it did not improve the antioxidant capacity of F. oxysporum-infected plants. It is possible that the pathogenic FOL employed a hiding strategy to evade the host immune response and the antagonistic actions of endophytic B. bassiana. In conclusion, B. bassiana inoculum enhanced the growth of tomatoes infected with FOL, induced higher oxidative stress in both F. oxysporum-infected and -uninfected tomatoes, and improved antioxidant activities in plants inoculated with B. bassiana only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Nchu
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 1905, Bellville 7535, South Africa
- Correspondence:
| | - Neo Macuphe
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 1905, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Ilyaas Rhoda
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 1905, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Lee-Ann Niekerk
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X 17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Basson
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X 17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Marshall Keyster
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X 17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Ninon G. E. R. Etsassala
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 1905, Bellville 7535, South Africa
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12
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Olawuyi IF, Lee WY. Development and Characterization of Biocomposite Films Based on Polysaccharides Derived from Okra Plant Waste for Food Packaging Application. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14. [PMID: 36433011 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide-based composite films were developed using mucilage polysaccharides (OLP) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) extracted from okra leafstalk wastes. The rheological properties of biocomposite OLP/CMC film-forming solutions were characterized using the Power-law model, and fabricated films were characterized for their potential food packaging applications. OLP/CMC solutions exhibited pseudo-plastic fluid characteristics and differences in rheological behavior (n, 0.478-0.743), and flow consistency (K, 1.731-9.154) with increasing content of OLP (5 to 30 % w/w of CMC) were associated with variations in the physical, mechanical, and barrier properties of films. Surface hydrophobicity (24%) increased and oxygen (39%) and water vapor (32%) permeability reduced in OLP/CMC films containing up to 10% OLP. Moreover, a higher content of OLP enhanced the antioxidant activity and thermal stability of OLP/CMC films. Subsequently, OLP/CMC was applied as a coating to preserve cherry tomatoes for 14 days at 30 °C. Quality deterioration characterized by high weight loss (22%), firmness loss (74.62%), and discoloration (∆E, 21.26) occurred in uncoated tomatoes and were within unusable/unmarketable limits based on their visual quality score. In contrast, OLP/CMC effectively minimized quality losses, and coated tomatoes exceeded the limit of marketability after 14 days of storage. This study successfully applied value-added polysaccharides derived from okra plant residues for edible food packaging.
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13
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Murakami K, Goto M, Honda M. High-temperature Supercritical CO 2 Extraction of Lycopene from Tomato Powder for Enhancing Z-Isomerization and Recovery of Lycopene. J Oleo Sci 2022; 71:1289-1297. [PMID: 35965086 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess22044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of extraction conditions (temperature, pressure, and entrainer content) on the total Z-isomer ratio and recovery of lycopene in the extracts obtained after supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) extraction of lycopene from tomato powder, with a particular focus on high-temperature conditions (≥ 80°C). The results showed that high-temperature SC-CO2 extraction promoted the thermal isomerization of lycopene in a temperature-dependent manner up to 120℃. For example, when lycopene extraction was carried out at 80, 100, 120, and 140°C and a pressure of 30 MPa with an entrainer, ethanol, for 180 min, the total Z-isomer ratios obtained were 25.0, 57.2, 67.2, and 67.0%, respectively. The entrainer content also affected the Z-isomer ratio of lycopene, but the pressure had little effect. Interestingly, when SC-CO2 extraction was performed under high-temperature conditions (≥ 100°C), the extraction efficiency of lycopene was dramatically improved, e.g., when lycopene was extracted at 80, 100, 120, and 140°C under the same other conditions as above, the recovery rates of lycopene were 4.6, 28.5, 79.9, 84.8%, respectively. In general, SC-CO2 extraction of fat-soluble components is performed at temperatures in the range of 40-80°C because the SC-CO2 density decreases with increasing temperature, and thus, their solubility (extraction efficiency) decreases. However, our results showed that the lycopene recovery increased in a temperature-dependent manner, which might be due to the solubility enhancement associated with thermal Z-isomerization of lycopene (i.e., lycopene Z-isomers have greater solubility than the naturally occurring all-E-isomer). The high-temperature SC-CO2 extraction of lycopene from tomato materials not only enhances the Z-isomer ratio of lycopene in the resulting extracts but also improves lycopene recovery. This new finding will greatly contribute to the value addition and cost reduction of natural lycopene sources obtained by SC-CO2 extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Murakami
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Meijo University.,School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Motonobu Goto
- Department of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University
| | - Masaki Honda
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Meijo University
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14
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Land CJ, Vallad GE, Desaeger J, Van Santen E, Noling J, Lawrence K. Supplemental Fumigant Placement Improves Root Knot and Fusarium Wilt Management for Tomatoes Produced on a Raised-Bed Plasticulture System in Florida's Myakka Fine Sand. Plant Dis 2022; 106:73-78. [PMID: 34420363 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-21-0543-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fresh-market tomatoes are produced on a raised-bed plasticulture system that relies heavily on soil-applied preplant fumigants for the management of soilborne pathogens, nematodes, and weeds. Since the transition from methyl bromide to alternative fumigants, growers have experienced a resurgence of several soilborne pests and pathogens, including root-knot nematode caused by Meloidogyne spp. and Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici race 3. This resurgence is attributed to the inability of the alternative fumigants to effectively disperse through the soil in the same manner as methyl bromide. Two supplemental fumigation strategies, the application of chloropicrin (PIC) below bed edges (herein "supplemental PIC") and broadcast deep-shank applications of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), were evaluated in conjunction with standard raised-bed applications of Pic-Clor 60, Pic-Clor 80, and Pic 100 covered with a virtually impermeable film or a totally impermeable film. Large-plot replicated studies were conducted in two separate commercial tomato fields with a history of production losses caused by root-knot nematode and Fusarium wilt. Deep-shank 1,3-D applications significantly reduced the recovery of root-knot and total parasitic nematodes across field sites before the preparation of raised beds. Both supplemental PIC and deep-shank 1,3-D reduced root-knot galling and Fusarium wilt incidence, but the latter supplemental treatment statistically had the greatest impact. Fumigant applied within raised beds or plastic film had no significant effect on root-knot galling or Fusarium wilt. Although both supplemental fumigation strategies had a significant effect on pest and disease pressure, neither statistically improved tomato yields based on small subplot harvests. Controlled laboratory experiments confirmed the fungicidal activity of 1,3-D against F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, with 75, 90, 95, and 99% lethal doses corresponding to estimated field application rates of 56.1, 93.5, 121.6, and 184.7 liters/ha, respectively. The results demonstrate how fumigant placement can improve pest and disease control activity with current fumigant alternatives to methyl bromide and further support the broader pesticidal activity of some chemical fumigants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J Land
- Department of Plant Pathology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598
| | - Gary E Vallad
- Department of Plant Pathology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598
| | - Johan Desaeger
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598
| | | | - Joe Noling
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Kathy Lawrence
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
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15
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Zhang JJ, Cao W, Xi P, Li L, Qiao S, Luo H, Zhang J, Liu X, Du N. S-Glycosylation of Fluensulfone in Tomatoes: An Important Way of Fluensulfone Metabolism. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:12974-12984. [PMID: 34723494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fluensulfone (FSF) becomes increasingly popular because of its nonfumigation application method. However, studies on the metabolic mechanism of FSF in plants are lacking. Here, tomato seedling was cultivated in hydroponic media to investigate the connection among FSF's metabolism in tomato, the regulation of tomato endogenous glycosides, and the elimination of hydrogen peroxide in tomato cells. The accumulation of FSF was only detected in the lower stems of tomatoes; FSF was mainly metabolized into S-glycosylated conjugates in the roots, and the roots were the tissues with the highest metabolite content; and no FSF and metabolites were detected in the upper leaves. In response to FSF stress (2 mg/L for 7 d), the content of sugar and glycosides in the stems of tomato seedlings significantly increased. The amount of some compounds on the pathway related to glucose was affected by FSF. The three precursor compounds (homomethioine, isoleucine, and l-tyrosine) in the pathway of glucosinolate biosynthesis increased significantly under the stress of FSF, which indicates that FSF may compete with them for UGT74B1. Besides, FSF-induced flavonoid glycosides may play a role in the process of removing hydrogen peroxide. This research provides inspiration for the fate of many xenobiotics containing sulfonyl groups in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jing Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory for Creation and Application of New Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Wanxue Cao
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Pengxuan Xi
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Li Li
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Songtao Qiao
- Henan Key Laboratory for Creation and Application of New Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Huawei Luo
- Henan Key Laboratory for Creation and Application of New Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jianye Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory for Creation and Application of New Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Nanshan Du
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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16
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Wu X, Yu L, Pehrsson PR. Are Processed Tomato Products as Nutritious as Fresh Tomatoes? Scoping Review on the Effects of Industrial Processing on Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds in Tomatoes. Adv Nutr 2021; 13:138-151. [PMID: 34666349 PMCID: PMC8803485 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomatoes are the second most consumed vegetable in the United States. In 2017, American people consumed 9.2 kg of tomatoes from a fresh market and 33.2 kg of processed tomato products per capita. One commonly asked question by consumers and the nutrition community is "Are processed tomato products as nutritious as fresh tomatoes?" This review addresses this question by summarizing the current understandings on the effects of industrial processing on the nutrients and bioactive compounds of tomatoes. Twelve original research papers were found to study the effects of different industrial processing methods on the nutrients and/or bioactive compounds in tomato products. The data suggested that different processing methods had different effects on different compounds in tomatoes. However, currently available data are still limited, and the existing data are often inconsistent. The USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Legacy was utilized to estimate nutrient contents from raw tomatoes and processed tomato products. In addition, several other important factors specifically related to the industrial processing of tomatoes were also discussed. To conclude, there is no simple "yes" or "no" answer to the question "Are processed tomato products as nutritious as fresh tomatoes?" Many factors must be considered when comparing the nutritious value between fresh tomatoes and processed tomato products. At this point, we do not have sufficient data to fully understand all of the factors and their impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianli Wu
- Address correspondence to XW (e-mail: )
| | - Liangli Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Pamela R Pehrsson
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
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17
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Shiсh EV, Elizarova EV, Makhova AA, Bragina TV. [Role of tomatoes and products thereof in human healthy diet]. Vopr Pitan 2021; 90:129-137. [PMID: 34538043 DOI: 10.33029/0042-8833-2021-90-4-129-137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tomatoes are an essential part of the diet. Epidemiological studies have established a link between the consumption of tomatoes, which contain carotenoids, and a reduction in the risk of diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Ripe tomato fruits are dark red in color due to the carotenoid lycopene, which is synthesized during fruit ripening. The aim of this review was to summarize and analyze modern data on the role of tomatoes and their processed products in healthy human nutrition. Results. The beneficial effects of this vegetable on bone health, cognitive function, and the cardiovascular system have been studied. However, large intervention studies are needed to confirm a real causal relationship between tomato consumption and the risk of these diseases. Given the presence of various useful bioactive components in tomatoes, the results of most studies provide a reason to include more tomatoes and their processed products in the diet. However, both excessive and regular consumption of this vegetable can cause some side effects in the human body. Conclusion. Recent studies highlight the relationship between tomato consumption and a reduced risk of various diseases such as obesity, hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Tomatoes, thanks to the bioactive substances they contain, with an adequate level of consumption, can become effective component of a healthy diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Shiсh
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - E V Elizarova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - A A Makhova
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - T V Bragina
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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18
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Gaouar ZL, Chefirat B, Saadi R, Djelad S, Rezk-Kallah H. Pesticide residues in tomato crops in Western Algeria. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill 2021; 14:281-286. [PMID: 34266368 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2021.1953156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate levels of pesticide residues commonly used on tomato crops in Western Algeria. It showed a significant use of pesticides, especially insecticides (47%) and fungicides (41%) among listed pesticides in crop fields. A total of 30 tomato samples were analysed using multi-residue analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after QuEChERS extraction. Five pesticides (difenoconazole, triadimenol, metalaxyl, chlorpyriphos and methomyl) were detected in 14 samples (47%). Among these five samples containing residues of two different types of pesticides. The levels ranged from 2.29 to 64.3 µg/kg. The methomyl residue in one sample was above the maximum limit (MRLs) set by the European Union. Our results indicate an excessive use of pesticides and undeniable non-compliance with good agricultural practices. Routine monitoring for pesticides is recommended to preserve consumer's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Lotfi Gaouar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, Oran, Algeria.,Environmental Health Research Laboratory, University Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, Oran, Algeria
| | - Bilel Chefirat
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, Oran, Algeria.,Environmental Health Research Laboratory, University Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, Oran, Algeria.,Department of Pharmacology Toxicology, University Hospital of Oran, Oran, Algeria
| | - Rachida Saadi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, Oran, Algeria.,Environmental Health Research Laboratory, University Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, Oran, Algeria.,Department of Pharmacology Toxicology, University Hospital of Oran, Oran, Algeria
| | - Sanae Djelad
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, Oran, Algeria.,Environmental Health Research Laboratory, University Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, Oran, Algeria.,Department of Pharmacology Toxicology, University Hospital of Oran, Oran, Algeria
| | - Haciba Rezk-Kallah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, Oran, Algeria.,Environmental Health Research Laboratory, University Oran1 Ahmed Ben Bella, Oran, Algeria.,Department of Pharmacology Toxicology, University Hospital of Oran, Oran, Algeria
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19
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Corrias F, Melis A, Atzei A, Marceddu S, Dedola F, Sirigu A, Pireddu R, Lai F, Angioni A. Zoxamide accumulation and retention evaluation after nanosuspension technology application in tomato plant. Pest Manag Sci 2021; 77:3508-3518. [PMID: 33837628 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low water solubility of pesticide requires formulations with high levels of stabilizers and organic solvents. Moreover, only 0.1% of the applied pesticides formulation reaches the target, while 99.9% spreads in the surrounding environment. Therefore, there is the need for more efficient and environmentally sustainable alternatives. RESULTS Zoxamide (ZO) nanosuspension was prepared through a media milling technique by using the stabilizer polysorbate 80. The thin and acicular crystals obtained, showed particle size of 227 nm, polydispersion index of 0.247 and zeta potential of -28 mV. Dimensional data and morphology of ZO nanocrystals alone, on tomato leaves and berries, were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The reduction in size for ZO crystals obtained after the milling process increased pesticide water solubility till 39.6 mg L-1 , about 1.6 the solubility obtained with a conventional commercial formulation. Field and dip contamination trials performed on tomato plants showed the nanosuspension's ability to increase ZO deposition and accumulation versus a coarse ZO suspension and commercial formulation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The nanoformulation proposed, resulted in low cost and was easy to make. Moreover, the organic solvent-free composition together with a low surfactant addition assured a minor environmental impact. Finally, the increased retention and deposition of the fungicide can reduce the amounts of ZO formulation applied to tomatoes. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Corrias
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Food Toxicology Unit, University of Cagliari, University Campus of Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna Melis
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Food Toxicology Unit, University of Cagliari, University Campus of Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Atzei
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Food Toxicology Unit, University of Cagliari, University Campus of Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Marceddu
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA-CNR), Baldinca (Sassari), Italy
| | - Fabrizio Dedola
- Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia (AGRIS), Service of Environmental Studies, Crop Protection and Production Quality, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonella Sirigu
- Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia (AGRIS), Service of Environmental Studies, Crop Protection and Production Quality, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rosa Pireddu
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Food Toxicology Unit, University of Cagliari, University Campus of Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Lai
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Food Toxicology Unit, University of Cagliari, University Campus of Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alberto Angioni
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Food Toxicology Unit, University of Cagliari, University Campus of Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
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20
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Puah BP, Jalil J, Attiq A, Kamisah Y. New Insights into Molecular Mechanism behind Anti-Cancer Activities of Lycopene. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133888. [PMID: 34202203 PMCID: PMC8270321 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lycopene is a well-known compound found commonly in tomatoes which brings wide range of health benefits against cardiovascular diseases and cancers. From an anti-cancer perspective, lycopene is often associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer and people often look for it as a dietary supplement which may help to prevent cancer. Previous scientific evidence exhibited that the anti-cancer activity of lycopene relies on its ability to suppress oncogene expressions and induce proapoptotic pathways. To further explore the real potential of lycopene in cancer prevention, this review discusses the new insights and perspectives on the anti-cancer activities of lycopene which could help to drive new direction for research. The relationship between inflammation and cancer is being highlighted, whereby lycopene suppresses cancer via resolution of inflammation are also discussed herein. The immune system was found to be a part of the anti-cancer system of lycopene as it modulates immune cells to suppress tumor growth and progression. Lycopene, which is under the family of carotenoids, was found to play special role in suppressing lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon-Peng Puah
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
| | - Juriyati Jalil
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-9289-7533
| | - Ali Attiq
- Faculty of Pharmacy, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom 42610, Malaysia;
| | - Yusof Kamisah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
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21
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Anastassiadou M, Bellisai G, Bernasconi G, Brancato A, Carrasco Cabrera L, Ferreira L, Greco L, Jarrah S, Kazocina A, Leuschner R, Magrans JO, Miron I, Nave S, Pedersen R, Reich H, Santos M, Scarlato AP, Theobald A, Vagenende B, Verani A. Modification of the existing maximum residue levels for tau-fluvalinate in tomatoes and watermelons. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06646. [PMID: 34141000 PMCID: PMC8188570 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicant ADAMA Agriculture BV on behalf of ADAMA Makhteshim Ltd submitted a request to the competent national authority in Denmark to modify the existing maximum residue levels (MRL) for the active substance tau-fluvalinate in tomatoes and watermelons. The data submitted in support of the request were found to be sufficient to derive an MRL proposal for tomatoes. For watermelons, a change of the MRL recently set in the EU legislation is not required. Adequate analytical methods for enforcement are available to control the residues of tau-fluvalinate in the commodities under consideration. Based on the risk assessment results, EFSA concluded that the short-term and long-term intake of residues resulting from the intended uses of tau-fluvalinate according to the reported agricultural practices is unlikely to present a risk to consumer health. The risk assessment shall be regarded as indicative.
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22
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Carrasco L, Papeş M, Lochner EN, Ruiz BC, Williams AG, Wiggins GJ. Potential regional declines in species richness of tomato pollinators in North America under climate change. Ecol Appl 2021; 31:e02259. [PMID: 33179379 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
About 70% of the world's main crops depend on insect pollination. Climate change is already affecting the abundance and distribution of insects, which could cause geographical mismatches between crops and their pollinators. Crops that rely primarily on wild pollinators (e.g., crops that cannot be effectively pollinated by commercial colonies of honey bees) could be particularly in jeopardy. However, limited information on plant-pollinator associations and pollinator distributions complicate the assessment of climate change impacts on specific crops. To study the potential impacts of climate change on pollination of a specific crop in North America, we use the case of open-field tomato crops, which rely on buzz pollinators (species that use vibration to release pollen, such as bumble bees) to increase their production. We aimed to (1) assess potential changes in buzz pollinator distribution and richness, and (2) evaluate the overlap between areas with high densities of tomato crops and high potential decrease in richness. We used baseline (1961-1990) climate and future (2050s and 2080s) climatic projections in ecological niche models fitted with occurrences of wild bees, documented in the literature as pollinators of tomatoes, to estimate the baseline and future potential distribution of suitable climatic conditions of targeted species and to create maps of richness change across North America. We obtained reliable models for 15 species and found important potential decreases in the distribution of some pollinators (e.g., Lasioglossum pectorale and Augochlorella aurata). We observed geographical discrepancies in the projected change in species richness across North America, detecting important declines in the eastern United States (up to 11 species decrease for 2050s). After overlapping the maps of species richness change with a tomato crop map for the United States, we found spatial correspondence between richness declines and areas with high concentration of tomato crops. Disparities in the effects of climate change on the potential future distribution of different wild pollinators and geographical variation in richness highlight the importance of crop-specific studies. Our study also emphasizes the challenges of compiling and modeling crop-specific pollinator data and the need to improve our understanding of current distribution of pollinators and their community dynamics under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Carrasco
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
| | - Monica Papeş
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
| | - Ellie N Lochner
- Department of Mathematics, University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, 54702, USA
| | - Brandyn C Ruiz
- Department of Mathematics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85281, USA
| | - Abigail G Williams
- Department of Mathematics, Salem College, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27101, USA
| | - Gregory J Wiggins
- National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996, USA
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Ayenan MAT, Danquah A, Agre PA, Hanson P, Asante IK, Danquah EY. Genomic and Phenotypic Diversity of Cultivated and Wild Tomatoes with Varying Levels of Heat Tolerance. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040503. [PMID: 33805499 PMCID: PMC8067180 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of genetic variability in heat-tolerant tomato germplasm is a pre-requisite to improve yield and fruit quality under heat stress. We assessed the population structure and diversity in a panel of three Solanum pimpinellifolium (wild tomatoes) and 42 S. lycopersicum (cultivated tomatoes) lines and accessions with varying heat tolerance levels. The DArTseq marker was used for the sequencing and 5270 informative single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were retained for the genomic analysis. The germplasm was evaluated under two heat stress environments for five yield and flower related traits. The phenotypic evaluation revealed moderate broad-sense heritabilities for fruit weight per plant and high broad-sense heritabilities for fruit weight, number of inflorescences per plant, and number of flowers per inflorescence. The hierarchical clustering based on identity by state dissimilarity matrix and UPGMA grouped the germplasm into three clusters. The cluster analysis based on heat-tolerance traits separated the germplasm collection into five clusters. The correlation between the phenotypic and genomic-based distance matrices was low (r = 0.2, p < 0.05). The joint phenotypic and genomic-based clustering grouped the germplasm collection into five clusters well defined for their response to heat stress ranging from highly sensitive to highly tolerant groups. The heat-sensitive and heat-tolerant clusters of S. lycopersicum lines were differentiated by a specific pattern of minor allele frequency distribution on chromosome 11. The joint phenotypic and genomic analysis revealed important diversity within the germplasm collection. This study provides the basis for efficient selection of parental lines to breed heat-tolerant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Anatole Tele Ayenan
- West Africa Centre for Crop Improvement, College of Basic and Applied Science, University of Ghana, PMB LG30 Legon, Ghana; (M.A.T.A.); (I.K.A.); (E.Y.D.)
- World Vegetable Center, West and Central Africa—Coastal and Humid Regions, IITA-Benin Campus, 08 BP 0932 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Agyemang Danquah
- West Africa Centre for Crop Improvement, College of Basic and Applied Science, University of Ghana, PMB LG30 Legon, Ghana; (M.A.T.A.); (I.K.A.); (E.Y.D.)
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG44 Legon, Ghana
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (P.H.)
| | - Paterne A. Agre
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), PMB 5320, Ibadan 200001, Nigeria;
| | - Peter Hanson
- World Vegetable Center, West and Central Africa—Coastal and Humid Regions, IITA-Benin Campus, 08 BP 0932 Cotonou, Benin
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (P.H.)
| | - Isaac Kwadwo Asante
- West Africa Centre for Crop Improvement, College of Basic and Applied Science, University of Ghana, PMB LG30 Legon, Ghana; (M.A.T.A.); (I.K.A.); (E.Y.D.)
- Department of Plant Biology and Environmental Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG55 Legon, Ghana
| | - Eric Yirenkyi Danquah
- West Africa Centre for Crop Improvement, College of Basic and Applied Science, University of Ghana, PMB LG30 Legon, Ghana; (M.A.T.A.); (I.K.A.); (E.Y.D.)
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG44 Legon, Ghana
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Ali MY, Sina AAI, Khandker SS, Neesa L, Tanvir EM, Kabir A, Khalil MI, Gan SH. Nutritional Composition and Bioactive Compounds in Tomatoes and Their Impact on Human Health and Disease: A Review. Foods 2020; 10:E45. [PMID: 33375293 PMCID: PMC7823427 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomatoes are consumed worldwide as fresh vegetables because of their high contents of essential nutrients and antioxidant-rich phytochemicals. Tomatoes contain minerals, vitamins, proteins, essential amino acids (leucine, threonine, valine, histidine, lysine, arginine), monounsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic acids), carotenoids (lycopene and β-carotenoids) and phytosterols (β-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol). Lycopene is the main dietary carotenoid in tomato and tomato-based food products and lycopene consumption by humans has been reported to protect against cancer, cardiovascular diseases, cognitive function and osteoporosis. Among the phenolic compounds present in tomato, quercetin, kaempferol, naringenin, caffeic acid and lutein are the most common. Many of these compounds have antioxidant activities and are effective in protecting the human body against various oxidative stress-related diseases. Dietary tomatoes increase the body's level of antioxidants, trapping reactive oxygen species and reducing oxidative damage to important biomolecules such as membrane lipids, enzymatic proteins and DNA, thereby ameliorating oxidative stress. We reviewed the nutritional and phytochemical compositions of tomatoes. In addition, the impacts of the constituents on human health, particularly in ameliorating some degenerative diseases, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Yousuf Ali
- Laboratory of Preventive and Integrative Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (M.Y.A.); (S.S.K.); (A.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Ali Ibn Sina
- Center for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Shahad Saif Khandker
- Laboratory of Preventive and Integrative Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (M.Y.A.); (S.S.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Lutfun Neesa
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Dhaka 8100, Bangladesh;
| | - E. M. Tanvir
- Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Savar, Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh;
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Alamgir Kabir
- Laboratory of Preventive and Integrative Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (M.Y.A.); (S.S.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Md Ibrahim Khalil
- Laboratory of Preventive and Integrative Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (M.Y.A.); (S.S.K.); (A.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
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Ingallina C, Maccelli A, Spano M, Di Matteo G, Di Sotto A, Giusti AM, Vinci G, Di Giacomo S, Rapa M, Ciano S, Fraschetti C, Filippi A, Simonetti G, Cordeiro C, Silva MS, Crestoni ME, Sobolev AP, Fornarini S, Mannina L. Chemico-Biological Characterization of Torpedino Di Fondi ® Tomato Fruits: A Comparison with San Marzano Cultivar at Two Ripeness Stages. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9101027. [PMID: 33096834 PMCID: PMC7590105 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9101027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Torpedino di Fondi (TF) is a hybrid tomato landrace developed in Sicily and recently introduced in the south Lazio area along with the classical San Marzano (SM) cultivar. The present study aimed at characterizing TF tomatoes at both pink and red ripening stages, and at comparing them with traditional SM tomatoes. A multidisciplinary approach consisting of morphological, chemical (FT-ICR MS, NMR, HPLC, and spectrophotometric methods), and biological (antioxidant and antifungal in vitro activity) analyses was applied. Morphological analysis confirmed the mini-San Marzano nature and the peculiar crunchy and solid consistency of TF fruits. Pink TF tomatoes displayed the highest content of hydrophilic antioxidants, like total polyphenols (0.192 mg/g), tannins (0.013 mg/g), flavonoids (0.204 mg/g), and chlorophylls a (0.344 mg/g) and b (0.161 mg/g), whereas red TF fruits were characterized by the highest levels of fructose (3000 mg/100 g), glucose (2000 mg/100 g), tryptophan (2.7 mg/100 g), phenylalanine (13 mg/100 g), alanine (25 mg/100 g), and total tri-unsaturated fatty acids (13% mol). Red SM fruits revealed the greatest content of lipophilic antioxidants, with 1234 mg/g of total carotenoids. In agreement with phenolics content, TF cultivar showed the greatest antioxidant activity. Lastly, red TF inhibited Candida species (albicans, glabrata and krusei) growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Ingallina
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (G.D.M.); (C.F.); (A.F.); (S.F.); (L.M.)
| | - Alessandro Maccelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (G.D.M.); (C.F.); (A.F.); (S.F.); (L.M.)
| | - Mattia Spano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (G.D.M.); (C.F.); (A.F.); (S.F.); (L.M.)
| | - Giacomo Di Matteo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (G.D.M.); (C.F.); (A.F.); (S.F.); (L.M.)
| | - Antonella Di Sotto
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia “V. Ersparmer”, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.S.); (S.D.G.)
| | - Anna Maria Giusti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale Sapienza, Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giuliana Vinci
- Dipartimento di Management, Laboratorio di Merceologia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via del Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (M.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Silvia Di Giacomo
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia “V. Ersparmer”, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.D.S.); (S.D.G.)
| | - Mattia Rapa
- Dipartimento di Management, Laboratorio di Merceologia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via del Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (M.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Salvatore Ciano
- Dipartimento di Management, Laboratorio di Merceologia, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via del Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (M.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Caterina Fraschetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (G.D.M.); (C.F.); (A.F.); (S.F.); (L.M.)
| | - Antonello Filippi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (G.D.M.); (C.F.); (A.F.); (S.F.); (L.M.)
| | - Giovanna Simonetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carlos Cordeiro
- Laboratório de FT-ICR e Espectrometria de Massa Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo-Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.C.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Marta Sousa Silva
- Laboratório de FT-ICR e Espectrometria de Massa Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo-Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.C.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Maria Elisa Crestoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (G.D.M.); (C.F.); (A.F.); (S.F.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.E.C.); (A.P.S.); Tel.: +39-06-4991-3596 (M.E.C.); +39-06-9067-2385 (A.P.S.)
| | - Anatoly P. Sobolev
- Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici, Laboratorio di Risonanza Magnetica “Annalaura Segre”, CNR, 00015 Monterotondo (Rome), Italy
- Correspondence: (M.E.C.); (A.P.S.); Tel.: +39-06-4991-3596 (M.E.C.); +39-06-9067-2385 (A.P.S.)
| | - Simonetta Fornarini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (G.D.M.); (C.F.); (A.F.); (S.F.); (L.M.)
| | - Luisa Mannina
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (A.M.); (M.S.); (G.D.M.); (C.F.); (A.F.); (S.F.); (L.M.)
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Abstract
Background Cadmium and lead are completely redundant in the human body and any amount of these elements ingested poses a risk of adverse health effects. In non-occupational exposure the highest amount of xenobiotics enters the body with food. Valued for their taste, universal culinary application and health benefits tomatoes and tomato products are consumed almost every day by a large proportion of society. In order to protect consumers' health it is very important to monitor cadmium and lead content in food products. Objective The aim of the study was the health assessment of cadmium and lead content in tomatoes and tomato products in relation to their acceptable maximum levels in the relevant legislation. Material and methods Fresh fruits of the tomato plant and tomato products (juices, purées, concentrates, sauces) were analysed. Heavy metal content (Cd, Pb) was determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Before the AAS determination the samples were subjected to pressure mineralisation using microwave energy. Results Cadmium and lead contents in the studied food products were within the allowed range (the maximum level of cadmium and lead contamination of tomatoes is 0.05 mg/kg and 0.1 mg/kg of fresh mass). The limit for cadmium was exceeded only in a canned tomato concentrate (0.064 mg/kg of fresh mass). The average cadmium content in raw tomatoes and tomato products was: 0.017 mg/kg fresh weight, and lead 0.021 mg/kg fresh weight. Conclusions Despite the low cadmium and lead contamination of the study samples of tomatoes and tomato products, it seems desirable to constantly monitor the content of these elements in food due to their ability to accumulate in the body and the risk of adverse health effects developing after many years of exposure, even to small doses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Nieć
- Department of Human Nutrition, School of Health Science in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
| | - Renata Baranowska
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Health Science in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
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Jung YJ, Kim DH, Lee HJ, Nam KH, Bae S, Nou IS, Cho YG, Kim MK, Kang KK. Knockout of SlMS10 Gene ( Solyc02g079810) Encoding bHLH Transcription Factor Using CRISPR/Cas9 System Confers Male Sterility Phenotype in Tomato. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1189. [PMID: 32933074 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of male sterility into hybrid seed production reduces its cost and ensures high purity of tomato varieties because it does not produce pollen and has exserted stigmas. Here, we report on the generation of gene edited lines into male sterility phenotype by knockout of SlMS10 gene (Solyc02g079810) encoding the bHLH transcription factor that regulates meiosis and cell death of the tapetum during microsporogenesis in the tomato. Twenty-eight gene edited lines out of 60 transgenic plants were selected. Of these, eleven different mutation types at the target site of the SlMS10 gene were selected through deep sequencing analysis. These mutations were confirmed to be transmitted to subsequent generations. The null lines without the transferred DNA (T-DNA) were obtained by segregation in the T1 and T2 generations. In addition, we showed that the cr-ms10-1-4 mutant line exhibited dysfunctional meiosis and abnormal tapetum during flower development, resulting in no pollen production. RT-PCR analysis showed that the most genes associated with pollen and tapetum development in tomatoes had lower expression in the cr-ms10-1-4 mutant line compared to wild type. We demonstrate that modification of the SlMS10 gene via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing results in male sterility of tomato plants. Our results suggest an alternative approach to generating male sterility in crops.
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Shinozaki Y, Beauvoit BP, Takahara M, Hao S, Ezura K, Andrieu MH, Nishida K, Mori K, Suzuki Y, Kuhara S, Enomoto H, Kusano M, Fukushima A, Mori T, Kojima M, Kobayashi M, Sakakibara H, Saito K, Ohtani Y, Bénard C, Prodhomme D, Gibon Y, Ezura H, Ariizumi T. Fruit setting rewires central metabolism via gibberellin cascades. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23970-81. [PMID: 32883877 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011859117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruit set is the process whereby ovaries develop into fruits after pollination and fertilization. The process is induced by the phytohormone gibberellin (GA) in tomatoes, as determined by the constitutive GA response mutant procera However, the role of GA on the metabolic behavior in fruit-setting ovaries remains largely unknown. This study explored the biochemical mechanisms of fruit set using a network analysis of integrated transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and enzyme activity data. Our results revealed that fruit set involves the activation of central carbon metabolism, with increased hexoses, hexose phosphates, and downstream metabolites, including intermediates and derivatives of glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and associated organic and amino acids. The network analysis also identified the transcriptional hub gene SlHB15A, that coordinated metabolic activation. Furthermore, a kinetic model of sucrose metabolism predicted that the sucrose cycle had high activity levels in unpollinated ovaries, whereas it was shut down when sugars rapidly accumulated in vacuoles in fruit-setting ovaries, in a time-dependent manner via tonoplastic sugar carriers. Moreover, fruit set at least partly required the activity of fructokinase, which may pull fructose out of the vacuole, and this could feed the downstream pathways. Collectively, our results indicate that GA cascades enhance sink capacities, by up-regulating central metabolic enzyme capacities at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. This leads to increased sucrose uptake and carbon fluxes for the production of the constituents of biomass and energy that are essential for rapid ovary growth during the initiation of fruit set.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomatoes and lycopene have been associated with the prevention of chronic diseases. Tetra-cis lycopene from tangerine tomatoes has been reported to be more bioavailable than the all-trans isomer found in red tomatoes. Therefore, tangerine tomatoes might contain superior health benefits compared to those of red tomatoes. SCOPE AND APPROACH This review focuses on the origin, biochemistry, nutritional composition, and potential health benefits of tangerine tomatoes, as well as their comparison with those of the red and high-β-carotene varieties. Information gathered from numerous studies on tomatoes, as well as conflicting perspectives, have been summarized to provide an unbiased review. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION The origin of tangerine tomatoes is disputable, but they were reportedly present from as early as 1934. The carotenoid biosynthesis pathway underlying the accumulation of tetra-cis lycopene in tangerine tomatoes has been well defined. However, the nutritional composition of tangerine tomatoes is not currently publicly available. The carotenoid composition of tangerine tomatoes is unique not only because of the presence of tetra-cis lycopene, but also due to the relatively high content of phytoene, phytofluene, ζ-carotene, and neurosporene relative to other tomato varieties. Although a few in vitro and in vivo studies have shown promising results, further studies are required to validate the health benefits of tangerine tomatoes. Furthermore, published data regarding the potential health benefits of tangerine tomatoes on cardiovascular and bone health is currently lacking even though red tomatoes have shown promise in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartono Tanambell
- Food Science, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karen Suzanne Bishop
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Siew Young Quek
- Food Science, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence for Food Research, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Tenea GN, Delgado Pozo T. Antimicrobial Peptides from Lactobacillus plantarum UTNGt2 Prevent Harmful Bacteria Growth on Fresh Tomatoes. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 29:1553-1560. [PMID: 31434171 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1904.04063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, the antimicrobial peptides extracted from Lactobacillus plantarum UTNGt2 of wild-type fruits of Theobroma grandiflorum (Amazon) were characterized. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial mechanisms of peptides in vitro and its protective effect on fresh tomatoes. The addition of partially purified Gt2 peptides to the E. coli suspension cells at the exponential (OD605 = 0.7) growth phase resulted in a decrease with 1.67 (log10) order of magnitude compared to the control without peptide. A marginal event (< 1 log10 difference) was recorded against Salmonella, while no effect was observed when combined with EDTA, suggesting that the presence of a chelating agent interfered with the antimicrobial activity. The Gt2 peptides disrupted the membrane of E. coli, causing the release of β-galactosidase and leakage of DNA/RNA molecules followed by cell death, revealing a bacteriolytic mode of action. The tomatoes fruits coated with Gt2 peptides showed growth inhibition of the artificially inoculated Salmonella cocktail, demonstrating their preservative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela N Tenea
- Biofood and Nutraceutics Research and Development Group; Faculty of Engineering in Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Technical University of the North, Barrio El Olivo, 199 Ibarra, Ecuador
| | - Tatiana Delgado Pozo
- Biofood and Nutraceutics Research and Development Group; Faculty of Engineering in Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Technical University of the North, Barrio El Olivo, 199 Ibarra, Ecuador
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31
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Tanambell H, Quek SY, Bishop KS. Screening of In Vitro Health Benefits of Tangerine Tomatoes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E230. [PMID: 31331031 PMCID: PMC6680676 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8070230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomatoes have been associated with various health benefits, including the prevention of chronic diseases. The cis-isomers of lycopene occurring in tangerine tomatoes were, through clinical trials, proven to be more bioavailable than the all-trans lycopene found in red tomatoes. Nonetheless, scientific evidence regarding the bioactivities of the tangerine tomatoes is lacking. In this article, the antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties of extracts prepared from four different tomato varieties, namely Alfred, Olga's Round Golden Chicken Egg, Golden Green, and Golden Eye, were investigated. While the antioxidant capacities of the extracts were measured through the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays, their anti-proliferative properties in prostate cancer cell lines were examined through the Sulforhodamine-B (SRB) assay. The anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts were assessed through the toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing protein 2 (NOD2)-mediated inflammatory pathways. Our results show that the tangerine tomatoes had lower IC50 values in both the anticancer and anti-inflammatory assays compared to the red tomatoes. Specifically, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of the tangerine tomatoes in LNCaP cells were approximately two to three fold lower than the red tomato (IC50: 14.46, 5.62, and 8.08 mg dry tomato equivalent/mL from Alfred hexane-acetone, Olga's Round Golden Chicken Egg hexane, and Golden Green hexane, respectively). These findings indicate that the tangerine varieties, Olga's Round Golden Chicken Egg and Golden Green, possess greater potential to be used in conjunction with treatment and for the prevention of cancer and inflammatory-related diseases than the Alfred (red) and Golden Eye (high beta-carotene) varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartono Tanambell
- Food Science, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Siew Young Quek
- Food Science, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence for Food Research, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Karen Suzanne Bishop
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Rebah F, Ouhibi C, Alamer KH, Msilini N, Nasri MB, Stevens R, Attia H. Comparison of the responses to NaCl stress of three tomato introgression lines. Acta Biol Hung 2018; 69:464-480. [PMID: 30587018 DOI: 10.1556/018.69.2018.4.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to examine the response of three tomato introgression lines (IL925.3, IL925.5 and IL925.6) to NaCl stress. These lines originated from a cross between M82 (Solanum lycopersicum) and the wild salttolerant tomato Solanum pennellii, each line containing a different fragment of the S.pennellii genome. Salt-sensitive phenotypes related to plant growth and physiology, and the response of antioxidants, pigments and antioxidant enzymes were measured. In general, salt stress decreased the fresh weight of leaves, leaf area and leaf number and an increase of Na+ accumulation in aerial parts was observed, which caused a reduction in the absorption of K+ and Ca2+. Salt stress also induced a decrease in chlorophyll, carotenoids and lipid peroxidation (MDA) and an increase in anthocyanins and reduced ascorbate, although some differences were seen between the lines, for example for carotenoid levels. Guaiacol peroxidase, catalase and glutathione reductase activity enhanced in aerial parts of the lines, but again some differences were seen between the three lines. It is concluded that IL925.5 might be the most sensitive line to salt stress as its dry weight loss was the greatest in response to salt and this line showed the highest Na+ ion accumulation in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedia Rebah
- Unité de Physiologie et Biochimie de la Réponse des Plantes aux Contraintes Abiotiques, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 1068 Tunis, Tunisie
- INRA, UR1052, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, F-84143 Montfavet, France
| | - Chayma Ouhibi
- Unité de Physiologie et Biochimie de la Réponse des Plantes aux Contraintes Abiotiques, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 1068 Tunis, Tunisie
| | - K. H. Alamer
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Najoua Msilini
- Unité de Physiologie et Biochimie de la Réponse des Plantes aux Contraintes Abiotiques, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 1068 Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Mouhiba Ben Nasri
- Unité de Physiologie et Biochimie de la Réponse des Plantes aux Contraintes Abiotiques, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 1068 Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Rebecca Stevens
- INRA, UR1052, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, F-84143 Montfavet, France
| | - Houneida Attia
- Unité de Physiologie et Biochimie de la Réponse des Plantes aux Contraintes Abiotiques, Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 1068 Tunis, Tunisie
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Bandoniene D, Meisel T, Rachetti A, Walkner C. A tool to assure the geographical origin of local food products (glasshouse tomatoes) using labeling with rare earth elements. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:4769-4777. [PMID: 29766524 PMCID: PMC6099208 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trace element fingerprinting has been widely used for identification of provenance of regional food. In the case of products from conventional agriculture, it is expected that the elemental composition will comply with that of the commercially available substrate of the plants. Therefore, for products without a direct relationship with the regional soil the region-specific differences in elemental composition are no longer recognizable. The idea of this work is the labeling of tomatoes with rare earth elements (REE) in the ultra-trace range for food authentication. RESULTS Labeling of tomatoes was carried out either by watering the soil with Nd- and Er-spiked water or by adding these elements as solid oxides to the soil. In both cases enrichment of Nd and Er relative to the control group was detected in tomato fruits and leaves using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Tomato plants rapidly absorb the dissolved REE from the irrigation water, and watering for a short period just before ripeness is sufficient to induce REE labels. CONCLUSION Labeling with trace amounts of REE could potentially be used to assure the provenance of tomatoes of local origin and separate these from products of foreign origin. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donata Bandoniene
- Montanuniversität Leoben, General and Analytical ChemistryLeobenAustria
| | - Thomas Meisel
- Montanuniversität Leoben, General and Analytical ChemistryLeobenAustria
| | | | - Christoph Walkner
- Montanuniversität Leoben, General and Analytical ChemistryLeobenAustria
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Zeidan R, Ul-Hassan Z, Al-Thani R, Balmas V, Jaoua S. Application of Low-Fermenting Yeast Lachancea thermotolerans for the Control of Toxigenic Fungi Aspergillus parasiticus, Penicillium verrucosum and Fusarium graminearum and Their Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E242. [PMID: 29904020 PMCID: PMC6024770 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10060242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are important contaminants of food and feed. In this study, low fermenting yeast (Lachancea thermotolerans) and its derivatives were applied against toxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins. A. parasiticus, P. verrucosum and F. graminearum and their mycotoxins were exposed to yeast volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and cells, respectively. VOCs reduced significantly the fungal growth (up to 48%) and the sporulation and mycotoxin synthesis (up to 96%). Very interestingly, it was shown that even 7 yeast colonies reduced Fusarium’s growth and the synthesis of its mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON). Moreover, decreasing yeast nutrient concentrations did not affect the inhibition of fungal growth, but reduced DON synthesis. In addition, inactivated yeast cells were able to remove up to 82% of the ochratoxin A (OTA). As an application of these findings, the potentialities of the VOCs to protect tomatoes inoculated with F. oxysporum was explored and showed that while in the presence of VOCs, no growth was observed of F. oxysporum on the inoculated surface areas of tomatoes, in the absence of VOCs, F. oxysporum infection reached up to 76% of the tomatoes’ surface areas. These results demonstrate that the application of yeasts and their derivatives in the agriculture and food industry might be considered as a very promising and safe biocontrol approach for food contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa Zeidan
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar.
| | - Zahoor Ul-Hassan
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar.
| | - Roda Al-Thani
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar.
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Samir Jaoua
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar.
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Brancato A, Brocca D, Carrasco Cabrera L, De Lentdecker C, Erdos Z, Ferreira L, Greco L, Jarrah S, Kardassi D, Leuschner R, Lythgo C, Medina P, Miron I, Molnar T, Pedersen R, Reich H, Sacchi A, Santos M, Stanek A, Sturma J, Tarazona J, Theobald A, Vagenende B, Villamar-Bouza L. Modification of the existing maximum residue levels for valifenalate in various crops. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05289. [PMID: 32625929 PMCID: PMC7009684 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicant Belchim Crop Protection NV/SA submitted a request to the competent national authority in Hungary to modify the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) for the active substance valifenalate in various crops. The data submitted in support of the request were found to be sufficient to derive MRL proposals for lettuces, tomatoes, aubergines, onions, shallots and garlic. Adequate analytical methods for enforcement are available to control the residues of valifenalate on the commodities under consideration at the validated limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.01 mg/kg. Based on the risk assessment results, EFSA concluded that the long‐term intake of residues resulting from the use of valifenalate according to the reported agricultural practices is unlikely to present a risk to consumer health. The short‐term intake was not carried out since no acute reference dose (ARfD) is established for valifenalate. The reliable end points, appropriate for use in regulatory risk assessment are presented.
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Li CC, Liu C, Fu M, Hu KQ, Aizawa K, Takahashi S, Hiroyuki S, Cheng J, von Lintig J, Wang XD. Tomato Powder Inhibits Hepatic Steatosis and Inflammation Potentially Through Restoring SIRT1 Activity and Adiponectin Function Independent of Carotenoid Cleavage Enzymes in Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700738. [PMID: 29266812 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Beta-carotene-15,15'-oxygenase (BCO1) and beta-carotene-9',10'-oxygenase (BCO2) metabolize lycopene to biologically active metabolites, which can ameliorate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigate the effects of tomato powder (TP containing substantial lycopene (2.3 mg/g)) on NAFLD development and gut microbiome in the absence of both BCO1 and BCO2 in mice. METHOD AND RESULTS BCO1-/- /BCO2-/- double knockout mice were fed a high fat diet (HFD) alone (n = 9) or with TP feeding (n = 9) for 24 weeks. TP feeding significantly reduced pathological severity of steatosis and hepatic triglyceride levels in BCO1-/- /BCO2-/- mice (p < 0.04 vs HFD alone). This was associated with increased SIRT1 activity, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase expression and AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, and subsequently decreased lipogenesis, hepatic fatty acid uptake, and increasing fatty acid β-oxidation (p < 0.05). TP feeding significantly decreased mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes (tnf-α, il-1β, and il-6) in both liver and mesenteric adipose tissue, which were associated with increased plasma adiponectin and hepatic adiponectin receptor-2. Multiplexed 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed using DNA extracted from cecum fecal samples. TP feeding increased microbial richness and decreased relative abundance of the genus Clostridium. CONCLUSION Dietary TP can inhibit NAFLD independent of carotenoid cleavage enzymes, potentially through increasing SIRT1 activity and adiponectin production and decreasing Clostridium abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chung Li
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chun Liu
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maobin Fu
- Nature and Wellness Research Department, Research and Development Division, Kagome Co., Ltd., Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kang-Quan Hu
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Koichi Aizawa
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.,Nature and Wellness Research Department, Research and Development Division, Kagome Co., Ltd., Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shingo Takahashi
- Nature and Wellness Research Department, Research and Development Division, Kagome Co., Ltd., Tochigi, Japan
| | - Suganuma Hiroyuki
- Nature and Wellness Research Department, Research and Development Division, Kagome Co., Ltd., Tochigi, Japan
| | - Junrui Cheng
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xiang-Dong Wang
- Nutrition and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA-Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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Son D, Zerbo FKB, Bonzi S, Legreve A, Somda I, Schiffers B. Assessment of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Producers' Exposure Level to Pesticides, in Kouka and Toussiana (Burkina Faso). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:E204. [PMID: 29370136 PMCID: PMC5858273 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To assess producers' exposure level to pesticides in vegetable production in Burkina Faso, a study was carried out in 2016 and 2017 among 30 tomato producers in the municipalities of Kouka and Toussiana. Eighteen (18) commercial formulations were identified, with more than 50% of pesticides destined for cotton production. Eleven active substances have been identified and the most frequently used are λ-cyhalothrin (35%), acetamiprid (22%) and profenofos (13%). The most commonly used chemical families are pyrethroids (28%) and organophosphates (18%). The study revealed a low level of training for producers, a high use of pesticides according to the Frequency Treatment Indicator, and a very low level of protection used by producers. The Health Risk Index shows that active substances such as methomyl, λ-cyhalothrin and profenofos present very high risk to operators' health. Based on the UK-POEM model, the predictive exposure levels obtained varied from 0.0105 mg/kg body weight/day to 1.7855 mg/kg body weight/day, which is several times higher than the Acceptable Operator Exposure Level. However, the study also shows that exposure can be greatly reduced if the required Personal Protective Equipment is worn. Producers' awareness and training on integrated pest management are necessary to reduce the risks linked to the pesticides use in Burkina Faso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diakalia Son
- Agrosystèmes et Ingénierie de l'Environnement (Sy.N.A.I.E), Unité Santé des Plantes du Laboratoire Systèmes Naturels, Institut du Développement Rural (IDR), Université Nazi Boni (UNB), 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech/ULIEGE-Pesticide Science Laboratory, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Fabrice K B Zerbo
- Agrosystèmes et Ingénierie de l'Environnement (Sy.N.A.I.E), Unité Santé des Plantes du Laboratoire Systèmes Naturels, Institut du Développement Rural (IDR), Université Nazi Boni (UNB), 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Schémaeza Bonzi
- Agrosystèmes et Ingénierie de l'Environnement (Sy.N.A.I.E), Unité Santé des Plantes du Laboratoire Systèmes Naturels, Institut du Développement Rural (IDR), Université Nazi Boni (UNB), 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Anne Legreve
- Phytopathology, Earth and Life Institute, Catholic University of Louvain, Croix du Sud, 2 bte L7.05.03 B-1348-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Irénée Somda
- Agrosystèmes et Ingénierie de l'Environnement (Sy.N.A.I.E), Unité Santé des Plantes du Laboratoire Systèmes Naturels, Institut du Développement Rural (IDR), Université Nazi Boni (UNB), 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Bruno Schiffers
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech/ULIEGE-Pesticide Science Laboratory, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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Lanoue J, Leonardos ED, Ma X, Grodzinski B. The Effect of Spectral Quality on Daily Patterns of Gas Exchange, Biomass Gain, and Water-Use-Efficiency in Tomatoes and Lisianthus: An Assessment of Whole Plant Measurements. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:1076. [PMID: 28676816 PMCID: PMC5477295 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in light-emitting diode (LED) technology have made them a viable alternative to current lighting systems for both sole and supplemental lighting requirements. Understanding how wavelength specific LED lighting can affect plants is thus an area of great interest. Much research is available on the wavelength specific responses of leaves from multiple crops when exposed to long-term wavelength specific lighting. However, leaf measurements do not always extrapolate linearly to the complexities which are found within a whole plant canopy, namely mutual shading and leaves of different ages. Taken together, both tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves under short-term illumination and lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) and tomato whole plant diurnal patterns of plants acclimated to specific lighting indicate wavelength specific responses of both H2O and CO2 gas exchanges involved in the major growth parameters of a plant. Tomato leaves grown under a white light source indicated an increase in transpiration rate and internal CO2 concentration and a subsequent decrease in water-use-efficiency (WUE) when exposed to a blue LED light source compared to a green LED light source. Interestingly, the maximum photosynthetic rate was observed to be similar. Using plants grown under wavelength specific supplemental lighting in a greenhouse, a decrease in whole plant WUE was seen in both crops under both red-blue (RB) and red-white (RW) LEDs when compared to a high pressure sodium (HPS) light. Whole plant WUE was decreased by 31% under the RB LED treatment for both crops compared to the HPS treatment. Tomato whole plant WUE was decreased by 25% and lisianthus whole plant WUE was decreased by 15% when compared to the HPS treatment when grown under RW LED. The understanding of the effects of wavelength specific lighting on both leaf and whole plant gas exchange has significant implications on basic academic research as well as commercial greenhouse production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Lanoue
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
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Atuhaire A, Kaye E, Mutambuze IL, Matthews G, Friedrich T, Jørs E. Assessment of Dithiocarbamate Residues on Tomatoes Conventionally Grown in Uganda and the Effect of Simple Washing to Reduce Exposure Risk to Consumers. Environ Health Insights 2017; 11:1178630217712218. [PMID: 28615952 PMCID: PMC5462551 DOI: 10.1177/1178630217712218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide misuse by farmers poses health risks to consumers. This study assessed the level of dithiocarbamate residues in tomatoes acquired from 20 farmers and 25 market vendors in Wakiso District, how simple washing affects these residues, and the potential chronic health risk for Ugandans eating such tomatoes. Results revealed that mancozeb was the only reported dithiocarbamate, and 47.4% and 14% of farm and market samples, respectively, had dithiocarbamate residues exceeding the Codex alimentarius maximum residue limit of 2 mgCS2/kg. Mixing concentration had a positive significant effect on dithiocarbamate residue levels (P = 0.004). Washing reduced dithiocarbamate residues by a factor of 0.3. Dietary risk assessment revealed no chronic health risk to both children and general population when a national daily per capita consumption of 1.0 g is considered. This study recommends comprehensive research into Uganda's food production and consumption patterns and establishment of a national pesticide residue surveillance program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aggrey Atuhaire
- Uganda National Association of Community and Occupational Health (UNACOH), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Emmanuel Kaye
- Department of Quality and Chemical Verification, Directorate of Government Analytical Laboratory (DGAL), Kampala, Uganda
| | - Innocent Louis Mutambuze
- Department of Quality and Chemical Verification, Directorate of Government Analytical Laboratory (DGAL), Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Theodor Friedrich
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Havana, Cuba
| | - Erik Jørs
- Diálogos, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- The International Centre for Occupational, Environmental and Public Health (ICOEPH), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Liu J, Kanetake S, Wu YH, Tam C, Cheng LW, Land KM, Friedman M. Antiprotozoal Effects of the Tomato Tetrasaccharide Glycoalkaloid Tomatine and the Aglycone Tomatidine on Mucosal Trichomonads. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:8806-8810. [PMID: 27934291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the inhibitory effects of the commercial tetrasaccharide tomato glycoalkaloid tomatine and the aglycone tomatidine on three mucosal pathogenic protozoa that are reported to infect humans, cattle, and cats, respectively: Trichomonas vaginalis strain G3, Tritrichomonas foetus strain D1, and Tritrichomonas foetus strain C1. A preliminary screen showed that tomatine at 100 μM concentration completely inhibited the growth of all three trichomonads. In contrast, the inhibition of all three pathogens by tomatidine was much lower, suggesting the involvement of the lycotetraose carbohydrate side chain in the mechanism of inhibition. Midpoints of concentration-response sigmoid plots of tomatine on the three strains correspond to IC50 values, the concentration that inhibits 50% of growth of the pathogenic protozoa. The concentration data were used to calculate the IC50 values for G3, D1, and C1 of 7.9, 1.9, and 2.2 μM, respectively. The results show an approximately 4-fold variation from the lowest to the highest value (lowest activity). Although the inhibition by tomatine was not as effective as that of the medicinal drug metronidazole, the relatively low IC50 values for both T. vaginalis and T. foetus indicated tomatine as a possible natural alternative therapeutic for trichomoniasis in humans and food-producing (cattle and pigs) and domestic (cats) animals. Because tomatine has the potential to serve as a new antiprotozoan functional (medical) food, the distribution of this glycoalkaloid in tomatoes and suggestions for further research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific , Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Sierra Kanetake
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific , Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Yun-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific , Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Christina Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Albany, California 94556, United States
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Albany, California 94556, United States
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific , Stockton, California 95211, United States
| | - Mendel Friedman
- Healthy Processed Foods Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Albany, California 94556, United States
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Wabali VC, Esiri A, Zitte L. A sensory assessment of color and textural quality of refrigerated tomatoes preserved with different concentrations of potassium permanganate. Food Sci Nutr 2016; 5:434-438. [PMID: 28572927 PMCID: PMC5448385 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshly harvested mature tomato fruits were treated with different concentrations of potassium permanganate to evaluate their effect on color and texture of the fruits. This was to determine the degree of acceptability and shelf life of the tomatoes. Fifty grams of mature unripe tomato fruits was washed and weighed into a transparent plastic container containing different concentrations of potassium permanganate (control, 2.5 ppm, 5.0 ppm, 7.5 ppm. 10.0 ppm, 12.5 ppm, and 15.0 ppm). The experiment was carried out in a complete randomized design and replicated four times. All the treatments were refrigerated at a temperature range 14-18°C and a sensory assessment of color and textural changes was carried out through a team of selected panelists using the hedonic scale ranking to determine the degree of acceptability. Results obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance DMRT at 5% level of probability and least significant difference (LSD). Results obtained indicated that 7.5 ppm of potassium permanganate had a preservative effect on color and texture of refrigerated tomatoes. Therefore, the tomatoes were of acceptable color and texture for a period of 21 days as revealed in the result. Color quality had a mean score of 1.64 and texture ranking was 1.73 after 3 weeks of storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor C Wabali
- Department of Crop/Soil Science Faculty of Agriculture University of Port-Harcourt Port-Harcourt Nigeria
| | - Akpevwe Esiri
- Department of Crop/Soil Science Faculty of Agriculture University of Port-Harcourt Port-Harcourt Nigeria
| | - Leelee Zitte
- Department of Crop/Soil Science Faculty of Agriculture University of Port-Harcourt Port-Harcourt Nigeria.,Department of Animal and Environmental Biology Faculty of Biological Sciences College of Natural and Applied Sciences University of Port-Harcourt Port-Harcourt Nigeria
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Lu S, Wang J, Pei L. Study on the Effects of Irrigation with Reclaimed Water on the Content and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Soil. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016; 13:E298. [PMID: 27005639 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13030298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reclaimed water is an important resource for irrigation, and exploration in making full use of it is an important way to alleviate water shortage. This paper analyzes the effects of irrigation with reclaimed water through field trials on the content and distribution of heavy metals in both tomatoes and the soil. By exploring the effects of reclaimed water after secondary treatment on the content and distribution characteristics of heavy metals in tomatoes and the heavy metal balance in the soil-crop system under different conditions, the study shows that there are no significant differences in the heavy metal content when the quantity of reclaimed water for irrigation varies. Reclaimed water for short-term irrigation does not cause pollution to either the soil environment or the crops. Nor will it cause the accumulation of heavy metals, and the index for the heavy metal content is far below the critical value of the national standard, which indicates that the vegetables irrigated with reclaimed water during their growth turn out to be free of pollutants. The heavy metals brought into the soil by reclaimed water are less than that taken away by the crops. The input and output quantities have only small effects on the heavy metal balance in the soil. This paper provides a reference for the evaluation and safety control of irrigation with reclaimed water.
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Afari GK, Hung YC, King CH. Efficacy of Neutral pH Electrolyzed Water in Reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 on Fresh Produce Items using an Automated Washer at Simulated Food Service Conditions. J Food Sci 2015; 80:M1815-22. [PMID: 26155998 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of neutral pH electrolyzed (NEO) water (155 mg/L free chlorine, pH 7.5) in reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 on romaine lettuce, iceberg lettuce, and tomatoes washed in an automated produce washer for different times and washing speeds. Tomatoes and lettuce leaves were spot inoculated with 100 μL of a 5 strain cocktail mixture of either pathogen and washed with 10 or 8 L of NEO water, respectively. Washing lettuce for 30 min at 65 rpm led to the greatest reductions, with 4.2 and 5.9 log CFU/g reductions achieved for E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium respectively on romaine, whereas iceberg lettuce reductions were 3.2 and 4.6 log CFU/g for E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium respectively. Washing tomatoes for 10 min at 65 rpm achieved reductions greater than 8 and 6 log CFU/tomato on S. Typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7 respectively. All pathogens were completely inactivated in NEO water wash solutions. No detrimental effects on the visual quality of the produce studied were observed under all treatment conditions. Results show the adoption of this washing procedure in food service operations could be useful in ensuring produce safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K Afari
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, The Univ. of Georgia, 1109, Experiment St, Griffin, GA, 30223, U.S.A
| | - Yen-Con Hung
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, The Univ. of Georgia, 1109, Experiment St, Griffin, GA, 30223, U.S.A
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Smith BW, Miller RJ, Wilund KR, O’Brien WD, Erdman JW. Effects of Tomato and Soy Germ on Lipid Bioaccumulation and Atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- Mice. J Food Sci 2015; 80:H1918-25. [PMID: 26173004 PMCID: PMC4606862 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dietary patterns with cardiovascular benefits have been recommended, but the relative contributions of individual foods and food components, alone or in combination, remain undefined. Male ApoE(-/-) mice were fed either a purified AIN-93G control diet, a Western diet (WD), or a WD with 10% tomato powder (TP), 2% soy germ (SG), or the combination, for 4 wk (n = 10 per group). Plasma total cholesterol and triglycerides were measured with enzymatic colorimetric kits, and serum amyloid A (SAA) was measured by ELISA. Liver lipids were extracted with chloroform:methanol, and triglycerides, free and esterified cholesterol measured with enzymatic colorimetric kits. Expression of Cyp27a1, Cyp7a1, Abcg5, and Abcg8 in the liver was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Sections of the aortic root and aorta were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) to assess extent of atherosclerotic lesions. WD-fed animals had greater liver and adipose weights, plasma cholesterol and SAA, hepatic lipids, and atherosclerosis than AIN-93G animals. TP and SG did not decrease atherosclerosis as measured by H&E-stained sections of the aortic root, aortic arch, and descending aorta. The TP diets further increased plasma cholesterol, but also led to increased expression of the Abcg5/8 transporters involved in cholesterol efflux. Addition of SG alone to the WD attenuated WD-induced increases in plasma cholesterol, liver lipids, and gonadal adipose weight. The results of this study do not support the use of either TP or SG for reduction of atherosclerosis, but suggest some beneficial effects of SG on lipid metabolism in this model of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon W. Smith
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Rita J. Miller
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Kenneth R. Wilund
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - William D. O’Brien
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Bioacoustics Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - John W. Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Mancozeb belongs to a group of pesticides known as dithiocarbamates (DTC) that are a non-systemic group of pesticides extensively used in Uganda to protect crops from fungal diseases. OBJECTIVES This study was done in 5 selected districts of Central Uganda with a focus on markets and farms to investigate the current mancozeb concentrations on tomatoes and identify key areas of improvement to minimize human exposure. METHODS Tomato samples were analyzed for mancozeb residue determined as carbon disulfide (CS2) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). RESULTS All the samples analyzed had detectable concentrations of mancozeb residue. It was observed that farm samples had mean concentrations of 1.03±0.28 mg/kg, while market samples had 0.77±0.49 mg/kg. The study also found that farmers applied 3-6 times the dosage of mancozeb recommended by manufacturers. Furthermore, the observed pre-harvest interval after application of mancozeb was 1-2 days as opposed to 3-7 days set by manufacturers. CONCLUSIONS The observed practices at farms are likely to put farmers and final consumers at a risk of exposure to dithiocarbamates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Kaye
- HYPA Consortium, Directorate of Government Analytical Laboratory, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Antony Nyombi
- HYPA Consortium, Directorate of Government Analytical Laboratory, Kampala, Uganda
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Bell RL, Zheng J, Burrows E, Allard S, Wang CY, Keys CE, Melka DC, Strain E, Luo Y, Allard MW, Rideout S, Brown EW. Ecological prevalence, genetic diversity, and epidemiological aspects of Salmonella isolated from tomato agricultural regions of the Virginia Eastern Shore. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:415. [PMID: 25999938 PMCID: PMC4423467 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Virginia is the third largest producer of fresh-market tomatoes in the United States. Tomatoes grown along the eastern shore of Virginia are implicated almost yearly in Salmonella illnesses. Traceback implicates contamination occurring in the pre-harvest environment. To get a better understanding of the ecological niches of Salmonella in the tomato agricultural environment, a 2-year study was undertaken at a regional agricultural research farm in Virginia. Environmental samples, including tomato (fruit, blossoms, and leaves), irrigation water, surface water and sediment, were collected over the growing season. These samples were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella using modified FDA-BAM methods. Molecular assays were used to screen the samples. Over 1500 samples were tested. Seventy-five samples tested positive for Salmonella yielding over 230 isolates. The most commonly isolated serovars were S. Newport and S. Javiana with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis yielding 39 different patterns. Genetic diversity was further underscored among many other serotypes, which showed multiple PFGE subtypes. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of several S. Newport isolates collected in 2010 compared to clinical isolates associated with tomato consumption showed very few single nucleotide differences between environmental isolates and clinical isolates suggesting a source link to Salmonella contaminated tomatoes. Nearly all isolates collected during two growing seasons of surveillance were obtained from surface water and sediment sources pointing to these sites as long-term reservoirs for persistent and endemic contamination of this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Bell
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - Erik Burrows
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Allard
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - Charles Y. Wang
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - Christine E. Keys
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - David C. Melka
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - Errol Strain
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - Yan Luo
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - Marc W. Allard
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - Steven Rideout
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia TechPainter, VA, USA
| | - Eric W. Brown
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCollege Park, MD, USA
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Abstract
Inhibition of cancer can occur via apoptosis, a genetically directed process of cell self-destruction that involves numerous biomarkers and signaling pathways. Glycoalkaloids are nitrogen-containing secondary plant metabolites found in numerous Solanaceous plants including eggplants, potatoes, and tomatoes. Exposure of cancer cells to glycoalkaloids produced by eggplants (α-solamargine and α-solasonine), potatoes (α-chaconine and α-solanine), and tomatoes (α-tomatine) or their hydrolysis products (mono-, di-, and trisaccharide derivatives and the aglycones solasodine, solanidine, and tomatidine) inhibits the growth of the cells in culture (in vitro) as well as tumor growth in vivo. This overview comprehensively surveys and consolidates worldwide efforts to define the following aspects of these natural compounds: (a) their prevalence in the three foods; (b) their chemistry and structure-activity relationships; (c) the reported factors (biomarkers, signaling pathways) associated with apoptosis of bone, breast, cervical, colon, gastric, glioblastoma, leukemia, liver, lung, lymphoma, melanoma, pancreas, prostate, and squamous cell carcinoma cell lines in vitro and the in vivo inhibition of tumor formation and growth in fish and mice and in human skin cancers; and (d) future research needs. The described results may make it possible to better relate the structures of the active compounds to their health-promoting function, individually, in combination, and in food, and allow the consumer to select glycoalkaloid-containing food with the optimal content of nontoxic beneficial compounds. The described findings are expected to be a valuable record and resource for further investigation of the health benefits of food-related natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, United States
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Ottesen AR, Gorham S, Pettengill JB, Rideout S, Evans P, Brown E. The impact of systemic and copper pesticide applications on the phyllosphere microflora of tomatoes. J Sci Food Agric 2015; 95:1116-1125. [PMID: 25410588 PMCID: PMC4368374 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contamination of tomatoes by Salmonella can occur in agricultural settings. Little is currently understood about how agricultural inputs such as pesticide applications may impact epiphytic crop microflora and potentially play a role in contamination events. We examined the impact of two materials commonly used in Virginia tomato agriculture: acibenzolar-S-methyl (crop protectant) and copper oxychloride (pesticide) to identify the effects these materials may exert on baseline tomato microflora and on the incidence of three specific genera; Salmonella, Xanthomonas and Paenibacillus. RESULTS Approximately 186 441 16S rRNA gene and 39 381 18S rRNA gene sequences per independent replicate were used to analyze the impact of the pesticide applications on tomato microflora. An average of 3 346 677 (634 892 974 bases) shotgun sequences per replicate were used for metagenomic analyses. CONCLUSION A significant decrease in the presence of Gammaproteobacteria was observed between controls and copper-treated plants, suggesting that copper is effective at suppressing growth of certain taxa in this class. A higher mean abundance of Salmonella and Paenibacillus in control samples compared to treatments may suggest that both systemic and copper applications diminish the presence of these genera in the phyllosphere; however, owing to the lack of statistical significance, this could also be due to other factors. The most distinctive separation of shared membership was observed in shotgun data between the two different sampling time-points (not between treatments), potentially supporting the hypothesis that environmental pressures may exert more selective pressures on epiphytic microflora than do certain agricultural management practices.
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MESH Headings
- Copper
- Crop Protection/methods
- Crops, Agricultural/drug effects
- Crops, Agricultural/growth & development
- Crops, Agricultural/microbiology
- Fungi/classification
- Fungi/drug effects
- Fungi/growth & development
- Fungi/isolation & purification
- Solanum lycopersicum/drug effects
- Solanum lycopersicum/growth & development
- Solanum lycopersicum/microbiology
- Metagenomics
- Molecular Typing
- Mycological Typing Techniques
- Paenibacillus/classification
- Paenibacillus/drug effects
- Paenibacillus/growth & development
- Paenibacillus/isolation & purification
- Pesticides
- Phyllobacteriaceae/classification
- Phyllobacteriaceae/drug effects
- Phyllobacteriaceae/growth & development
- Phyllobacteriaceae/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- Plant Components, Aerial/drug effects
- Plant Components, Aerial/growth & development
- Plant Components, Aerial/microbiology
- Principal Component Analysis
- RNA, Bacterial/analysis
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Fungal/analysis
- RNA, Fungal/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/analysis
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/metabolism
- Salmonella/classification
- Salmonella/drug effects
- Salmonella/growth & development
- Salmonella/isolation & purification
- Seasons
- Thiadiazoles
- Virginia
- Xanthomonas/classification
- Xanthomonas/drug effects
- Xanthomonas/growth & development
- Xanthomonas/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Ottesen
- Molecular Methods and Subtyping Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Sasha Gorham
- Molecular Methods and Subtyping Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - James B Pettengill
- Molecular Methods and Subtyping Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Steven Rideout
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Agricultural Experiment StationPainter, VA 23420, USA
| | - Peter Evans
- Molecular Methods and Subtyping Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Eric Brown
- Molecular Methods and Subtyping Branch, Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA
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49
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Kim SP, Nam SH, Friedman M. The Tomato Glycoalkaloid α-Tomatine Induces Caspase-Independent Cell Death in Mouse Colon Cancer CT-26 Cells and Transplanted Tumors in Mice. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:1142-1150. [PMID: 25614934 DOI: 10.1021/jf5040288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) produce the bioactive glycoalkaloid α-tomatine. This study determined the effect of commercial α-tomatine on CT-26 colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo in an intracutaneously transplanted mouse tumor. Cytotoxicity experiments showed that α-tomatine induces about 50% lysis of the colon cancer cells at 3.5 μM after 24 h of treatment. Large proportions of cells were found to be in the annexin V (+)/propidium iodide (+) phase of cell death, implying late phase apoptotic/necrotic status. However, α-tomatine induced cell death in CT-26 cancer cells through caspase-independent signaling pathways. This conclusion was supported by Western blot analysis showing a localization of apoptosis-inducing mitochondrial protein (AIF) to the nucleus and down-regulation of survivin (an inhibitor of apoptosis) expression as well as failure to detect the active form of caspase-3, -8, and -9 produced by proteolytic cleavage in CT-26 cancer cells. Intraperitoneally administered α-tomatine (5 mg/kg body weight) also markedly inhibited growth of the tumor using CT-26 cancer cells without causing body and organ weight changes. The reduced tumor growth in the mice by 38% after 2 weeks was the result of increased caspase-independent apoptosis associated with increased nuclear translocation of AIF and decreased survivin expression in tumor tissues. α-Tomatine in pure form and in tomatine-rich green tomatoes might prevent colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Phil Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Ajou University , Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hyun Nam
- Department of Biological Science, Ajou University , Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Mendel Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center , Agricultural Research Service, U.S Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, United States
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50
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Bennett SD, Littrell KW, Hill TA, Mahovic M, Behravesh CB. Multistate foodborne disease outbreaks associated with raw tomatoes, United States, 1990-2010: a recurring public health problem. Epidemiol Infect 2015; 143:1352-9. [PMID: 25167220 DOI: 10.1017/S0950268814002167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined multistate outbreaks attributed to raw tomatoes in the United States from 1990 to 2010. We summarized the demographic and epidemiological characteristics of 15 outbreaks resulting in 1959 illnesses, 384 hospitalizations, and three deaths. Most (80%) outbreaks were reported during 2000-2010; 73% occurred May-September. Outbreaks commonly affected adult (median age 34 years) women (median 58% of outbreak cases). All outbreaks were caused by Salmonella [serotypes Newport (n = 6 outbreaks), Braenderup (n = 2), Baildon, Enteritidis, Javiana, Montevideo, Thompson, Typhimurium (n = 1 each); multiple serotypes (n = 1)]. Red, round (69% of outbreaks), Roma (23%), and grape (8%) tomatoes were implicated. Most (93%) outbreaks were associated with tomatoes served predominantly in restaurants. However, traceback investigations suggested that contamination occurred on farms, at packinghouses, or at fresh-cut processing facilities. Government agencies, academia, trade associations, and the fresh tomato industry should consider further efforts to identify interventions to reduce contamination of tomatoes during production and processing.
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