Monthly variation in faeces:blood concentration ratio of persistent organic pollutants over the first year of life: a case study of one infant

Bioaccessibility dependence of dietary exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers and their induced health risk: A case study in Beijing City, China

Bioaccessibility is essential for evaluating dietary intake of contaminants. However, there is insufficient information on the dependence of dietary intake and risk assessment of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDXs) and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) on bioaccessibility. Here, we investigated the bioaccessibilities of DDXs and HCHs in various foods and their influences on assessing exposure in the residents of Beijing City, China. Forty-three major foods in five types (fruit, vegetables, cereals, aquatic food, and meat) were sampled, and the bioaccessibility of DDXs and HCHs was evaluated using a static in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model. The bioaccessibility of DDXs in different food types ranked in the order of meat > vegetables > fruit > cereals > aquatic food, with mean ± standard deviation values of 62.2 ± 22.1%, 20.5 ± 10.6%, 12.4 ± 3.66%, 11.2 ± 9.69%, and 10.7 ± 4.97%, respectively. The highest average bioaccessibility of HCHs was found in meat (83.4 ± 14.2%), followed by fruit (41.0 ± 12.5%), vegetables (37.6 ± 18.1%), aquatic foods (24.2 ± 9.22%), and cereals (8.73 ± 4.07%). The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of the sum of DDXs and the sum of HCHs based on the bioaccessible concentration were only about 17% and 55% of the total EDI based on the residual concentration, respectively. Meat was found to play a more important role in EDI after bioaccessibility correction. The proportion of the population with potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks markedly decreased when considering bioaccessibility. It was concluded that bioaccessibility should be integrated into dietary exposure evaluation.

Gene expression profile-based drug screen identifies SAHA as a novel treatment for NAFLD

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide.

Bioaccessibility of BDE 47 in a simulated gastrointestinal system and its metabolic transformation mechanisms in Caco-2 cells

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been regarded as ubiquitous environmental pollutants. However, the absorption and transformation of these compounds after ingestion are not well understood yet. In this study, the bioaccessibility and metabolic pathway of 2,2',4,4'- tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47) was investigated in an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell. Gastric and intestinal bioaccessibilities of BDE47 in 5 kinds of spiked soil samples were ranging from 11.39 ± 0.83% to 36.02 ± 4.34%, and 48.24 ± 3.24% to 81.52 ± 6.43%, respectively. Upon exposure to differentiated Caco-2 cells for 6 h, it was found that only a small amount of BDE47 in the gastrointestinal (GI) solution could pass through Caco-2 cells, and might enter the body. Moreover, BDE47 was found to be metabolized or transformed into BDE28, BDE75, BDE37, BDE32, BDE15 and BDE8 in Caco-2 cells. The metabolic pathway could be explained by using the Becke three-parameter hybrid functional (B3Lucifer yellow CHP) in the Density Functional Theory (DFT), denoted as the values of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) at the atoms of BDE47 and its metabolic products. The obtained results suggest that oral intake of PBDEs is associated with low bioaccessibility, but also emphasize the risks associated with oral ingestion, namely toxicity resulting from the debromination of highly brominated diphenyl ethers. Although highly brominated diphenyl ethers are known to be the least toxic PBDEs, the debrominated products in human intestinal epithelia may elicit greater than expected toxicity.

Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardant concentrations in faeces from young children in Queensland, Australia and associations with environmental and behavioural factors

The aim of our study was to investigate children's exposure to the flame retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) by analysing faecal content, a non-invasive matrix, as well as responses to an exposure-assessment questionnaire. A convenience sample of 61 parents with children (aged >3 months to <2 years) completed an online pre-tested questionnaire and provided faecal samples for analysis by high resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. BDE-209 was the dominant congener in faecal samples adjusted to 8.3ng/g dry weight (dw), with >80% samples above the limit of detection (LOD). BDE-47 (0.23ng/g dw) and BDE-153 (0.03ng/g dw) were each detected above the LOD in approximately 60% of samples. Age was associated with BDE-47 (-7%/month) and BDE-153 (-12%/month) concentrations in faeces, but not BDE-209. Other variables associated with PBDE concentrations included features of the home (carpet, pets) and behaviour (hand-to-mouth, removing shoes, using a car sunshade, frequency of walks outdoors). However, given the small sample size of this study additional research is required to confirm these findings. In this study we demonstrated that faeces may be a viable alternative to monitor human exposure to PBDEs, but further validation studies are required.

Persistent organic pollutants in infants and toddlers: Relationship between concentrations in matched plasma and faecal samples

Early-childhood biomonitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is challenging due to the logistic and ethical limitations associated with blood sampling. We investigated using faeces as a non-invasive matrix to estimate internal exposure to POPs. The concentrations of selected POPs were measured in matched plasma and faecal samples collected from 20 infants/toddlers (aged 13±4.8months), including a repeat sample time point for 13 infants (~5months apart). We observed higher rates of POP quantification in faeces (2g dry weight) than in plasma (0.5mL). Among the five chemicals that had quantification frequencies over 50% in both matrices, except for HCB, log concentration in faeces (Cf) and blood (Cb) were correlated (r>0.74, P<0.05) for p.p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), 2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB118), 2,2',3,4,4',5'-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB138) and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB153). We determined faeces:plasma concentration ratios (Kfb), which can be used to estimate Cb from measurements of Cf for infants/toddlers. For a given chemical, the variation in Kfb across individuals was considerable (CV from 0.46 to 0.70). Between 5% and 50% of this variation was attributed to short-term intra-individual variability between successive faecal samples. This variability could be reduced by pooling faeces samples over several days. Some of the remaining variability was attributed to longer-term intra-individual variability, which was consistent with previously reported observations of a decrease in Kfb over the first year of life. The strong correlations between Cf and Cb demonstrate the promise of using faeces for biomonitoring of these compounds. Future research on the sources of variability in Kfb could improve the precision and utility of this technique.