Distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water, sediment, and fish tissue, and the potential human health risks due to fish consumption in Lake Hawassa, Ethiopia

Biomagnification of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic food species from a tropical lagoon ecosystem

We investigated the occurrence, species-specific distribution, accumulation, and biomagnification of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in three teleost fish species (Sarotherodon melanotheron, Clarias gariepinus, and Chrysicthys nigrodigitatus), as well as molluscs (Pachymelania aurita), earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris), and sediment samples from the Ologe Lagoon in Nigeria, which receives complex mixtures of anthropogenic effluents from various sources. Total ∑PFAS concentrations (ng/g) were significantly highest in earthworms (16.2), compared to teleost species (S. melanotheron (1.8), C. gariepinus (1.2), and C. nigrodigitatus (1.8)) and molluscs (0.4). The novel precursor diSAMPAP was the dominant PFAS congener in S. melanotheron and C. gariepinus, while PFOS and diSAMPAP were highest in C. nigrodigitatus. In earthworms, molluscs, and sediment, diSAMPAP, PFBS, and PFOS were the dominant PFAS. We calculated the biota sediment accumulation factor (BSAF), revealing that diSAMPAP in S. melanotheron and 8:2 FTS in earthworms exhibited the highest BSAF values. Species-specific differences in PFAS biomagnification factor (BMF) suggest varying exposure routes among the examined fish species. Notably, PFOS concentrations in the liver were significantly higher than in flesh tissues for C. gariepinus and C. nigrodigitatus, indicating organ-specific accumulation. Risk analysis using the Risk21 tool showed that S. melanotheron had the highest public health risk, while C. gariepinus had the least risk. Our results highlight significant food safety concerns and public health risks associated with the occurrence, species-specific distribution, accumulation, and biomagnification of diSAMPAP, 8:2 FTS, and PFOS in the Ologe Lagoon and its aquatic food webs. This study contributes valuable insights to global PFAS monitoring efforts, particularly in fluvial tropical ecosystems such as those found in Nigeria.

Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of benzotriazole UV stabilizers in an aquatic food web of a drinking water reservoir: Combining field investigation with biological pathway modelling

Benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BZT-UVs), applied in many commodities and industrial products, are frequently detected in the aquatic environment. However, the bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of BZT-UVs in the food web of drinking water reservoirs are rarely investigated. The bio-accumulative characteristics and trophic transfer of eight BZT-UVs in the aquatic organisms in Miyun Reservoir, Beijing, China, were studied by integrating contaminant measurements and biological pathway modelling. The sum concentration of BZT-UVs in the biota samples ranged from 8.45 to 57.8 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a median of 19.7 ng/g dw. UV-327 and UV-P were predominant in aquatic organisms, mutually accounting for more than 50 % of the massive contents of all BZT-UVs. BZT-UVs were accumulated in the liver and kidney in most fish species, especially for UV-327, UV-328 and UV-P. UV-328 exhibited the potential of trophic magnification in the aquatic food web, while UV-327 and UV-P were trophic dilution. Gill respiration was the major biological pathway for BZT-UV uptake in fish. As predicted by biological pathway model, modulating of the fish species in reservoirs, such as replacement of bighead carp by silver carp in fish stocking, may affect the flow of trophic transfer and mitigate the pollution level of BZT-UVs in the entire food web.

Impacts of sex and gestation on bioaccumulation and transfer of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in loaches

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are global pollutants, and understanding their bioaccumulation and transfer behavior in wild fish is crucial for assessing their potential impact on aquatic ecosystems. This study investigated the effects of sex and gestation on PFAS bioaccumulation and transfer in loaches, a topic with limited existing research. We measured the concentrations of 14 PFAS in 41 loaches (17 males and 24 females) from a freshwater lake in northwestern China. All loaches had detectable PFAS, with bioaccumulation factors tending to correlate positively with protein-water partition coefficients (Kpw). Notably, female loaches generally exhibited lower PFAS concentrations than males, and the chemical compositions differed, potentially linked to maternal transfer efficiency, quantified by comparing PFAS concentration ratios in eggs versus muscle tissue (EMR). The EMR (1.84-20.27) appeared to vary with Kpw and maternal reproductive investment. The PFAS mixture's PFOS equivalent varied from 3.23 to 18.69 ng/g ww, and the hazard quotient of 0.008 suggests a low likelihood of reproductive damage from current PFAS concentrations in loach eggs. This study provides valuable insights into the behavior and risk of PFAS in the aquatic environment, but further research with a larger sample size is recommended to confirm and extend these findings.

Understanding PFAS Behavior: Analysing Contamination Patterns in Surface Water and Sediment of the Apies River, South Africa

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent environmental contaminants widely detected in water and sediment worldwide. Despite growing concerns about their ecological and health risks, their distribution in African aquatic environments remains understudied. This study addresses the knowledge gap in PFAS contamination by analysing the spatial and temporal distribution of 18 PFAS in Apies River water and sediment in Pretoria, South Africa. Surface water and sediment samples were collected upstream and downstream of the Apies River during dry seasons. The analysis of PFAS concentrations was conducted using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Statistical analysis, including paired t-tests, non-metric multidimensional scaling, and hierarchical cluster analysis, were applied to determine spatial and temporal trends. The study revealed significant spatial variations in PFAS contamination, with upstream locations consistently exhibiting higher concentrations than downstream. In surface water samples, L_PFBS, 4:2 FTS, 6:2 FTS, and L_PFHpS showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between sites. Perfluorocarboxylic acids were the dominant PFAS class in surface water (50.47-57.15%), whereas perfluorosulfonic acids were more prevalent in sediments. Upstream sediment had higher L_PFHpS (43.00 ng/g), L_PFDS (38.89 ng/g), and L_PFHxS (23.91 ng/g) than downstream (31.96, 27.84, and 18.02 ng/g, respectively). The findings reveal contamination sources and partitioning between surface water and sediments, aiding in water quality management and pollution mitigation strategies.

DDT and Its Metabolites in Ethiopian Aquatic Ecosystems: Environmental and Health Implications

Background

Despite its significant application, DDT and its metabolites pose a potential threat to the environment. Therefore, data on environmental and health concerns must thus be investigated.

Objective

The objective of this study was to assess the environmental and human health risks posed by DDT and its metabolites in Ethiopian surface waters.

Methods

The total amount of DDT and its metabolites consumed as a sum (∑DDT) is calculated by considering their equivalent toxicity. To calculate the human risk from drinking contaminated water, the maximum concentrations in all of Ethiopia's surface waterways were pooled. The average concentration values were added to calculate the human risk from consuming fish contaminated with ∑DDT. Similarly, ∑DDT residues in water can be used to predict the potential environmental risk.

Results

A higher level of ∑DDT in surface water was detected in Gilgel Gibe I hydroelectric dam reservoir and its tributaries with an average concentration of 640 ng/l. There is no health risk associated with drinking these surface waters because the concentrations of ∑DDT were below the WHO's recommended level. In fish samples, B. intermedius accumulated a higher level of ∑DDT (21.47 ng/g ww). With the exception of local infants, ∑DDT does not pose a non-carcinogenic risk to any age group. However, consuming fish contaminated with ∑DDT poses an unacceptable risk of cancer to all age categories. The risk posed by ∑DDT on aquatic species is highly likely. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) value indicates that fish tissue does not absorb ∑DDT directly from the water.

Conclusion

The prevalence of ∑DDT would link to both historical pollution and their current application in vector control. Ecosystems are frequently exposed to chemical mixes later in life; thus, rather than focusing on the ideal case of exposure to a single toxin, future studies can examine the mixture toxicity of numerous organic contaminants.

Predicting PFAS fate in fish: Assessing the roles of dietary, respiratory, and dermal uptake in bioaccumulation modeling

An increasing number of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposed to the environment may pose a threat to organisms and human beings. However, there is a lack of simulations comprehensively addressing and comparing the bioaccumulation of PFAS across all three major exposure routes (oral, inhalation, and dermal), especially for dermal uptake. In this study, we proposed a physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model for PFAS, aiming to predict bioaccumulation factors (BAF) in fish by considering these diverse exposure routes. 15 PFAS were used for model validation, and 11 PFAS from Taihu Lake were used for exposure contribution modeling. Approximately 64% of estimations fell within 10-fold model bias from measurements in Taihu Lake, underscoring the potential efficacy of the developed PBK model in predicting BAFs for fish. The dermal route emerges as a contributor to short-chain PFAS exposure. For example, it ranged widely from 46% to 75% (mean) for all modeling short-chain PFAS (C6-C7) in Taihu Lake. It indicated the criticality of considering dermal exposure for PFAS in fish, highlighting a gap in field studies to unravel cutaneous intake mechanisms and contributions. For longer carbon chains of PFAS (C8-C12), dermal exposure accounted for 2%-27% for all species of aquatic organisms. The fish's lipid fraction and water content played a significant role in the contribution of PFAS intake through cutaneous exposure and inhalation. Kow had a significant positive correlation with skin intake rate (p < 0.05) and gill intake rate (p < 0.001), while having a significant negative correlation with skin intake (p < 0.05) and skin intake contribution (p < 0.001). Based on the proposed modeling approach, we have introduced a simulation spreadsheet for projecting PFAS BAFs in fish tissues, hopefully broadening the predictive operational tool for a variety of chemical species.

Exploring organic and inorganic contaminant histories in sediment cores across the anthropocene: Accounting for site/area dependent factors

Sedimentary records help chronologically identify anthropogenic contamination in environmental systems. This study analysed dated sediment cores from L'Albufera Lake (Valencia, Spain), to assess the occurrence of heavy metals (HMs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), pesticides and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). The results evidence the continuing vertical presence of all types of contaminants in this location. The sediment age was difficult to establish. However, the presence of shells together with an historical estimation and the knowledge of sedimentary rates could help. HMs contents are higher in the upper layer reflecting the most recent increase of the industrial and agricultural practices in the area since the middle 20th century. Higher availability index of these HMs in the upper sediment layers is associated with point and diffuse contamination sources in the area. PAHs and OPFRs were homogeneous distributed through the sediments with few exceptions such as phenanthrene in the North and fluoranthene in the South. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) were detected throughout the sediment core while short-chain PFASs (except perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA)) were detected only in the top layer. Pesticides and PPCPs showed appreciable down-core mobility. The vertical concentration profiles of organic contaminants did not exhibit a clear trend with depth, then, it is difficult to develop a direct relationship between sediment age and contaminant concentrations, and to elucidate the historical trend of contamination based on dated sediment core. Consequently, linking contaminant occurrence in sediments directly to their historical use is somewhat speculative at least in the conditions of L'Albufera Lake.

A comparative review of the toxicity mechanisms of perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorohexanesulphonic acid (PFHxS) in fish

Industrial and consumer goods contain diverse perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). These substances, like perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorohexanesulphonic acid (PFHxS), are under increased scrutiny due to their potential toxicity to aquatic organisms. However, our understanding of their biological impacts and mechanisms of action remains limited. The objectives of this review were to compare data for levels of PFHxA and PFHxS in aquatic environments and fish tissues, as well as toxicity mechanisms related to morphological, endocrine, metabolic, and behavioral endpoints. A computational assessment was also performed to identify putative mechanisms of toxicity and to characterize exposure biomarkers. Studies have shown that both PFHxA and PFHxS residues are present in diverse marine and freshwater fish tissues, suggesting the importance of monitoring these PFAS in aquatic organisms. In fish tissues, these chemicals have been reported to be as high as 37.5 ng/g for PFHxA and 1290 ng/g for PFHxS, but their persistence in aquatic environments and degradation in tissues requires further study. In terms of mechanisms of toxicity, both oxidative stress and endocrine disruption have been reported. Based on evidence for endocrine disruption, we modeled interactions of estrogen and androgen receptors of several fish species with PFHxA and PFHxS. Molecular docking revealed that PFHxS has a stronger affinity for interacting with the estrogen and androgen receptors of fish compared to PFHxA and that estrogen and androgen receptors of fathead minnow, zebrafish, Atlantic salmon, and largemouth bass show comparable binding affinities for each chemical except for salmon Esr2b, which was predicted to have lower affinity for PFHxA relative to Esr2a. While mechanistic data are lacking in fish in general for these chemicals, a computational approach revealed that PFHxA can perturb the endocrine system, nervous system, and is linked to changes in kidney and liver weight. Proteins associated with PFHxA and PFHxS exposures in fish include those related to lipid and glucose regulation, reproductive proteins like KISS metastasis suppressor, and proteins associated with the immune system (specifically RAG1, RAG2), all of which are potential biomarkers of exposure. Taken together, we synthesize current knowledge regarding the environmental fate and ecotoxicology of PFHxA/PFHxS in fish species.

Occurrence, bioaccumulation and trophic dynamics of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in two tropical freshwater lakes

We have investigated the occurrence, distribution, and biomagnification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in two tropical lakes (Asejire and Eleyele) of Southwestern Nigeria, with contrasting urban intensities. Over an 8-month period, we sampled sediment and fish species (Clarias gariepinus: CIG; Oreochromis niloticus: ON; Coptodon guineensis: CG; Sarotherodon melanotheron: SM) across trophic levels, and analyzed various PFAS congeners, in addition to a select group of toxicological responses. While herbivores (SM) and benthic omnivores (CIG) at Asejire exhibited elevated levels of PFBS and PFOS, the pelagic omnivores (ON) showed a dominance of PFOS, PFDA, PFHxDA and EtFOSE in the muscle. At the Eleyele urban lake, PFAS patterns was dominated by PFBS, EtFOSE, PFPeS, PFOcDA and PFOS in the herbivores (SM, CG), EtFOSE, PFOS and PFBS in the pelagic omnivore (ON) and benthic omnivore (ClG). The estimated biomagnification factor (BMF) analysis for both lakes indicated trophic level increase of PFOS, PFUnA and PFDA at the suburban lake, while PFOS and EtFOSE biomagnified at the urban lake. We detected the occurrence of diSAMPAP and 9CL-PF3ONS, novel compounds not commonly reported, in PFAS studies at both lakes. The studied toxicological responses varied across trophic groups in both lakes with probable modulations by environmental conditions, trophic structure, and relative PFAS exposures in the lakes. The present study documents, for the first time in Nigeria, or any other African country, the role of urbanization on contaminant load into the environment and their implications for contaminant dynamics within the ecosystem and for aquatic food safety.

Emerging and legacy perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface water around three international airports in China

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large category of crucial environmental contaminants of global concerns. There are limited data on PFAS in surface water around international airports in China. The present study investigated the concentrations, distributions, and sources of emerging and legacy PFAS in surface waters around Beijing Capital International Airport (BC), Shanghai Pudong International Airport (SP), and Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport (GB) in China. Twenty-seven target compounds were quantified. The Σ27PFAS concentrations ranged from 19.0 to 62.8 ng/L (mean 36.1 ng/L) in BC, 25.6-342 ng/L (mean 76.0 ng/L) in SP, 7.35-72.7 ng/L (mean 21.6 ng/L) in GB. The dominant compound was perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which accounted for an average of 27% (5%-65%) of the Σ27PFAS concentrations. The alternatives with -C6F12- group had detection frequencies ranging from 72% to 100%. The partition coefficient results indicate that the longer chain PFAS (C > 8) tend to be more distributed in the particle phase. Fifty suspect and nontarget PFAS were identified. In GB, 44 PFAS were identified, more than SP of 39 and BC of 38. An ultra short-chain (C = 2) precursor, N-methylperfluoroethanesulfonamido acetic acid (MeFEtSAA), was identified and semi-quantified. Domestic wastewater discharges might be the main sources around BC, while industrial and aviation activities might be the main sources around SP and GB.

Insight into the mechanisms of neuroendocrine toxicity induced by 6:2FTCA via thyroid hormone disruption

6:2 fluorotonic carboxylic acid (6:2 FTCA), a novel substitute for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), is being used gradually in industrial production such as coatings or processing aids, and its detection rate in the aqueous environment is increasing year by year, posing a potential safety risk to aquatic systems and public health. However, limited information is available on the effects and mechanism of 6:2 FTCA. Therefore, this study was conducted to understand better the neuroendocrine effects of early exposure to 6:2 FTCA and the underlying mechanisms on zebrafish. In this study, zebrafish embryos were treated to varied doses of 6:2 FTCA (0, 0.08 μg/mL, 0.8 μg/mL and 8 μg/mL) at 4 h post-fertilization (hpf) for a duration of six days, which exhibited a pronounced inhibition of early growth and induced a disorganized swim pattern characterized by reduced total swim distance and average swim speed. Simultaneously, the thyroid development of zebrafish larvae was partially hindered, accompanied by decreased T3 levels, altered genes associated with the expression of thyroid hormone synthesis, transformation and transportation and neurotransmitters associated with tryptophan and tyrosine metabolic pathways. Molecular docking results showed that 6:2 FTCA has a robust binding energy with the thyroid hormone receptor (TRβ). Moreover, exogenous T3 supplementation can partially restore the adverse outcomes. Our findings indicated that 6:2 FTCA acts as a thyroid endocrine disruptor and can induce neuroendocrine toxic effects. Furthermore, our results show that targeting TRβ may be a potentially therapeutic strategy for 6:2 FTCA-induced neuroendocrine disrupting effects.

Analysis of a Passive Sampling Device to Assess the Behavior of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Sediments

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are an emerging class of compounds that cause health and environmental problems worldwide. In aquatic environments, PFAS may bioaccumulate in sediment organisms, which can affect the health of organisms and ecosystems. As such, it is important to develop tools to understand their bioaccumulation potential. In the present study, the uptake of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS) from sediments and water was assessed using a modified polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) as a passive sampler. While POCIS has previously been used to measure time-weighted concentrations of PFAS and other compounds in water, in our study, the design was adapted for analyzing contaminant uptake and porewater concentrations in sediments. The samplers were deployed into seven different tanks containing PFAS-spiked conditions and monitored over 28 days. One tank contained only water with PFOA and PFBS, three tanks contained soil with 4% organic matter, and three tanks contained soil combusted at 550 °C to minimize the influence of labile organic carbon. The uptake of PFAS from the water was consistent with previous research using a sampling rate model or simple linear uptake. For the samplers placed in the sediment, the uptake process was explained well using a mass transport based on the external resistance from the sediment layer. Uptake of PFOS in the samplers occurred faster than that of PFOA and was more rapid in the tanks containing the combusted soil. A small degree of competition was observed between the two compounds for the resin, although these effects are unlikely to be significant at environmentally relevant concentrations. The external mass transport model provides a mechanism to extend the POCIS design for measuring porewater concentrations and sampling releases from sediments. This approach may be useful for environmental regulators and stakeholders involved in PFAS remediation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2171-2183. © 2023 SETAC.

Enhancement mechanism of magnetite on the ball-milling destruction of perfluorooctane sulfonate by iron

Zero-valent iron (Fe) is commonly employed as an additive for the mechanochemical destruction (MCD) of organic pollutants. The poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (e.g., perfluorooctane sulfonate, PFOS) are a class of toxic environmental pollutants that are difficult to effectively degrade due to their thermodynamic and chemical stability. In this study, magnetite (Fe₃O₄) was applied to improve the milling performance of Fe to PFOS and its promoting mechanisms were emphatically explored. The desulfurization rate was in ahead of the defluorination rate because the C-S bond is less stable than the C-F bonds in PFOS. Fe₃O₄ had an excellent reinforcement effect on the milling performance of Fe, which was mainly through accelerating the electron transfer as a conductor, reacting with Fe to produce FeO, and facilitating the formation of HO^●. During the MCD of PFOS with Fe/Fe₃O₄ as an additive, HO^● played a dominant role in the defluorination process (accounting for >67%). After the elimination of sulfonate group (-SO₃^-), the produced radical (C₇F₁₅CF₂^●) continued to react through two main pathways: one was the stepwise defluorination after hydrogenation, and the other one was oxidation reaction after alcoholization to yield the corresponding aldehydes and carboxylic acids. The optimum Fe fraction (M_Fe) was 30%, and air atmosphere was more effective than oxygen and nitrogen conditions. This study helps to comprehensively understand the role of Fe₃O₄ in defluorination and fills the gap of Fe/Fe₃O₄ application in the MCD of PFASs.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and its influence on the intestinal barrier: An overview on the advances

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of artificially synthetic organic compounds that are hardly degraded in the natural environment. PFAS have been widely used for many decades, and the persistence and potential toxicity of PFAS are an emerging concern in the world. PFAS exposed via diet can be readily absorbed by the intestine and enter the circulatory system or accumulate directly at intestinal sites, which could interact with the intestine and cause the destruction of intestinal barrier. This review summarizes current relationships between PFAS exposure and intestinal barrier damage with a focus on more recent toxicological studies. Exposure to PFAS could cause inflammation in the gut, destruction of the gut epithelium and tight junction structure, reduction of the mucus layer, and induction of the toxicity of immune cells. PFAS accumulation could also induce microbial disorders and metabolic products changes. In addition, there are limited studies currently, and most available studies converge on the health risk of PFAS exposure for human intestinal disease. Therefore, more efforts are deserved to further understand potential associations between PFAS exposure and intestinal dysfunction and enable better assessment of exposomic toxicology and health risks for humans in the future.

Simulation modelling the structure related bioaccumulation and biomagnification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic food web

Until now, there is no bioaccumulation model to predict bioaccumulation of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in aquatic organisms due to their unique amphiphilic properties. For the first time, protein contents instead of lipid contents of organisms were used in bioaccumulation models to predict the concentrations and reveal the accumulation mechanisms of PFASs in various aquatic organisms, based on the available data. Comparison between the modeled and measured results indicated the models were promising to predict the PFAS concentrations in the fishes at different trophic levels very well, as well as their bioaccumulation factors (BAF) and trophic magnification factors (TMF) of PFASs in fish. Both water and sediment are important exposure sources of PFASs in aquatic organisms. As the two main uptake pathways, the contribution of gill respiratory decreases while that of dietary intake increases with the chain length of PFASs increasing. Fecal excretion and gill respiration are the main pathways for fish to eliminate PFASs, and their relative contributions increase and decrease respectively with chain length. The short-chain (C6-C8) perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are greatly eliminated via gill respiratory quickly, leading to their very low BAFs. As the carbon chain length increases, dietary intake becomes dominant in the uptake, while elimination is mainly through fecal excretion with relatively low rates, especially in the fishes with high protein contents. For the very long chain (C12-C16) PFASs, they are very difficult to excrete with a low total elimination rate constant (k_e = 0.463-0.743 d^-1), thus leading to their high BAFs and TMFs. The high intake rate but low elimination rate, as well as the high water and sediment concentrations together contribute to the highest accumulated concentration perfluorooctane sulfonic acid in the fish of Taihu Lake.

Perfluoroalkyl substances in freshwater and marine fish from northern Vietnam: Accumulation levels, profiles, and implications for human consumption

The accumulation profiles of nine perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were determined in 95 muscle samples of seven freshwater (n = 65) and seven marine (n = 30) fish species collected in Northern Vietnam. In both groups of fish, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was the most prevalent component, accounting for roughly 29 % of total PFASs. The total PFASs in freshwater fish species ranged from 0.08 to 8.06 ng/g wet weight (w.w), with the highest concentration found in topmouth culter (7.01 ± 1.23 ng/g w.w). In marine fish, the highest mean concentration of PFASs was detected in Asian sea bass (2.75 ± 0.54 ng/g, w.w). Estimation on the human dietary intake of PFASs from fish consumption resulted in hazard ratios (HR) ranging from 0.019 to 0.238 for freshwater fish and from 0.016 to 0.074 for marine fish, indicating low exposure risks associated with PFASs.