1
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Phelan DE, Reddan B, Shigemura M, Sznajder JI, Crean D, Cummins EP. Orphan Nuclear Receptor Family 4A (NR4A) Members NR4A2 and NR4A3 Selectively Modulate Elements of the Monocyte Response to Buffered Hypercapnia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2852. [PMID: 38474099 PMCID: PMC10931687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypercapnia occurs when the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood exceeds 45 mmHg. Hypercapnia is associated with several lung pathologies and is transcriptionally linked to suppression of immune and inflammatory signalling through poorly understood mechanisms. Here we propose Orphan Nuclear Receptor Family 4A (NR4A) family members NR4A2 and NR4A3 as potential transcriptional regulators of the cellular response to hypercapnia in monocytes. Using a THP-1 monocyte model, we investigated the sensitivity of NR4A family members to CO2 and the impact of depleting NR4A2 and NR4A3 on the monocyte response to buffered hypercapnia (10% CO2) using RNA-sequencing. We observed that NR4A2 and NR4A3 are CO2-sensitive transcription factors and that depletion of NR4A2 and NR4A3 led to reduced CO2-sensitivity of mitochondrial and heat shock protein (Hsp)-related genes, respectively. Several CO2-sensitive genes were, however, refractory to depletion of NR4A2 and NR4A3, indicating that NR4As regulate certain elements of the cellular response to buffered hypercapnia but that other transcription factors also contribute. Bioinformatic analysis of conserved CO2-sensitive genes implicated several novel putative CO2-sensitive transcription factors, of which the ETS Proto-Oncogene 1 Transcription Factor (ETS-1) was validated to show increased nuclear expression in buffered hypercapnia. These data give significant insights into the understanding of immune responses in patients experiencing hypercapnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Phelan
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland (B.R.)
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ben Reddan
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland (B.R.)
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Masahiko Shigemura
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Jacob I. Sznajder
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Daniel Crean
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eoin P. Cummins
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland (B.R.)
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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2
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Wu L, Gu J, Duan X, Ge F, Ye H, Kong L, Liu W, Gao R, Jiao J, Chen H, Ji G. Insight into the mechanisms of neuroendocrine toxicity induced by 6:2FTCA via thyroid hormone disruption. Chemosphere 2023; 341:140031. [PMID: 37660785 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
6:2 fluorotonic carboxylic acid (6:2 FTCA), a novel substitute for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), is being used gradually in industrial production such as coatings or processing aids, and its detection rate in the aqueous environment is increasing year by year, posing a potential safety risk to aquatic systems and public health. However, limited information is available on the effects and mechanism of 6:2 FTCA. Therefore, this study was conducted to understand better the neuroendocrine effects of early exposure to 6:2 FTCA and the underlying mechanisms on zebrafish. In this study, zebrafish embryos were treated to varied doses of 6:2 FTCA (0, 0.08 μg/mL, 0.8 μg/mL and 8 μg/mL) at 4 h post-fertilization (hpf) for a duration of six days, which exhibited a pronounced inhibition of early growth and induced a disorganized swim pattern characterized by reduced total swim distance and average swim speed. Simultaneously, the thyroid development of zebrafish larvae was partially hindered, accompanied by decreased T3 levels, altered genes associated with the expression of thyroid hormone synthesis, transformation and transportation and neurotransmitters associated with tryptophan and tyrosine metabolic pathways. Molecular docking results showed that 6:2 FTCA has a robust binding energy with the thyroid hormone receptor (TRβ). Moreover, exogenous T3 supplementation can partially restore the adverse outcomes. Our findings indicated that 6:2 FTCA acts as a thyroid endocrine disruptor and can induce neuroendocrine toxic effects. Furthermore, our results show that targeting TRβ may be a potentially therapeutic strategy for 6:2 FTCA-induced neuroendocrine disrupting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wu
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China; School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Jie Gu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Jiangwangmiao Street 8, Nanjing, 210042, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xinjie Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Feng Ge
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Jiangwangmiao Street 8, Nanjing, 210042, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Heyong Ye
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China; School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Lingcan Kong
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China; School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Wenwei Liu
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China; School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Rong Gao
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Jiandong Jiao
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China; School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China.
| | - Huanhuan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| | - Guixiang Ji
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Jiangwangmiao Street 8, Nanjing, 210042, China; Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing 210042, China.
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3
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Ren J, Flamant F. Thyroid hormone as a temporal switch in mouse development. Eur Thyroid J 2023; 12:e220225. [PMID: 36715693 PMCID: PMC10083660 DOI: 10.1530/etj-22-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are known to trigger metamorphosis in an amphibian. This review discusses the hypothesis according to which they act in a similar manner to synchronize the post-natal development of mice, using brain, brown adipose tissue, and heart as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ren
- ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Flamant
- ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Lyon, France
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4
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Incerpi S, Ashur-Fabian O, Davis PJ, Pedersen JZ. Editorial: Crosstalk between thyroid hormones, analogs and ligands of integrin αvβ3 in health and disease. Who is talking now? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1119952. [PMID: 36686434 PMCID: PMC9850369 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1119952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Incerpi
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Osnat Ashur-Fabian
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Paul J. Davis
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, United States
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Hercbergs A, Mousa SA, Lin HY, Davis PJ. What is thyroid function in your just-diagnosed cancer patient? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1109528. [PMID: 36875482 PMCID: PMC9982093 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1109528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The principal hormonal product of the thyroid gland, L-thyroxine (T4), is a prohormone for 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine, T3, the major ligand of nuclear thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). At a cell surface thyroid hormone analogue receptor on cancer cell and endothelial cell plasma membrane integrin αvβ3, however, T4 at physiological concentrations is biologically active and is the major ligand. At this site in solid tumor cells, T4 nongenomically initiates cell proliferation, is anti-apoptotic by multiple mechanisms, supports radioresistance and enhances cancer-related angiogenesis. In contrast, hypothyroidism has been reported clinically to slow tumor growth. At physiological levels, T3 is not biologically active at the integrin and maintenance of euthyroidism with T3 in cancer patients may be associated with slowed tumor proliferation. Against this background, we raise the possibility that host serum T4 levels that are spontaneously in the upper tertile or quartile of the normal range in cancer patients may be a factor that contributes to aggressive tumor behavior. Recent observations on tumor metastasis and tumor-associated propensity for thrombosis due to T4 also justify clinical statistical analysis for a relationship to upper tertile hormone levels. That reverse T3 (rT3) may stimulate tumor growth has recently been reported and thus the utility of adding this measurement to thyroid function testing in cancer patients requires assessment. In summary, T4 at physiological concentrations promotes tumor cell division and aggressiveness and euthyroid hypothyroxinemia arrests clinically advanced solid tumors. These findings support the clinical possibility that T4 levels in the upper tertile of the normal range require examination as a tumor supporting factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleck Hercbergs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Shaker A. Mousa
- Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Paul J. Davis
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Paul J. Davis,
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6
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Ng L, Liu H, Liu Y, Forrest D. Biphasic expression of thyroid hormone receptor TRβ1 in mammalian retina and anterior ocular tissues. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1174600. [PMID: 37033230 PMCID: PMC10076699 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1174600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina is increasingly recognized as a target of thyroid hormone. We previously reported critical functions for thyroid hormone receptor TRβ2, encoded by Thrb, in cones, the photoreceptors that mediate color vision. TRβ1, another Thrb receptor isoform, is widely expressed in other tissues but little studied in the retina. Here, we investigate these N-terminal isoforms by RNA-sequencing analysis and reveal a striking biphasic profile for TRβ1 in mouse and human retina. In contrast to the early TRβ2 peak, TRβ1 peaks later during retinal maturation or later differentiation of human retinal organoids. This switch in receptor expression profiles was confirmed using lacZ reporter mice. TRβ1 localized in cones, amacrine cells and ganglion cells in contrast to the restricted expression of TRβ2 in cones. Intriguingly, TRβ1 was also detected in the retinal pigmented epithelium and in anterior structures in the ciliary margin zone, ciliary body and iris, suggesting novel functions in non-retinal eye tissues. Although TRβ1 was detected in cones, TRβ1-knockout mice displayed only minor changes in opsin photopigment expression and normal electroretinogram responses. Our results suggest that strikingly different temporal and cell-specific controls over TRβ1 and TRβ2 expression may underlie thyroid hormone actions in a range of ocular cell types. The TRβ1 expression pattern suggests novel functions in retinal and non-neural ocular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Ng
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hong Liu
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ye Liu
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Douglas Forrest
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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7
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Aramaki M, Wu X, Liu H, Liu Y, Cho YW, Song M, Fu Y, Ng L, Forrest D. Transcriptional control of cone photoreceptor diversity by a thyroid hormone receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2209884119. [PMID: 36454759 PMCID: PMC9894165 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209884119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cone photoreceptor diversity allows detection of wavelength information in light, the first step in color (chromatic) vision. In most mammals, cones express opsin photopigments for sensitivity to medium/long (M, "green") or short (S, "blue") wavelengths and are differentially arrayed over the retina. Cones appear early in retinal neurogenesis but little is understood of the subsequent control of diversity of these postmitotic neurons, because cone populations are sparse and, apart from opsins, poorly defined. It is also a challenge to distinguish potentially subtle differences between cell subtypes within a lineage. Therefore, we derived a Cre driver to isolate individual M and S opsin-enriched cones, which are distributed in counter-gradients over the mouse retina. Fine resolution transcriptome analyses identified expression gradients for groups of genes. The postnatal emergence of gradients indicated divergent differentiation of cone precursors during maturation. Using genetic tagging, we demonstrated a role for thyroid hormone receptor β2 (TRβ2) in control of gradient genes, many of which are enriched for TRβ2 binding sites and TRβ2-regulated open chromatin. Deletion of TRβ2 resulted in poorly distinguished cones regardless of retinal location. We suggest that TRβ2 controls a bipotential transcriptional state to promote cone diversity and the chromatic potential of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiko Aramaki
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Hong Liu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Ye Liu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Young-Wook Cho
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Mina Song
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Yulong Fu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Lily Ng
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Douglas Forrest
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
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8
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Horie Y, Nomura M, Ramaswamy BR, Harino H, Yap CK, Okamura H. Thyroid hormone disruption by bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and bis-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) in Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes. Aquat Toxicol 2022; 252:106312. [PMID: 36174385 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of water bodies with plasticizers is a serious environmental problem worldwide. In this study, we investigated the effects of plasticizers bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and bis-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). DEHP significantly increased the expression of all the genes tested: thyroid stimulating hormone beta subunit (tshβ-like), tshβ, deiodinase 1 (dio1), deiodinase 2 (dio2), and thyroid hormone receptor alpha (trα) and beta (trβ). However, DEHA only significantly increased tshβ at 7.4 µg/L but significantly decreased dio2 expression at 25.8, 111.1, and 412.6 4 µg/L, while other genes were not significantly affected. Both chemicals reduced eye size and total body length, but did not affect embryo development, hatching time and rate, and swimming performance. DEHA alone affected swim bladder inflation and not DEHP. This is the first report that not only DEHP but also DEHA disrupt thyroid hormone activity in fish. DEHP contamination (13.2 μg/L) was detected in tap water from Kobe, Japan; thus, tap water itself may disrupt thyroid hormone activity in Japanese medaka. Importantly, the effective concentration of DEHP for thyroid hormone-related gene expression and growth was close to or lower than DEHP concentrations reported in surface water elsewhere, indicating that DEHP contamination is a serious aquatic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Horie
- Research Center for Inland Seas (KURCIS), Kobe University, Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0022, Japan.
| | - Miho Nomura
- Graduate School of Maritime Science, Kobe University, Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0022, Japan
| | - Babu Rajendran Ramaswamy
- Research Center for Inland Seas (KURCIS), Kobe University, Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0022, Japan; Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Hiroya Harino
- School of Human Sciences, Kobe College, 4-1 Okadayama, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 662-8505, Japan
| | - Chee Kong Yap
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hideo Okamura
- Research Center for Inland Seas (KURCIS), Kobe University, Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0022, Japan
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Krishnan V, Nguyen L, Shen R, Lieu D, De Peralta-Venturina M, Fan X. NOR-1 (NR4A3) immunostaining on cytologic preparations for the preoperative diagnosis of acinic cell carcinoma of the salivary gland. J Am Soc Cytopathol 2022; 11:352-358. [PMID: 36058827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acinic cell carcinoma of the salivary gland (ACC-SG) is characterized by recurrent rearrangements in the nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 3 (NR4A3). Immunostaining using an antibody targeting this rearrangement, neuron-derived orphan receptor 1 (NOR-1), has been recently studied on surgical specimens and cell block material of fine-needle aspirates for the diagnosis of ACC-SG. Our goal was to evaluate whether NOR-1 immunostaining could reliably be performed on destained cytologic preparations. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective multi-institutional study. Immunostaining with the NOR-1 antibody (sc-393902 [H-7], Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.) was performed at a titer of 1:30 on destained cytologic preparations. ACC-SG cases (n = 17) were represented by twelve cases with alcohol-fixed preparations (n = 12), including direct smears and SurePath preparations, as well as 5 cases with air-dried preparations (n = 5). These were compared to 27 mimicker lesions (n = 27): normal acini (4), chronic sialadenitis (3), oncocytoma (2), pleomorphic adenoma (6), Warthin tumor (8), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (1), secretory carcinoma (2), and salivary duct carcinoma (1). RESULTS The positivity of NOR-1 in ACC-SG cases was 100% on destained alcohol-fixed preparations (12/12) and 60% on air-dried preparations (3/5). All 27 mimicker lesions were negative for NOR-1 (0/27). Evaluation of 2 ACC-SG cases with both types of cytologic preparations showed that NOR-1 was positive on the alcohol-fixed slides but negative on the air-dried slides. CONCLUSIONS NOR-1 immunostaining can reliably be performed on alcohol-fixed direct smears and liquid-based preparations for the diagnosis of ACC-SG. Air-dried preparations show a lower positivity rate and may be less suitable for diagnostic immunostaining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Krishnan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Luan Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rulong Shen
- Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | | | - Xuemo Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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10
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Giguère V. Retinoic acid receptors at 35: molecular convergence of vitamin A and steroid hormone action. J Mol Endocrinol 2022; 69:E1-E3. [PMID: 36074659 DOI: 10.1530/jme-22-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Giguère
- Goodman Cancer Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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11
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Omagari R, Yagishita M, Shiraishi F, Nakayama SF, Terasaki M, Tanigawa T, Yamauchi I, Kubo T, Nakajima D. Identification by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry of the Contributor to the Thyroid Hormone Receptor Agonist Activity in Effluents from Sewage Treatment Plants. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:13709-13718. [PMID: 36100216 PMCID: PMC9536310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
3,3',5-Triiodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC) was identified as a major contributor to the activity of thyroid hormone receptor (TR) agonists in environmental water. TRIAC contributed 60-148% of the TR-agonist activity in effluents from sewage treatment plants (STPs). Meanwhile, the contributions of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodothyronine (T4), and analogues were <1%. TRIAC concentrations in the range of 0.30-4.2 ng/L are likely enough to cause disruption of the thyroid system in living aquatic organisms. The origin of TRIAC in the STP effluents was investigated by analyzing both STP influents and effluents. Relatively high concentrations of T3 and T4 (2.5 and 6.3 ng/L, respectively) were found only in the influents. TRIAC was identified only in the effluents. These findings suggested that T3 and T4 in STP influents were potentially converted into TRIAC during activated sludge treatment or by other means. The evaluation of TRIAC at relevant environmental concentrations by in vivo assays and an appropriate treatment to reduce the TR activity in sewage are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Omagari
- Health
and Environmental Risk Division, National
Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Mayuko Yagishita
- Department
of Life and Environmental Science, Prefectural
University of Hiroshima, Shobara
City, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan
| | - Fujio Shiraishi
- Health
and Environmental Risk Division, National
Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shoji F. Nakayama
- Health
and Environmental Risk Division, National
Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Masanori Terasaki
- Graduate
School of Arts and Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka City, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tanigawa
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku,Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yamauchi
- Department
of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takuya Kubo
- Department
of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakajima
- Health
and Environmental Risk Division, National
Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba
University, Chiba City, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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12
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Zhang M, Yang Q, Shi R, Wang J, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Li W, Chen S, Wang N. Effects of long-term sex steroid hormones (estradiol and testosterone)-supplemented feeds on the growth performance of Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). Fish Physiol Biochem 2022; 48:1365-1375. [PMID: 36125598 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01125-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of sexual size dimorphism (SSD), existing in mammals, birds, reptiles, spiders, amphibians, insects, and fishes, is generally related to feeding efficiency, energy allocation, sex steroids, and somatotropic and reproductive endocrine axes. Recently, positive and negative regulations of sex steroids have been reported on SSD in various species. Chinese tongue soles (Cynoglossus semilaevis) at 4 months were fed with 17β-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) supplemented feeds for 8 months to assess the effect of sex steroids on growth traits in different sexes. The potential genetic regulation was examined using several growth-related genes. The results showed that two sex steroid hormones had inhibitory effects on the growth performance of different sexes of C. semilaevis. At the age of 8 months, the expression of insulin-like growth factor 2 gene (igf2), 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase (dhcr24), leptin, and estrogen receptor 2 (esr2) in the liver showed an overall downward trend. The expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf1) was reduced, while thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein 3 (thrap3) expression tended to increase in the gonad after T and E2 treatments. In the brain, somatostatin 1, tandem duplicate 2 (sst1.2) expression increased with the treatment of T and E2 (P < 0.05), while growth hormone-releasing hormone (ghrh) expression decreased. E2 and T had different effects on growth differentiation factor 8 (gdf8) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (igfbp7) expression in the muscle. Expression of gdf8 increased in the treated fishes in contrast to the reduction expression of igfbp7. This study provided important clues for understanding the role of sex steroids in flatfish SSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqian Zhang
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jialin Wang
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yingming Yang
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wenlong Li
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Songlin Chen
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Na Wang
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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13
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Lasa M, Contreras-Jurado C. Thyroid hormones act as modulators of inflammation through their nuclear receptors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:937099. [PMID: 36004343 PMCID: PMC9393327 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.937099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reciprocal crosstalk between endocrine and immune systems has been well-documented both in physiological and pathological conditions, although the connection between the immune system and thyroid hormones (THs) remains largely unclear. Inflammation and infection are two important processes modulated by the immune system, which have profound effects on both central and peripheral THs metabolism. Conversely, optimal levels of THs are necessary for the maintenance of immune function and response. Although some effects of THs are mediated by their binding to cell membrane integrin receptors, triggering a non-genomic response, most of the actions of these hormones involve their binding to specific nuclear thyroid receptors (TRs), which generate a genomic response by modulating the activity of a great variety of transcription factors. In this special review on THs role in health and disease, we highlight the relevance of these hormones in the molecular mechanisms linked to inflammation upon their binding to specific nuclear receptors. In particular, we focus on THs effects on different signaling pathways involved in the inflammation associated with various infectious and/or pathological processes, emphasizing those mediated by NF-kB, p38MAPK and JAK/STAT. The findings showed in this review suggest new opportunities to improve current therapeutic strategies for the treatment of inflammation associated with several infections and/or diseases, such as cancer, sepsis or Covid-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Lasa
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Constanza Contreras-Jurado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Endocrina y del Sistema Nervioso, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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14
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Xu B, Saliba M, Ho A, Viswanathan K, Alzumaili B, Dogan S, Ghossein R, Katabi N. Head and Neck Acinic Cell Carcinoma: A New Grading System Proposal and Diagnostic Utility of NR4A3 Immunohistochemistry. Am J Surg Pathol 2022; 46:933-941. [PMID: 35034042 PMCID: PMC10569115 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) is traditionally considered as a low-grade salivary gland carcinoma. However, a subset demonstrates high-grade features with a higher mortality rate and distant metastasis. In this large retrospective study of 117 cases, we aimed to establish a histologic grading scheme for AciCC. Adverse independent prognostic factors identified on the multivariate analysis included older age, tumor necrosis, nuclear anaplasia, lymphovascular invasion, absence of tumor-associated lymphoid stroma, and high American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) pT and pN stages. A 3-tiered grading scheme using 4 pathologic parameters (mitotic index, necrosis, tumor border, and fibrosis at the frankly invasive front) was subsequently applied. Compared with low/intermediate-grade, high-grade AciCC defined as a mitotic index ≥5/10 HPFs and/or necrosis was an independently adverse prognostic factor. The 5-year overall survival was 50% in high-grade AciCCs, and 100% in low-grade or intermediate-grade AciCCs. Compared with low-grade or intermediate-grade AciCC, high-grade tumors were associated with older age, larger tumor size, focal rather than diffuse zymogen granules, solid architecture, infiltrative tumor border, fibrosis at the frankly invasive front, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, positive margin, high pT, and pN stages. NR4A3 was a highly sensitive and specific immunohistochemical stain for diagnosing AciCC with a sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 93%, respectively. In conclusion, although we proposed a 2-tiered grading system for AciCC with high-grade tumors defined by a mitotic count ≥5/10 HPFs and/or necrosis, more studies are needed to assess the prognostic value of intermediate grade. NR4A3 immunohistochemical stain is a useful diagnostic marker for AciCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maelle Saliba
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alan Ho
- Medical Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kartik Viswanathan
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bayan Alzumaili
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Snjezana Dogan
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald Ghossein
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nora Katabi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Li J, Xu Y, Li N, Zuo R, Zhai Y, Chen H. Thyroid Hormone Disruption by Organophosphate Esters Is Mediated by Nuclear/Membrane Thyroid Hormone Receptors: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Studies. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:4241-4250. [PMID: 35262344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Earlier mechanistic studies of many prohibited flame retardants (FRs) highlighted their thyroid hormone-disrupting activity through nuclear thyroid hormone receptors (nTRs), whereas some alternative FRs such as organophosphate esters (OPEs) exerted weak nTR-disrupting effects. However, an increasing number of studies have revealed that OPEs also exert thyroid hormone-disrupting effects, and the underlying mechanism is unclear. Herein, the thyroid hormone-disrupting effects and mechanisms of 8 typical OPEs were investigated using integrated in vitro, in vivo, and in silico assays. All tested chemicals competitively bound to the membrane thyroid hormone receptor (mTR) [the 20% relative inhibitory concentration (RIC20): (3.5 ± 0.2) × 101 to (4.9 ± 1.0) × 107 nM], and Cl-OPEs and alkyl-OPEs had lower RIC20 values. In contrast, only 4 OPEs showed nTR antagonistic activities at higher concentrations [≥ (4.8 ± 0.8) × 103 nM]. Cl-OPEs and alkyl-OPEs preferentially interacted with mTR. Molecular docking illustrated that OPEs docked into mTRs, consistent with the competitive binding assay. In vivo analyses of zebrafish embryonic development confirmed that tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate induced inappropriate expression of proteins, and these protein interactions might be associated with mTR according to the quantitative proteomic analysis. Based on the results, mTR might play a critical role in mediating the thyroid hormone-disrupting effects of OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Rui Zuo
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuanzheng Zhai
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Haiyang Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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17
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Abstract
The proper organized expression of specific genes in time and space is responsible for the organogenesis of the central nervous system including the cerebellum. The epigenetic regulation of gene expression is tightly regulated by an intrinsic intracellular genetic program, local stimuli such as synaptic inputs and trophic factors, and peripheral stimuli from outside of the brain including hormones. Some hormone receptors are expressed in the cerebellum. Thyroid hormones (THs), among numerous circulating hormones, are well-known major regulators of cerebellar development. In both rodents and human, hypothyroidism during the postnatal developmental period results in abnormal morphogenesis or altered function. THs bind to the thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) in the nuclei and with the help of transcriptional cofactors regulate the transcription of target genes. Gene regulation by TR induces cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, which are necessary for brain development and plasticity. Thus, the lack of TH action mediators may directly cause aberrant cerebellar development. Various kinds of animal models have been established in a bid to study the mechanism of TH action in the cerebellum. Interestingly, the phenotypes differ greatly depending on the models. Herein we summarize the actions of TH and TR particularly in the developing cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiyasu Ishii
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Izuki Amano
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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18
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Song J, Li Y, Zhao C, Zhou Q, Zhang J. Interaction of BDE-47 with nuclear receptors (NRs) based on the cytotoxicity: In vitro investigation and molecular interaction. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 208:111390. [PMID: 33049448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are endocrine-disrupting chemicals that possess neuroendocrine and reproductive toxicity to humans and disturb thyroid hormone homeostasis, neurobehavior, and development. The most predominant congener of PBDEs in humans and other organisms is 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47); however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its cytotoxicity remain largely unknown. Here, we evaluated the toxic effect and underlying mechanism of nuclear receptors (NRs) induced by BDE-47 in SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells. The CCK-8 cell viability assay showed that the proliferation of human SK-N-SH cells exposed to BDE-47 was significantly inhibited in time- and dose-dependent manners, and flow cytometry showed that cell cycle was arrested at the S phase after BDE-47 exposure. Moreover, compared with the control group, the expression of retinoic acid receptor alpha (RXRα), pregnane X receptor (PXR), thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) at the mRNA and protein levels was significantly increased, as determined by quantitative PCR and western blot analysis, demonstrating that BDE-47 activated the NRs in vitro. Moreover, BDE-47 could bind to all four NRs in the affinity order of PPARγ > PXR > TRβ > RXRα under molecular dynamics. Because RXR is the promiscuous dimerization partner for a large number of NRs, ZDock was used to calculate its interaction with other three NRs. Taking the number of hydrogen bonds and ZDock scores into account, the rank of docking ability between RXRα and the NRs was PXR > TRβ > PPARγ. Further analysis of the interaction between BDE-47 and dimerized-NRs, the affinity order was RXRα > TRβ > PXR > PPARγ via Glide. The results of this study demonstrated that BDE-47 interfered the cross-talk among NRs, especially the promiscuous RXRα, which might be critical for the harmonized re-adjustment of cytotoxicity and biological regulation. Our findings provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying toxic effects and intermolecular interaction induced by BDE-47.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Song
- POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yunxiu Li
- POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qunfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- POPs Lab, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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19
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Lim JPL, Braza MKE, Nellas RB. The effect of ligand affinity to the contact dynamics of the ligand binding domain of thyroid hormone receptor - retinoid X receptor. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 104:107829. [PMID: 33450664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-based allostery has been gaining attention for its importance in protein regulation and implication in drug design. One of the interesting cases of protein allostery is the thyroid hormone receptor - retinoid x receptor (TR:RXR), which regulates the gene expression of important physiological processes, such as development and metabolism. It is regulated by the TR native ligand triiodothyronine (T3), which displays anticooperative behavior to the RXR ligand 9-cis retinoic acid (9C). In contrast to this anticooperative behavior, 9C has been shown to increase the activity of TR:RXR. Here we probed the influence of the affinity and the interactions of the TR ligand to the allostery of the TR:RXR through contact dynamics and residue networks. The TR ligand analogs were designed to have higher (G2) and lower (N1) binding energies than T3 when docked to the TR:RXR(9C) complex. The aqueous TR(N1/T3/G2):RXR(9C) complexes were subjected to 30 ns all-atom simulations using theNAMD. The program CAMERRA was used to capture the subtle perturbations of TR:RXR by mapping the residue contact dynamics. Various parts of the TR ligands; including the hydrophilic head, the iodine substituents, and the ligand tail; have been probed for their significance in ligand affinity. The results on the T3 and G2 complexes suggest that ligand affinity can be utilized as a predictor for anticooperative systems on which ligand is more likely to dissociate or remain bound. All 3 complexes also display distinct contact networks for cross-dimer signalling and ligand communication. Understanding ligand-based allostery could potentially unveil secrets of ligand-regulated protein dynamics, a foundation for the design of better and more efficient allosteric drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Peter L Lim
- Institute of Chemistry, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Mac Kevin E Braza
- Institute of Chemistry, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Ricky B Nellas
- Institute of Chemistry, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
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20
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Schmidt CW. Finding the Right Fit: Highly Selective Binding by the Thyroid Hormone Receptor. Environ Health Perspect 2020; 128:64001. [PMID: 32579035 PMCID: PMC7313620 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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21
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Sethi S, Morgan RK, Feng W, Lin Y, Li X, Luna C, Koch M, Bansal R, Duffel MW, Puschner B, Zoeller RT, Lehmler HJ, Pessah IN, Lein PJ. Comparative Analyses of the 12 Most Abundant PCB Congeners Detected in Human Maternal Serum for Activity at the Thyroid Hormone Receptor and Ryanodine Receptor. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:3948-3958. [PMID: 30821444 PMCID: PMC6457253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pose significant risk to the developing human brain; however, mechanisms of PCB developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) remain controversial. Two widely posited mechanisms are tested here using PCBs identified in pregnant women in the MARBLES cohort who are at increased risk for having a child with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD). As determined by gas chromatography-triple quadruple mass spectrometry, the mean PCB level in maternal serum was 2.22 ng/mL. The 12 most abundant PCBs were tested singly and as a mixture mimicking the congener profile in maternal serum for activity at the thyroid hormone receptor (THR) and ryanodine receptor (RyR). Neither the mixture nor the individual congeners (2 fM to 2 μM) exhibited agonistic or antagonistic activity in a THR reporter cell line. However, as determined by equilibrium binding of [3H]ryanodine to RyR1-enriched microsomes, the mixture and the individual congeners (50 nM to 50 μM) increased RyR activity by 2.4-19.2-fold. 4-Hydroxy (OH) and 4-sulfate metabolites of PCBs 11 and 52 had no TH activity; but 4-OH PCB 52 had higher potency than the parent congener toward RyR. These data support evidence implicating RyRs as targets in environmentally triggered NDDs and suggest that PCB effects on the THR are not a predominant mechanism driving PCB DNT. These findings provide scientific rationale regarding a point of departure for quantitative risk assessment of PCB DNT, and identify in vitro assays for screening other environmental pollutants for DNT potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Rhianna K. Morgan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yanping Lin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Xueshu Li
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Corey Luna
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Madison Koch
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ruby Bansal
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Michael W. Duffel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - R. Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Isaac N. Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California-Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Bao L, Roediger J, Park S, Fu L, Shi B, Cheng SY, Shi YB. Thyroid Hormone Receptor Alpha Mutations Lead to Epithelial Defects in the Adult Intestine in a Mouse Model of Resistance to Thyroid Hormone. Thyroid 2019; 29:439-448. [PMID: 30595106 PMCID: PMC6437623 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) is critical for vertebrate development and affects the function of many adult tissues and organs. Its genomic effects are mediated by thyroid hormone nuclear receptors (TRs) present in all vertebrates. The discovery of patients with resistance to thyroid hormone (RTHβ) >50 years ago and subsequent identification of genetic mutations in only the THRB gene in these patients suggest that mutations in the THRA gene may have different pathological manifestations in humans. Indeed, the recent discovery of a number of human patients carrying heterozygous mutations in the THRA gene (RTHα) revealed a distinct phenotype that was not observed in RTH patients with THRB gene mutations (RTHβ). That is, RTHα patients have constipation, implicating intestinal defects caused by THRA gene mutations. METHODS To determine how TRα1 mutations affect the intestine, this study analyzed a mutant mouse expressing a strong dominantly negative TRα1 mutant (denoted TRα1PV; Thra1PV mice). This mutant mouse faithfully reproduces RTHα phenotypes observed in patients. RESULTS In adult Thra1PV/+ mice, constipation was observed just like in patients with TRα mutations. Importantly, significant intestinal defects were discovered, including shorter villi and increased differentiated cells in the crypt, accompanied by reduced stem-cell proliferation in the intestine. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that further analysis of this mouse model should help to reveal the molecular and physiological defects in the intestine caused by TRα mutations and to determine the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Bao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, P.R. China
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Julia Roediger
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sunmi Park
- Gene Regulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Liezhen Fu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bingyin Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Gene Regulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI); National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Address correspondence to: Yun-Bo Shi, PhD, Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Building 49 Room 6A82, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Taylor PN, Razvi S, Muller I, Wass J, Dayan CM, Chatterjee K, Boelaert K. Liothyronine cost and prescriptions in England. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2019; 7:11-12. [PMID: 30577888 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Taylor
- Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Salman Razvi
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK; Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust, Gateshead, UK
| | - Ilaria Muller
- Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - John Wass
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Colin M Dayan
- Thyroid Research Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | | | - Kristien Boelaert
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, School of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Xin Y, Ren XM, Ruan T, Li CH, Guo LH, Jiang G. Chlorinated Polyfluoroalkylether Sulfonates Exhibit Similar Binding Potency and Activity to Thyroid Hormone Transport Proteins and Nuclear Receptors as Perfluorooctanesulfonate. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:9412-9418. [PMID: 30052437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated polyfluoroalkylether sulfonates (Cl-PFAESs) have been used as perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) alternatives in the chrome plating industry for years. Although Cl-PFAESs have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants, knowledge on their toxicological mechanism remains very limited. We compared potential thyroid hormone (TH) disruption effects of Cl-PFAESs and PFOS via the mechanisms of competitive binding to TH transport proteins and activation of TH receptors (TRs). Fluorescence binding assays revealed that 6:2 Cl-PFAES, 8:2 Cl-PFAES and F-53B (a mixture of 6:2 and 8:2 Cl-PFAES) all interacted with a TH transport protein transthyretin (TTR), with 6:2 Cl-PFAES showing the highest affinity. It was also found that the chemicals interacted with TRs, with the affinity following the order of 6:2 Cl-PFAES > PFOS > 8:2 Cl-PFAES. In reporter gene assays the chemicals exhibited agonistic activity toward TRs, with the potency of 6:2 Cl-PFAES comparable to that of PFOS. The chemicals also promoted GH3 cell proliferation, with 6:2 Cl-PFAES displaying the highest potency. Molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation revealed that both Cl-PFAESs fit into the ligand binding pockets of TTR and TRs with the binding modes similar to PFOS. Collectively, our results demonstrate that Cl-PFAESs might cause TH disruption effects through competitive binding to transport proteins and activation of TRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 18 Shuangqing Road , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , China
| | - Xiao-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 18 Shuangqing Road , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 18 Shuangqing Road , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Chuan-Hai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 18 Shuangqing Road , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , China
| | - Liang-Hong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 18 Shuangqing Road , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 510150 , China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 18 Shuangqing Road , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , China
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25
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26
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Ren X, Cao L, Yang Y, Wan B, Wang S, Guo L. In vitro assessment of thyroid hormone receptor activity of four organophosphate esters. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 45:185-190. [PMID: 27372132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous animal experiments have implied that organophosphate esters (OPEs) have a disruption effect on the thyroid endocrine system. However, knowledge of the toxicological mechanism remains limited. In this study, the activities of four OPEs have been characterized against the thyroid hormone (TH) nuclear receptor (TR) using two in vitro models, with the aim of evaluating their toxicity mechanisms towards the TR. The results of a TH-dependent cell proliferation assay showed that tris(2-chloro-1-(chloromethyl)ethyl)phosphate (TDCPP) could induce cell growth, while the other three OPEs had no effect. The results of a luciferase reporter gene assay revealed that all four of the OPEs tested in the current study showed agonistic activity towards TRβ, with TDCPP being the most potent one. Moreover, molecular docking revealed that all the tested OPEs could fit into the ligand binding pocket of TRβ, with TDCPP binding more effectively than the other three OPEs. Taken together, these data suggest that OPEs might disrupt the thyroid endocrine system via a mechanism involving the activation of TR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Linying Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Bin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Sufang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lianghong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
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27
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Verga Falzacappa C, Timperi E, Bucci B, Amendola D, Piergrossi P, D'Amico D, Santaguida MG, Centanni M, Misiti S. T(3) preserves ovarian granulosa cells from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. J Endocrinol 2012; 215:281-9. [PMID: 22911894 DOI: 10.1530/joe-12-0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Infertility is a dramatic and frequent side effect in women who are undergoing chemotherapy. Actual strategies are mainly focused on oocyte cryopreservation, but this is not always a suitable option. Considering the key role that granulosa cells play in follicle life, we studied whether thyroid hormone 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T(3)) protects rat ovarian granulosa cells from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. To this aim, a cell line was established from fresh isolated rat granulosa cells and named rGROV. Cells were exposed to paclitaxel (PTX) and T(3), and apoptosis, cell viability, and cell cycle distribution were analyzed under different conditions. First, the integrity of the steroidogenic pathway was demonstrated, and the presence of thyroid receptors, transporters, and deiodinases was confirmed by quantitative PCR. Cells were then exposed to PTX alone or contemporary to T(3). MTT and TUNEL assays revealed that while there was a relevant percentage of dying cells when exposed to PTX (40-60%), the percentage was sensibly reduced (20-30%) in favor of living cells if T(3) was present. Cell cycle analysis showed that cells exposed to PTX alone were first collected in G2 and then died by apoptosis; on the other hand, the T(3) granted the cells to cycle regularly and survive PTX insult. In addition, western blot and FCM analyses confirmed that caspases activation, casp 3 and Bax, were downregulated by T(3) and that Bcl2 and cyclins A and B together with cdk1 were upregulated by T(3). In conclusion, we demonstrated that thyroid hormone T(3) can counteract the lethal effect of taxol on granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Verga Falzacappa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Cattedra di Endocrinologia, Sapienza Università di Roma, c/o Servizio Speciale Malattie della Tiroide, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
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Santos GM, Fairall L, Schwabe JW. Negative regulation by nuclear receptors: a plethora of mechanisms. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2011; 22:87-93. [PMID: 21196123 PMCID: PMC3053446 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are arguably the best understood transcriptional regulators. We know a great deal about the mechanisms through which they activate transcription in response to ligand binding and about the mechanisms through which they repress transcription in the absence of ligand. However, endocrine regulation often requires that ligand-bound receptors repress transcription of a subset of genes. An understanding of the mechanism for ligand-induced repression and how this differs from activation has proven elusive. A number of recent studies have directly or indirectly addressed this problem. Yet it seems the more evidence that accumulates, the more complex the mystery becomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louise Fairall
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - John W.R. Schwabe
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
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29
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Takatori H, Kanno Y, Chen Z, O'Shea JJ. New complexities in helper T cell fate determination and the implications for autoimmune diseases. Mod Rheumatol 2008; 18:533-41. [PMID: 18679768 PMCID: PMC2596867 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-008-0099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, new complexities in cell fate decision for helper T cells have emerged. One new lineage, which has come to be called Th17 cells, selectively produces proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-17 (IL-17, A and F), IL-21, and IL-22. In conjunction with transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFbeta-1), IL-6, IL-21, and IL-23, which activate the transcription factor, signal transducer, and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3), the expression of another transcription factor, retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-gammat (RORgammat) leads to the differentiation of Th17 cells in mice. Other cytokines including IL-2, IL-4, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and IL-27 inhibit Th17 differentiation. However, IL-2 acting with TGFbeta-1 induces differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells to become regulatory T cells (Tregs). Th17 cells are now known to play an important role not only in the pathogenesis of inflammation and autoimmune diseases, but also host defense against extracellular bacteria. Conversely, extensive data substantiate the role of Tregs as essential in maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Selectively targeting Tregs and Th17 cells are likely to be important strategies in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage
- Humans
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Mice
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/biosynthesis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Takatori
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Kagaya S, Ohkura N, Tsukada T, Miyagawa M, Sugita Y, Tsujimoto G, Matsumoto K, Saito H, Hashida R. Prostaglandin A2 acts as a transactivator for NOR1 (NR4A3) within the nuclear receptor superfamily. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:1603-7. [PMID: 16141523 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Within the nuclear receptor superfamily, Nur77, Nurr1, and NOR1 constitute the nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A. Modulation of NOR1 function would be therapeutic potential for diseases related to dysfunction of NOR1, including extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma and autoimmune diseases. By screening arachidonate metabolites for their capacity of transcriptional activation, we have identified prostaglandin (PG) A2 as a transactivator for NOR1. PGA2 acted as a potent activator of NOR1-dependent transcription through the GAL4-based reporter system. The putative ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the receptor directly bound PGA2, and LBD-deleted receptor showed little transcriptional activation by PGA2. Primary cultured spleen cells derived from transgenic mice overexpressing NOR1, showed higher sensitivity to PGA2 compared to those from wild-type mice. These observations suggest that PGA2 can serve as a transactivator of NOR1, and thus suggest a possibility of pharmacological modulation of the NOR1 pathways by PGA2-related compounds.
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31
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Pirih FQ, Aghaloo TL, Bezouglaia O, Nervina JM, Tetradis S. Parathyroid hormone induces the NR4A family of nuclear orphan receptors in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 332:494-503. [PMID: 15910753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.04.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) has both anabolic and catabolic effects on bone metabolism, although the molecular mechanisms mediating these effects are largely unknown. Among the transcription factors induced by PTH in osteoblasts are the nerve growth factor-inducible factor B (NR4A; NGFI-B) family of orphan nuclear receptors: Nurr1, Nur77, and NOR-1. PTH induces NR4A members through the cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway in vitro. We report here that PTH rapidly and transiently induced expression of all three NR4A genes in PTH-target tissues in vivo. In calvaria, long bones, and kidneys, NR4A induction was maximal 0.5-1 h after a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 80 microg/kg PTH. Nur77 demonstrated the highest expression, followed, in order, by Nurr1 and NOR-1. In calvaria and long bone, PTH-induced expression of each NR4A gene was detectable at 10 microg/kg i.p. with maximum induction at 40-80 microg/kg. PTH (3-34) did not induce NR4A mRNA levels in calvaria, long bone, and kidney in vivo, confirming our in vitro results that NR4A genes are induced primarily through the cAMP-PKA pathway. The magnitude of PTH-induced NR4A expression was comparable in vivo and in vitro. However, NR4A mRNA levels peaked and returned to baseline faster in vivo. Both in vivo and in vitro, PTH induced NR4A pre-mRNA levels suggesting that induction of these genes is, at least in part, through activation of mRNA synthesis. The in vivo induction of the NR4A family members by PTH suggests their involvement in, at least some, PTH-induced changes in bone metabolism.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Mice
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2
- Osteoblasts/drug effects
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Parathyroid Hormone/pharmacology
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Q Pirih
- Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Wansa KDSA, Muscat GEO. TRAP220 is modulated by the antineoplastic agent 6-Mercaptopurine, and mediates the activation of the NR4A subgroup of nuclear receptors. J Mol Endocrinol 2005; 34:835-48. [PMID: 15956351 DOI: 10.1677/jme.1.01739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The NR4A1-3 (Nur77, NURR1 and NOR-1) subfamily of nuclear hormone receptors (NRs) has been implicated in Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, manic depression, atherogenesis, Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer and apoptosis. This has driven investigations into the mechanism of action, and the identification of small molecule regulators, that may provide the platform for pharmaceutical and therapeutic exploitation. Recently, we found that the purine antimetabolite 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP), which is widely used as an anti-neoplastic and anti-inflammatory drug, modulated the NR4A1-3 subfamily. Interestingly, the agonist-mediated activation did not involve modulation of primary coactivators' (e.g. p300 and SRC-2/GRIP-1) activity and/or recruitment. However, the role of the subsequently recruited coactivators, for example CARM-1 and TRAP220, in 6-MP-mediated activation of the NR4A1-3 subfamily remains obscure. In this study we demonstrate that 6-MP modulates the activity of the coactivator TRAP220 in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, we demonstrate that TRAP220 potentiates NOR-1-mediated transactivation, and interacts with the NR4A1-3 subgroup in an AF-1-dependent manner in a cellular context. The region of TRAP220 that mediated 6-MP activation and NR4A interaction was delimited to amino acids 1-800, and operates independently of the critical PKC and PKA phosphorylation sites. Interestingly, TRAP220 expression does not increase the relative induction by 6-MP, however the absolute level of NOR-1-mediated trans-activation is increased. This study demonstrates that 6-MP modulates the activity of the NR4A subgroup, and the coactivator TRAP220.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- DNA Primers
- DNA-Binding Proteins/agonists
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Mediator Complex Subunit 1
- Mercaptopurine/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/agonists
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2
- Plasmids
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/agonists
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone
- Transcription Factors/agonists
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/physiology
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Abstract
The nuclear receptor transcription factor, nor-1, is expressed during mammalian development predominantly in the nervous system and is induced in a cell-specific manner in nonneuronal cells in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli. To elucidate the essential developmental functions of this transcription factor, we have analyzed the consequences of its elimination on central nervous system development in mice. Here we show that null mutant mice lacking nor-1 respond with increased limbic seizure activity to the excitotoxic glutamate receptor agonist kainic acid. We demonstrate that these abnormalities are associated with defective postnatal hippocampal development exemplified by abnormal axonal guidance of dentate gyrus granule and mossy cells, disorganization of the pyramidal cell layer, and early postnatal death of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 field of the hippocampus. Our data indicate that nor-1 plays a critical role in neuronal survival and axonal guidance in the developing murine hippocampus and that hippocampal dysgenesis in nor-1-/- mice may be an underlying cause of seizure susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiia Pönniö
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houson, TX 77030, USA
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Havelock JC, Smith AL, Seely JB, Dooley CA, Rodgers RJ, Rainey WE, Carr BR. The NGFI-B family of transcription factors regulates expression of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in the human ovary. Mol Hum Reprod 2004; 11:79-85. [PMID: 15615861 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gah139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nerve growth factor-induced clone B (NGFI-B) family of transcription factors are orphan members of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. The NGFI-B expression was recently shown in the rat ovarian tissue and appears to be regulated by gonadotrophins. The purpose of our study was to investigate the role of the three members of this family [NGFI-B, Nur-related factor 1 (NURR1) and neuron derived orphan receptor 1 (NOR-1)] in the transcription of genes that encode key steroidogenic enzymes and examine expression in the human ovary. Real-time RT-PCR was used to quantify mRNA expression levels of the NGFI-B family members in human ovarian follicles, corpora lutea and in human granulosa cells after FSH, phorbol ester (TPA) and forskolin treatment. NGFI-B was expressed at higher levels than both NURR1 and NOR-1 in both ovarian follicles and corpora lutea. In human granulosa tumour (HGT) cells, the NGFI-B expression increased after TPA, and to a lesser extent, after forskolin treatment. Treatment of primary cultures of human granulosa cells with forskolin and FSH rapidly increased the NGFI-B mRNA levels followed by an increase in 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD3B2). Transcription of HSD3B2 was studied by transfecting NGFI-B and steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) expression vectors with reporter constructs prepared with human steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cholesterol side-chain cleavage, and HSD3B2 genes. NGFI-B increased the transcription of HSD3B2 in HGT cells which is significantly more than SF1. Mutation or deletion of the NGFI-B response element in the HSD3B2 promoter significantly reduced the NGFI-B-mediated transcription of HSD3B2. Therefore, our data suggest that the NGFI-B may play a significant role in up-regulation of HSD3B2 that leads to the increase in progesterone production that is seen in granulosa cells at ovulation.
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MESH Headings
- 3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- Colforsin/pharmacology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Female
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2
- Ovary/drug effects
- Ovary/enzymology
- Ovary/metabolism
- Progesterone/biosynthesis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone
- Steroidogenic Factor 1
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon C Havelock
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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Maheux J, Ethier I, Rouillard C, Lévesque D. Induction patterns of transcription factors of the nur family (nurr1, nur77, and nor-1) by typical and atypical antipsychotics in the mouse brain: implication for their mechanism of action. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 313:460-73. [PMID: 15615863 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.080184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring gene expression has been intensively used to identify neurobiological and neuroanatomical substrates associated with administration of antipsychotic drugs. Transcription factors of the Nur family (Nurr1, Nur77, and Nor-1) are orphan nuclear receptors that have been recently associated with dopamine neurotransmission. Nurr1 is involved in midbrain dopamine neuron development. Nur77 and Nor-1 are expressed in dopaminoceptive areas such as the striatum, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex. To better understand the relationship between Nur and antipsychotic drug effects, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the effect of various typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on the modulation of Nur mRNA levels. We show that differential patterns of Nur expression can be obtained with typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Modulation of Nur77 and Nor-1 mRNA expression by antipsychotics can be used to calculate an index that is predictive of the typical or atypical profile of antipsychotic drugs. Inductions of Nur by anti-psychotic drugs are correlated with dopamine D2 receptor in the striatum and D2 and D3 receptor subtypes in the nucleus accumbens. The 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A/D2 affinity ratio of antipsychotics can also predict these patterns of inductions. In addition to classical gene patterns induced in the striatal complex (striatum, accumbens) and cortex, most antipsychotic drugs tested strongly induced Nur77, Nor-1, and increased Nurr1 mRNA levels in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. These data suggest that typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs might induce in multiple brain regions distinct Nur-dependent transcriptional activities, which may contribute to their pharmacological effects.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antipsychotic Agents/pharmacology
- Autoradiography
- Brain Chemistry/drug effects
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/drug effects
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Densitometry
- Enkephalins/physiology
- In Situ Hybridization
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neostriatum/drug effects
- Neostriatum/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/drug effects
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2
- Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects
- Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/drug effects
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/drug effects
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine D3
- Receptors, Neurotransmitter/drug effects
- Receptors, Steroid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Steroid/drug effects
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/drug effects
- Transcription Factors/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Maheux
- Neuroscience Unit, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Québec, Québec, Canada
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36
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Hardy K, Mansfield L, Mackay A, Benvenuti S, Ismail S, Arora P, O'Hare MJ, Jat PS. Transcriptional networks and cellular senescence in human mammary fibroblasts. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 16:943-53. [PMID: 15574883 PMCID: PMC545924 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-05-0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescence, the molecular program that limits the finite proliferative potential of a cell, acts as an important barrier to protect the body from cancer. Techniques for measuring transcriptome changes and for modulating their expression suggest that it may be possible to dissect the transcriptional networks underlying complex cellular processes. HMF3A cells are conditionally immortalized human mammary fibroblasts that can be induced to undergo coordinated senescence. Here, we used these cells in conjunction with microarrays, RNA interference, and in silico promoter analysis to promote the dissection of the transcriptional networks responsible for regulating cellular senescence. We first identified changes in the transcriptome when HMF3A cells undergo senescence and then compared them with those observed upon replicative senescence in primary human mammary fibroblasts. In addition to DUSP1 and known p53 and E2F targets, a number of genes such as PHLDA1, NR4A3, and a novel splice variant of STAC were implicated in senescence. Their role in senescence was then analyzed by RNA silencing followed by microarray analysis. In silico promoter analysis of all differential genes predicted that nuclear factor-kappaB and C/EBP transcription factors are activated upon senescence, and we confirmed this by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The results suggest a putative signaling network for cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hardy
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University College School of Medicine, London W1W 7BS, United Kingdom
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37
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Filion C, Labelle Y. The oncogenic fusion protein EWS/NOR-1 induces transformation of CFK2 chondrogenic cells. Exp Cell Res 2004; 297:585-92. [PMID: 15212958 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2003] [Revised: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The EWS/NOR-1 fusion protein is encoded by the t(9;22) chromosomal translocation found in approximately 75% of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC) tumors. The lack of cellular models in which the oncogenic properties of this fusion protein are expressed has seriously hampered the study of its role in the development of EMC. To generate such a cellular model, we have used the chondrogenic cell line CFK2. We show in this study that although stable expression of EWS/NOR-1 does not alter the population doubling time and the cell cycle distribution of CFK2 cells in subconfluent cultures, it induces their transformation as measured by growth beyond confluency and anchorage-independent growth in soft agarose medium. Glycosaminoglycan accumulation in CFK2(EWS/NOR-1) cell lines indicate that the fusion protein does not appear to interfere with the ability of CFK2 cells to differentiate into chondrocyte-like cells in vitro. These results support the hypothesis that the role of EWS/NOR-1 in EMC may be to disrupt the proliferation properties of cells involved in chondrogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Bone Neoplasms/genetics
- Bone Neoplasms/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Chondrocytes/cytology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
- DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Glycosaminoglycans/biosynthesis
- Humans
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Rats
- Receptors, Steroid
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sarcoma, Ewing/chemistry
- Sarcoma, Ewing/genetics
- Sarcoma, Ewing/metabolism
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Filion
- Human and Molecular Genetic Research Unit, Pavillon Saint-François d'Assise, CHUQ, Quebec, Qc, Canada G1L 3L5
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38
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Miyazaki W, Iwasaki T, Takeshita A, Kuroda Y, Koibuchi N. Polychlorinated Biphenyls Suppress Thyroid Hormone Receptor-mediated Transcription through a Novel Mechanism. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:18195-202. [PMID: 14985366 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m310531200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental compounds that disrupt the endocrine system, and exposure to low doses causes abnormalities, particularly in the developing central nervous system. Because they are structurally similar to thyroid hormone (TH), PCBs might affect systems involving this hormone. We previously found, using reporter assays, that hydroxylated-PCB at doses as low as 10(-10) m suppress TH-induced transcriptional activation of TH receptor (TR). To understand the molecular mechanisms of this process, we examined whether PCBs alter coactivator or corepressor interaction with TR. Polychlorinated biphenyls suppressed steroid receptor coactivator-1 enhanced TR-mediated transcription, but did not reduce TR/steroid receptor coactivator-1 interaction in mammalian two-hybrid and glutathione S-transferase pull-down studies. Thus, the suppression was probably not caused by coactivator dissociation. Nuclear receptor co-repressor was not recruited to TR by PCBs either in vivo or in vitro, indicating that TR corepressor binding did not induce the suppression. We then examined whether PCB influences TR binding to the thyroid hormone-response element (TRE). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that the TR/retinoid X receptor heterodimer complex was partially dissociated from TRE in the presence of PCB. These results indicate that partial dissociation of TR/retinoid X receptor heterodimer complex from the TRE is involved in the suppression of transcription induced by PCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Miyazaki
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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39
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Rius J, Martínez-González J, Crespo J, Badimon L. Involvement of neuron-derived orphan receptor-1 (NOR-1) in LDL-induced mitogenic stimulus in vascular smooth muscle cells: role of CREB. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:697-702. [PMID: 14962944 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000121570.00515.dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low density lipoproteins (LDLs) modulate the expression of key genes involved in atherogenesis. Recently, we have shown that the transcription factor neuron-derived orphan receptor-1 (NOR-1) is involved in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. Our aim was to analyze whether NOR-1 is involved in LDL-induced mitogenic effects in VSMC. METHODS AND RESULTS LDL induced NOR-1 expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Antisense oligonucleotides against NOR-1 inhibit DNA synthesis induced by LDL in VSMCs as efficiently as antisense against the protooncogene c-fos. The upregulation of NOR-1 mRNA levels by LDL involves pertusis-sensitive G protein-coupled receptors, Ca2+ mobilization, protein kinases A (PKA) and C (PKC) activation, and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways (MAPK) (p44/p42 and p38). LDL promotes cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) activation (phosphorylation in Ser133). In transfection assays a dominant-negative of CREB inhibits NOR-1 promoter activity, while mutation of specific (cAMP response element) CRE sites in the NOR-1 promoter abolishes LDL-induced NOR-1 promoter activity. CONCLUSIONS In VSMCs, LDL-induced mitogenesis involves NOR-1 upregulation through a CREB-dependent mechanism. CREB could play a role in the modulation by LDL of key genes (containing CRE sites) involved in atherogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Calcium Signaling
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/chemistry
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/genetics
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/physiology
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- DNA Replication/drug effects
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Enzyme Activation
- Humans
- Lipoproteins, LDL/pharmacology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Mitosis/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/physiology
- Receptors, Steroid
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Thionucleotides/pharmacology
- Transfection
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Rius
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, CSIC/ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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40
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Abstract
Nur77 and its family members, Nor-1 and Nurr1, are orphan steroid receptors implicated in a wide variety of biological processes, including apoptosis and dopamine neuron agenesis. Expression of these family members can be detected at low levels in many tissues but they are expressed at very high levels when cells are stimulated by outside signals, including serum, nerve growth factor, and receptor engagement. Introduction of a dominant negative Nur77 protein that blocks the activities of all family members led to inhibition of apoptosis in T cells. Nur77-deficient mice, however, exhibit no phenotype, and a line of Nor-1 mutant mice was reported to exhibit a mild ear development phenotype but no other gross abnormalities. Here, we report the generation of Nor-1-deficient mice with a block in early embryonic development. Nor-1 is expressed early during embryogenesis, and its loss leads to embryonic lethality around embryonic day 8.5 of gestation. The mutant embryos fail to complete gastrulation and display distinct morphological abnormalities, including a decrease in overall size, developmental delay and an accumulation of mesoderm in the primitive streak during gastrulation. Abnormal expression of a number of early developmental markers and defects in growth or distribution of emerging mesoderm cells were also detected. These data suggest that Nor-1 plays a crucial role in gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Andrea DeYoung
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
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41
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Abstract
The heavy metal cadmium is a xenobiotic toxicant of environmental and occupational concern and it has been classified as a human carcinogen. Inhalation of cadmium has been implicated in the development of emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis, but, the detailed mechanism by which cadmium induces adverse biological effects is not yet known. Therefore, we undertook the investigation of genes that are induced after cadmium exposure to illustrate the mechanism of cadmium toxicity. For this purpose, we employed the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) technique. We identified 29 different cadmium-inducible genes in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), such as macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase-alpha, enolase-1alpha, VEGF, Bax, and neuron-derived orphan receptor-1 (Nor-1), which are known to be associated with inflammation, cell survival, and apoptosis. Induction of these genes by cadmium treatment was further confirmed by semi-quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. Further, we found that these genes were also induced after cadmium exposure in normal human lung fibroblast cell line, WI-38, suggesting potential use of this induction profile to monitor cadmium toxicity in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Kunja-dong, Kwangjin-gu, 140-747, Seoul, South Korea.
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42
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Bernasconi P, Passerini L, Annoni A, Ubiali F, Marcozzi C, Confalonieri P, Cornelio F, Mantegazza R. Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Thymus of Myasthenia Gravis Patients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 998:278-83. [PMID: 14592886 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1254.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Bernasconi
- Immunology and Muscular Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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43
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Abstract
The hormone nuclear receptor retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma (RORgamma) plays important roles in thymocyte development and lymphoid organogenesis. RORgamma and its thymus-specific isoform RORgammat are expressed in the thymus, but not in the spleen and bone marrow (BM). However, RORgamma(-/-) mice have 2- to 3-fold more splenocytes than wild-type controls due to an accumulation of conventional resting B lymphocytes. The increase in B lymphocytes in RORgamma(-/-) mice is caused neither by abnormal B cell development in the BM nor by an obvious defect in the peripheral T cell compartment. Furthermore, analyses of BM chimeras using either RORgamma(-/-) or recombinase-activating gene-2(-/-) mice as recipients and wild-type or RORgamma(-/-) mice as donors, respectively, demonstrate that the splenic microenvironment of RORgamma(-/-) mice is defective, since wild-type T and B lymphocytes accumulated in these chimeric mice. In addition, T lymphocyte homeostasis was altered due to a lowered thymic output in RORgamma(-/-) mice. Collectively, these results suggest that RORgamma regulates lymphocyte homeostasis at multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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44
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Wansa KDSA, Harris JM, Yan G, Ordentlich P, Muscat GEO. The AF-1 domain of the orphan nuclear receptor NOR-1 mediates trans-activation, coactivator recruitment, and activation by the purine anti-metabolite 6-mercaptopurine. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:24776-90. [PMID: 12709428 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m300088200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
NOR-1/NR4A3 is an "orphan member" of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. NOR-1 and its close relatives Nurr1 and Nur77 are members of the NR4A subgroup of nuclear receptors. Members of the NR4A subgroup are induced through multiple signal transduction pathways. They have been implicated in cell proliferation, differentiation, T-cell apoptosis, chondrosarcomas, neurological disorders, inflammation, and atherogenesis. However, the mechanism of transcriptional activation, coactivator recruitment, and agonist-mediated activation remain obscure. Hence, we examined the molecular basis of NOR-1-mediated activation. We observed that NOR-1 trans-activates gene expression in a cell- and target-specific manner; moreover, it operates in an activation function (AF)-1-dependent manner. The N-terminal AF-1 domain delimited to between amino acids 1 and 112, preferentially recruits the steroid receptor coactivator (SRC). Furthermore, SRC-2 modulates the activity of the AF-1 domain but not the C-terminal ligand binding domain (LBD). Homology modeling indicated that the NOR-1 LBD was substantially different from that of hRORbeta, a closely related AF-2-dependent receptor. In particular, the hydrophobic cleft characteristic of nuclear receptors was replaced with a very hydrophilic surface with a distinct topology. This observation may account for the inability of this nuclear receptor LBD to efficiently mediate cofactor recruitment and transcriptional activation. In contrast, the N-terminal AF-1 is necessary for cofactor recruitment and can independently conscript coactivators. Finally, we demonstrate that the purine anti-metabolite 6-mercaptopurine, a widely used antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory drug, activates NOR-1 in an AF-1-dependent manner. Additional 6-mercaptopurine analogs all efficiently activated NOR-1, suggesting that the signaling pathways that modulate proliferation via inhibition of de novo purine and/or nucleic acid biosynthesis are involved in the regulation NR4A activity. We hypothesize that the NR4A subgroup mediates the genotoxic stress response and suggest that this subgroup may function as sensors that respond to genotoxicity.
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45
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Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) significantly affects osteoblast function by altering gene expression. We have identified neuron-derived orphan receptor-1 (NOR-1) as a PTH-induced primary gene in osteoblastic cells. NOR-1, Nurr1, and Nur77 comprise the NGFI-B nuclear orphan receptor family and Nurr1 and Nur77 are PTH-induced primary osteoblastic genes. Ten nM PTH maximally induced NOR-1 mRNA at 2h in primary mouse osteoblasts and at 1h in mouse calvariae. Cycloheximide pretreatment did not inhibit PTH-induced NOR-1 mRNA. PTH activates cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), and calcium signaling. Forskolin (PKA activator) and PMA (PKC activator) mimicked PTH-induced NOR-1 mRNA. Ionomycin (calcium ionophore) and PTH(3-34), which do not activate PKA, failed to induce NOR-1 mRNA. PKA inhibition with H89 blocked PTH- and FSK-induced NOR-1 mRNA. PMA pretreatment to deplete PKC inhibited PMA-induced, but not PTH-induced, NOR-1 mRNA. We conclude that NOR-1 is a PTH-regulated primary osteoblastic gene that is induced mainly through cAMP-PKA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Q Pirih
- Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
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46
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Kariv R, Enden A, Zvibel I, Rosner G, Brill S, Shafritz DA, Halpern Z, Oren R. Triiodothyronine and interleukin-6 (IL-6) induce expression of HGF in an immortalized rat hepatic stellate cell line. Liver Int 2003; 23:187-93. [PMID: 12955882 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0676.2003.00827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Despite its being considered a primary mitogen for hepatocytes, triiodothyronine (T3) has no effect on the proliferation of hepatocytes in vitro, and in our studies, induces significant in vivo hepatocyte proliferation only during liver injury. We hypothesized that T3 may affect hepatocytes proliferation indirectly, by inducing other cells in the liver to secrete hepatic mitogens. METHODS In vivo studies: Lipopolysaccharide, T3 and a combination of the two were injected into rats, and hepatocyte proliferation was determined by PCNA staining and mitotic index. IN VITRO STUDIES a rat hepatic stellate cell line (HSC-6T) was cultured with T3, IL-6 and a combination of the two, and we assessed the effect of these cytokine/hormone combinations on the cell proliferation and on secretion of IL-6 and HGF, measured by ELISA. Expression of thyroid hormone receptors was assessed by RT-PCR. RESULTS In vivo: T3, together with lipopolysaccharide, enhances PCNA staining and the mitotic index of hepatocytes in the treated rats. In vitro: the hepatic stellate cell line expresses thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1, but not beta 1. Proliferation of stellate cells is not affected by T3, with or without IL-6. T3 has no effect on secreted levels of IL-6 in the stellate cell line. Hepatic stellate cells cultured with T3 and IL-6 show significantly increased amounts of secreted HGF after 48 h in culture. CONCLUSION T3 may induce hepatocyte proliferation in vivo during injury by turning on expression of HGF in stellate cells and acting together with IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kariv
- Liver Unit, Gastroenterology Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Weizmann 6, Tel Aviv, Israel
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47
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Abstract
NGFI-B is an immediate-early gene that encodes an orphan nuclear receptor. In the rat ovary, the preovulatory surge of LH induces NGFI-B expression in granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles, reaching a peak within 1 h and declining to control levels at 6 h. The LH-stimulated NGFI-B expression is abolished by alpha-amanitin, but superinduced by cycloheximide. Similarly, treatment of human luteinized granulosa cells with LH causes a rapid and transient stimulation of NGFI-B expression. Interestingly, the induction of NGFI-B expression in response to LH stimulation in preovulatory granulosa cells requires signaling through protein kinase Czeta. Furthermore, two other NGFI-B family members, Nurr1 and Nor1, are also rapidly stimulated by LH in granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles through the activation of protein kinase Czeta. The cell-type specific expression and LH induction of NGFI-B suggests a potential role of NGFI-B in the ovulatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Il Park
- Hormone Research Center, Chonnam National University, Kwangju 500-757, South Korea
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48
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Laflamme C, Filion C, Bridge JA, Ladanyi M, Goldring MB, Labelle Y. The homeotic protein Six3 is a coactivator of the nuclear receptor NOR-1 and a corepressor of the fusion protein EWS/NOR-1 in human extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas. Cancer Res 2003; 63:449-54. [PMID: 12543801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors represent a large family of transcription factors involved in development, differentiation, homeostasis, and cancer. In recent years, a growing number of cofactors has been discovered that participate in the regulation of the transcriptional activity of these proteins. We present in this study the identification of a cofactor, the homeotic protein Six3, which differentially regulates the transcriptional activity of the orphan nuclear receptor NOR-1 (NR4A3). NOR-1 is normally involved in the balance between cell proliferation and cell death, and is implicated in oncogenesis as part of the EWS/NOR-1 fusion protein found in human extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC) tumors. Reverse transcription-PCR analyses indicate that EMC tumors expressing the EWS/NOR-1 mRNA also express mRNAs encoding NOR-1 and Six3. Glutathione S-transferase fusion protein assays show that Six3 binds in vitro the DNA-binding domain of NOR-1 and the EWS domain of EWS/NOR-1 and that the homeodomain of Six3 is required for these interactions. Mammalian two-hybrid experiments, using immortalized human chondrocytes as a model, indicate that Six3 also interacts with NOR-1 and EWS/NOR-1 in vivo. Cotransfection experiments show that Six3 stimulates the transcriptional activity of NOR-1, whereas it represses that of EWS/NOR-1. Considering the highly specific expression pattern of Six3, our finding that it is expressed in EMC suggests that it plays a pivotal role in the development of these tumors. We propose that Six3 maintains a transcriptional balance between the activities of NOR-1 and EWS/NOR-1, the net effect being to deregulate the expression of specific target genes and push the equilibrium toward uncontrolled cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Laflamme
- Human and Molecular Genetic Research Unit, Pavillon Saint-François d'Assise, CHUQ, Quebec, Qc, G1L 3L5 Canada
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49
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Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) migration and proliferation play a key role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. However, the transcription factors that regulate VSMC activation are not completely characterized. By a mRNA-differential display approach, we have identified neuron-derived orphan receptor-1 (NOR-1), a transcription factor within the NGFI-B subfamily of nuclear receptors, as a immediate-early gene in VSMCs. Two NOR-1 isoforms (alpha and beta) were identified and cloned from serum-induced porcine VSMC that shared high homology with the human isoforms. Northern blot analysis revealed a strong and transient (1 to 6 hours) upregulation of NOR-1 in both porcine and human coronary SMCs by growth factors (serum, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, and epidermal growth factor) and alpha-thrombin but not by cytokines. NOR-1 upregulation is processed through G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors, and involves Ca2+ mobilization, protein kinase C activation, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. This induction was closely dependent of the cAMP response elements present in NOR-1 promoter as transfection assays indicate. Human coronary atherosclerotic lesions overexpress NOR-1, and balloon angioplasty transiently induces NOR-1 in porcine coronary arteries with a pattern similar to that observed in VSMCs in culture. Antisense oligonucleotides against NOR-1 inhibited human coronary SMC proliferation (reduced de novo DNA synthesis, cell cycle progression, and VSMC wound repair) as efficiently as antisense against the protooncogene c-fos. These results show that NOR-1 modulates VSMC proliferation, and suggest that this transcription factor may play a role in both spontaneous and accelerated atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- 3T3 Cells
- Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary/adverse effects
- Animals
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/pathology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Coronary Artery Disease/metabolism
- Coronary Artery Disease/pathology
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Coronary Vessels/pathology
- Coronary Vessels/surgery
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Growth Substances/pharmacology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mitogens/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Organ Specificity
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear
- Receptors, Steroid
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Swine
- Thrombin/pharmacology
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Wound Healing/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- José Martínez-González
- Instituto de Investigación Cardiovascular de Barcelona, CSIC-ICCC-Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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50
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Abstract
Regulation of energy metabolism is one of the major functions of steroid hormones. In this process, mitochondria, by way of oxidative phosphorylation, play a central role. Depending on the energy needs of the cell, on the tissue, on the developmental stage and on the intensity of the hormonal stimulus, the response can be an activation of pre-existing respiratory chain components, an increased transcription of nuclear-encoded and/or mitochondrial-encoded respiratory chain enzyme (OXPHOS) genes and of biosynthesis of the respective enzyme subunits or, in extreme cases of high energy needs, an increase in the number of mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA content per cell. Some of the hormonally regulated systems involving effects on nuclear and mitochondrial OXPHOS genes are reviewed in this paper. The possible molecular mechanisms of steroid hormone action on nuclear and mitochondrial gene transcription and possible ways of coordination of transcription in these two separate cell compartments involving direct interaction of steroid receptors with hormone response elements in nuclear OXPHOS genes and in mitochondria and induction/activation of nuclear-encoded regulatory factors affecting mitochondrial gene transcription are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Scheller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter of the University, Wurzburg, Germany
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