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Garfield ZH, Ringen EJ, Buckner W, Medupe D, Wrangham RW, Glowacki L. Norm violations and punishments across human societies. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2023; 5:e11. [PMID: 37587937 PMCID: PMC10426015 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2023.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Punishments for norm violations are hypothesised to be a crucial component of the maintenance of cooperation in humans but are rarely studied from a comparative perspective. We investigated the degree to which punishment systems were correlated with socioecology and cultural history. We took data from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample database and coded ethnographic documents from a sample of 131 largely non-industrial societies. We recorded whether punishment for norm violations concerned adultery, religion, food, rape or war cowardice and whether sanctions were reputational, physical, material or execution. We used Bayesian phylogenetic regression modelling to test for culture-level covariation. We found little evidence of phylogenetic signals in evidence for punishment types, suggesting that punishment systems change relatively quickly over cultural evolutionary history. We found evidence that reputational punishment was associated with egalitarianism and the absence of food storage; material punishment was associated with the presence of food storage; physical punishment was moderately associated with greater dependence on hunting; and execution punishment was moderately associated with social stratification. Taken together, our results suggest that the role and kind of punishment vary both by the severity of the norm violation, but also by the specific socio-economic system of the society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary H. Garfield
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Université de Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse, France
| | - Erik J. Ringen
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William Buckner
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dithapelo Medupe
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA
| | | | - Luke Glowacki
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Mannell J, Lowe H, Brown L, Mukerji R, Devakumar D, Gram L, Jansen HAFM, Minckas N, Osrin D, Prost A, Shannon G, Vyas S. Risk factors for violence against women in high-prevalence settings: a mixed-methods systematic review and meta-synthesis. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:bmjgh-2021-007704. [PMID: 35296455 PMCID: PMC8928330 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Violence against women (VAW) affects one in three women globally. In some countries, women are at much higher risk. We examined risk factors for VAW in countries with the highest 12-month prevalence estimates of intimate partner violence (IPV) to develop understanding of this increased risk. METHODS For this systematic review, we searched PUBMED, CINAHL, PROQUEST (Middle East and North Africa; Latin America and Iberia; East and South Asia), Web of Science, EMBASE and PsycINFO (Ovid) for records published between 1 January 2000 and 1 January 2021 in English, French and Spanish. Included records used quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-methods, reported original data, had VAW as the main outcome, and focused on at least one of 23 countries in the highest quintile of prevalence figures for women's self-reported experiences of physical and/or sexual violence in the past 12 months. We used critical interpretive synthesis to develop a conceptual model for associations between identified risk factors and VAW. RESULTS Our search identified 12 044 records, of which 241 were included for analysis (2 80 360 women, 40 276 men, 274 key informants). Most studies were from Bangladesh (74), Uganda (72) and Tanzania (43). Several quantitative studies explored community-level/region-level socioeconomic status and education as risk factors, but associations with VAW were mixed. Although fewer in number and representing just one country, studies reported more consistent effects for community-level childhood exposure to violence and urban residence. Theoretical explanations for a country's high prevalence point to the importance of exposure to other forms of violence (armed conflict, witnessing parental violence, child abuse) and patriarchal social norms. CONCLUSION Available evidence suggests that heightened prevalence of VAW is not attributable to a single risk factor. Multilayered and area-level risk analyses are needed to ensure funding is appropriately targeted for countries where VAW is most pervasive. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER The review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020190147).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hattie Lowe
- Institute for Global Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - Laura Brown
- Institute for Global Health, UCL, London, UK
| | | | | | - Lu Gram
- Institute for Global Health, UCL, London, UK
| | | | | | - David Osrin
- Institute for Global Health, UCL, London, UK
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3
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Cheating under the Circumstances in Marital Relationships: The Development and Examination of the Propensity towards Infidelity Scale. SOCIAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci10100392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the previously developed scales addressing infidelity were developed on young samples in dating relationships and with limited couple experience. The present study proposes an instrument to measure the proneness for infidelity among married people with substantial experience as a couple. Specific contexts described by the items, in which unfaithful behavior might occur, were selected from those revealed by previous research on people’s motives of past infidelity. Across two studies (N = 618) we examined the factorial structure and the psychometric characteristics of the Propensity towards Infidelity Scale (PTIS). Results revealed a one-dimensional structure of the PTIS and supported its reliability, its construct, criterion and incremental validity. PTIS emerged as negatively associated with two measures of adherence to moral standards, and positively related to past unfaithful behavior. Furthermore, the new instrument was found to bring a significant contribution in explaining these behaviors beyond two other scales of infidelity intentions.
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Arnot M, Brandl E, Campbell OLK, Chen Y, Du J, Dyble M, Emmott EH, Ge E, Kretschmer LDW, Mace R, Micheletti AJC, Nila S, Peacey S, Salali GD, Zhang H. How evolutionary behavioural sciences can help us understand behaviour in a pandemic. Evol Med Public Health 2020; 2020:264-278. [PMID: 33318799 PMCID: PMC7665496 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoaa038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought science into the public eye and to the attention of governments more than ever before. Much of this attention is on work in epidemiology, virology and public health, with most behavioural advice in public health focusing squarely on 'proximate' determinants of behaviour. While epidemiological models are powerful tools to predict the spread of disease when human behaviour is stable, most do not incorporate behavioural change. The evolutionary basis of our preferences and the cultural evolutionary dynamics of our beliefs drive behavioural change, so understanding these evolutionary processes can help inform individual and government decision-making in the face of a pandemic. Lay summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought behavioural sciences into the public eye: Without vaccinations, stopping the spread of the virus must rely on behaviour change by limiting contact between people. On the face of it, "stop seeing people" sounds simple. In practice, this is hard. Here we outline how an evolutionary perspective on behaviour change can provide additional insights. Evolutionary theory postulates that our psychology and behaviour did not evolve to maximize our health or that of others. Instead, individuals are expected to act to maximise their inclusive fitness (i.e, spreading our genes) - which can lead to a conflict between behaviours that are in the best interests for the individual, and behaviours that stop the spread of the virus. By examining the ultimate explanations of behaviour related to pandemic-management (such as behavioural compliance and social distancing), we conclude that "good of the group" arguments and "one size fits all" policies are unlikely to encourage behaviour change over the long-term. Sustained behaviour change to keep pandemics at bay is much more likely to emerge from environmental change, so governments and policy makers may need to facilitate significant social change - such as improving life experiences for disadvantaged groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Arnot
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London, UK
| | - Eva Brandl
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London, UK
| | - O L K Campbell
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London, UK
| | - Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Rd, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Rd, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mark Dyble
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London, UK
| | - Emily H Emmott
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London, UK
| | - Erhao Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Rd, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Luke D W Kretschmer
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, UK
| | - Ruth Mace
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London, UK
| | - Alberto J C Micheletti
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, 1 esplanade de l’Université, 31080 Toulouse Cedex 06, France
| | - Sarah Nila
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London, UK
| | - Sarah Peacey
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London, UK
| | - Gul Deniz Salali
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London, UK
| | - Hanzhi Zhang
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London, UK
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5
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Schniter E, Shields TW. Gender, Stereotypes, and Trust in Communication. HUMAN NATURE-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY BIOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE 2020; 31:296-321. [PMID: 32915411 DOI: 10.1007/s12110-020-09376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gender differences in dishonesty and mistrust have been reported across cultures and linked to stereotypes about females being more trustworthy and trusting. Here we focus on fundamental issues of trust-based communication that may be affected by gender: the decisions whether to honestly deliver private information and whether to trust that this delivered information is honest. Using laboratory experiments that model trust-based strategic communication and response, we examined the relationship between gender, gender stereotypes, and gender discriminative lies and challenges. Drawing from a student sample, we presented males and females (N = 80) with incentivized stereotype elicitation tasks that reveal their expectations of lies and challenges from each gender, followed by a series of strategic communication interactions within and between genders. Before interacting, both genders stereotyped females as more trustworthy (expected to send more honest messages) and more trusting (expected to accept and not challenge others' messages) than males, in accord with cross-cultural gender differences. In best response to these stereotypes, both genders discriminately accepted or challenged messages based on the sender's gender. However, we find no differences between males' and females' overall rates of lies and challenges. After learning the results of their strategic interactions, males and females revised their stereotypes about lies and challenges expected of each gender; these stereotype revisions resulted in greater predictive accuracy and less disparate gender discrimination. This suggests an important facultative feature of human trust-based communication and gender stereotyping: while the delivery and trust of private information is informed by gender stereotypes, these stereotypes are recalibrated with experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schniter
- Economic Science Institute, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA, 92866, USA.
- Argyros School of Business and Economics, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA, 92866, USA.
| | - Timothy W Shields
- Economic Science Institute, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
- Argyros School of Business and Economics, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
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6
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A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review: Infidelity, Romantic Jealousy and Intimate Partner Violence against Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165682. [PMID: 32781565 PMCID: PMC7459695 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infidelity and romantic jealousy (RJ) are commonly cited relational level drivers of intimate partner violence (IPV) but remain undertheorized and underutilized in IPV research and prevention. This global systematic review aims to characterize the existing research on real or suspected infidelity and RJ in relation to IPV and inform future research and programming. We systematically searched 11 databases for peer-reviewed research, published between April 2009 and 2019, that provided data on the prevalence or a measure of association (quantitative), or pathway (qualitative), between real or suspected infidelity or RJ, and IPV. Fifty-one papers from 28 countries were included and the evidence showed a consistent association between real or suspected infidelity, RJ and IPV. Our findings identify three overarching mechanisms and six pathways between infidelity, RJ and IPV. These provide support for prominent theories in the field related to patriarchal culture, threatened masculinities and femininities and a lack of emotional regulation and conflict resolution skills, but not evolutionary theories. Our findings suggest that researchers should use standardized measurement tools that make the distinction between RJ and suspected, confirmed and accusations of infidelity. Policy and programming should aim to transform traditional gender roles, accounting for infidelity and RJ and improving couple’s communication and trust.
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7
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Alami S, von Rueden C, Seabright E, Kraft TS, Blackwell AD, Stieglitz J, Kaplan H, Gurven M. Mother's social status is associated with child health in a horticulturalist population. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192783. [PMID: 32156217 PMCID: PMC7126073 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
High social status is often associated with greater mating opportunities and fertility for men, but do women also obtain fitness benefits of high status? Greater resource access and child survivorship may be principal pathways through which social status increases women's fitness. Here, we examine whether peer-rankings of women's social status (indicated by political influence, project leadership, and respect) positively covaries with child nutritional status and health in a community of Amazonian horticulturalists. We find that maternal political influence is associated with improved child health outcomes in models adjusting for maternal age, parental height and weight, level of schooling, household income, family size, and number of kin in the community. Children of politically influential women have higher weight-for-age (B = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.12-0.54), height-for-age (B = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.10-0.54), and weight-for-height (B = 0.24; 95% CI = 0.04-0.44), and they are less likely to be diagnosed with common illnesses (OR = 0.48; 95% CI = 0.31-0.76). These results are consistent with women leveraging their social status to enhance reproductive success through improvements in child health. We discuss these results in light of parental investment theory and the implications for the evolution of female social status in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Alami
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | | | - Edmond Seabright
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Thomas S. Kraft
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Aaron D. Blackwell
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
| | | | - Hillard Kaplan
- Economic Science Institute, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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9
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Du J, Mace R. Marriage stability in a pastoralist society. Behav Ecol 2019; 30:1567-1574. [PMID: 31723316 PMCID: PMC6838654 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined how individual investment was associated with the duration of marriage partnerships in a pastoralist society of Amdo Tibetans in China. We collected demographic and socioeconomic data from 420 women and 369 men over five villages to assess which factors predicted partnership length. We found that the payment of dowry and bridewealth from both sides of the family predicted marriage stability. The production of offspring, regardless of their survivorship, also had a positive effect on marriage duration, as did trial marriage, a time period before formal marriage. Finally, we found that if both bride and groom invest resources initially into a partnership—whether wealth or labor—their subsequent partnership is stronger than couples who do not make such investments. This paper adds to our understanding of complex social institutions like marriage from a behavioral ecological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Nan Lu, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, PRC
| | - Ruth Mace
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Tianshui Nan Lu, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, PRC.,Department of Anthropology, UCL, London, UK
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10
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Scelza BA, Prall SP, Blumenfield T, Crittenden AN, Gurven M, Kline M, Koster J, Kushnick G, Mattison SM, Pillsworth E, Shenk MK, Starkweather K, Stieglitz J, Sum CY, Yamaguchi K, McElreath R. Patterns of paternal investment predict cross-cultural variation in jealous response. Nat Hum Behav 2019; 4:20-26. [PMID: 31332300 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-019-0654-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Long-lasting, romantic partnerships are a universal feature of human societies, but almost as ubiquitous is the risk of instability when one partner strays. Jealous response to the threat of infidelity is well studied, but most empirical work on the topic has focused on a proposed sex difference in the type of jealousy (sexual or emotional) that men and women find most upsetting, rather than on how jealous response varies1,2. This stems in part from the predominance of studies using student samples from industrialized populations, which represent a relatively homogenous group in terms of age, life history stage and social norms3,4. To better understand variation in jealous response, we conducted a 2-part study in 11 populations (1,048 individuals). In line with previous work, we find a robust sex difference in the classic forced-choice jealousy task. However, we also show substantial variation in jealous response across populations. Using parental investment theory, we derived several predictions about what might trigger such variation. We find that greater paternal investment and lower frequency of extramarital sex are associated with more severe jealous response. Thus, partner jealousy appears to be a facultative response, reflective of the variable risks and costs of men's investment across societies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Geoff Kushnick
- Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Siobhán M Mattison
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Mary K Shenk
- Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard McElreath
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Stieglitz J, Trumble BC, Kaplan H, Gurven M. Marital violence and fertility in a relatively egalitarian high-fertility population. Nat Hum Behav 2019; 2:565-572. [PMID: 31058232 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-018-0391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Stieglitz
- Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse, France. .,Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Benjamin C Trumble
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Hillard Kaplan
- Economic Science Institute, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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12
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Güçlü O, Şenormancı Ö, Şenormancı G, Köktürk F. Gender differences in romantic jealousy and attachment styles. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2017.1367554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oya Güçlü
- Neurology and Neurosurgery, Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ömer Şenormancı
- Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Güliz Şenormancı
- Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Health Sciences University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Fürüzan Köktürk
- Department of Statistics, School of Medicine, Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
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13
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Gurven M, Stieglitz J, Trumble B, Blackwell AD, Beheim B, Davis H, Hooper P, Kaplan H. The Tsimane Health and Life History Project: Integrating anthropology and biomedicine. Evol Anthropol 2017; 26:54-73. [PMID: 28429567 PMCID: PMC5421261 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Tsimane Health and Life History Project, an integrated bio-behavioral study of the human life course, is designed to test competing hypotheses of human life-history evolution. One aim is to understand the bidirectional connections between life history and social behavior in a high-fertility, kin-based context lacking amenities of modern urban life (e.g. sanitation, banks, electricity). Another aim is to understand how a high pathogen burden influences health and well-being during development and adulthood. A third aim addresses how modernization shapes human life histories and sociality. Here we outline the project's goals, history, and main findings since its inception in 2002. We reflect on the implications of current findings and highlight the need for more coordinated ethnographic and biomedical study of contemporary nonindustrial populations to address broad questions that can situate evolutionary anthropology in a key position within the social and life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gurven
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of California‐Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara CA
| | | | - Benjamin Trumble
- Center for Evolution and Medicine; School of Human Evolution and Social ChangeArizona State UniversityTempeAZ
| | - Aaron D. Blackwell
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of California‐Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara CA
| | - Bret Beheim
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and CultureMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
| | - Helen Davis
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUT
| | | | - Hillard Kaplan
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNM
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14
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Stieglitz J, Gurven M, Kaplan H, Hopfensitz A. Why household inefficiency? An experimental approach to assess spousal resource distribution preferences in a subsistence population undergoing socioeconomic change. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Miner EJ, Gurven M, Kaplan H, Gaulin SJC. Sex difference in travel is concentrated in adolescence and tracks reproductive interests. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:20141476. [PMID: 25320169 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual selection theory suggests that the sex with a higher potential reproductive rate will compete more strongly for access to mates. Stronger intra-sexual competition for mates may explain why males travel more extensively than females in many terrestrial vertebrates. A male-bias in lifetime distance travelled is a purported human universal, although this claim is based primarily on anecdotes. Following sexual maturity, motivation to travel outside the natal territory may vary over the life course for both sexes. Here, we test whether travel behaviour among Tsimane forager-horticulturalists is associated with shifting reproductive priorities across the lifespan. Using structured interviews, we find that sex differences in travel peak during adolescence when men and women are most intensively searching for mates. Among married adults, we find that greater offspring dependency load is associated with reduced travel among women, but not men. Married men are more likely to travel alone than women, but only to the nearest market town and not to other Tsimane villages. We conclude that men's and women's travel behaviour reflects differential gains from mate search and parenting across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Miner
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Hillard Kaplan
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Steven J C Gaulin
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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16
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Dillon LM, Nowak N, Weisfeld GE, Weisfeld CC, Shattuck KS, Imamoğlu OE, Butovskaya M, Shen J. Sources of marital conflict in five cultures. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 13:1-15. [PMID: 25560390 PMCID: PMC10480830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This analysis of previously collected data examined four fitness-relevant issues for their possible role in marital conflict. These were sex, finances, division of labor, and raising children, selected in light of their pertinence to sex differences in reproductive strategies. Over 2,000 couples in five diverse cultures were studied. Marital conflict was assessed by the Problems with Partner scale, which was previously shown to demonstrate measurement invariance across cultures and genders. All four issues were significantly related to perceived marital problems in almost all cases. Thus, conflict tended to arise around issues relevant to reproductive strategies. A few cultural idiosyncrasies emerged and are discussed. In all cultures, wives reported more problems than husbands. Another important issue was kindness. The results suggest that a key factor in marital success or failure may be kindness necessary to sustain this prolonged and intimate relationship of cooperation for raising one's offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Dillon
- Graduate Medical Education, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | - Nicole Nowak
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | | | | | | | - Olcay E. Imamoğlu
- Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Marina Butovskaya
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
| | - Jiliang Shen
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China
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Dillon LM, Nowak N, Weisfeld GE, Weisfeld CC, Shattuck KS, Imamoğlu OE, Butovskaya M, Shen J. Sources of Marital Conflict in Five Cultures. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 13:147470491501300101. [PMCID: PMC10480830 DOI: 10.1177/147470491501300101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This analysis of previously collected data examined four fitness-relevant issues for their possible role in marital conflict. These were sex, finances, division of labor, and raising children, selected in light of their pertinence to sex differences in reproductive strategies. Over 2,000 couples in five diverse cultures were studied. Marital conflict was assessed by the Problems with Partner scale, which was previously shown to demonstrate measurement invariance across cultures and genders. All four issues were significantly related to perceived marital problems in almost all cases. Thus, conflict tended to arise around issues relevant to reproductive strategies. A few cultural idiosyncrasies emerged and are discussed. In all cultures, wives reported more problems than husbands. Another important issue was kindness. The results suggest that a key factor in marital success or failure may be kindness necessary to sustain this prolonged and intimate relationship of cooperation for raising one's offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Dillon
- Graduate Medical Education, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | - Nicole Nowak
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | | | | | | | - Olcay E. Imamoğlu
- Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Marina Butovskaya
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
| | - Jiliang Shen
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China
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von Rueden CR, Trumble BC, Emery Thompson M, Stieglitz J, Hooper PL, Blackwell AD, Kaplan HS, Gurven M. Political influence associates with cortisol and health among egalitarian forager-farmers. Evol Med Public Health 2014; 2014:122-33. [PMID: 25214482 PMCID: PMC4178369 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eou021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Low social status increases risk of disease due, in part, to the psychosocial stress that accompanies feeling subordinate or poor. Previous studies report that chronic stress and chronically elevated cortisol can impair cardiovascular and immune function. We test whether lower status is more benign in small-scale, relatively egalitarian societies, where leaders lack coercive authority and there is minimal material wealth to contest. METHODOLOGY Among Tsimane' forager-horticulturalists of lowland Bolivia, we compare informal political influence among men with urinary cortisol, immune activation (innate and acquired), and morbidity as assessed during routine medical exams. RESULTS After controlling for potential confounds, we find that politically influential men have lower cortisol, and that this association is partly attributable to access to social support. Cortisol is positively associated with men's income, which may reflect chronic psychosocial stress from market involvement. Greater influence is also associated with lower probability of respiratory infection, which is a frequent source of morbidity among Tsimane'. Among men who lost influence over a 4-year period, cortisol and probability of respiratory infection were higher the greater the decline in influence. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Deleterious effects of low status on health are not merely 'diseases of civilization' but may result from how (even subtle) status differences structure human behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R von Rueden
- Jepson School of Leadership Studies, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173; Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; Department of Anthopology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 and Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Benjamin C Trumble
- Jepson School of Leadership Studies, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173; Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; Department of Anthopology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 and Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Melissa Emery Thompson
- Jepson School of Leadership Studies, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173; Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; Department of Anthopology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 and Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Jonathan Stieglitz
- Jepson School of Leadership Studies, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173; Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; Department of Anthopology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 and Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Paul L Hooper
- Jepson School of Leadership Studies, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173; Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; Department of Anthopology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 and Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Aaron D Blackwell
- Jepson School of Leadership Studies, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173; Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; Department of Anthopology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 and Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Hillard S Kaplan
- Jepson School of Leadership Studies, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173; Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; Department of Anthopology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 and Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Michael Gurven
- Jepson School of Leadership Studies, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173; Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; Department of Anthopology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 and Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
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Abstract
When Charles Darwin set out to relate his theory of evolution by natural selection to humans he discovered that a complementary explanation was needed to properly understand the great variation seen in human behavior. The resulting work, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, laid out the defining principles and evidence of sexual selection. In brief, this work is best known for illuminating the typically male strategy of intrasexual competition and the typically female response of intersexual choice. While these sexual stereotypes were first laid out by Darwin, they grew in importance when, years later, A. J. Bateman, in a careful study of Drosophila mating strategies, noted that multiple mating appeared to provide great benefit to male reproductive success, but to have no such effect on females. As a result, female choice soon became synonymous with being coy, and only males were thought to gain from promiscuous behavior. However, the last thirty years of research have served to question much of the traditional wisdom about sex differences proposed by Darwin and Bateman, illuminating the many ways that women (and females more generally) can and do engage in multiple mating.
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Kwena Z, Mwanzo I, Shisanya C, Camlin C, Turan J, Achiro L, Bukusi E. Predictors of extra-marital partnerships among women married to fishermen along Lake Victoria in Kisumu County, Kenya. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95298. [PMID: 24747951 PMCID: PMC3991629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vulnerability of women to HIV infection makes establishing predictors of women's involvement in extra-marital partnerships critical. We investigated the predictors of extra-marital partnerships among women married to fishermen. METHODS The current analyses are part of a mixed methods cross-sectional survey of 1090 gender-matched interviews with 545 couples and 12 focus group discussions (FGDs) with 59 couples. Using a proportional to size simple random sample of fishermen as our index participants, we asked them to enrol in the study with their spouses. The consenting couples were interviewed simultaneously in separate private rooms. In addition to socio-economic and demographic data, we collected information on sexual behaviour including extra-marital sexual partnerships. We analysed these data using descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression. For FGDs, couples willing to participate were invited, consented and separated for simultaneous FGDs by gender-matched moderators. The resultant audiofiles were transcribed verbatim and translated into English for coding and thematic content analysis using NVivo 9. RESULTS The prevalence of extra-marital partnerships among women was 6.2% within a reference time of six months. Factors that were independently associated with increased likelihood of extra-marital partnerships were domestic violence (aOR, 1.45; 95% CI 1.09-1.92), women reporting being denied a preferred sex position (aOR, 3.34; 95% CI 1.26-8.84) and spouse longer erect penis (aOR, 1.34; 95% CI 1.00-1.78). Conversely, women's age--more than 24 years (aOR, 0.33; 95% CI 0.14-0.78) and women's increased sexual satisfaction (aOR, 0.92; 95% CI 0.87-0.96) were associated with reduced likelihood of extra-marital partnerships. CONCLUSION Domestic violence, denial of a preferred sex positions, longer erect penis, younger age and increased sexual satisfaction were the main predictors of women's involvement in extra-marital partnerships. Integration of sex education, counselling and life skills training in couple HIV prevention programs might help in risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Kwena
- Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Isaac Mwanzo
- Department of Community Health, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chris Shisanya
- Department of Geography, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Carol Camlin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Janet Turan
- Department of Health Care Organization and Policy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Lilian Achiro
- Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Elizabeth Bukusi
- Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
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Kwena ZA, Mwanzo IJ, Bukusi EA, Achiro LF, Shisanya CA. A cross-sectional survey of prevalence and correlates of couple sexual concurrency among married couples in fishing communities along Lake Victoria in Kisumu, Kenya. Sex Transm Infect 2013; 90:139-44. [PMID: 24154655 DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sexual concurrency has been associated with HIV infection. Since HIV in sub-Saharan Africa is mostly spread within the context of heterosexual couples, it is necessary that intervention is focused on such couples. We sought to establish the correlates of couple sexual concurrency in Kisumu, Kenya. METHODS We conducted 1090 gender-matched interviews in 545 couples in a cross-sectional survey. A random sample of fishermen and their spouses from 33 fish-landing beaches along the shores of Lake Victoria in Kisumu were asked to enrol in the study. Couples were separated into different private rooms for simultaneous interviews that documented socioeconomic and behavioural characteristics, and information on number of sexual partnerships in the preceding 6 months and their status. Based on reported concurrency status of the spouses, a couple was categorised as either concurrent when at least one spouse reported a concurrent sexual relationship or non-concurrent. RESULTS Overall, 32.1% of the men and 6.2% of the women had concurrent sexual relationships in the 6 months preceding the study, resulting in 37.6% of the couples being sexually concurrent. Unmet sexual desire, intra-spousal suspicions of infidelity, male dominance scripts, domestic violence, couples' children and women's age were the correlates of couple sexual concurrency. CONCLUSIONS Unmet sexual desires, inter-spousal infidelity suspicions, male dominance scripts and domestic violence were the main correlates of couple sexual concurrency in these fishing communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Kwena
- Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, , Kisumu, Kenya
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Stieglitz J, Blackwell AD, Quispe Gutierrez R, Cortez Linares E, Gurven M, Kaplan H. Modernization, sexual risk-taking, and gynecological morbidity among Bolivian Forager-horticulturalists. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50384. [PMID: 23236371 PMCID: PMC3516519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual risk-taking and reproductive morbidity are common among rapidly modernizing populations with little material wealth, limited schooling, minimal access to modern contraception and healthcare, and gendered inequalities in resource access that limit female autonomy in cohabiting relationships. Few studies have examined how modernization influences sexual risk-taking and reproductive health early in demographic transition. Tsimane are a natural fertility population of Bolivian forager-farmers; they are not urbanized, reside in small-scale villages, and lack public health infrastructure. We test whether modernization is associated with greater sexual risk-taking, report prevalence of gynecological morbidity (GM), and test whether modernization, sexual risk-taking and parity are associated with greater risk of GM. Data were collected from 2002-2010 using interviews, clinical exams, and laboratory analysis of cervical cells. We find opposing effects of modernization on both sexual risk-taking and risk of GM. Residential proximity to town and Spanish fluency are associated with greater likelihood of men's infidelity, and with number of lifetime sexual partners for men and women. However, for women, literacy is associated with delayed sexual debut after controlling for town proximity. Fifty-five percent of women present at least one clinical indicator of GM (n = 377); 48% present inflammation of cervical cells, and in 11% the inflammation results from sexually transmitted infection (trichomoniasis). Despite having easier access to modern healthcare, women residing near town experience greater likelihood of cervical inflammation and trichomoniasis relative to women in remote villages; women who are fluent in Spanish are also more likely to present trichomoniasis relative to women with moderate or no fluency. However, literate women experience lower likelihood of trichomoniasis. Parity has no effect on risk of GM. Our results suggest a net increase in risk of reproductive morbidity among rapidly modernizing, resource-stressed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Stieglitz
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
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