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Saleh Z, Mirzazadeh S, Mirzaei F, Heidarnejad K, Meri S, Kalantar K. Alterations in metabolic pathways: a bridge between aging and weaker innate immune response. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2024; 5:1358330. [PMID: 38505645 PMCID: PMC10949225 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2024.1358330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Aging is a time-dependent progressive physiological process, which results in impaired immune system function. Age-related changes in immune function increase the susceptibility to many diseases such as infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Different metabolic pathways including glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, amino acid metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid oxidation and fatty acid synthesis regulate the development, differentiation, and response of adaptive and innate immune cells. During aging all these pathways change in the immune cells. In addition to the changes in metabolic pathways, the function and structure of mitochondria also have changed in the immune cells. Thereby, we will review changes in the metabolism of different innate immune cells during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Saleh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Mirzazadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mirzaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kamran Heidarnejad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seppo Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology and the Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), The University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kurosh Kalantar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology and the Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), The University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Lv M, Wang Y, Yu J, Kong Y, Zhou H, Zhang A, Wang X. Grass carp Il-2 promotes neutrophil extracellular traps formation via inducing ROS production and autophagy in vitro. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109261. [PMID: 38040137 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2 has been reported to regulate neutrophil functions in humans, mice, pigs and chicken although it is a key regulator of T cells. Consistently, we found that grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) interleukin-2 (gcIl-2) is capable of modulating the antimicrobial activities of neutrophils via regulating granzyme B- and perforin-like gene expression in our previous study. In the present study, stimulation of gcIl-2 on neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation in grass carp neutrophils was demonstrated by detecting free DNA release, histone H3 citrullination and morphological changes of the cells. Further investigation revealed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) production from NADPH oxidase but not mitochondria was involved in NETosis induced by gcIl-2. Aside from ROS, autophagy was disclosed to be indispensable for NETosis induced by gcIl-2. These converging lines of evidence suggested that fish Il-2 could induce NETs formation via NADPH oxidase-derived ROS- and autophagy-dependent pathways in fish species which is evolutionarily conserved with that in mammals. It is noteworthy that these two pathways did not interplay with each other in Il-2-stimulated NETosis. The mechanisms governing autophagy induced by Il-2 were also explored in the present study, showing that Il-2 modulated the action of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein to stimulate autophagy, leading to NETs formation in fish neutrophils. These results provided a new insight to the function of Il-2 in fish neutrophils, and a clue about the regulation of NETosis in the lower vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Lv
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawen Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhi Yu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyun Kong
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Anying Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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Wang L, Mao L, Xiao W, Chen P. Natural killer cells immunosenescence and the impact of lifestyle management. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 689:149216. [PMID: 37976836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer cells (NKs) are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that quickly respond to viruses, infections, and tumors during their short cell life cycle. However, it was recently found that NKs undergo quantitative, distributional, structural, and functional phenotypic changes during aging that suppress immune responses, which is known as immunosenescence. The aging host environment, cytokine regulation, cytomegalovirus status, and hypothalamic‒pituitary‒adrenal axis have significant effects on NK function. Different lifestyle management interventions modulate the number and cytotoxic activity of NKs, which are essential for rebuilding the immune barrier against pathogens in elderly individuals. Based on recent studies, we review the phenotypic changes of and potential threats of NKs during aging and explore the underlying mechanisms. By summarizing the effects of lifestyle management on NKs and their application prospects, we aim to provide evidence for enhancing immune system function against immune diseases in elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Wang
- The Key Lab of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China; Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Liwei Mao
- The Key Lab of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China; Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Weihua Xiao
- The Key Lab of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China; Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Peijie Chen
- The Key Lab of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China; Shanghai Key Lab of Human Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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Dang Y, Xu R, Pan J, Xiao X, Zhang S, Zhou W, Xu Y, Ji G. Dynamic changes in DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation revealed the transformation of advanced adenoma into colorectal carcinoma. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1202. [PMID: 36855789 PMCID: PMC9975459 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Dang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Ruohui Xu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jiashu Pan
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
- Department of Digestive Disease, Longhua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoli Xiao
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Shengan Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yangxian Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Longhua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua HospitalShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
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Li K, Gao L, Zhou S, Ma YR, Xiao X, Jiang Q, Kang ZH, Liu ML, Liu TX. Erythropoietin promotes energy metabolism to improve LPS-induced injury in HK-2 cells via SIRT1/PGC1-α pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:651-663. [PMID: 36001204 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of frequent complications of sepsis with high mortality. Mitochondria is the center of energy metabolism participating in the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated AKI, and SIRT1/PGC1-α signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the modulation of energy metabolism. Erythropoietin (EPO) exerts protective functions on chronic kidney disease. We aimed to assess the effects of EPO on cell damage and energy metabolism in a cell model of septic AKI. Renal tubular epithelial cells HK-2 were treated with LPS and human recombinant erythropoietin (rhEPO). Cell viability was detected by CCK-8 and mitochondrial membrane potential was determined using JC-1 fluorescent probe. Then the content of ATP, ADP and NADPH, as well as lactic acid, were measured for the assessment of energy metabolism. Oxidative stress was evaluated by detecting the levels of ROS, MDA, SOD and GSH. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, were measured with ELISA. Moreover, qRT-PCR and western blot were performed to detect mRNA and protein expressions. shSIRT1 was used to knockdown SIRT1, while EX527 and SR-18292 were applied to inhibit SIRT1 and PGC1-α, respectively, to investigate the regulatory mechanism of rhEPO on inflammatory injury and energy metabolism. In LPS-exposed HK-2 cells, rhEPO attenuated cell damage, inflammation and abnormal energy metabolism, as indicated by the elevated cell viability, the inhibited oxidative stress, cell apoptosis and inflammation, as well as the increased mitochondrial membrane potential and energy metabolism. However, these protective effects induced by rhEPO were reversed after SIRT1 or PGC1-α inhibition. EPO activated SIRT1/PGC1-α pathway to alleviate LPS-induced abnormal energy metabolism and cell damage in HK-2 cells. Our study suggested that rhEPO played a renoprotective role through SIRT1/PGC1-α pathway, which supported its therapeutic potential in septic AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, No.1 Donggangxi Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Sen Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, No.1 Donggangxi Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yan-Rong Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Kang
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Ming-Long Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, No.1 Donggangxi Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Tian-Xi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, No.1 Donggangxi Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu Province, China.
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Mitochondrial Aging and Senolytic Natural Products with Protective Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416219. [PMID: 36555859 PMCID: PMC9784569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms do not disregard the laws of thermodynamics and must therefore consume energy for their survival. In this way, cellular energy exchanges, which aim above all at the production of ATP, a fundamental molecule used by the cell for its metabolisms, favor the formation of waste products that, if not properly disposed of, can contribute to cellular aging and damage. Numerous genes have been linked to aging, with some favoring it (gerontogenes) and others blocking it (longevity pathways). Animal model studies have shown that calorie restriction (CR) may promote longevity pathways, but given the difficult application of CR in humans, research is investigating the use of CR-mimetic substances capable of producing the same effect. These include some phytonutrients such as oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, epigallo-catechin-gallate, fisetin, quercetin, and curcumin and minerals such as magnesium and selenium. Some of them also have senolytic effects, which promote the apoptosis of defective cells that accumulate over the years (senescent cells) and disrupt normal metabolism. In this article, we review the properties of these natural elements that can promote a longer and healthier life.
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PGC1s and Beyond: Disentangling the Complex Regulation of Mitochondrial and Cellular Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136913. [PMID: 34199142 PMCID: PMC8268830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is the central engine of living organisms as it provides energy and building blocks for many essential components of each cell, which are required for specific functions in different tissues. Mitochondria are the main site for energy production in living organisms and they also provide intermediate metabolites required for the synthesis of other biologically relevant molecules. Such cellular processes are finely tuned at different levels, including allosteric regulation, posttranslational modifications, and transcription of genes encoding key proteins in metabolic pathways. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ coactivator 1 (PGC1) proteins are transcriptional coactivators involved in the regulation of many cellular processes, mostly ascribable to metabolic pathways. Here, we will discuss some aspects of the cellular processes regulated by PGC1s, bringing up some examples of their role in mitochondrial and cellular metabolism, and how metabolic regulation in mitochondria by members of the PGC1 family affects the immune system. We will analyze how PGC1 proteins are regulated at the transcriptional and posttranslational level and will also examine other regulators of mitochondrial metabolism and the related cellular functions, considering approaches to identify novel mitochondrial regulators and their role in physiology and disease. Finally, we will analyze possible therapeutical perspectives currently under assessment that are applicable to different disease states.
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Moreno Fernández-Ayala DJ, Navas P, López-Lluch G. Age-related mitochondrial dysfunction as a key factor in COVID-19 disease. Exp Gerontol 2020; 142:111147. [PMID: 33171276 PMCID: PMC7648491 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 causes a severe pneumonia (COVID-19) that affects essentially elderly people. In COVID-19, macrophage infiltration into the lung causes a rapid and intense cytokine storm leading finally to a multi-organ failure and death. Comorbidities such as metabolic syndrome, obesity, type 2 diabetes, lung and cardiovascular diseases, all of them age-associated diseases, increase the severity and lethality of COVID-19. Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the hallmarks of aging and COVID-19 risk factors. Dysfunctional mitochondria is associated with defective immunological response to viral infections and chronic inflammation. This review discuss how mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with defective immune response in aging and different age-related diseases, and with many of the comorbidities associated with poor prognosis in the progression of COVID-19. We suggest here that chronic inflammation caused by mitochondrial dysfunction is responsible of the explosive release of inflammatory cytokines causing severe pneumonia, multi-organ failure and finally death in COVID-19 patients. Preventive treatments based on therapies improving mitochondrial turnover, dynamics and activity would be essential to protect against COVID-19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Moreno Fernández-Ayala
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Plácido Navas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Guillermo López-Lluch
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
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Gerbec ZJ, Hashemi E, Nanbakhsh A, Holzhauer S, Yang C, Mei A, Tsaih SW, Lemke A, Flister MJ, Riese MJ, Thakar MS, Malarkannan S. Conditional Deletion of PGC-1α Results in Energetic and Functional Defects in NK Cells. iScience 2020; 23:101454. [PMID: 32858341 PMCID: PMC7474003 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During an immune response, natural killer (NK) cells activate specific metabolic pathways to meet the increased energetic and biosynthetic demands associated with effector functions. Here, we found in vivo activation of NK cells during Listeria monocytogenes infection-augmented transcription of genes encoding mitochondria-associated proteins in a manner dependent on the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α. Using an Ncr1Cre-based conditional knockout mouse, we found that PGC-1α was crucial for optimal NK cell effector functions and bioenergetics, as the deletion of PGC-1α was associated with decreased cytotoxic potential and cytokine production along with altered ADP/ATP ratios. Lack of PGC-1α also significantly impaired the ability of NK cells to control B16F10 tumor growth in vivo, and subsequent gene expression analysis showed that PGC-1α mediates transcription required to maintain mitochondrial activity within the tumor microenvironment. Together, these data suggest that PGC-1α-dependent transcription of specific target genes is required for optimal NK cell function during the response to infection or tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Gerbec
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Elaheh Hashemi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Arash Nanbakhsh
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sandra Holzhauer
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Chao Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ao Mei
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Shirng-Wern Tsaih
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Angela Lemke
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Michael J. Flister
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Matthew J. Riese
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Monica S. Thakar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Genomic Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Anderson G, Betancort Medina SR. Autism Spectrum Disorders: Role of Pre- and Post-Natal GammaDelta (γδ) T Cells and Immune Regulation. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4321-4330. [PMID: 31682211 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191102170125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is widely accepted that alterations in immune functioning are an important aspect of the pathoetiology and pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). A relatively under-explored aspect of these alterations is the role of gammaDelta (γδ) T cells, prenatally and in the postnatal gut, which seem important hubs in driving the course of ASD. METHODS The present article describes the role of γδ T cells in ASD, including their interactions with other immune cells shown to be altered in this spectrum of conditions, including natural killer cells and mast cells. RESULTS Other risk factors in ASD, such as decreased vitamins A & D, as well as toxin-associated activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, may also be intimately linked to γδ T cells, and alterations in the regulation of these cells. A growing body of data has highlighted an important role for alterations in mitochondria functioning in the regulation of immune cells, including natural killer cells and mast cells. This is an area that requires investigation in γδ T cells and their putative subtypes. CONCLUSION It is also proposed that maternal stress may act through alterations in the maternal microbiome, leading to changes in how the balance of short-chain fatty acids, such as butyrate, which may act to regulate the placenta and foetal development. Following an overview of previous research on immune, especially γδ T cells, effects in ASD, the future research implications are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Anderson
- CRC Scotland & London, Eccleston Square, London, United Kingdom
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Griffiths HR, Rooney MCO, Perrie Y. Does Dysregulation of Redox State Underpin the Decline of Innate Immunity with Aging? Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:1014-1030. [PMID: 31989832 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Antibacterial defense invokes the innate immune system as a first responder, with neutrophils phagocytozing and forming neutrophil extracellular traps around pathogens in a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent manner. Increased NOX2 activity and mitochondrial ROS production in phagocytic, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) affect local cytokine secretion and proteolysis of antigens for presentation to T cells at the immune synapse. Uncontrolled oxidative post-translational modifications to surface and cytoplasmic proteins in APCs during aging can impair innate immunity. Recent Advances: NOX2 plays a role in the maturation of dendritic cells, but paradoxically NOX2 activity has also been shown to promote viral pathogenicity. Accumulating evidence suggests that a reducing environment is essential to inhibit pathogen proliferation, facilitate antigenic processing in the endosomal lumen, and enable an effective immune synapse between APCs and T cells. This suggests that the kinetics and location of ROS production and reducing potential are important for effective innate immunity. Critical Issues: During aging, innate immune cells are less well able to phagocytoze, kill bacteria/viruses, and process proteins into antigenic peptides-three key steps that are necessary for developing a specific targeted response to protect against future exposure. Aberrant control of ROS production and impaired Nrf2-dependent reducing potential may contribute to age-associated immune decline. Future Directions: Local changes in redox potential may be achieved through adjuvant formulations to improve innate immunity. Further work is needed to understand the timing of delivery for redox modulators to facilitate innate immune cell recruitment, survival, antigen processing and presentation activity without disrupting essential ROS-dependent bacterial killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Griffiths
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew C O Rooney
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
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