1
|
Ediriwickrema A, Nakauchi Y, Fan AC, Köhnke T, Hu X, Luca BA, Kim Y, Ramakrishnan S, Nakamoto M, Karigane D, Linde MH, Azizi A, Newman AM, Gentles AJ, Majeti R. A single cell framework identifies functionally and molecularly distinct multipotent progenitors in adult human hematopoiesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.07.592983. [PMID: 38766031 PMCID: PMC11100686 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.07.592983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Hematopoietic multipotent progenitors (MPPs) regulate blood cell production to appropriately meet the biological demands of the human body. Human MPPs remain ill-defined whereas mouse MPPs have been well characterized with distinct immunophenotypes and lineage potencies. Using multiomic single cell analyses and complementary functional assays, we identified new human MPPs and oligopotent progenitor populations within Lin-CD34+CD38dim/lo adult bone marrow with distinct biomolecular and functional properties. These populations were prospectively isolated based on expression of CD69, CLL1, and CD2 in addition to classical markers like CD90 and CD45RA. We show that within the canonical Lin-CD34+CD38dim/loCD90CD45RA-MPP population, there is a CD69+ MPP with long-term engraftment and multilineage differentiation potential, a CLL1+ myeloid-biased MPP, and a CLL1-CD69-erythroid-biased MPP. We also show that the canonical Lin-CD34+CD38dim/loCD90-CD45RA+ LMPP population can be separated into a CD2+ LMPP with lymphoid and myeloid potential, a CD2-LMPP with high lymphoid potential, and a CLL1+ GMP with minimal lymphoid potential. We used these new HSPC profiles to study human and mouse bone marrow cells and observe limited cell type specific homology between humans and mice and cell type specific changes associated with aging. By identifying and functionally characterizing new adult MPP sub-populations, we provide an updated reference and framework for future studies in human hematopoiesis.
Collapse
|
2
|
Devi S, Bongale AM, Tefera MA, Dixit P, Bhanap P. Fresh Umbilical Cord Blood-A Source of Multipotent Stem Cells, Collection, Banking, Cryopreservation, and Ethical Concerns. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1794. [PMID: 37763198 PMCID: PMC10533013 DOI: 10.3390/life13091794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a rich source of hematopoietic cells that can be used to replace bone marrow components. Many blood disorders and systemic illnesses are increasingly being treated with stem cells as regenerative medical therapy. Presently, collected blood has been stored in either public or private banks for allogenic or autologous transplantation. Using a specific keyword, we used the English language to search for relevant articles in SCOPUS and PubMed databases over time frame. According to our review, Asian countries are increasingly using UCB preservation for future use as regenerative medicine, and existing studies indicate that this trend will continue. This recent literature review explains the methodology of UCB collection, banking, and cryopreservation for future clinical use. Between 2010 and 2022, 10,054 UCB stem cell samples were effectively cryopreserved. Furthermore, we have discussed using Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) as transplant medicine, and its clinical applications. It is essential for healthcare personnel, particularly those working in labor rooms, to comprehend the protocols for collecting, transporting, and storing UCB. This review aims to provide a glimpse of the details about the UCB collection and banking processes, its benefits, and the use of UCB-derived stem cells in clinical practice, as well as the ethical concerns associated with UCB, all of which are important for healthcare professionals, particularly those working in maternity wards; namely, the obstetrician, neonatologist, and anyone involved in perinatal care. This article also highlights the practical and ethical concerns associated with private UCB banks, and the existence of public banks. UCB may continue to grow to assist healthcare teams worldwide in treating various metabolic, hematological, and immunodeficiency disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seeta Devi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing, Symbiosis College of Nursing, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune 412 115, Maharashtra, India;
| | - Anupkumar M. Bongale
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune 412 115, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | - Prasad Bhanap
- HoD OBG Department, Symbiosis Medical College for Women (SMCW), Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune 412 115, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Watkins B, Williams KM. Controversies and expectations for the prevention of GVHD: A biological and clinical perspective. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1057694. [PMID: 36505500 PMCID: PMC9726707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1057694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute and chronic graft versus host disease (GVHD) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Historically, cord blood and matched sibling transplantation has been associated with the lowest rates of GVHD. Newer methods have modified the lymphocyte components to minimize alloimmunity, including: anti-thymocyte globulin, post-transplant cyclophosphamide, alpha/beta T cell depletion, and abatacept. These agents have shown promise in reducing severe GVHD, however, can be associated with increased risks of relapse, graft failure, infections, and delayed immune reconstitution. Nonetheless, these GVHD prophylaxis strategies have permitted expansion of donor sources, especially critical for those of non-Caucasian decent who previously lacked transplant options. This review will focus on the biologic mechanisms driving GVHD, the method by which each agent impacts these activated pathways, and the clinical consequences of these modern prophylaxis approaches. In addition, emerging novel targeted strategies will be described. These GVHD prophylaxis approaches have revolutionized our ability to increase access to transplant and have provided important insights into the biology of GVHD and immune reconstitution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Watkins
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Generation and characterization of human umbilical cord blood-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (KRIBBi005-A). Stem Cell Res 2022; 60:102674. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2022.102674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
|
5
|
Zhu X, Tang B, Sun Z. Umbilical cord blood transplantation: Still growing and improving. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10 Suppl 2:S62-S74. [PMID: 34724722 PMCID: PMC8560197 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) has been performed in the clinic for over 30 years. The biological and immunological characteristics of umbilical cord blood (UCB) have been re-recognized in recent years. UCB, previously considered medical waste, is rich in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are naïve and more energetic and more easily expanded than other stem cells. UCB has been identified as a reliable source of HSCs for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). UCBT has several advantages over other methods, including no harm to mothers and donors, an off-the-shelf product for urgent use, less stringent HLA match, lower incidence and severity of chronic graft-vs-host disease (GVHD), and probably a stronger graft-vs-leukemia effect, especially for minimal residual disease-positive patients before transplant. Recent studies have shown that the outcome of UCBT has been improved and is comparable to other types of allo-HSCT. Currently, UCBT is widely used in malignant, nonmalignant, hematological, congenital and metabolic diseases. The number of UCB banks and transplantation procedures increased exponentially before 2013. However, the number of UCBTs increased steadily in Asia and China but decreased in the United States and Europe year-on-year from 2013 to 2019. In this review, we focus on the development of UCBT over the past 30 years, the challenges it faces and the strategies for future improvement, including increasing UCB numbers, cord blood unit selection, conditioning regimens and GVHD prophylaxis for UCBT, and management of complications of UCBT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiPeople's Republic of China
- Blood and Cell Therapy Institute, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiPeople's Republic of China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Blood Research and ApplicationsHefeiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Baolin Tang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiPeople's Republic of China
- Blood and Cell Therapy Institute, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiPeople's Republic of China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Blood Research and ApplicationsHefeiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zimin Sun
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiPeople's Republic of China
- Blood and Cell Therapy Institute, Division of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiPeople's Republic of China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Blood Research and ApplicationsHefeiPeople's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Garcia-Perez L, van Eggermond MCJA, Maietta E, van der Hoorn MLP, Pike-Overzet K, Staal FJT. A Novel Branched DNA-Based Flowcytometric Method for Single-Cell Characterization of Gene Therapy Products and Expression of Therapeutic Genes. Front Immunol 2021; 11:607991. [PMID: 33584681 PMCID: PMC7876092 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many preclinical and clinical studies of hematopoietic stem cell-based gene therapy (GT) are based on the use of lentiviruses as the vector of choice. Assessment of the vector titer and transduction efficiency of the cell product is critical for these studies. Efficacy and safety of the modified cell product are commonly determined by assessing the vector copy number (VCN) using qPCR. However, this optimized and well-established method in the GT field is based on bulk population averages, which can lead to misinterpretation of the actual VCN per transduced cell. Therefore, we introduce here a single cell-based method that allows to unmask cellular heterogeneity in the GT product, even when antibodies are not available. We use Invitrogen's flow cytometry-based PrimeFlow™ RNA Assay with customized probes to determine transduction efficiency of transgenes of interest, promoter strength, and the cellular heterogeneity of murine and human stem cells. The assay has good specificity and sensitivity to detect the transgenes, as shown by the high correlations between PrimeFlow™-positive cells and the VCN. Differences in promoter strengths can readily be detected by differences in percentages and fluorescence intensity. Hence, we show a customizable method that allows to determine the number of transduced cells and the actual VCN per transduced cell in a GT product. The assay is suitable for all therapeutic genes for which antibodies are not available or too cumbersome for routine flow cytometry. The method also allows co-staining of surface markers to analyze differential transduction efficiencies in subpopulations of target cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Garcia-Perez
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Elisa Maietta
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Karin Pike-Overzet
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Frank J T Staal
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rim YA, Nam Y, Ju JH. Application of Cord Blood and Cord Blood-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Cartilage Regeneration. Cell Transplant 2018; 28:529-537. [PMID: 30251563 PMCID: PMC7103603 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718794864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of articular cartilage is of great interest in cartilage tissue engineering
since articular cartilage has a low regenerative capacity. Due to the difficulty in
obtaining healthy cartilage for transplantation, there is a need to develop an alternative
and effective regeneration therapy to treat degenerative or damaged joint diseases. Stem
cells including various adult stem cells and pluripotent stem cells are now actively used
in tissue engineering. Here, we provide an overview of the current status of cord blood
cells and induced pluripotent stem cells derived from these cells in cartilage
regeneration. The abilities of these cells to undergo chondrogenic differentiation are
also described. Finally, the technical challenges of articular cartilage regeneration and
future directions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeri Alice Rim
- 1 CiSTEM Laboratory, Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoojun Nam
- 1 CiSTEM Laboratory, Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ju
- 1 CiSTEM Laboratory, Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2 Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Medhekar SK, Shende VS, Chincholkar AB. Recent Stem Cell Advances: Cord Blood and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell for Cardiac Regeneration- a Review. Int J Stem Cells 2016; 9:21-30. [PMID: 27426082 PMCID: PMC4961100 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2016.9.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are primitive self renewing undifferentiated cell that can be differentiated into various types of specialized cells like nerve cell, skin cells, muscle cells, intestinal tissue, and blood cells. Stem cells live in bone marrow where they divide to make new blood cells and produces peripheral stem cells in circulation. Under proper environment and in presence of signaling molecules stem cells begin to develop into specialized tissues and organs. These unique characteristics make them very promising entities for regeneration of damaged tissue. Day by day increase in incidence of heart diseases including left ventricular dysfunction, ischemic heart disease (IHD), congestive heart failure (CHF) are the major cause of morbidity and mortality. However infracted tissue cannot regenerate into healthy tissue. Heart transplantation is only the treatment for such patient. Due to limitation of availability of donor for organ transplantation, a focus is made for alternative and effective therapy to treat such condition. In this review we have discussed the new advances in stem cells such as use of cord stem cells and iPSC technology in cardiac repair. Future approach of CB cells was found to be used in tissue repair which is specifically observed for improvement of left ventricular function and myocardial infarction. Here we have also focused on how iPSC technology is used for regeneration of cardiomyocytes and intiating neovascularization in myocardial infarction and also for study of pathophysiology of various degenerative diseases and genetic disease in research field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vikas Suresh Shende
- Department of Pharmacology, Satara College of Pharmacy, Degaon, Satara (MH), India
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
He B, Li X, Yu H, Zhou Z. Therapeutic potential of umbilical cord blood cells for type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes 2015; 7:762-73. [PMID: 25799887 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic disorder that results from autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic islet β-cells. However, to date, no conventional intervention has successfully treated the disease. The optimal therapeutic method for T1DM should effectively control the autoimmunity, restore immune homeostasis, preserve residual β-cells, reverse β-cell destruction, and protect the regenerated insulin-producing cells against re-attack. Umbilical cord blood is rich in regulatory T (T(reg)) cells and multiple types of stem cells that exhibit immunomodulating potential and hold promise in their ability to restore peripheral tolerance towards pancreatic islet β-cells through remodeling of immune responses and suppression of autoreactive T cells. Recently, reinfusion of autologous umbilical cord blood or immune cells from cord blood has been proposed as a novel therapy for T1DM, with the advantages of no risk to the donors, minimal ethical concerns, a low incidence of graft-versus-host disease and easy accessibility. In this review, we revisit the role of autologous umbilical cord blood or immune cells from cord blood-based applications for the treatment of T1DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binbin He
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Diabetes Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Diabetes Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Diabetes Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Institute of Metabolism and Endocrinology, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Diabetes Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jaing TH. Umbilical cord blood: a trustworthy source of multipotent stem cells for regenerative medicine. Cell Transplant 2015; 23:493-6. [PMID: 24816446 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x678300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It is conservatively estimated that one in three individuals in the US might benefit from regenerative medicine therapy. However, the relation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to human blastocysts always stirs ethical, political, moral, and emotional debate over their use in research. Thus, for the reasonably foreseeable future, the march of regenerative medicine to the clinic will depend upon the development of non-ESC therapies. Current sources of non-ESCs easily available in large numbers can be found in the bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord blood (UCB). UCB provides an immune-compatible source of stem cells for regenerative medicine. Owing to inconsistent results, it is certainly an important and clinically relevant question whether UCB will prove to be therapeutically effective. This review will show that UCB contains multiple populations of multipotent stem cells, capable of giving rise to hematopoietic, epithelial, endothelial, and neural tissues both in vitro and in vivo. Here we raise the possibility that due to unique immunological properties of both the stem cell and non-stem cell components of cord blood, it may be possible to utilize allogeneic cells for regenerative applications without needing to influence or compromise the recipient immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tang-Her Jaing
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abotalib Z. WITHDRAWN: Importance of cord blood stem cells in regenerative medicine. Saudi J Biol Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
12
|
Panepucci RA, Oliveira LHB, Zanette DL, Viu Carrara RDC, Araujo AG, Orellana MD, Bonini de Palma PV, Menezes CCBO, Covas DT, Zago MA. Increased levels of NOTCH1, NF-kappaB, and other interconnected transcription factors characterize primitive sets of hematopoietic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:321-32. [PMID: 19686049 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2008.0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As previously shown, higher levels of NOTCH1 and increased NF-kappaB signaling is a distinctive feature of the more primitive umbilical cord blood (UCB) CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), as compared to bone marrow (BM). Differences between BM and UCB cell composition also account for this finding. The CD133 marker defines a more primitive cell subset among CD34+ HSC with a proposed hemangioblast potential. To further evaluate the molecular basis related to the more primitive characteristics of UCB and CD133+ HSC, immunomagnetically purified human CD34+ and CD133+ cells from BM and UCB were used on gene expression microarrays studies. UCB CD34+ cells contained a significantly higher proportion of CD133+ cells than BM (70% and 40%, respectively). Cluster analysis showed that BM CD133+ cells grouped with the UCB cells (CD133+ and CD34+) rather than to BM CD34+ cells. Compared with CD34+ cells, CD133+ had a higher expression of many transcription factors (TFs). Promoter analysis on all these TF genes revealed a significantly higher frequency (than expected by chance) of NF-kappaB-binding sites (BS), including potentially novel NF-kappaB targets such as RUNX1, GATA3, and USF1. Selected transcripts of TF related to primitive hematopoiesis and self-renewal, such as RUNX1, GATA3, USF1, TAL1, HOXA9, HOXB4, NOTCH1, RELB, and NFKB2 were evaluated by real-time PCR and were all significantly positively correlated. Taken together, our data indicate the existence of an interconnected transcriptional network characterized by higher levels of NOTCH1, NF-kappaB, and other important TFs on more primitive HSC sets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Alexandre Panepucci
- Department of Clinical Medicine of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto-USP, Center for Cell Therapy and Regional Blood Center, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mayani H. Biological Differences Between Neonatal and Adult Human Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:285-98. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hector Mayani
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells Laboratory, Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
da Silva CL, Gonçalves R, Porada CD, Ascensão JL, Zanjani ED, Cabral JMS, Almeida-Porada G. Differences amid bone marrow and cord blood hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell division kinetics. J Cell Physiol 2009; 220:102-11. [PMID: 19277981 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSC) isolated based upon specific patterns of CD34 and CD38 expression, despite phenotypically identical, were found to be functionally heterogeneous, raising the possibility that reversible expression of these antigens may occur during cellular activation and/or proliferation. In these studies, we combined PKH67 tracking with CD34/CD38 immunostaining to compare cell division kinetics between human bone marrow (BM) and cord blood (CB)-derived HSC expanded in a serum-free/stromal-based system for 14 days (d), and correlated CD34 and CD38 expression with the cell divisional history. CB cells began dividing 24 h earlier than BM cells, and significantly higher numbers underwent mitosis during the time in culture. By d10, over 55% of the CB-cells reached the ninth generation, whereas BM-cells were mostly distributed between the fifth and seventh generation. By d14, all CB cells had undergone multiple cell divisions, while 0.7-3.8% of BM CD34(+) cells remained quiescent. Furthermore, the percentage of BM cells expressing CD34 decreased from 60.8 +/- 6.3% to 30.6 +/- 6.7% prior to initiating division, suggesting that downmodulation of this antigen occurred before commencement of proliferation. Moreover, with BM, all primitive CD34(+)CD38(-) cells present at the end of culture arose from proliferating CD34(+)CD38(+) cells that downregulated CD38 expression, while in CB, a CD34(+)CD38(-) population was maintained throughout culture. These studies show that BM and CB cells differ significantly in cell division kinetics and expression of CD34 and CD38, and that the inherent modulation of these antigens during ex vivo expansion may lead to erroneous quantification of the stem cell content of the expanded graft.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ahn MS, Eom YW, Park JS, Choi JH, Kang SY, Lee HW, Yang MS, Kim HE, Jang IK, Lee JE, Kim YJ, Kim HC, Jeong SH. Difference in Viability of CD34+ Cells in Cryopreserved Cord Blood According to Evaluation Methods. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.5045/kjh.2009.44.2.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Sun Ahn
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Young-woo Eom
- Biomedical Research Institute, LifeCord Inc., Suwon, Korea
| | - Joon Seong Park
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin-Hyuk Choi
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seok Yun Kang
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Lee
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Mal Sook Yang
- Biomedical Research Institute, LifeCord Inc., Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyo Eun Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, LifeCord Inc., Suwon, Korea
| | - In Keun Jang
- Biomedical Research Institute, LifeCord Inc., Suwon, Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, LifeCord Inc., Suwon, Korea
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, LifeCord Inc., Suwon, Korea
| | - Hugh Chul Kim
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seong Hyun Jeong
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Patel E, Wang B, Lien L, Wang Y, Yang LJ, Moreb JS, Chang LJ. Diverse T-cell differentiation potentials of human fetal thymus, fetal liver, cord blood and adult bone marrow CD34 cells on lentiviral Delta-like-1-modified mouse stromal cells. Immunology 2008; 128:e497-505. [PMID: 19740310 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.03013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human haematopoietic progenitor/stem cells (HPCs) differentiate into functional T cells in the thymus through a series of checkpoints. A convenient in vitro system will greatly facilitate the understanding of T-cell development and future engineering of therapeutic T cells. In this report, we established a lentiviral vector-engineered stromal cell line (LSC) expressing the key lymphopoiesis regulator Notch ligand, Delta-like 1 (DL1), as feeder cells (LSC-mDL1) supplemented with Flt3 ligand (fms-like tyrosine kinase 3, Flt3L or FL) and interleukin-7 for the development of T cells from CD34(+) HPCs. We demonstrated T-cell development from human HPCs with various origins including fetal thymus (FT), fetal liver (FL), cord blood (CB) and adult bone marrow (BM). The CD34(+) HPCs from FT, FL and adult BM expanded more than 100-fold before reaching the beta-selection and CD4/CD8 double-positive T-cell stage. The CB HPCs, on the other hand, expanded more than 1000-fold before beta-selection. Furthermore, the time required to reach beta-selection differed for the various HPCs, 7 days for FT, 14 days for FL and CB, and 35 days for adult BM. Nevertheless, all of the T cells developed in vitro were stalled at the double-positive or immature single-positive stage with the exception that some CB-derived T cells arrived at a positive selection stage. Consequently, the LSC-mDL1 culture system illustrated diverse T-cell development potentials of pre- and post-natal and adult human BM HPCs. However, further modification of this in vitro T-cell development system is necessary to attain fully functional T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Patel
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Libura J, Ward M, Solecka J, Richardson C. Etoposide-initiated MLL rearrangements detected at high frequency in human primitive hematopoietic stem cells with in vitro and in vivo long-term repopulating potential. Eur J Haematol 2008; 81:185-95. [PMID: 18510699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2008.01103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Rearrangements initiating within the well-characterized break-point cluster region of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene on 11q23 are a hallmark of therapy-related leukemias following treatment with topoisomerase II poisons including etoposide. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are believed to be the target cell for leukemia-initiating MLL rearrangement events. Although etoposide treatment is sufficient to induce readily detectable MLL rearrangements in primary human CD34+ cells, the majority of cells that gain translocations do not proliferate in culture possibly due to reduced proliferative capacity of most CD34+ cells during normal differentiation [Blood 2005;105:2124]. We characterized the impact of etoposide on primary human long-term repopulating HSC that represent only a minor portion of CD34+ cells. The proliferative capacity of HSC is dramatically increased following both a single and multiple exposures to etoposide as determined by their ability to engraft bone marrow of immune-deficient non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice and to initiate hematopoiesis in long-term initiating cultures. Similar to results in CD34+ cells, a significant proportion of etoposide-treated HSC-derived clones harbored stable MLL rearrangements, including duplications, inversions and translocations. These results indicate HSC are highly susceptible to etoposide-induced and potentially oncogenic rearrangements initiating within MLL, and these HSC are particularly proficient for continued long-term proliferation both in vivo and in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Libura
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Brown JA, Boussiotis VA. Umbilical cord blood transplantation: basic biology and clinical challenges to immune reconstitution. Clin Immunol 2008; 127:286-97. [PMID: 18395491 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation has continued to evolve as a common procedure for the treatment of hematological malignancies and bone marrow failure. Donor bone marrow and mobilized peripheral stem cells are routinely employed for the reconstitution of immune function in leukemia and lymphoma patients following radiation and/or chemotherapy. Unfortunately, only 30% of patients have an HLA-identical sibling donor and the identification of matched unrelated donors, particularly for minorities, can present an exceptional challenge. The transplantation of umbilical cord blood (UCB) represents the most recent strategy to expand the potential donor pool while maintaining an acceptable level of treatment-related complications. First utilized in children, UCB transplantation permits a higher degree of HLA disparity while demonstrating a reduction in the incidence and severity of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) compared to previous transplantation modalities. Despite the apparent decrease in GvHD, relapse rates remain comparable to transplantation with bone marrow or mobilized peripheral blood suggesting a strong graft-versus-leukemia/lymphoma (GvL) effect. However, several issues complicate the use of UCB transplantation and its extension to the treatment of adults. Many infections that afflict transplant patients are particularly frequent and more severe in the context of UCB transplantation. UCB T-cells are naive and therefore display less proliferation and IFN-gamma production in response to cognate antigen and also appear to demonstrate defects in signal transduction mechanisms. In addition, UCB contains T regulatory cells (Treg) with more potent suppressor function than adult Treg. Furthermore, adult patients often require more total cells and CD34+ progenitors for transplantation than a single UCB unit can provide. Thus, strategies to expand selected subpopulations from UCB and the use of multi-unit transplantation are areas of active research. This review will provide a condensed summary of the clinical history of UCB transplantation and emphasize the advantages and disadvantages of this approach to hematological malignancies in comparison to other methods of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Subsequently, it will mainly focus on the current challenges to immune reconstitution presented by UCB transplantation, recent research into their cellular and molecular mechanisms, and experimental approaches to overcome them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Brown
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Palma CA, Lindeman R, Tuch BE. Blood into beta-cells: can adult stem cells be used as a therapy for Type 1 diabetes? Regen Med 2008; 3:33-47. [PMID: 18154461 DOI: 10.2217/17460751.3.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past 10 years there have been substantial developments in adult stem cell research, and the transplantation of these cells now holds great promise for regenerative medicine, such as in the treatment of Type 1 diabetes. A large proportion of studies have focused on stem cells sourced from hematopoietic tissues: bone marrow, umbilical cord blood and peripheral blood. Attempts to transdifferentiate these cells into insulin-producing cells, both in vivo and in vitro, have produced conflicting results. Although insulin production and normalization of blood glucose levels have been described in some studies, the true mechanism of stem cell plasticity remains in question - are the functional changes seen due to true transdifferentiation or do they result from cell fusion or other factors? There is evidence that stem cell plasticity is a true phenomenon, but whether it will ever be of therapeutic benefit for Type 1 diabetes remains uncertain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catalina A Palma
- Diabetes Transplant Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital and University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Broxmeyer HE, Srour E, Orschell C, Ingram DA, Cooper S, Plett PA, Mead LE, Yoder MC. Cord blood stem and progenitor cells. Methods Enzymol 2007; 419:439-73. [PMID: 17141066 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(06)19018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cord blood has served as a source of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells for successful repopulation of the blood cell system in patients with malignant and nonmalignant disorders. It was information on these rare immature cells in cord blood that led to the first use of cord blood for transplantation. Further information on these cells and how they can be manipulated both in vitro and in vivo will likely enhance the utility and broadness of applicability of cord blood for treatment of human disease. This chapter reviews information on the clinical and biological properties of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, as well as the biology of endothelial progenitor cells, and serves as a source for the methods used to detect and quantitate these important functional cells. Specifically, methods are presented for enumerating human cord blood myeloid progenitor cells, including granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM), erythroid (BFU-E), and multipotential (CFU-GEMM or CFU-Mix) progenitors, and their replating potential; hematopoietic stem cells, as assessed in vitro for long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-ICs), cobblestone area-forming cells (CAFCs), and myeloid-lymphoid-initiating cells (ML-ICs), and as assessed in vivo for nonobese diabetic (NOD)/severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse repopulating cells (SRCs); and high and low proliferative potential endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hal E Broxmeyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ichim TE, Solano F, Glenn E, Morales F, Smith L, Zabrecky G, Riordan NH. Stem cell therapy for autism. J Transl Med 2007; 5:30. [PMID: 17597540 PMCID: PMC1914111 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-5-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of neurodevelopmental conditions whose incidence is reaching epidemic proportions, afflicting approximately 1 in 166 children. Autistic disorder, or autism is the most common form of ASD. Although several neurophysiological alterations have been associated with autism, immune abnormalities and neural hypoperfusion appear to be broadly consistent. These appear to be causative since correlation of altered inflammatory responses, and hypoperfusion with symptology is reported. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are in late phases of clinical development for treatment of graft versus host disease and Crohn's Disease, two conditions of immune dysregulation. Cord blood CD34+ cells are known to be potent angiogenic stimulators, having demonstrated positive effects in not only peripheral ischemia, but also in models of cerebral ischemia. Additionally, anecdotal clinical cases have reported responses in autistic children receiving cord blood CD34+ cells. We propose the combined use of MSC and cord blood CD34+cells may be useful in the treatment of autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Solano
- Institute for Cellular Medicine, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Eduardo Glenn
- Institute for Cellular Medicine, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Frank Morales
- Institute for Cellular Medicine, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Leonard Smith
- Institute for Cellular Medicine, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | | | - Neil H Riordan
- Medistem Laboratories Inc, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- 2027 E. Cedar Street Suite 102 Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Riordan NH, Chan K, Marleau AM, Ichim TE. Cord blood in regenerative medicine: do we need immune suppression? J Transl Med 2007; 5:8. [PMID: 17261200 PMCID: PMC1796850 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-5-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cord blood is currently used as an alternative to bone marrow as a source of stem cells for hematopoietic reconstitution after ablation. It is also under intense preclinical investigation for a variety of indications ranging from stroke, to limb ischemia, to myocardial regeneration. A major drawback in the current use of cord blood is that substantial morbidity and mortality are associated with pre-transplant ablation of the recipient hematopoietic system. Here we raise the possibility that due to unique immunological properties of both the stem cell and non-stem cell components of cord blood, it may be possible to utilize allogeneic cells for regenerative applications without needing to fully compromise the recipient immune system. Issues raised will include: graft versus host potential, the immunogenicity of the cord blood graft, and the parallels between cord blood transplantation and fetal to maternal trafficking. The previous use of unmatched cord blood in absence of any immune ablation, as well as potential steps for widespread clinical implementation of allogeneic cord blood grafts will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle Chan
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, California, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Panepucci RA, Calado RT, Rocha V, Proto-Siqueira R, Silva WA, Zago MA. Higher expression of transcription targets and components of the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway is a distinctive feature of umbilical cord blood CD34+ precursors. Stem Cells 2006; 25:189-96. [PMID: 16973832 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Delayed engraftment, better reconstitution of progenitors, higher thymic function, and a lower incidence of the graft-versus-host disease are characteristics associated with umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplants, compared with bone marrow (BM). To understand the molecular mechanisms causing these intrinsic differences, we analyzed the differentially expressed genes between BM and UCB hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). The expressions of approximately 10,000 genes were compared by serial analysis of gene expression of magnetically sorted CD34(+) cells from BM and UCB. Differential expression of selected genes was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction on additional CD34(+) samples from BM (n = 22), UCB (n = 9), and granulocyte colony stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood (n = 6). The overrepresentation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway components and targets was found to be a major characteristic of UCB HSPCs. Additional promoter analysis of 41 UCB-overrepresented genes revealed a significantly higher number of NF-kappaB cis-regulatory elements (present in 22 genes) than would be expected by chance. Our results point to an important role of the NF-kappaB pathway on the molecular and functional differences observed between BM and UCB HSPCs. Our study forms the basis for future studies and potentially for new strategies to stem cell graft manipulation, by specific NF-kappaB pathway modulation on stem cells, prior to transplant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Alexandre Panepucci
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regional Blood Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Giebel B, Zhang T, Beckmann J, Spanholtz J, Wernet P, Ho AD, Punzel M. Primitive human hematopoietic cells give rise to differentially specified daughter cells upon their initial cell division. Blood 2006; 107:2146-52. [PMID: 16249381 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-08-3139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is often predicted that stem cells divide asymmetrically, creating a daughter cell that maintains the stem-cell capacity, and 1 daughter cell committed to differentiation. While asymmetric stem-cell divisions have been proven to occur in model organisms (eg, in Drosophila), it remains illusive whether primitive hematopoietic cells in mammals actually can divide asymmetrically. In our experiments we have challenged this question and analyzed the developmental capacity of separated offspring of primitive human hematopoietic cells at a single-cell level. We show for the first time that the vast majority of the most primitive, in vitro–detectable human hematopoietic cells give rise to daughter cells adopting different cell fates; 1 inheriting the developmental capacity of the mother cell, and 1 becoming more specified. In contrast, approximately half of the committed progenitor cells studied gave rise to daughter cells, both of which adopted the cell fate of their mother. Although our data are compatible with the model of asymmetric cell division, other mechanisms of cell fate specification are discussed. In addition, we describe a novel human hematopoietic progenitor cell that has the capacity to form natural killer (NK) cells as well as macrophages, but not cells of other myeloid lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Umbilical cord blood transplantation: an alternative for adult patients. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/01.mot.0000209293.64664.1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
27
|
Abstract
The blood-related cancer leukaemias were the first diseases where human cancer stem cells, or leukaemic stem cells (LSC), were isolated. The haematopoietic system is one of the best tissues for investigating cancer stem cells, because the developmental hierarchy of normal blood formation is well defined. Leukaemias can now be viewed as aberrant haematopoietic processes initiated by rare LSC that have maintained or reacquired the capacity for indefinite proliferation through accumulated mutations and/or epigenetic changes. Yet, despite their critical importance, much remains to be learned about the developmental origin of LSC and the mechanisms responsible for their emergence in the course of the disease. This report will review our current knowledge on normal and LSC development and examine the impact of these discoveries may have clinically and in our understanding of the leukaemogenic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Bonnet
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a life-saving procedure for hematopoietic malignancies, marrow failure syndromes, and hereditary immunodeficiency disorders. However, wide application of this procedure is limited by availability of suitably HLA-matched adult donors. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) has being increasingly used as an alternative hematopoietic stem cell source for these patients. To date, over 6000 UCB transplant procedures in children and adults have been performed worldwide using UCB donors. Broader use of UCB for adult patients is however limited by the available infused cell dose. This has prompted intensive research on ex vivo expansion of UCB stem cells and UCB graft-engineering including accessory cells able to improve UCB engraftment and reconstitution and for tissue regenerative potential. Recently, two large European and North American retrospective studies demonstrated that UCB is an acceptable alternative source of hematopoietic stem cells for adult recipients who lack HLA-matched adult donors. UCB is anticipated to address needs in both transplantation and regenerative medicine fields. It has advantages of easy procurement, no risk to donors, low risk of transmitting infections, immediate availability and immune tolerance allowing successful transplantation despite HLA disparity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Tse
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, University Hospitals Ireland Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7284, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
|