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Wang S, Wen X, Fan Z, Ding X, Wang Q, Liu Z, Yu W. Research advancements on nerve guide conduits for nerve injury repair. Rev Neurosci 2024; 0:revneuro-2023-0093. [PMID: 38517315 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is one of the most serious causes of disability and loss of work capacity of younger individuals. Although PNS has a certain degree of regeneration, there are still challenges like disordered growth, neuroma formation, and incomplete regeneration. Regarding the management of PNI, conventional methods such as surgery, pharmacotherapy, and rehabilitative therapy. Treatment strategies vary depending on the severity of the injury. While for the long nerve defect, autologous nerve grafting is commonly recognized as the preferred surgical approach. Nevertheless, due to lack of donor sources, neurological deficits and the low regeneration efficiency of grafted nerves, nerve guide conduits (NGCs) are recognized as a future promising technology in recent years. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current treatments for PNI, and discusses NGCs from different perspectives, such as material, design, fabrication process, and composite function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoushuai Wang
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun City 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xinggui Wen
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun City 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zheyuan Fan
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun City 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiangdong Ding
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun City 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun City 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhongling Liu
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun City 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wei Yu
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun City 130033, Jilin Province, China
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Ferreira LVDO, Kamura BDC, de Oliveira JPM, Chimenes ND, de Carvalho M, dos Santos LA, Dias-Melicio LA, Amorim RL, Amorim RM. In Vitro Transdifferentiation Potential of Equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Schwann-Like Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2023; 32:422-432. [PMID: 37071193 PMCID: PMC10401561 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2022.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) are essential for the regenerative processes of peripheral nerve injuries. However, their use in cell therapy is limited. In this context, several studies have demonstrated the ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to transdifferentiate into Schwann-like cells (SLCs) using chemical protocols or co-culture with SCs. Here, we describe for the first time the in vitro transdifferentiation potential of MSCs derived from equine adipose tissue (AT) and equine bone marrow (BM) into SLCs using a practical method. In this study, the facial nerve of a horse was collected, cut into fragments, and incubated in cell culture medium for 48 h. This medium was used to transdifferentiate the MSCs into SLCs. Equine AT-MSCs and BM-MSCs were incubated with the induction medium for 5 days. After this period, the morphology, cell viability, metabolic activity, gene expression of glial markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), myelin basic protein (MBP), p75 and S100β, nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and the protein expression of S100 and GFAP were evaluated in undifferentiated and differentiated cells. The MSCs from the two sources incubated with the induction medium exhibited similar morphology to the SCs and maintained cell viability and metabolic activity. There was a significant increase in the gene expression of BDNF, GDNF, GFAP, MBP, p75, and S100β in equine AT-MSCs and GDNF, GFAP, MBP, p75, and S100β in equine BM-MSCs post-differentiation. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed GFAP expression in undifferentiated and differentiated cells, with a significant increase in the integrated pixel density in differentiated cells and S100 was only expressed in differentiated cells from both sources. These findings indicate that equine AT-MSCs and BM-MSCs have great transdifferentiation potential into SLCs using this method, and they represent a promising strategy for cell-based therapy for peripheral nerve regeneration in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Vinícius de Oliveira Ferreira
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Translational Nucleus of Regenerative Medicine (NUTRAMERE), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz da Costa Kamura
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Translational Nucleus of Regenerative Medicine (NUTRAMERE), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Marmol de Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Translational Nucleus of Regenerative Medicine (NUTRAMERE), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natielly Dias Chimenes
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Translational Nucleus of Regenerative Medicine (NUTRAMERE), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio de Carvalho
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Alves dos Santos
- Confocal Microscopy Laboratory, UNIPEX–Experimental Research Unit, Medical School of Botucatu; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciane Alarcão Dias-Melicio
- Confocal Microscopy Laboratory, UNIPEX–Experimental Research Unit, Medical School of Botucatu; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Botucatu; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renée Laufer Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rogério Martins Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Translational Nucleus of Regenerative Medicine (NUTRAMERE), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lischer M, di Summa PG, Petrou IG, Schaefer DJ, Guzman R, Kalbermatten DF, Madduri S. Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Nerve Tissue Engineering: Bridging Nerve Gap Injuries in Large Animals. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097800. [PMID: 37175506 PMCID: PMC10177884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-therapy-based nerve repair strategies hold great promise. In the field, there is an extensive amount of evidence for better regenerative outcomes when using tissue-engineered nerve grafts for bridging severe gap injuries. Although a massive number of studies have been performed using rodents, only a limited number involving nerve injury models of large animals were reported. Nerve injury models mirroring the human nerve size and injury complexity are crucial to direct the further clinical development of advanced therapeutic interventions. Thus, there is a great need for the advancement of research using large animals, which will closely reflect human nerve repair outcomes. Within this context, this review highlights various stem cell-based nerve repair strategies involving large animal models such as pigs, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys, with an emphasis on the limitations and strengths of therapeutic strategy and outcome measurements. Finally, future directions in the field of nerve repair are discussed. Thus, the present review provides valuable knowledge, as well as the current state of information and insights into nerve repair strategies using cell therapies in large animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Lischer
- Center for Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Pietro G di Summa
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Lausanne and University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ilias G Petrou
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dirk J Schaefer
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Guzman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F Kalbermatten
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Srinivas Madduri
- Center for Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Bioengineering and Neuroregeneration, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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Alakpa EV, Bahrd A, Wiklund K, Andersson M, Novikov LN, Ljungberg C, Kelk P. Bioprinted Schwann and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Co-Cultures for Enhanced Spatial Control of Neurite Outgrowth. Gels 2023; 9:gels9030172. [PMID: 36975621 PMCID: PMC10048219 DOI: 10.3390/gels9030172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioprinting nerve conduits supplemented with glial or stem cells is a promising approach to promote axonal regeneration in the injured nervous system. In this study, we examined the effects of different compositions of bioprinted fibrin hydrogels supplemented with Schwann cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on cell viability, production of neurotrophic factors, and neurite outgrowth from adult sensory neurons. To reduce cell damage during bioprinting, we analyzed and optimized the shear stress magnitude and exposure time. The results demonstrated that fibrin hydrogel made from 9 mg/mL of fibrinogen and 50IE/mL of thrombin maintained the gel’s highest stability and cell viability. Gene transcription levels for neurotrophic factors were significantly higher in cultures containing Schwann cells. However, the amount of the secreted neurotrophic factors was similar in all co-cultures with the different ratios of Schwann cells and MSCs. By testing various co-culture combinations, we found that the number of Schwann cells can feasibly be reduced by half and still stimulate guided neurite outgrowth in a 3D-printed fibrin matrix. This study demonstrates that bioprinting can be used to develop nerve conduits with optimized cell compositions to guide axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enateri V Alakpa
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anton Bahrd
- Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Krister Wiklund
- Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Lev N Novikov
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christina Ljungberg
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Science, Section of Hand and Plastic Surgery, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peyman Kelk
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Liu S, Liu S, Li S, Liang B, Han X, Liang Y, Wei X. Nerves within bone and their application in tissue engineering of bone regeneration. Front Neurol 2023; 13:1085560. [PMID: 36818724 PMCID: PMC9933508 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1085560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerves within bone play an irreplaceable role in promoting bone regeneration. Crosstalk between the nerve system and bone has arisen to the attention of researchers in the field of basic medicine, clinical medicine, and biomaterials science. Successful bone regeneration relies on the appropriate participation of neural system components including nerve fibers, signaling molecules, and neural-related cells. Furthermore, more about the mechanisms through which nerves took part in bone regeneration and how these mechanisms could be integrated into tissue engineering scaffolds were under exploration. In the present review, we aimed to systematically elaborate on the structural and functional interrelationship between the nerve system and bone. In particular, peripheral nerves interact with the bone through innervated axons, multiple neurotrophins, and bone resident cells. Also, we aimed to summarize research that took advantage of the neuro-osteogenic network to design tissue engineering scaffolds for bone repair.
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Zhang X, Liu F, Gu Z. Tissue Engineering in Neuroscience: Applications and Perspectives. BME FRONTIERS 2023; 4:0007. [PMID: 37849680 PMCID: PMC10521717 DOI: 10.34133/bmef.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders have always been a threat to human physical and mental health nowadays, which are closely related to the nonregeneration of neurons in the nervous system (NS). The damage to the NS is currently difficult to repair using conventional therapies, such as surgery and medication. Therefore, repairing the damaged NS has always been a vast challenge in the area of neurology. Tissue engineering (TE), which integrates the cell biology and materials science to reconstruct or repair organs and tissues, has widespread applications in bone, periodontal tissue defects, skin repairs, and corneal transplantation. Recently, tremendous advances have been made in TE regarding neuroscience. In this review, we summarize TE's recent progress in neuroscience, including pathological mechanisms of various neurological disorders, the concepts and classification of TE, and the most recent development of TE in neuroscience. Lastly, we prospect the future directions and unresolved problems of TE in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoge Zhang
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fuyao Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhen Gu
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321299, China
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Development and In Vitro Differentiation of Schwann Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233753. [PMID: 36497014 PMCID: PMC9739763 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells are glial cells of the peripheral nervous system. They exist in several subtypes and perform a variety of functions in nerves. Their derivation and culture in vitro are interesting for applications ranging from disease modeling to tissue engineering. Since primary human Schwann cells are challenging to obtain in large quantities, in vitro differentiation from other cell types presents an alternative. Here, we first review the current knowledge on the developmental signaling mechanisms that determine neural crest and Schwann cell differentiation in vivo. Next, an overview of studies on the in vitro differentiation of Schwann cells from multipotent stem cell sources is provided. The molecules frequently used in those protocols and their involvement in the relevant signaling pathways are put into context and discussed. Focusing on hiPSC- and hESC-based studies, different protocols are described and compared, regarding cell sources, differentiation methods, characterization of cells, and protocol efficiency. A brief insight into developments regarding the culture and differentiation of Schwann cells in 3D is given. In summary, this contribution provides an overview of the current resources and methods for the differentiation of Schwann cells, it supports the comparison and refinement of protocols and aids the choice of suitable methods for specific applications.
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Yang L, Shen XM, Wang ZF, Li K, Wang W. The Notch signalling pathway and miRNA regulation play important roles in the differentiation of Schwann cells from adipose-derived stem cells. J Transl Med 2022; 102:320-328. [PMID: 34795395 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00687-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
An exploration of the underlying mechanisms is necessary to improve nerve myelin-forming cell Schwann cell (SC) differentiation from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). Primary rat ADSCs were isolated and characterised for cell surface markers using flow cytometry analysis. After treatment with a mixture of glial growth factors, ADSCs were induced to differentiate and subsequently identified by immunofluorescence staining and western blotting. A miRNA microarray analysis was performed to explore the genes and signalling pathways regulating ADSC differentiation into SCs. ELISAs were conducted to measure the expression of neurotrophic factors and changes in the level of nerve cell adhesion factor. Dual luciferase reporter assays and RIP assays were performed to explore the potential mechanism of miR-21-5p in ADSC differentiation. The isolated ADSCs were positive for CD29 and CD44 but negative for CD49. After induction with specific cytokines, the differentiated ADSCs presented a spindle-like morphology similar to SCs and expressed S100. RNA-sequencing analyses revealed that 9821 mRNAs of protein-coding genes and 175 miRNAs were differentially expressed in differentiated SC-like cells compared to primary cultures of ADSCs. KEGG and Gene Ontology analyses revealed that the involvement of the Notch signalling pathway and miRNA negative regulation may be associated with the differentiation of ADSCs into SCs. Treatment with a Notch inhibitor promoted the differentiation of ADSCs. Furthermore, mechanistic studies showed that Jag1 bound to miR-21-5p and upregulated its target gene Jag1, thus affecting ADSC differentiation. These results revealed the mechanism underlying the important roles of miRNAs and the Notch signalling pathway in the differentiation of SCs from ADSCs, enabling potential therapeutic applications of ADSCs in peripheral nerve regeneration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410078, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Min Shen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Fei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410078, P.R. China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, P.R. China.
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Yan X, Liu Y, Yu S, Huang D, Hu R. Repair Effects of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Demyelination of Trigeminal Ganglion in Rats with Trigeminal Neuralgia. J Pain Res 2022; 15:613-622. [PMID: 35250305 PMCID: PMC8894102 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s347907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The current study investigated the effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on pain behavior in rats with trigeminal neuralgia induced by infraorbital nerve chronic constriction injury (ION-CCI), and the repair effects of BMSCs on pathological changes in trigeminal ganglion demyelination. Methods BMSCs or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) alone were injected around trigeminal ganglion in ION-CCI rats via a rat brain stereotaxic apparatus. Mechanical pain threshold (von Frey test) and face grooming behavior were measured in each group. Recovery of demyelination of trigeminal ganglion was observed via electron microscopy 2 weeks later, and BMSC differentiation was observed via immunofluorescence. Results Rats in the BMSC group exhibited significant improvements in mechanical pain threshold and face grooming behavior compared with the PBS group. BMSCs could repair demyelinating changes in trigeminal ganglion in ION-CCI rats. Only cells expressing GFAP, S-100, and p75 were observed via immunofluorescence, and no PKH67-labeled BMSCs were observed in the trigeminal ganglion. No BMSC differentiation was observed in the trigeminal ganglion. Conclusion Injection of BMSCs around the trigeminal ganglion could relieve trigeminal neuralgia effectively and repair trigeminal ganglion demyelination. No differentiation of BMSCs injected around the trigeminal ganglion into Schwann cells was observed. The mechanism of trigeminal neuralgia demyelination repair requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Yan
- Department of Pain, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Anesthesia, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanzi Yu
- Department of Pain, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Huang
- Department of Pain, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Pain, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Rong Hu, Department of Pain, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 18973162969, Email
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Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Using Different Germ Layer-Derived Adult Stem Cells in the Past Decade. Behav Neurol 2021; 2021:5586523. [PMID: 34539934 PMCID: PMC8448597 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5586523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) are some of the most common types of traumatic lesions affecting the nervous system. Although the peripheral nervous system has a higher regenerative ability than the central nervous system, delayed treatment is associated with disturbances in both distal sensory and functional abilities. Over the past decades, adult stem cell-based therapies for peripheral nerve injuries have drawn attention from researchers. This is because various stem cells can promote regeneration after peripheral nerve injuries by differentiating into neural-line cells, secreting various neurotrophic factors, and regulating the activity of in situ Schwann cells (SCs). This article reviewed research from the past 10 years on the role of stem cells in the repair of PNIs. We concluded that adult stem cell-based therapies promote the regeneration of PNI in various ways.
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ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Facilitate the Repair of Peripheral Nerve Defects with Chemically Extracted Acellular Allograft in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:2504276. [PMID: 33575323 PMCID: PMC7857881 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2504276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acellular allograft (ACA) improves the repair and reconstruction of long peripheral nerve defects. ω-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) carry a neuroprotective potential, and their effects on ACA bridging were elucidated. Thirty rats with long gap sciatic nerve defects (15 mm long) were randomly divided into three groups (n = 10): ACA, ACA + PUFAs, and autograft (AU). Limb condition, wet weight of tibialis anterior muscle (TAM), nerve electrophysiology, S-100, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and percentage of splenic CD4+ and CD8 + T-lymphocytes were evaluated for 12 weeks after the operation. Rats in the AU and ACA + PUFA groups showed superior condition in affected limbs compared to the ACA group. At 12 wk after surgery, the wet weight of TAM in the ACA + PUFA group was higher than that in the ACA group (0.4519 ± 0.1185 vs. 0.3049 ± 0.1272; P < 0.01) but lower than that in the AU group (0.4519 ± 0.1185, 0.5628 ± 0.0092; P < 0.05). In all the three groups, sole irritation elicited withdrawal reflex, and S-100 staining was detected in plantar skin. Moreover, horseradish peroxidase staining was overt in both the ventral horn and dorsal root ganglion of the spinal cord. Nerve conduction velocity (m/s), amplitude of action potential (mV), or somatosensory evoked potentials in ACA + PUFAs (28.81 ± 1.04, 2.20 ± 0.27, 6.98 ± 0.29) were significantly different from that in the AU (35.71 ± 1.28, 1.81 ± 0.19, 8.15 ± 0.52; P < 0.05) and ACA (20.03 ± 1.94, 2.95 ± 0.36, 5.22 ± 0.53; P < 0.01) groups. The percentages of splenic CD4+ and CD8+ cells were similar among the three groups. Omega-3 PUFAs improve the bridging effect of ACA on long gap peripheral nerve defects by promoting neuroprotection without arousing an immune response.
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Balakrishnan A, Belfiore L, Chu TH, Fleming T, Midha R, Biernaskie J, Schuurmans C. Insights Into the Role and Potential of Schwann Cells for Peripheral Nerve Repair From Studies of Development and Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:608442. [PMID: 33568974 PMCID: PMC7868393 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.608442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries arising from trauma or disease can lead to sensory and motor deficits and neuropathic pain. Despite the purported ability of the peripheral nerve to self-repair, lifelong disability is common. New molecular and cellular insights have begun to reveal why the peripheral nerve has limited repair capacity. The peripheral nerve is primarily comprised of axons and Schwann cells, the supporting glial cells that produce myelin to facilitate the rapid conduction of electrical impulses. Schwann cells are required for successful nerve regeneration; they partially “de-differentiate” in response to injury, re-initiating the expression of developmental genes that support nerve repair. However, Schwann cell dysfunction, which occurs in chronic nerve injury, disease, and aging, limits their capacity to support endogenous repair, worsening patient outcomes. Cell replacement-based therapeutic approaches using exogenous Schwann cells could be curative, but not all Schwann cells have a “repair” phenotype, defined as the ability to promote axonal growth, maintain a proliferative phenotype, and remyelinate axons. Two cell replacement strategies are being championed for peripheral nerve repair: prospective isolation of “repair” Schwann cells for autologous cell transplants, which is hampered by supply challenges, and directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells or lineage conversion of accessible somatic cells to induced Schwann cells, with the potential of “unlimited” supply. All approaches require a solid understanding of the molecular mechanisms guiding Schwann cell development and the repair phenotype, which we review herein. Together these studies provide essential context for current efforts to design glial cell-based therapies for peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Balakrishnan
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lauren Belfiore
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tak-Ho Chu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Taylor Fleming
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajiv Midha
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carol Schuurmans
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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13
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Meena P, Kakkar A, Kumar M, Khatri N, Nagar RK, Singh A, Malhotra P, Shukla M, Saraswat SK, Srivastava S, Datt R, Pandey S. Advances and clinical challenges for translating nerve conduit technology from bench to bed side for peripheral nerve repair. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 383:617-644. [PMID: 33201351 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Injuries to the peripheral nervous system remain a large-scale clinical problem. These injuries often lead to loss of motor and/or sensory function that significantly affects patients' quality of life. The current neurosurgical approach for peripheral nerve repair involves autologous nerve transplantation, which often leads to clinical complications. The most pressing need is to increase the regenerative capacity of existing tubular constructs in the repair of large nerve gaps through development of tissue-engineered approaches that can surpass the performance of autografts. To fully realize the clinical potential of nerve conduit technology, there is a need to reconsider design strategies, biomaterial selection, fabrication techniques and the various potential modifications to optimize a conduit microenvironment that can best mimic the natural process of regeneration. In recent years, a significant progress has been made in the designing and functionality of bioengineered nerve conduits to bridge long peripheral nerve gaps in various animal models. However, translation of this work from lab to commercial scale has not been achieve. The current review summarizes recent advances in the development of tissue engineered nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) with regard to choice of material, novel fabrication methods, surface modifications and regenerative cues such as stem cells and growth factors to improve regeneration performance. Also, the current clinical potential and future perspectives to achieve therapeutic benefits of NGCs will be discussed in context of peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Meena
- Department of Life Sciences, Datt Mediproducts Pvt. Ltd., Roz Ka Meo Industrial Area, District Mewat, Nuh, 122103, District Haryana, India
| | - Anupama Kakkar
- Department of Life Sciences, Datt Mediproducts Pvt. Ltd., Roz Ka Meo Industrial Area, District Mewat, Nuh, 122103, District Haryana, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, Datt Mediproducts Pvt. Ltd., Roz Ka Meo Industrial Area, District Mewat, Nuh, 122103, District Haryana, India
| | - Nitin Khatri
- Department of Life Sciences, Datt Mediproducts Pvt. Ltd., Roz Ka Meo Industrial Area, District Mewat, Nuh, 122103, District Haryana, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Nagar
- Department of Life Sciences, Datt Mediproducts Pvt. Ltd., Roz Ka Meo Industrial Area, District Mewat, Nuh, 122103, District Haryana, India
| | - Aarti Singh
- Department of Life Sciences, Datt Mediproducts Pvt. Ltd., Roz Ka Meo Industrial Area, District Mewat, Nuh, 122103, District Haryana, India
| | - Poonam Malhotra
- Department of Life Sciences, Datt Mediproducts Pvt. Ltd., Roz Ka Meo Industrial Area, District Mewat, Nuh, 122103, District Haryana, India
| | - Manish Shukla
- Department of Life Sciences, Datt Mediproducts Pvt. Ltd., Roz Ka Meo Industrial Area, District Mewat, Nuh, 122103, District Haryana, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Saraswat
- Department of Life Sciences, Datt Mediproducts Pvt. Ltd., Roz Ka Meo Industrial Area, District Mewat, Nuh, 122103, District Haryana, India
| | - Supriya Srivastava
- Department of Life Sciences, Datt Mediproducts Pvt. Ltd., Roz Ka Meo Industrial Area, District Mewat, Nuh, 122103, District Haryana, India
| | - Rajan Datt
- Department of Life Sciences, Datt Mediproducts Pvt. Ltd., Roz Ka Meo Industrial Area, District Mewat, Nuh, 122103, District Haryana, India
| | - Siddharth Pandey
- Department of Life Sciences, Datt Mediproducts Pvt. Ltd., Roz Ka Meo Industrial Area, District Mewat, Nuh, 122103, District Haryana, India.
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14
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Ghane N, Khalili S, Nouri Khorasani S, Esmaeely Neisiany R, Das O, Ramakrishna S. Regeneration of the peripheral nerve via multifunctional electrospun scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 109:437-452. [PMID: 32856425 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, electrospun scaffolds have proved to be advantageous in the field of nerve tissue regeneration by connecting the cavity among the proximal and distal nerve stumps growth cones and leading to functional recovery after injury. Multifunctional nanofibrous structure of these scaffolds provides enormous potential by combining the advantages of nano-scale topography, and biological science. In these structures, selecting the appropriate materials, designing an optimized structure, modifying the surface to enhance biological functions and neurotrophic factors loading, and native cell-like stem cells should be considered as the essential factors. In this systematic review paper, the fabrication methods for the preparation of aligned nanofibrous scaffolds in yarn or conduit architecture are reviewed. Subsequently, the utilized polymeric materials, including natural, synthetic and blend are presented. Finally, their surface modification techniques, as well as, the recent advances and outcomes of the scaffolds, both in vitro and in vivo, are reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Ghane
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shahla Khalili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Rasoul Esmaeely Neisiany
- Department of Materials and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Oisik Das
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Centre for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Singapore, Singapore
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15
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A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Cell-Based Therapy in Repairing Peripheral Nerve Gap Defects. PROSTHESIS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/prosthesis2030014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nerve prostheses are widely utilized to reconstruct segmental (gap) defects in peripheral nerves as an alternative to nerve grafting. However, with increasing gap length, the effectiveness of a nerve prosthesis becomes sub-optimal, which subsequently has made repairing larger gaps in peripheral nerves a significant challenge in the field of regenerative medicine. Recently, the structure of nerve prostheses has been significantly revised, which interestingly, has provided a promising avenue for the housing and proliferation of supportive cells. In this systematic review, cell implantation in synthetic nerve prostheses to enhance the regenerative capability of an injured nerve with a focus on identifying the cell type and mode of cell delivery is discussed. Of interest are the studies employing supportive cells to bridge gaps greater than 10 mm without the aid of nerve growth factors. The results have shown that cell therapy in conjunction with nerve prostheses becomes inevitable and has dramatically boosted the ability of these prostheses to maintain sustainable nerve regeneration across larger gaps and helped to attain functional recovery, which is the ultimate goal. The statistical analysis supports the use of differentiated bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells suspended in oxygen-carrying hydrogels in chitosan prostheses for bridging gaps of up to 40 mm; however, based on the imperfect repair outcomes, nerve grafting should not yet be replaced altogether.
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16
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Itoyama T, Yoshida S, Tomokiyo A, Hasegawa D, Hamano S, Sugii H, Ono T, Fujino S, Maeda H. Possible function of GDNF and Schwann cells in wound healing of periodontal tissue. J Periodontal Res 2020; 55:830-839. [PMID: 32562261 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the function of Schwann cells in wound healing of periodontal tissue. BACKGROUND In our previous study, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) promoted the migration of human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and that GDNF expression increased in wounded periodontal tissue. GDNF reportedly induces the migration of Schwann cell precursors. Schwann cells play a crucial role in the regeneration of peripheral tissues, including bone tissue. However, the role of Schwann cells on periodontal tissue regeneration remains unclear. METHODS A transwell assay and a WST-1 (water-soluble tetrazolium compound-1) proliferation assay were used to determine whether GDNF promotes the migration and proliferation of Schwann cells, respectively. Quantitative RT-PCR and Alizarin Red S staining were performed to examine the effect of these cells on the differentiation of human preosteoblast (Saos2 cells) using conditioned medium from YST-1 (YST-1-CM). Western blotting analysis was performed to determine whether YST-1-CM activates ERK signaling pathway in Saos2 cells. The expression of Schwann cell markers, S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100-B) and growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43), was determined in normal and wounded periodontal tissue by immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor promoted the migration of YST-1 cells but did not affect the proliferation of YST-1 cells. Saos2 cells cultured with YST-1-CM increased the expression of osteoblastic markers and mineralization. YST-1-CM also induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in Saos2 cells. The number of S100-B-immunoreactive cells which also expressed GAP-43 was increased in rat wounded periodontal tissue during healing process. CONCLUSION The accumulation of Schwann cells in wounded periodontal tissue suggests that they play a significant role in wound healing of this tissue, especially alveolar bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Itoyama
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Tomokiyo
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daigaku Hasegawa
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sayuri Hamano
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideki Sugii
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taiga Ono
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shoko Fujino
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Maeda
- Department of Endodontology and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
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17
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Functionalized nerve conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration: A literature review. HAND SURGERY & REHABILITATION 2020; 39:343-351. [PMID: 32485240 DOI: 10.1016/j.hansur.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized neurotube are a third-generation of conduits with chemical or architectural bioactivity developed for axonal proliferation. The goal of this review is to provide a synopsis of the functionalized nerve conduits described in the literature according to their chemical and architectural properties and answer two questions: what are their mechanisms of action? Has their efficacy been proven compared to the autologous nerve graft? Our literature review relates all kind of conduits corresponding to functionalized neurotubes in peripheral nerve regeneration found in Medline and PubMed Central. Studies developing nerve gaps, chemotactic or structural features promoting each conduit, results, efficiency were selected. Fifty-five studies were selected and classified in: (a) intraluminal neurotrophic factors; (b) cell-based therapy (combined-in-vein muscles, amniotic membrane, Schwann cells, stem cells); (c) extracellular matrix proteins; (d) tissue engineering; (e) bioimplants. Functionalized neurotubes showed significantly better functional results than after end-to-end nerve suture. No studies can be able to show that neurotube results were better than autologous nerve graft results. We included all studies regardless of effectives to evaluate quality of reinnervation with modern tubulization. Functionalized neurotubes promote basic conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration. Thanks to bioengineering and microsurgery improvement, further neurotubes could promote best level of regeneration and functional recovery to successfully bridge a critical nerve gap.
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18
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Bojanic C, To K, Zhang B, Mak C, Khan WS. Human umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells in peripheral nerve regeneration. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:288-302. [PMID: 32399137 PMCID: PMC7202926 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i4.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral nerve injury can occur as a result of trauma or disease and carries significant morbidity including sensory and motor loss. The body has limited ability for nerve regeneration and functional recovery. Left untreated, nerve lesions can cause lifelong disability. Traditional treatment options such as neurorrhaphy and neurolysis have high failure rates. Surgical reconstruction with autograft carries donor site morbidity and often provide suboptimal results. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to have promising regenerative potential and have gained attention as a treatment option for nerve lesions. It is however, unclear whether it can be effectively used for nerve regeneration.
AIM To evaluate the evidence for the use of human umbilical cord derived MSCs (UCMSCs) in peripheral nerve regeneration.
METHODS We carried out a systematic literature review in accordance with the PRISMA protocol. A literature search was performed from conception to September 2019 using PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science. The results of eligible studies were appraised. A risk of bias analysis was carried out using Cochrane’s RoB 2.0 tool.
RESULTS Fourteen studies were included in this review. A total of 279 subjects, including both human and animal were treated with UCMSCs. Four studies obtained UCMSCs from a third-party source and the remainder were harvested by the investigators. Out of the 14 studies, thirteen conducted xenogenic transplantation into nerve injury models. All studies reported significant improvement in nerve regeneration in the UCMSC treated groups compared with the various different controls and untreated groups.
CONCLUSION The evidence summarised in this PRISMA systematic review of in vivo studies supports the notion that human UCMSC transplantation is an effective treatment option for peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bojanic
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kendrick To
- Division of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Mak
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Wasim S Khan
- Division of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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19
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Yi S, Zhang Y, Gu X, Huang L, Zhang K, Qian T, Gu X. Application of stem cells in peripheral nerve regeneration. BURNS & TRAUMA 2020; 8:tkaa002. [PMID: 32346538 PMCID: PMC7175760 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic peripheral nerve injury is a worldwide clinical issue with high morbidity. The severity of peripheral nerve injury can be classified as neurapraxia, axonotmesis or neurotmesis, according to Seddon's classification, or five different degrees according to Sunderland's classification. Patients with neurotmesis suffer from a complete transection of peripheral nerve stumps and are often in need of surgical repair of nerve defects. The applications of autologous nerve grafts as the golden standard for peripheral nerve transplantation meet some difficulties, including donor nerve sacrifice and nerve mismatch. Attempts have been made to construct tissue-engineered nerve grafts as supplements or even substitutes for autologous nerve grafts to bridge peripheral nerve defects. The incorporation of stem cells as seed cells into the biomaterial-based scaffolds increases the effectiveness of tissue-engineered nerve grafts and largely boosts the regenerative process. Numerous stem cells, including embryonic stem cells, neural stem cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, adipose stem cells, skin-derived precursor stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, have been used in neural tissue engineering. In the current review, recent trials of stem cell-based tissue-engineered nerve grafts have been summarized; potential concerns and perspectives of stem cell therapeutics have also been contemplated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yi
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaokun Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Huang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kairong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianmei Qian
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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20
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Raza C, Riaz HA, Anjum R, Shakeel NUA. Repair strategies for injured peripheral nerve: Review. Life Sci 2020; 243:117308. [PMID: 31954163 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Compromised functional regains in about half of the patients following surgical nerve repair pose a serious socioeconomic burden to the society. Although surgical strategies such as end-to-end neurorrhaphy, nerve grafting and nerve transfer are widely applied in distal injuries leading to optimal recovery; however in proximal nerve defects functional outcomes remain unsatisfactory. Biomedical engineering approaches unite the efforts of the surgeons, engineers and biologists to develop regeneration facilitating structures such as extracellular matrix based supportive polymers and tubular nerve guidance channels. Such polymeric structures provide neurotrophic support from injured nerve stumps, retard the fibrous tissue infiltration and guide regenerating axons to appropriate targets. The development and application of nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) to treat nerve gap injuries offer clinically relevant and feasible solutions. Enhanced understanding of the nerve regeneration processes and advances in NGCs design, polymers and fabrication strategies have led to developing modern NGCs with superior regeneration-conducive capacities. Current review focuses on the advances in surgical and engineering approaches to treat peripheral nerve injuries. We suggest the incorporation of endothelial cell growth promoting cues and factors into the NGC interior for its possible enhancement effects on the axonal regeneration process that may result in substantial functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chand Raza
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Hasib Aamir Riaz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Rabia Anjum
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Noor Ul Ain Shakeel
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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21
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Kang Y, Liu Y, Liu Z, Ren S, Xiong H, Chen J, Duscher D, Machens HG, Liu W, Guo G, Zhan P, Chen H, Chen Z. Differentiated human adipose-derived stromal cells exhibit the phenotypic and functional characteristics of mature Schwann cells through a modified approach. Cytotherapy 2019; 21:987-1003. [PMID: 31351800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Tissue engineering technology is a promising therapeutic strategy in peripheral nerve injury. Schwann cells (SCs) are deemed to be a vital component of cell-based nerve regeneration therapies. Many methods for producing SC-like cells derived from adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) have been explored, but their phenotypic and functional characteristics remain unsatisfactory. METHODS We investigated whether human ADSCs can be induced to differentiate into mature and stable SC-like cells with the addition of insulin, progestero``ne and glucocorticoids. The phenotypic and functional characteristics of new differentiated ADSCs (modified SC-like cells) were evaluated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunocytochemistry in vitro. Cells loaded into collagen sponge biomaterials were implanted around transected sciatic nerves with a 10-mm gap in vivo. The axon regrowth and functional recovery of the regenerated nerves were assessed by immunohistochemistry and Walking footprint analysis. RESULTS After differentiation induction, the modified SC-like cells showed significantly up-regulated levels of S100B and P0 and enhanced proliferative and migratory capacities. In addition, the modified SC-like cells showed increased secretion of neurotrophic factors, and their functional characteristics were maintained for more than 3 weeks after removing the induction reagents. The modified SC-like cells exhibited significantly enhanced axon regrowth, myelination and functional recovery after sciatic nerve injury. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results suggest that this modified induction method can induce human ADSCs to differentiate into cells with the molecular and functional properties of mature SCs and increase the promotion of peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yutian Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Sen Ren
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hewei Xiong
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Dominik Duscher
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar (MRI), Technische Universität München (TUM), Ismaninger Straße 22 81675, München, Germany
| | - Hans-Günther Machens
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar (MRI), Technische Universität München (TUM), Ismaninger Straße 22 81675, München, Germany
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Guojun Guo
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hongrui Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhenbing Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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22
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The Use and Delivery of Stem Cells in Nerve Regeneration: Preclinical Evidence and Regulatory Considerations. Ann Plast Surg 2019; 80:448-456. [PMID: 29166311 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000001259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Outcomes following peripheral nerve injury remain poor despite the regenerative capacity displayed by the peripheral nervous system. Current therapies are limited and do not provide satisfactory functional recovery in a multitude of cases. Biomaterials have decreased the need for nerve autograft across small nerve gaps in small-caliber nerves, but the lack of a cellular substrate presents a limiting factor to the effectiveness of this therapy. Schwann cells are the supportive cells in the peripheral nervous system and play an integral role in the physiological response and regeneration following nerve injury. Limitations to autologous Schwann cells include donor site morbidity during harvesting, limited expansion capability, and finite source. Stem cells are multipotent or pluripotent cells with self-renewing capabilities that show promise to improve functional recovery following nerve injury. Differentiation of stem cells into supportive Schwann cells could provide additional trophic support without the disadvantages of autologous Schwann cells, providing an avenue to improve existing therapies. A variety of stem cells have been evaluated in animal models for this clinical application; the current options, along with their clinical feasibility, are summarized in this article.
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23
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Hu Y, Li X, Huang G, Wang J, Lu W. Fasudil may induce the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into neuron‑like cells via the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:3095-3104. [PMID: 30816472 PMCID: PMC6423592 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an excellent donor graft source due to their potential for self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation. However, it is difficult to obtain high quality MSCs and to induce them to differentiate into neuron-like cells. Fasudil, a Rho kinase inhibitor, exhibits therapeutic potential in spinal cord injuries and stroke. The present study investigated the effect of fasudil on the differentiation of MSCs into neuron-like cells. MSCs were obtained from rat femur marrow, expanded in culture medium, and used at the third passage for subsequent experiments. MSCs were pre-induced with 10 ng/ml basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) for 24 h, which was followed by induction with fasudil. A control untreated group and a group treated with fasudil + XAV939, a Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor, were also used in the present study. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining were performed in order to detect neuron-specific markers, including neuron-specific enolase (NSE), nestin and neurofilament-M (NF-M). Following induction with fasudil, neuron-like cell morphology was observed. In the fasudil + XAV939 and control groups, no obvious changes in cell shape were observed. The results of RT-qPCR, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining indicated that expression of the neuron-specific markers NSE, nestin and NF-M was detected in the fasudil group. The differentiation of MSCs into neuron-like cells induced by fasudil was eliminated when the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was inhibited. The present study demonstrated that fasudil may induce MSCs to differentiate into neuron-like cells, however further studies are required to determine the specific mechanisms involved in the effect of fasudil on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. In addition, further research is required to examine the functional characteristics of the induced neuron-like cells, in order to establish their suitability for clinical treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Guowei Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Jizuo Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
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Kitada M, Murakami T, Wakao S, Li G, Dezawa M. Direct conversion of adult human skin fibroblasts into functional Schwann cells that achieve robust recovery of the severed peripheral nerve in rats. Glia 2019; 67:950-966. [PMID: 30637802 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Direct conversion is considered a promising approach to obtain tissue-specific cells for cell therapies; however, this strategy depends on exogenous gene expression that may cause undesired adverse effects such as tumorigenesis. By optimizing the Schwann cell induction system, which was originally developed for trans-differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into Schwann cells, we established a system to directly convert adult human skin fibroblasts into cells comparable to authentic human Schwann cells without gene introduction. Serial treatments with beta-mercaptoethanol, retinoic acid, and finally a cocktail of basic fibroblast growth factor, forskolin, platelet-derived growth factor-AA, and heregulin-β1 (EGF domain) converted fibroblasts into cells expressing authentic Schwann cell markers at an efficiency of approximately 75%. Genome-wide gene expression analysis suggested the conversion of fibroblasts into the Schwann cell-lineage. Transplantation of induced Schwann cells into severed peripheral nerve of rats facilitated axonal regeneration and robust functional recovery in sciatic function index comparable to those of authentic human Schwann cells. The contributions of induced Schwann cells to myelination of regenerated axons and re-formation of neuromuscular junctions were also demonstrated. Our data clearly demonstrated that cells comparable to functional Schwann cells feasible for the treatment of neural disease can be induced from adult human skin fibroblasts without gene introduction. This direct conversion system will be beneficial for clinical applications to peripheral and central nervous system injuries and demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kitada
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toru Murakami
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shohei Wakao
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mari Dezawa
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Hou B, Ye Z, Ji W, Cai M, Ling C, Chen C, Guo Y. Comparison of the Effects of BMSC-derived Schwann Cells and Autologous Schwann Cells on Remyelination Using a Rat Sciatic Nerve Defect Model. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:1910-1922. [PMID: 30443194 PMCID: PMC6231219 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.26765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) are primarily responsible for the formation of myelin sheaths, yet bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC)-derived SCs are often used to replace autologous SCs and assist with the repair of peripheral nerve myelin sheaths. In this study, the effects of the two cell types on remyelination were compared during the repair of peripheral nerves. Methods: An acellular nerve scaffold was prepared using the extraction technique. Rat BMSCs and autologous SCs were extracted. BMSCs were induced to differentiate into BMSC-derived SCs (B-dSCs) in vitro. Seed cells (BMSCs, B-dSCs, and autologous SCs) were cocultured with nerve scaffolds (Sca) in vitro. Rats with severed sciatic nerves were used as the animal model. A composite scaffold was used to bridge the broken ends. After surgery, electrophysiology, cell tracking analyses (EdU labeling), immunofluorescence staining (myelin basic protein (MBP)), toluidine blue staining, and transmission electron microscopy were conducted to compare remyelination between the various groups and to evaluate the effects of the seed cells on myelination. One week after transplantation, only a small number of B-dSCs expressed MBP, which was far less than the proportion of MBP-expressing autologous SCs (P<0.01) but was higher than the proportion of BMSCs expressing MBP (P<0.05). Four weeks after surgery, the electrophysiology results (latency time, conductive velocity and amplitude) and various quantitative indicators of remyelination (thickness, distribution, and the number of myelinated fibers) showed that the Sca+B-dSC group was inferior to the Sca+autologous SC group (P<0.05) but was superior to the Sca+BMSC group (P<0.05). Conclusions: Within 4 weeks after surgery, the use of an acellular nerve scaffold combined with B-dSCs promotes remyelination to a certain extent, but the effect is significantly less than that of the scaffold combined with autologous SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510630, China
| | - Zhuopeng Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510630, China
| | - Wanqing Ji
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510623, China
| | - Meiqin Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510630, China
| | - Cong Ling
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510630, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510630, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510630, China
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Uz M, Das SR, Ding S, Sakaguchi DS, Claussen JC, Mallapragada SK. Advances in Controlling Differentiation of Adult Stem Cells for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701046. [PMID: 29656561 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Adult stems cells, possessing the ability to grow, migrate, proliferate, and transdifferentiate into various specific phenotypes, constitute a great asset for peripheral nerve regeneration. Adult stem cells' ability to undergo transdifferentiation is sensitive to various cell-to-cell interactions and external stimuli involving interactions with physical, mechanical, and chemical cues within their microenvironment. Various studies have employed different techniques for transdifferentiating adult stem cells from distinct sources into specific lineages (e.g., glial cells and neurons). These techniques include chemical and/or electrical induction as well as cell-to-cell interactions via co-culture along with the use of various 3D conduit/scaffold designs. Such scaffolds consist of unique materials that possess controllable physical/mechanical properties mimicking cells' natural extracellular matrix. However, current limitations regarding non-scalable transdifferentiation protocols, fate commitment of transdifferentiated stem cells, and conduit/scaffold design have required new strategies for effective stem cells transdifferentiation and implantation. In this progress report, a comprehensive review of recent advances in the transdifferentiation of adult stem cells via different approaches along with multifunctional conduit/scaffolds designs is presented for peripheral nerve regeneration. Potential cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways associated with differentiation are also included. The discussion with current challenges in the field and an outlook toward future research directions is concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Uz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Suprem R. Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering Ames Laboratory Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Shaowei Ding
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Donald S. Sakaguchi
- Neuroscience Program Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
- Department of Genetics Development and Cell Biology Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Jonathan C. Claussen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering Ames Laboratory Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Surya K. Mallapragada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
- Department of Genetics Development and Cell Biology Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
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27
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Saulite L, Vavers E, Zvejniece L, Dambrova M, Riekstina U. The Differentiation of Skin Mesenchymal Stem Cells Towards a Schwann Cell Phenotype: Impact of Sigma-1 Receptor Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:2840-2850. [PMID: 28455697 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) are the source of mature Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The NCSC population resides in the bulge of hair follicles and in the dermis. Recently, it was shown that 2-3% of the human dermis mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) population expresses the NCSC marker CD271, thus enabling the use of skin MSCs for studying Schwann cell differentiation in vitro. The aims of this study were to establish a protocol for human skin MSC differentiation towards Schwann cell-like cells (SC-lcs) and to analyse the expression of sigma-1 receptor (S1R) in SC-lcs. The impact of S1R ligands, namely the selective agonist PRE-084, the positive allosteric modulator E1R and the selective antagonist NE-100, on Schwann cell differentiation was assessed. The expression of the neuron-specific genes Tubulin-βIII and Integrin-6α, the Schwann cell-specific gene S100b, MBP and the NCSC-specific genes p75NTR, Sox10, Notch1, Integrin-4α, Ap2α and Pax6 was analysed in MSCs and SC-lcs by real-time RT-PCR. BDNF secretion was evaluated by ELISA. The effect of S1R ligands on SC-lc differentiation was measured using BDNF ELISA and MBP flow cytometry. After MSC differentiation, NCSC markers p75NTR and Integrin-4α were downregulated 3.5-fold and 2-fold, respectively. To the contrary, MBP and S100b were significantly upregulated in SC-lcs. S1R ligands showed a tendency to increase the secretion of BDNF by the SC-lc population. PRE-084 and E1R increased MBP expression in the SC-lc population, whereas 3 μM NE-100 inhibited MBP expression in SC-lcs. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that S1R plays an important role in skin MSC differentiation towards myelinating Schwann cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Saulite
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Raina blvd. 19, Riga, LV-1586, Latvia
| | - E Vavers
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Aizkraukles Street 21, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga, Latvia
| | - L Zvejniece
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Aizkraukles Street 21, Riga, Latvia
| | - M Dambrova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Pharmacology, Aizkraukles Street 21, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga, Latvia
| | - U Riekstina
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Raina blvd. 19, Riga, LV-1586, Latvia.
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28
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De la Rosa MB, Kozik EM, Sakaguchi DS. Adult Stem Cell-Based Strategies for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1119:41-71. [PMID: 30151648 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) occur as the result of sudden trauma and can lead to life-long disability, reduced quality of life, and heavy economic and social burdens. Although the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has the intrinsic capacity to regenerate and regrow axons to a certain extent, current treatments frequently show incomplete recovery with poor functional outcomes, particularly for large PNI. Many surgical procedures are available to halt the propagation of nerve damage, and the choice of a procedure depends on the extent of the injury. In particular, recovery from large PNI gaps is difficult to achieve without any therapeutic intervention or some form of tissue/cell-based therapy. Autologous nerve grafting, considered the "gold standard" is often implemented for treatment of gap formation type PNI. Although these surgical procedures provide many benefits, there are still considerable limitations associated with such procedures as donor site morbidity, neuroma formation, fascicle mismatch, and scarring. To overcome such restrictions, researchers have explored various avenues to improve post-surgical outcomes. The most commonly studied methods include: cell transplantation, growth factor delivery to stimulate regenerating axons and implanting nerve guidance conduits containing replacement cells at the site of injury. Replacement cells which offer maximum benefits for the treatment of PNI, are Schwann cells (SCs), which are the peripheral glial cells and in part responsible for clearing out debris from the site of injury. Additionally, they release growth factors to stimulate myelination and axonal regeneration. Both primary SCs and genetically modified SCs enhance nerve regeneration in animal models; however, there is no good source for extracting SCs and the only method to obtain SCs is by sacrificing a healthy nerve. To overcome such challenges, various cell types have been investigated and reported to enhance nerve regeneration.In this review, we have focused on cell-based strategies aimed to enhance peripheral nerve regeneration, in particular the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Mesenchymal stem cells are preferred due to benefits such as autologous transplantation, routine isolation procedures, and paracrine and immunomodulatory properties. Mesenchymal stem cells have been transplanted at the site of injury either directly in their native form (undifferentiated) or in a SC-like form (transdifferentiated) and have been shown to significantly enhance nerve regeneration. In addition to transdifferentiated MSCs, some studies have also transplanted ex-vivo genetically modified MSCs that hypersecrete growth factors to improve neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metzere Bierlein De la Rosa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Veterinary Specialty Center, Buffalo Grove, IL, USA
| | - Emily M Kozik
- Biology Program, Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Donald S Sakaguchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. .,Biology Program, Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA. .,Neuroscience Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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29
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Chan KM, Senger JL, Olson JL. Nerve stepping stone has minimal impact in aiding regeneration across long acellular nerve allografts. Muscle Nerve 2017; 57:170-171. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.25984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Ming Chan
- Katz Group Centre, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta 26G 2E1 Canada
- Division of Plastic Surgery; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Jenna L. Senger
- Division of Plastic Surgery; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Jaret L. Olson
- Division of Plastic Surgery; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
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30
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Evaristo-Mendonça F, Carrier-Ruiz A, de Siqueira-Santos R, Campos RMP, Rangel B, Kasai-Brunswick TH, Ribeiro-Resende VT. Dual Contribution of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Employed for Tissue Engineering of Peripheral Nerves: Trophic Activity and Differentiation into Connective-Tissue Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 14:200-212. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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31
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López-Cebral R, Silva-Correia J, Reis RL, Silva TH, Oliveira JM. Peripheral Nerve Injury: Current Challenges, Conventional Treatment Approaches, and New Trends in Biomaterials-Based Regenerative Strategies. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:3098-3122. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. López-Cebral
- 3Bs Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs, PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - J. Silva-Correia
- 3Bs Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs, PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - R. L. Reis
- 3Bs Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs, PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - T. H. Silva
- 3Bs Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs, PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - J. M. Oliveira
- 3Bs Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3Bs, PT Government Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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32
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Sayad Fathi S, Zaminy A. Stem cell therapy for nerve injury. World J Stem Cells 2017; 9:144-151. [PMID: 29026460 PMCID: PMC5620423 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v9.i9.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury has remained a substantial clinical complication with no satisfactory treatment options. Despite the great development in the field of microsurgery, some severe types of neural injuries cannot be treated without causing tension to the injured nerve. Thus, current studies have focused on the new approaches for the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries. Stem cells with the ability to differentiate into a variety of cell types have brought a new perspective to this matter. In this review, we will discuss the use of three main sources of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sayad Fathi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht 41996-13769, Iran
| | - Arash Zaminy
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht 41996-13769, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht 41996-13769, Iran.
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33
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Pan M, Wang X, Chen Y, Cao S, Wen J, Wu G, Li Y, Li L, Qian C, Qin Z, Li Z, Tan D, Fan Z, Wu W, Guo J. Tissue engineering with peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells promotes the regeneration of injured peripheral nerves. Exp Neurol 2017; 292:92-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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34
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Zhang S, Kartha S, Lee J, Winkelstein BA. Techniques for Multiscale Neuronal Regulation via Therapeutic Materials and Drug Design. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2744-2760. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich
Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Sonia Kartha
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich
Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jasmine Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33rd Street, David Rittenhouse Laboratory, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Beth A. Winkelstein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 S. 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich
Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department
of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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35
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Human eyelid adipose tissue-derived Schwann cells promote regeneration of a transected sciatic nerve. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43248. [PMID: 28256528 PMCID: PMC5335702 DOI: 10.1038/srep43248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) can promote the regeneration of injured peripheral nerves while the clinical application is limited by donor site complications and the inability to generate an ample amount of cells. In this study, we have isolated human eyelid adipose-derived Schwann cells (hE-SCs) from human eyelid adipose tissue and identified the cell phenotype and function. Using immunofluorescence and H & E staining, we detected subtle nerve fibers and SCs in human eyelid adipose tissue. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that hE-SCs expressed glial markers, such as S100, p75NTR GFAP, Sox10 and Krox20. To explore whether hE-SCs promote the regeneration of injured peripheral nerves in vivo, a Balb/c-nu mice model was used in the study, and mice were randomly assigned to five groups: Matrigel; hE-SCs/P0; hE-SCs/P2; hE-FLCs/P2; and Autograft. After 12 weeks, functional and histological assessments of the regenerated nerves showed that sciatic nerve defect was more effectively repaired in the hE-SCs/P2 group which achieved 66.1 ± 6.5% purity, than the other three groups and recovered to similar level to the Autograft group. These results indicated that hE-SCs can promote the regeneration of injured peripheral nerve and the abundant, easily accessible supply of adipose tissue might be a promising source of SCs for peripheral nerve repair.
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36
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Jiang L, Jones S, Jia X. Stem Cell Transplantation for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Current Options and Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010094. [PMID: 28067783 PMCID: PMC5297728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve regeneration is a complicated process highlighted by Wallerian degeneration, axonal sprouting, and remyelination. Schwann cells play an integral role in multiple facets of nerve regeneration but obtaining Schwann cells for cell-based therapy is limited by the invasive nature of harvesting and donor site morbidity. Stem cell transplantation for peripheral nerve regeneration offers an alternative cell-based therapy with several regenerative benefits. Stem cells have the potential to differentiate into Schwann-like cells that recruit macrophages for removal of cellular debris. They also can secrete neurotrophic factors to promote axonal growth, and remyelination. Currently, various types of stem cell sources are being investigated for their application to peripheral nerve regeneration. This review highlights studies involving the stem cell types, the mechanisms of their action, methods of delivery to the injury site, and relevant pre-clinical or clinical data. The purpose of this article is to review the current point of view on the application of stem cell based strategy for peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangfu Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
| | - Salazar Jones
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Peripheral Nerve Injury: Stem Cell Therapy and Peripheral Nerve Transfer. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122101. [PMID: 27983642 PMCID: PMC5187901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury can lead to great morbidity in those afflicted, ranging from sensory loss, motor loss, chronic pain, or a combination of deficits. Over time, research has investigated neuronal molecular mechanisms implicated in nerve damage, classified nerve injury, and developed surgical techniques for treatment. Despite these advancements, full functional recovery remains less than ideal. In this review, we discuss historical aspects of peripheral nerve injury and introduce nerve transfer as a therapeutic option, as well as an adjunct therapy to transplantation of Schwann cells and their stem cell derivatives for repair of the damaged nerve. This review furthermore, will provide an elaborated discussion on the sources of Schwann cells, including sites to harvest their progenitor and stem cell lines. This reflects the accessibility to an additional, concurrent treatment approach with nerve transfers that, predicated on related research, may increase the efficacy of the current approach. We then discuss the experimental and clinical investigations of both Schwann cells and nerve transfer that are underway. Lastly, we provide the necessary consideration that these two lines of therapeutic approaches should not be exclusive, but conversely, should be pursued as a combined modality given their mutual role in peripheral nerve regeneration.
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38
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhance Nerve Regeneration in a Rat Sciatic Nerve Repair and Hindlimb Transplant Model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31306. [PMID: 27510321 PMCID: PMC4980673 DOI: 10.1038/srep31306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the efficacy of local and intravenous mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) administration to augment neuroregeneration in both a sciatic nerve cut-and-repair and rat hindlimb transplant model. Bone marrow-derived MSCs were harvested and purified from Brown-Norway (BN) rats. Sciatic nerve transections and repairs were performed in three groups of Lewis (LEW) rats: negative controls (n = 4), local MSCs (epineural) injection (n = 4), and systemic MSCs (intravenous) injection (n = 4). Syngeneic (LEW-LEW) (n = 4) and allogeneic (BN-LEW) (n = 4) hindlimb transplants were performed and assessed for neuroregeneration after local or systemic MSC treatment. Rats undergoing sciatic nerve cut-and-repair and treated with either local or systemic injection of MSCs had significant improvement in the speed of recovery of compound muscle action potential amplitudes and axon counts when compared with negative controls. Similarly, rats undergoing allogeneic hindlimb transplants treated with local injection of MSCs exhibited significantly increased axon counts. Similarly, systemic MSC treatment resulted in improved nerve regeneration following allogeneic hindlimb transplants. Systemic administration had a more pronounced effect on electromotor recovery while local injection was more effective at increasing fiber counts, suggesting different targets of action. Local and systemic MSC injections significantly improve the pace and degree of nerve regeneration after nerve injury and hindlimb transplantation.
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Su WT, Pan YJ. Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth differentiate toward neural cells in a medium dynamically cultured with Schwann cells in a series of polydimethylsiloxanes scaffolds. J Neural Eng 2016; 13:046005. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/13/4/046005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Use of engineered Schwann cells in peripheral neuropathy: Hopes and hazards. Brain Res 2016; 1638:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Levy M, Boulis N, Rao M, Svendsen CN. Regenerative cellular therapies for neurologic diseases. Brain Res 2016; 1638:88-96. [PMID: 26239912 PMCID: PMC4733583 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The promise of stem cell regeneration has been the hope of many neurologic patients with permanent damage to the central nervous system. There are hundreds of stem cell trials worldwide intending to test the regenerative capacity of stem cells in various neurological conditions from Parkinson's disease to multiple sclerosis. Although no stem cell therapy is clinically approved for use in any human disease indication, patients are seeking out trials and asking clinicians for guidance. This review summarizes the current state of regenerative stem cell transplantation divided into seven conditions for which trials are currently active: demyelinating diseases/spinal cord injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, macular degeneration and peripheral nerve diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: PSC and the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levy
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Nicholas Boulis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mahendra Rao
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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Using Stem Cells to Grow Artificial Tissue for Peripheral Nerve Repair. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:7502178. [PMID: 27212954 PMCID: PMC4861803 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7502178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury continues to pose a clinical hurdle despite its frequency and advances in treatment. Unlike the central nervous system, neurons of the peripheral nervous system have a greater ability to regenerate. However, due to a number of confounding factors, this is often both incomplete and inadequate. The lack of supportive Schwann cells or their inability to maintain a regenerative phenotype is a major factor. Advances in nervous system tissue engineering technology have led to efforts to build Schwann cell scaffolds to overcome this and enhance the regenerative capacity of neurons following injury. Stem cells that can differentiate along a neural lineage represent an essential resource and starting material for this process. In this review, we discuss the different stem cell types that are showing promise for nervous system tissue engineering in the context of peripheral nerve injury. We also discuss some of the biological, practical, ethical, and commercial considerations in using these different stem cells for future clinical application.
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Abstract
Tissue engineering of Schwann cells (SCs) can serve a number of purposes, such as in vitro SC-related disease modeling, treatment of peripheral nerve diseases or peripheral nerve injury, and, potentially, treatment of CNS diseases. SCs can be generated from autologous stem cells in vitro by recapitulating the various stages of in vivo neural crest formation and SC differentiation. In this review, we survey the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these in vivo processes. We then focus on the current in vitro strategies for generating SCs from two sources of pluripotent stem cells, namely embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Different methods for SC engineering from ESCs and iPSCs are reviewed and suggestions are proposed for optimizing the existing protocols. Potential safety issues regarding the clinical application of iPSC-derived SCs are discussed as well. Lastly, we will address future aspects of SC engineering.
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Repair and regeneration of lumbosacral nerve defects in rats with chitosan conduits containing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Injury 2015; 46:2156-63. [PMID: 26429103 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2015.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the great progress in surgical treatment of lumbosacral nerve injuries caused by high-energy trauma, functional recovery remains poor and insufficient. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), which express neurotrophic factors and can also differentiate into nerve cells, have potential as an effective alternative therapy for lumbosacral nerve defects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the functional recovery, nerve regeneration, motor neuron survival and apoptosis after lumbosacral nerve transection in rats receiving BMSC transplantation into the chitosan conduit. METHODS The right L4-L6 nerve roots of rats were transected and bridged with three 1-cm-long chitosan conduits, which were further injected with the BMSCs (MSC-treated group) or culture medium (DMEM group). The nerve regeneration and motor function recovery were assessed by the sciatic functional index (SFI) and analysed electrophysiologically and morphologically. RESULTS At 6 and 12 weeks after surgery, the SFI values in MSC-treated group were significantly higher than those in DMEM group (P≤0.05). The peak amplitude of CMAP (compound muscle action potential) and nerve conduction velocity in MSC-treated group were significantly higher than that in DMEM group (P≤0.01), while the latency of CMAP onset in MSC-treated group was significantly shorter than that in DMEM group (P≤0.01). The diameter of the myelinated fibres and thickness of the myelin sheath in MSC-treated group were significantly higher than those in DMEM group (P≤0.05). There was no difference in the number of motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at 6 weeks post-operation (P>0.05), while the number of motor neurons was significantly greater in MSC-treated group than that in DMEM group at 12 weeks post-operation (P≤0.001). The number of apoptotic cells was also significantly lower (P≤0.01). CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study showed that BMSCs treatment improved lumbosacral nerve regeneration and motor function. In addition, our data suggested that BMSCs inhibited motor neuron apoptosis, and improved motor neuron function and survival in the anterior horn of the spinal cord.
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Gao S, Zheng Y, Cai Q, Wu X, Yao W, Wang J. Different methods for inducing adipose-derived stem cells to differentiate into Schwann-like cells. Arch Med Sci 2015; 11:886-92. [PMID: 26322102 PMCID: PMC4548042 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2015.53310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the study was to explore an effective method to induce adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) to differentiate into Schwann-like cells in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS Reagents were applied in two different ways (Dezawa inducing method and modified inducing method) in which inducers including β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME), all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), type I collagenase, forskolin, heregulin, basic fibroblast growth factor (BFGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were used in different ways to induce ADSCs of rats to differentiate into Schwann-like cells. After induction, the cell morphologic characteristics and the cellular immunohistochemical staining positive rate of anti-S100 and anti-GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) antibodies and the gray value of immunocytochemical dye with anti-S100 and anti-GFAP antibodies and cell activity measured by the MTT method were compared with each other to evaluate the induction effects. RESULTS Both methods can induce differentiation of ADSCs of rats into Schwann-like cells, but the cellular morphology of the modified method was more similar to Schwann cells than that of the Dezawa inducing method, there was a higher cellular immunohistochemical staining positive rate and staining grey value in immunocytochemical dye with anti-S100 and anti-GFAP antibodies, and less damage in the cell activity of the modified inducing method than that of the Dezawa inducing method. CONCLUSIONS The effect of the modified method to induce ADSCs to differentiate into Schwann-like cells in vitro is superior to that of the Dezawa inducing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiqing Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuejian Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weitao Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Liu GY, Jin Y, Zhang Q, Li R. Peripheral nerve repair: a hot spot analysis on treatment methods from 2010 to 2014. Neural Regen Res 2015. [PMID: 26199620 PMCID: PMC4498365 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.158368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies for neurological deficits and for promoting nerve regeneration after peripheral nerve injuries have received much focus in clinical research. Advances in basic research in recent years have increased our understanding of the anatomy of peripheral nerves and the importance of the microenvironment. Various new intervention methods have been developed, but with varying effectiveness. In the present study, we selected 911 papers on different repair methods for peripheral nerve injury from the Web of Science and indexed in the Science Citation Index from 2010 to 2014. We quantitatively examine new repair methods and strategies using bibliometrics, and we discuss the present state of knowledge and the problems and prospects of various repair methods, including nerve transfer, neural transplantation, tissue engineering and genetic engineering. Our findings should help in the study and development of repair methods for peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yao Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rui Li
- Hand & Foot Surgery and Reparative & Reconstruction Surgery Center, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Carrier-Ruiz A, Evaristo-Mendonça F, Mendez-Otero R, Ribeiro-Resende VT. Biological behavior of mesenchymal stem cells on poly-ε-caprolactone filaments and a strategy for tissue engineering of segments of the peripheral nerves. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:128. [PMID: 26149068 PMCID: PMC4522087 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Peripheral nerves may fail to regenerate across tube implants because these lack the microarchitecture of native nerves. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) secrete soluble factors that improve the regeneration of the peripheral nerves. Also, microstructured poly-caprolactone (PCL) filaments are capable of inducing bands of Büngner and promote regeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). We describe here the interaction between PCL filaments and MSC, aiming to optimize PNS tubular implants. Methods MSC were plated on PCL filaments for 48 h and the adhesion profile, viability, proliferation and paracrine capacity were evaluated. Also, Schwann cells were plated on PCL filaments covered with MSC for 24 h to analyze the feasibility of the co-culture system. Moreover, E16 dorsal root ganglia were plated in contact with PCL filaments for 4 days to analyze neurite extension. Right sciatic nerves were exposed and a 10 mm nerve segment was removed. Distal and proximal stumps were reconnected inside a 14-mm polyethylene tube, leaving a gap of approximately 13 mm between the two stumps. Animals then received phosphate-buffered saline 1×, PCL filaments or PCL filaments previously incubated with MSC and, after 12 weeks, functional gait performance and histological analyses were made. Statistical analyses were made using Student’s unpaired t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-test. Results MSC were confined to lateral areas and ridges of PCL filaments, aligning along the longitudinal. MSC showed high viability (90 %), and their proliferation and secretion capabilities were not completely inhibited by the filaments. Schwann cells adhered to filaments plated with MSC, maintaining high viability (90 %). Neurites grew and extended over the surface of PCL filaments, reaching greater distances when over MSC-plated filaments. Axons showed more organized and myelinized fibers and reinnervated significantly more muscle fibers when they were previously implanted with MSC-covered PLC filaments. Moreover, animals with MSC-covered filaments showed increased functional recovery after 12 weeks. Conclusions We provide evidence for the interaction among MSC, Schwann cells and PCL filaments, and we also demonstrate that this system can constitute a stable and permissive support for regeneration of segments of the peripheral nerves. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0121-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carrier-Ruiz
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde Bl. C, Cidade Universitária, 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Ciências da Saúde Bl. G Cidade Universitária, 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - F Evaristo-Mendonça
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde Bl. C, Cidade Universitária, 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biologia - Numpex-Bio, Pólo de Xerém, Estrada de Xerém, N° 27, CEP: 25245-390, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.
| | - R Mendez-Otero
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Ciências da Saúde Bl. G Cidade Universitária, 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - V T Ribeiro-Resende
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Neuroquímica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde Bl. C, Cidade Universitária, 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Núcleo Multidisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biologia - Numpex-Bio, Pólo de Xerém, Estrada de Xerém, N° 27, CEP: 25245-390, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil. .,Programa de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco C, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Han IH, Sun F, Choi YJ, Zou F, Nam KH, Cho WH, Choi BK, Song GS, Koh K, Lee J. Cultures of Schwann-like cells differentiated from adipose-derived stem cells on PDMS/MWNT sheets as a scaffold for peripheral nerve regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:3642-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- In Ho Han
- Department of Neurosurgery; Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital and School of Medicine; Busan 602-739 Republic of Korea
| | - Fangfang Sun
- Department of Nano Fusion, and Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering; Pusan National University; Busan 609-735 Republic of Korea
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Instruments, College of Life Information Science and Instrument Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University; Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Yoon Ji Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery; Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital and School of Medicine; Busan 602-739 Republic of Korea
| | - Fengming Zou
- Department of Nano Fusion, and Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering; Pusan National University; Busan 609-735 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hyup Nam
- Department of Neurosurgery; Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital and School of Medicine; Busan 602-739 Republic of Korea
| | - Won Ho Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery; Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital and School of Medicine; Busan 602-739 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Kwan Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery; Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital and School of Medicine; Busan 602-739 Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Sung Song
- Department of Neurosurgery; Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital; Yangsan 626-770 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangnak Koh
- Department of Nano Fusion, and Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering; Pusan National University; Busan 609-735 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebeom Lee
- Department of Nano Fusion, and Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering; Pusan National University; Busan 609-735 Republic of Korea
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Wakao S, Matsuse D, Dezawa M. Mesenchymal stem cells as a source of Schwann cells: their anticipated use in peripheral nerve regeneration. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 200:31-41. [PMID: 25765009 DOI: 10.1159/000368188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells form myelin, sustain axons and provide the microenvironment for nerve fibers, thereby playing a key role in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Schwann cells also provide support for the damaged PNS by producing factors that strongly promote axonal regrowth and contribute to remyelination, which is crucial for the recovery of neural function. These advantages are not confined to the PNS and also apply to the central nervous system. Many diseases, including peripheral nerve injury, neuropathy, multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury, are targets for Schwann cell therapy. The collection of Schwann cells, however, causes new damage to other peripheral nerve segments. Furthermore, the doubling time of Schwann cells is not very fast, and thus adequate amounts of Schwann cells for clinical use cannot be collected within a reasonable amount of time. Mesenchymal stem cells, which are highly proliferative, are easily accessible from various types of mesenchymal tissues, such as the bone marrow, umbilical cord and fat tissue. Because these cells have the ability to cross oligolineage boundaries between mesodermal to ectodermal lineages, they are capable of differentiating into Schwann cells with step-by-step cytokine stimulation. In this review, we summarize the properties of mesenchymal stem cell-derived Schwann cells, which are comparable to authentic Schwann cells, and discuss future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Wakao
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Faroni A, Mobasseri SA, Kingham PJ, Reid AJ. Peripheral nerve regeneration: experimental strategies and future perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 82-83:160-7. [PMID: 25446133 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries represent a substantial clinical problem with insufficient or unsatisfactory treatment options. This review summarises all the events occurring after nerve damage at the level of the cell body, the site of injury and the target organ. Various experimental strategies to improve neuronal survival, axonal regeneration and target reinnervation are described including pharmacological approaches and cell-based therapies. Given the complexity of nerve regeneration, further studies are needed to address the biology of nerve injury, to improve the interaction with implantable scaffolds, and to implement cell-based therapies in nerve tissue engineering.
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