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Hu Y, Nan Y, Lin H, Zhao Q, Chen T, Tao X, Ding B, Lu L, Chen S, Zhu J, Guo X, Lin Z. Celastrol ameliorates hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03246-9. [PMID: 38763946 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is caused by perinatal hypoxia and subsequent reductions in cerebral blood flow and is one of the leading causes of severe disability or death in newborns. Despite its prevalence, we currently lack an effective drug therapy to combat HIE. Celastrol (Cel) is a pentacyclic triterpene extracted from Tripterygium Wilfordi that can protect against oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer. However, whether Cel can alleviate neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain damage remains unclear. METHODS Here, we established both in vitro and in vivo models of HI brain damage using CoCl2-treated PC12 cells and neonatal rats, respectively, and explored the neuroprotective effects of Cel in these models. RESULTS Analyses revealed that Cel administration reduced brain infarction size, microglia activation, levels of inflammation factors, and levels of oxidative stress markers by upregulating levels of p-AMPKα, Nrf2, HO-1, and by downregulating levels of TXNIP and NLRP3. Conversely, these beneficial effects of Cel on HI brain damage were largely inhibited by AMPKα inhibitor Compound C and its siRNA. CONCLUSIONS We present compelling evidence that Cel decreases inflammation and oxidative stress through the AMPKα/Nrf2/TXNIP signaling pathway, thereby alleviating neonatal HI brain injury. Cel therefore represents a promising therapeutic agent for treating HIE. IMPACT We firstly report that celastrol can ameliorate neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury both in in vivo and in vitro, which represents a promising therapeutic agent for treating related brain injuries. Celastrol activates the AMPKα/Nrf2/TXNIP signaling pathway to relieve oxidative stress and inflammation and thereby alleviates neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Hu
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Nan
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongzhou Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qianlei Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyue Tao
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bingqing Ding
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liying Lu
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shangqin Chen
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianghu Zhu
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Basic Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaoling Guo
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Basic Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Children Genitourinary Diseases of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhenlang Lin
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Basic Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Xu Y, Xu J, Chen L, Su W, Zhu Q, Tong G. Protective mechanisms of quercetin in neonatal rat brain injury induced by hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD). Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:7649-7663. [PMID: 38107093 PMCID: PMC10724619 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is a leading cause of infant mortality worldwide. This study explored whether quercetin (Que) exerts neuroprotective effects in a rat model of HIBD. A total of 36 seven-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, Que, HI, and HI + Que groups. The Rice method was used to establish HIBD in HI and HI + Que rats, which were treated with hypoxia (oxygen concentration of 8%) for 2 h after ligation of the left common carotid artery. The rats in the HI + Que group were intraperitoneally injected with Que (30 mg/kg) 1 h before hypoxia, and the rats in the Que group were only injected with the same amount of Que. Brain tissues were harvested 24 h postoperation and assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay; relative gene and protein levels were evaluated by RT-qPCR, IHC, or western blot (WB) assay. Brain tissue morphologies were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM); LC3B protein levels were assessed by immunofluorescence staining. Escape latencies and platform crossing times were significantly improved (p < .05) in HI + Que groups; infarct volume significantly decreased (p < .001), whereas the numbers of autophagic bodies and apoptotic cells increased and decreased, respectively. Meanwhile, NLRX1, ATG7, and Beclin1 expressions were significantly upregulated, and mTOR and TIM23 expressions, LC3B protein level, and LC 3II/LC 3I ratio were significantly downregulated. Que exerted neuroprotective effects in a rat model of HIBD by regulating NLRX1 and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐hong Xu
- Anhui Provincial Children's HospitalHefeiChina
| | - Jin‐bo Xu
- Anhui Provincial Children's HospitalHefeiChina
| | - Lu‐lu Chen
- Anhui Provincial Children's HospitalHefeiChina
| | - Wei Su
- Anhui Provincial Children's HospitalHefeiChina
| | - Qing Zhu
- Anhui Provincial Children's HospitalHefeiChina
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Mohan M, Mannan A, Singh TG. Therapeutic implication of Sonic Hedgehog as a potential modulator in ischemic injury. Pharmacol Rep 2023:10.1007/s43440-023-00505-0. [PMID: 37347388 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00505-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (SHh) is a homology protein that is involved in the modeling and development of embryonic tissues. As SHh plays both protective and harmful roles in ischemia, any disruption in the transduction and regulation of the SHh signaling pathway causes ischemia to worsen. The SHh signal activation occurs when SHh binds to the receptor complex of Ptc-mediated Smoothened (Smo) (Ptc-smo), which initiates the downstream signaling cascade. This article will shed light on how pharmacological modifications to the SHh signaling pathway transduction mechanism alter ischemic conditions via canonical and non-canonical pathways by activating certain downstream signaling cascades with respect to protein kinase pathways, angiogenic cytokines, inflammatory mediators, oxidative parameters, and apoptotic pathways. The canonical pathway includes direct activation of interleukins (ILs), angiogenic cytokines like hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and hypoxia-inducible factor alpha (HIF-), which modulate ischemia. The non-canonical pathway includes indirect activation of certain pathways like mTOR, PI3K/Akt, MAPK, RhoA/ROCK, Wnt/-catenin, NOTCH, Forkhead box protein (FOXF), Toll-like receptors (TLR), oxidative parameters such as GSH, SOD, and CAT, and some apoptotic parameters such as Bcl2. This review provides comprehensive insights that contribute to our knowledge of how SHh impacts the progression and outcomes of ischemic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesh Mohan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Ashi Mannan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India.
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Li K, Lu M, Cui M, Wang X, Zheng Y. The Notch pathway regulates autophagy after hypoxic-ischemic injury and affects synaptic plasticity. Brain Struct Funct 2023; 228:985-996. [PMID: 37083721 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Following neonatal hypoxic-ischemia (HI) injury, it is crucial factor to reconstruct neural circuit and maintain neural network homeostasis for neurological recovery. A dynamic balance between the synthesis and degradation of synaptic protein is required for maintaining synaptic plasticity. Protein degradation is facilitated by autophagy. This study aimed to investigate the regulation of synaptic structural plasticity by the Notch pathway, by assessing changes in Notch pathway activation and their effects on synaptic proteins and autophagy after HI injury. The study involved 48 male newborn Yorkshire piglets, each weighing 1.0-1.5 kg and 3 days old. They were randomly assigned to two groups: the HI group and the Notch pathway inhibitor + HI group (n = 24 per group). Each group was further divided into six subgroups according to HI duration (n = 4 per group): a control subgroup, and 0-6, 6-12, 12-24, 24-48, and 48-72 h subgroups. The expression of Notch pathway-related proteins, including Notch1, Hes1, and Notch intracellular domains, increased following HI injury. The expression of autophagy proteins increased at 0-6 h and 6-12 h post-HI. The expression of synaptic proteins, such as postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) and synaptophysin, increased 6-12 h and 12-24 h after HI, respectively. Notably, the increased expression of these proteins was reversed by a Notch pathway inhibitor. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of autophagosome structures in synapses. These findings shed light on the underlying mechanisms of neurological recovery after HI injury and may provide insights into potential therapeutic targets for promoting neural circuit reconstruction and maintaining neural network homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Li
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxu Cui
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.
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Zuo D, Zheng Q, Xiao M, Wang X, Chen H, Xu J, Zhang Q, Xiong Y, Ye L, Feng Z. Anti-apoptosis effect of recombinant human interleukin-11 in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic rats through activating the IL-11Rα/STAT3 signaling pathway. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2023; 32:106923. [PMID: 36521373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is one of the most common causes of death and disability in neonates. Apoptosis contributes to HI development. Interleukin-11(IL-11) has been shown to protect mice from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, whether IL-11 exerts the anti-apoptotic effect on HI injury is unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that recombinant human IL-11 (rhIL-11) prevented apoptosis of rat neonates with HI through activating IL-11Rα/STAT3 signaling. Sprague-Dawley rat pups on the 7th day after birth were used to establish an HI injury model. The expression levels of IL-11Rα and GP130 were increased first and then decreased after HI. In contrast, IL-11 expression was first decreased and then increased. Immunofluorescence staining showed that IL-11Rα was localized in neurons and oligodendrocytes. RhIL-11 treatment alleviated hippocampal and cortical damages, significantly reduced cerebral infarction volumes, cerebral edema, and loss of the Nissl body and nerve cells, and also ameliorated the outcomes of HI injury and long-term neurological deficits. In addition, rhIL-11 treatment upregulated the expressions levels of Bcl-2 and p-STAT3/STAT3, and downregulated the protein concentrations of the lytic protease, and cleaved-caspase-3. Furthermore, GP130 inhibitor and JAK1 inhibitor reversed the protective effects of rhIL-11. Overall, rhIL-11 showed an anti-apoptosis effect on the brain after HI injury. Our results indicated that rhIL-11 reduced neuronal apoptosis by activating the brain IL-11Rα/STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Department of neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Mei Xiao
- The Pharmacy Department, People's Hospital of Nayong County, Nayong County, China
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Huixin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Guizhou Vocational and Technical College of Nursing, Qiannan Prefecture, China
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- The Medical Function Laboratory of Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lan Ye
- The Medical Function Laboratory of Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Zhanhui Feng
- Department of neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
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Chlorogenic acid exerts neuroprotective effect against hypoxia-ischemia brain injury in neonatal rats by activating Sirt1 to regulate the Nrf2-NF-κB signaling pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:84. [PMID: 35689269 PMCID: PMC9185968 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00860-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIE) is caused by perinatal asphyxia, which is associated with various confounding factors. Although studies on the pathogenesis and treatment of HIE have matured, sub-hypothermia is the only clinical treatment available for HIE. Previous evidence indicates that chlorogenic acid (CGA) exerts a potential neuroprotective effect on brain injury. However, the role of CGA on neonatal HI brain damage and the exact mechanism remains elusive. Here, we investigate the effects of CGA on HI models in vivo and in vitro and explore the underlying mechanism. Methods In the in vivo experiment, we ligated the left common carotid artery of 7-day-old rats and placed the rats in a hypoxic box for 2 h. We did not ligate the common carotid artery of the pups in the sham group since they did not have hypoxia. Brain atrophy and infarct size were evaluated by Nissl staining, HE staining and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride monohydrate (TTC) staining. Morris Water Maze test (MWM) was used to evaluate neurobehavioral disorders. Western-blotting and immunofluorescence were used to detect the cell signaling pathway. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content test, catalase (CAT) activity detection and Elisa Assay was used to detect levels of inflammation and oxidative stress. in vitro experiments were performed on isolated primary neurons. Result In our study, pretreatment with CGA significantly decreased the infarct volume of neonatal rats after HI, alleviated brain edema, and improved tissue structure in vivo. Moreover, we used the Morris water maze to verify CGA’s effects on enhancing the learning and cognitive ability and helping to maintain the long-term spatial memory after HI injury. However, Sirt1 inhibitor EX-527 partially reversed these therapeutic effects. CGA pretreatment inhibited neuronal apoptosis induced by HI by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. The findings suggest that CGA potentially activates Sirt1 to regulate the Nrf2-NF-κB signaling pathway by forming complexes thereby protecting primary neurons from oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) damage. Also, CGA treatment significantly suppresses HI-induced proliferation of glial. Conclusion Collectively, this study uncovered the underlying mechanism of CGA on neonatal HI brain damage. CGA holds promise as an effective neuroprotective agent to promote neonatal brain recovery from HI-induced injury. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Video Abstract
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-022-00860-0.
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Shahryari A, Burtscher I, Nazari Z, Lickert H. Engineering Gene Therapy: Advances and Barriers. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Shahryari
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research Helmholtz Zentrum München 85764 Neuherberg Germany
- School of Medicine Department of Human Genetics Technical University of Munich Klinikum Rechts der Isar 81675 München Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research Helmholtz Zentrum München 85764 Neuherberg Germany
- Stem Cell Research Center Golestan University of Medical Sciences Gorgan 49341‐74515 Iran
| | - Ingo Burtscher
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research Helmholtz Zentrum München 85764 Neuherberg Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research Helmholtz Zentrum München 85764 Neuherberg Germany
| | - Zahra Nazari
- Department of Biology School of Basic Sciences Golestan University Gorgan 49361‐79142 Iran
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research Helmholtz Zentrum München 85764 Neuherberg Germany
- School of Medicine Department of Human Genetics Technical University of Munich Klinikum Rechts der Isar 81675 München Germany
- Institute of Stem Cell Research Helmholtz Zentrum München 85764 Neuherberg Germany
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Cho KH, Fraser M, Xu B, Dean JM, Gunn AJ, Bennet L. Induction of Tertiary Phase Epileptiform Discharges after Postasphyxial Infusion of a Toll-Like Receptor 7 Agonist in Preterm Fetal Sheep. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126593. [PMID: 34205464 PMCID: PMC8234830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are key immunomodulatory factors that can markedly ameliorate or exacerbate hypoxic–ischemic brain injury. We recently demonstrated that central infusion of the TLR7 agonist Gardiquimod (GDQ) following asphyxia was highly neuroprotective after 3 days but not 7 days of recovery. We hypothesize that this apparent transient neuroprotection is associated with modulation of seizure-genic processes and hemodynamic control. Methods: Fetuses received sham asphyxia or asphyxia induced by umbilical cord occlusion (20.9 ± 0.5 min) and were monitored continuously for 7 days. GDQ 3.34 mg or vehicle were infused intracerebroventricularly from 1 to 4 h after asphyxia. Results: GDQ infusion was associated with sustained moderate hypertension that resolved after 72 h recovery. Electrophysiologically, GDQ infusion was associated with reduced number and burden of postasphyxial seizures in the first 18 h of recovery (p < 0.05). Subsequently, GDQ was associated with induction of slow rhythmic epileptiform discharges (EDs) from 72 to 96 h of recovery (p < 0.05 vs asphyxia + vehicle). The total burden of EDs was associated with reduced numbers of neurons in the caudate nucleus (r2 = 0.61, p < 0.05) and CA1/2 hippocampal region (r2 = 0.66, p < 0.05). Conclusion: These data demonstrate that TLR7 activation by GDQ modulated blood pressure and suppressed seizures in the early phase of postasphyxial recovery, with subsequent prolonged induction of epileptiform activity. Speculatively, this may reflect delayed loss of early protection or contribute to differential neuronal survival in subcortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta H.T. Cho
- The Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (K.H.T.C.); (M.F.); (J.M.D.); (L.B.)
| | - Mhoyra Fraser
- The Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (K.H.T.C.); (M.F.); (J.M.D.); (L.B.)
| | - Bing Xu
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518118, China;
| | - Justin M. Dean
- The Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (K.H.T.C.); (M.F.); (J.M.D.); (L.B.)
| | - Alistair J. Gunn
- The Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (K.H.T.C.); (M.F.); (J.M.D.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-9-373-7499
| | - Laura Bennet
- The Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; (K.H.T.C.); (M.F.); (J.M.D.); (L.B.)
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Bai X, Xiong LL, Fang CL, Zhou HL, Xue LL, Hu Y, Xia QJ, Liu J, Zhang JY, Wang TH, Yang SJ. Interleukin 10 Plays an Important Role in Neonatal Rats with Hypoxic-Ischemia Associated with B-Cell Lymphoma 2 and Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein 29. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2021; 2021:6622713. [PMID: 34123712 PMCID: PMC8189815 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6622713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a synthetic inhibitor of human cytokines with immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. This study was designed to investigate the expression variation of IL-10 in the multiple sites including cortex, hippocampus, and lung tissues of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) rats and explore the crucial role of IL-10 in alleviating HI brain damage. In this study, neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to the right common carotid artery ligation, followed by 2 h of hypoxia. The expression of IL-10 in the cortex, hippocampus, and lung tissues was measured with immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and western blot (WB). Immunofluorescence double staining was performed to observe the localization of IL-10 in neurons and astrocytes. Moreover, not-targeting and targeting IL-10 siRNA lentivirus vectors were injected into the rats of the negative control (NC) and IL-10 group, respectively, and the mRNA levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and endoplasmic reticulum protein 29 (ERp29) were detected by RT-qPCR following IL-10 silence. The results demonstrated that the IL-10 expression was markedly increased after HI and IL-10 were colocalized with neurons and astrocytes which were badly injured by HI insult. In addition, Bcl-2 and ERp29 were remarkably decreased following IL-10 mRNA interference compared with the NC group. Our findings revealed that IL-10 exerted its antiapoptotic and neuroprotective effects by regulating the expression of Bcl-2 and ERp29, indicating that IL-10 may be a promising molecule target for HIE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Department of Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Liu-Lin Xiong
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Chang-Le Fang
- Department of Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Hao-Li Zhou
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lu-Lu Xue
- Institute of Neuroscience, Animal Zoology Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qing-Jie Xia
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Animal Zoology Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Jun-Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Animal Zoology Department, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Si-Jin Yang
- Department of Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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Zhang B, Ran Y, Wu S, Zhang F, Huang H, Zhu C, Zhang S, Zhang X. Inhibition of Colony Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor Suppresses Neuroinflammation and Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2021; 12:607370. [PMID: 33679579 PMCID: PMC7930561 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.607370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury is a major cause of neonatal death or lifetime disability without widely accepted effective pharmacological treatments. It has been shown that the survival of microglia requires colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) signaling and microglia participate in neonatal HI brain injury. We therefore hypothesize that microglia depletion during a HI insult period could reduce immature brain injury. In this study, CD1 mouse pups were treated with a CSF1R inhibitor (PLX3397, 25 mg/kg/daily) or a vehicle from postnatal day 4 to day 11 (P4-11), and over 90% of total brain microglia were deleted at P9. Unilateral hemisphere HI injury was induced at P9 by permanently ligating the left common carotid arteries and exposing the pups to 10% oxygen for 30 min to produce moderate left hemisphere injury. We found that the PLX3397 treatment reduced HI brain injury by 46.4%, as evaluated by the percentage of brain infarction at 48 h after HI. Furthermore, CSF1R inhibition suppressed the infiltration of neutrophils (69.7% reduction, p = 0.038), macrophages (77.4% reduction, p = 0.009), and T cells (72.9% reduction, p = 0.008) to the brain, the production of cytokines and chemokines (such as CCL12, CCL6, CCL21, CCL22, CCL19, IL7, CD14, and WISP-1), and reduced neuronal apoptosis as indicated by active caspase-3 labeled cells at 48 h after HI (615.20 ± 156.84/mm2 vs. 1,205.00 ± 99.15/mm2, p = 0.013). Our results suggest that CSF1R inhibition suppresses neuroinflammation and neonatal brain injury after acute cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohao Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center of Advanced Analysis & Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yunwei Ran
- Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Siting Wu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huachen Huang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Changlian Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- Center of Advanced Analysis & Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoan Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury, Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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11
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Seki R, Nishizawa K. Use of TLR9 and TLR7/8 agonists in combination with d-galactosamine in exploring models for distinct severities of systemic inflammation relative to liver injury. Physiol Res 2020; 69:1125-1129. [PMID: 33210934 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Challenges with various TLR ligands (TLRLs)in combination with D-galactosamine (GalN) in rodents may mimic diverse conditions of acute inflammation and organ failure. Here, we report that CpG (ODN1826, TLR9 agonist)/GalN induced a liver-specific injury with modest systemic effects, whereas R848 (resiquimod, TLR7/8 agonist)/GalN exhibited systemic and liver toxicity. We also observed the protective effect of Gr-1+ cells (the population containing neutrophils) against liver injury in both the R848/GalN and CpG/GalN models. In cytokine measurements, the intraperitoneal administration of antibodies showed a non-specific tolerance induction effect, which was more pronounced in the CpG/GalN than in the R848/GalN model. Cytokine analyses also suggested that the TLR9 agonist/GalN induced a limited degree of systemic inflammation compared to TLR7/8 agonist/GalN models. The relevance of this finding to the TLR9-mediated induction of stress tolerance (protective effect) in non-immune cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Seki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
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12
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Fu CH, Lai FF, Chen S, Yan CX, Zhang BH, Fang CZ, Wang GH. Silencing of long non-coding RNA CRNDE promotes autophagy and alleviates neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 472:1-8. [PMID: 32632609 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03754-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain damage (HIBD) leads to high neonatal mortality and severe neurologic morbidity. Autophagy is involved in the pathogenesis of HIBD. This study aims to investigate the effect of long non-coding RNA colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (CRNDE) on HIBD and to validate whether autophagy is involved in this process. A HIBD model in rat pups and a HI model in rat primary cerebrocortical neurons were established. Autophagy was evaluated by western blot. The HIBD in rats was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining, TUNEL staining, triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, and morris water maze test. The HI injury in vitro was evaluated by determining cell viability and apoptosis. The results showed that CRNDE expression was time-dependently increased in the brain after HIBD. Administration with CRNDE shRNA-expressing lentiviruses alleviated pathological injury and apoptosis in rat hippocampus, decreased infarct volume, and improved behavior performance of rats subjected to HIBD. Furthermore, CRNDE silencing promoted cell viability and inhibited cell apoptosis in neurons exposed to HI. Moreover, CRNDE silencing promoted autophagy and the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine counteracted the neuroprotective effect of CRNDE silencing on HI-induced neuronal injury both in vivo and in vitro. Collectively, CRNDE silencing alleviates HIBD, at least partially, through promoting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hua Fu
- Department of Neonatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Fang-Fang Lai
- Department of Pediatric, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Sai Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Cai-Xia Yan
- Department of Neonatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Bing-Hong Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Cheng-Zhi Fang
- Department of Neonatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Gao-Hua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No.99 Zhangzhidong Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
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13
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Cho KH, Davidson JO, Dean JM, Bennet L, Gunn AJ. Cooling and immunomodulation for treating hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Pediatr Int 2020; 62:770-778. [PMID: 32119180 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia is now well established to partially reduce disability in term and near-term infants with moderate-severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Preclinical and clinical studies have confirmed that current protocols for therapeutic hypothermia are near optimal. The challenge is now to identify complementary therapies that can further improve outcomes, in combination with therapeutic hypothermia. Overall, anti-excitatory and anti-apoptotic agents have shown variable or even no benefit in combination with hypothermia, suggesting overlapping mechanisms of neuroprotection. Inflammation appears to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of injury in the neonatal brain, and thus, there is potential for drugs with immunomodulatory properties that target inflammation to be used as a therapy in neonates. In this review, we examine the evidence for neuroprotection with immunomodulation after hypoxia-ischemia. For example, stem cell therapy can reduce inflammation, increase cell survival, and promote cell maturation and repair. There are also encouraging preclinical data from small animals suggesting that stem cell therapy can augment hypothermic neuroprotection. However, there is conflicting evidence, and rigorous testing in translational animal models is now needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Ht Cho
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanne O Davidson
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin M Dean
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alistair J Gunn
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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14
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Li T, Wu D, Yang Y, Xiao T, Han Y, Li J, Liu T, Li L, Dai Z, Li Y, Fu X. Synthesis, pharmacological evaluation and mechanistic study of scutellarin methyl ester -4'-dipeptide conjugates for the treatment of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in rat pups. Bioorg Chem 2020; 101:103980. [PMID: 32540782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel scutellarin methyl ester-4'-dipeptide conjugates exhibiting active transport characteristics and protection against pathological damage caused by hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) were successfully designed and synthesized. The physiochemical properties of the obtained compounds, as well as the Caco-2 cell-based permeability and uptake into hPepT1-MDCK cells were evaluated using various analytical methods. Scutellarin methyl ester-4'-Val-homo-Leu dipeptide (5k) was determined as the optimal candidate with a high apparent permeability coefficient (Papp A to B) of 1.95 ± 0.24 × 10-6 cm/s, low ER (Papp BL to AP/Papp AP to BL) of 0.52 in Caco-2 cells, and high uptake of 25.47 μmol/mg/min in hPepT1-MDCK cells. Comprehensive mechanistic studies demonstrated that pre-treatment of PC12 cells with 5k resulted in more potent anti-oxidative activity, which was manifested by a significant decrease in the malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, attenuation of the H2O2-induced apoptotic cell accumulation in the sub-G1 peak, and improvement in the expression of the relevant apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bax, and cleave-caspase-3). Moreover, evaluation of in vivo neuroprotective characteristics in hypoxic-ischemic rat pups revealed that 5k significantly reduced infarction and alleviated the related pathomorphological damage. The compound was also shown to ameliorate the neurological deficit at 48 h as well as to decrease the brain tissue loss at 4 weeks. Conjugate 5k was demonstrated to reduce the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and β-site APP-converting enzyme-1 (BACE-1) expression. Pharmacokinetic characterization of 5k indicated favorable druggability and pharmacokinetic properties. The conducted docking studies revealed optimal binding of 5k to PepT1. Hydrogen bonding as well as cation-π interactions with the corresponding amino acid residues in the target active site were clearly observed. The obtained results suggest 5k as a potential candidate for anti-HIE therapy, which merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Dirong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- The Second People's Hospital of Jiangyou City, Jiangyou City 621701, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Yilin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Zeqin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Yongjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaozhong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China; National Engineering Research Center of Miao's Medicines & Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM, Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou, China.
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15
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Li T, Xu W, Ouyang J, Lu X, Sherchan P, Lenahan C, Irio G, Zhang JH, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Tang J. Orexin A alleviates neuroinflammation via OXR2/CaMKKβ/AMPK signaling pathway after ICH in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:187. [PMID: 32539736 PMCID: PMC7294616 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01841-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Orexins are two neuropeptides (orexin A, OXA; orexin B, OXB) secreted mainly from the lateral hypothalamus, which exert a wide range of physiological effects by activating two types of receptors (orexin receptor 1, OXR1; orexin receptor 2, OXR2). OXA has equal affinity for OXR1 and OXR2, whereas OXB binds preferentially to OXR2. OXA rapidly crosses the blood-brain barrier by simple diffusion. Many studies have reported OXA’s protective effect on neurological diseases via regulating inflammatory response which is also a fundamental pathological process in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, neuroprotective mechanisms of OXA have not been explored in ICH. Methods ICH models were established using stereotactic injection of autologous arterial blood into the right basal ganglia of male CD-1 mice. Exogenous OXA was administered intranasally; CaMKKβ inhibitor (STO-609), OXR1 antagonist (SB-334867), and OXR2 antagonist (JNJ-10397049) were administered intraperitoneally. Neurobehavioral tests, hematoma volume, and brain water content were evaluated after ICH. Western blot and ELISA were utilized to evaluate downstream mechanisms. Results OXA, OXR1, and OXR2 were expressed moderately in microglia and astrocytes and abundantly in neurons. Expression of OXA decreased whereas OXR1 and OXR2 increased after ICH. OXA treatment significantly improved not only short-term but also long-term neurofunctional outcomes and reduced brain edema in ipsilateral hemisphere. OXA administration upregulated p-CaMKKβ, p-AMPK, and anti-inflammatory cytokines while downregulated p-NFκB and pro-inflammatory cytokines after ICH; this effect was reversed by STO-609 or JNJ-10397049 but not SB-334867. Conclusions OXA improved neurofunctional outcomes and mitigated brain edema after ICH, possibly through alleviating neuroinflammation via OXR2/CaMKKβ/AMPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (Kunhua Hospital/The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology), Yunnan, 650032, China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weilin Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinsong Ouyang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (Kunhua Hospital/The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology), Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Xiaoyang Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.,Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3501 Arrowhead Dr, Las Cruces, NM, 88001, USA
| | - Giselle Irio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.,Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, 3501 Arrowhead Dr, Las Cruces, NM, 88001, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (Kunhua Hospital/The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology), Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Yongfa Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province (Kunhua Hospital/The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology), Yunnan, 650032, China.
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
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16
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Jiang LJ, Xu ZX, Wu MF, Dong GQ, Zhang LL, Gao JY, Feng CX, Feng X. Resatorvid protects against hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1316-1325. [PMID: 31960818 PMCID: PMC7047798 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.272615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary brain damage caused by hyperactivation of autophagy and inflammatory responses in neurons plays an important role in hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD). Although previous studies have implicated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) in the neuroinflammatory response elicited by brain injury, the role and mechanisms of the TLR4-mediated autophagy signaling pathway in neonatal HIBD are still unclear. We hypothesized that this pathway can regulate brain damage by modulating neuron autophagy and neuroinflammation in neonatal rats with HIBD. Hence, we established a neonatal HIBD rat model using the Rice-Vannucci method, and injected 0.75, 1.5, or 3 mg/kg of the TLR4 inhibitor resatorvid (TAK-242) 30 minutes after hypoxic ischemia. Our results indicate that administering TAK-242 to neonatal rats after HIBD could significantly reduce the infarct volume and the extent of cerebral edema, alleviate neuronal damage and neurobehavioral impairment, and decrease the expression levels of TLR4, phospho-NF-κB p65, Beclin-1, microtubule-associated protein l light chain 3, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β in the hippocampus. Thus, TAK-242 appears to exert a neuroprotective effect after HIBD by inhibiting activation of autophagy and the release of inflammatory cytokines via inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. This study was approved by the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, China (approval No. 20180114-15) on January 14, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Jiang
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou; Department of Neonatology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Xu
- Department of Neonatology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ming-Fu Wu
- Department of Neonatology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gai-Qin Dong
- Department of Neonatology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Li Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun-Yan Gao
- Department of Neonatology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chen-Xi Feng
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xing Feng
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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17
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Gestal MC, Johnson HM, Harvill ET. Immunomodulation as a Novel Strategy for Prevention and Treatment of Bordetella spp. Infections. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2869. [PMID: 31921136 PMCID: PMC6923730 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-adapted pathogens have evolved to survive the many challenges of a robust immune response. Defending against all host antimicrobials simultaneously would be exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, so many co-evolved organisms utilize immunomodulatory tools to subvert, distract, and/or evade the host immune response. Bordetella spp. present many examples of the diversity of immunomodulators and an exceptional experimental system in which to study them. Recent advances in this experimental system suggest strategies for interventions that tweak immunity to disrupt bacterial immunomodulation, engaging more effective host immunity to better prevent and treat infections. Here we review advances in the understanding of respiratory pathogens, with special focus on Bordetella spp., and prospects for the use of immune-stimulatory interventions in the prevention and treatment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Gestal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hannah M Johnson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Eric T Harvill
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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18
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Xu J, Feng Z, Wang X, Xiong Y, Wang L, Ye L, Zhang H. hUC-MSCs Exert a Neuroprotective Effect via Anti-apoptotic Mechanisms in a Neonatal HIE Rat Model. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:1552-1559. [PMID: 31512502 PMCID: PMC6923563 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719874769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated how human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells exerted a
neuroprotective effect via antiapoptotic mechanisms in a neonatal hypoxic-ischemic
encephalopathy rat model. A total of 78 10-day old (P10) rats were used. After human
umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were collected from human umbilical cords and
amplified in culture, they were administered to rat subjects 1 h after induced
hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy treatment. The short-term (48 h) and long-term (28 day)
outcomes were evaluated after human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells treatment using
neurobehavioral function assessment. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride monohydrate staining
was performed at 48 h. Beclin-2 and caspase-3 levels were evaluated with Western blot and
real time polymerase chain reaction at 48 h. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells
were collected and administrated to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy pups by
intracerebroventricular injection. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy typically induced
significant delay in development and caused impairment in both cognitive and motor
functions in rat subjects. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were shown to
ameliorate hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy-induced damage and improve both cognitive and
motor functions. Although hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy induced significant expression
of caspase-3 and Beclin-2, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells decreased the
expression of both of them. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells may serve as a
potential treatment to ameliorate brain injury in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Soochow University, China.,Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Research, Guizhou Medical University, China.,Both the authors are co-first authors and contributed equally to this article
| | - Zhanhui Feng
- Neurological Department, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, China.,Both the authors are co-first authors and contributed equally to this article
| | - Xianyao Wang
- Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Research, Guizhou Medical University, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Neurological Department, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, China
| | - Lan Ye
- School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, China
| | - Huanxiang Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Soochow University, China
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19
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Liu W, Huang J, Doycheva D, Gamdzyk M, Tang J, Zhang JH. RvD1binding with FPR2 attenuates inflammation via Rac1/NOX2 pathway after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury in rats. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:112982. [PMID: 31247196 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.112982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathological development after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Resolvin D1 (RvD1), an agonist of formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects in many diseases. The objective of this study was to explore the protective role of RvD1 through reducing inflammation after HI and to study the contribution of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1)/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX2) pathways in RvD1-mediated protection. Rat pups (10-day old) were subjected to HI or sham surgery. RvD1 was administrated by intraperitoneal injection 1 h after HI. FPR2 small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) and Rac1 activation CRISPR were administered prior to RvD1 treatment to elucidate the possible mechanisms. Time course expression of FPR2 by Western blot and RvD1 by ELISA were conducted at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h post HI. Infarction area, short-term neurological deficits, immunofluorescent staining and Western blot were conducted at 24 h post HI. Long-term neurological behaviors were evaluated at 4 weeks post HI. Endogenous expression levels of RvD1 decreased in time dependent manner while the expression of FPR2 increased after HI, peaking at 24 h post HI. Activation of FPR2, with RvD1, reduced percent infarction area, and alleviated short- and long-term neurological deficits. Administration of RvD1 attenuated inflammation after HI, while, either inhibition of FPR2 with siRNA or activation of Rac1 with CRISPR reversed those effects. Our results showed that RvD1 attenuated neuroinflammation through FPR2, which then interacted with Rac1/NOX2 signaling pathway, thereby reducing infarction area and alleviating neurological deficits after HI in neonatal rat pups. RvD1 may be a potential therapeutic approach to reduce inflammation after HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40016, China
| | - Desislava Doycheva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Marcin Gamdzyk
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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Glycine Protects against Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury by Regulating Mitochondria-Mediated Autophagy via the AMPK Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4248529. [PMID: 30881590 PMCID: PMC6381570 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4248529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is detrimental to newborns and is associated with high mortality and poor prognosis. Thus, the primary aim of the present study was to determine whether glycine could (1) attenuate HIE injury in rats and hypoxic stress in PC12 cells and (2) downregulate mitochondria-mediated autophagy dependent on the adenosine monophosphate- (AMP-) activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. Experiments conducted using an in vivo HIE animal model and in vitro hypoxic stress to PC12 cells revealed that intense autophagy associated with mitochondrial function occurred during in vivo HIE injury and in vitro hypoxic stress. However, glycine treatment effectively attenuated mitochondria-mediated autophagy. Additionally, after identifying alterations in proteins within the AMPK pathway in rats and PC12 cells following glycine treatment, cyclosporin A (CsA) and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-b-4-ribofuranoside (AICAR) were administered in these models and indicated that glycine protected against HIE and CoCl2 injury by downregulating mitochondria-mediated autophagy that was dependent on the AMPK pathway. Overall, glycine attenuated hypoxic-ischemic injury in neurons via reductions in mitochondria-mediated autophagy through the AMPK pathway both in vitro and in vivo.
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NK cells in cerebral ischemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:547-554. [PMID: 30399590 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As a vital cell type in immune system and infiltrating cells in ischemic brain, NK cells can bridge the crosstalk between immune system and nervous system in stroke setting. The mechanism of action of NK cells is complicated, involving direct and indirect actions. NK cells are closely associated with poststroke inflammation, immunodepression and infections. The excessive inflammatory response in ischemic brain is one of the important causes for aggravating cerebral ischemic injury. Besides the inflammation induced by ischemia itself, thrombolytic drug tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) administration could also induce deteriorative inflammation, which is unfavorable for stroke control and recovery. Regulating NK cells may has the potential to modulate the immune response, limiting the development of ischemic damage and getting better outcome. In addition, post-stroke immunosuppression may lead to infections which contribute to higher severity and mortality of ischemic stroke (IS). Targeting NK cells may help to find novel pathways for IS therapy, which can both ameliorate the infarction itself, but also reduce the infectious complications. NK cells may also link IS and related diseases, suggesting NK cells can be used as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker for IS prevention and treatment.
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Xu N, Zhang Y, Doycheva DM, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Tang J, Guo H, Zhang JH. Adiponectin attenuates neuronal apoptosis induced by hypoxia-ischemia via the activation of AdipoR1/APPL1/LKB1/AMPK pathway in neonatal rats. Neuropharmacology 2018; 133:415-428. [PMID: 29486166 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Adiponectin is an important adipocyte-derived plasma protein that has beneficial effects on cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases. A low level of plasma Adiponectin is associated with increased mortality post ischemic stroke; however, little is known about the causal role of Adiponectin as well as its molecular mechanisms in neonatal hypoxia ischemia (HI). In the present study, ten-day-old rat pups were subjected to right common carotid artery ligation followed by 2.5 h hypoxia. Recombinant human Adiponectin (rh-Adiponectin) was administered intranasally 1 h post HI. Adiponectin Receptor 1 (AdipoR1) siRNA, APPL1 siRNA, LKB1 siRNA were administered through intracerebroventricular injection 48 h before HI. Brain infarct area measurement, neurological function test, western blot, Fluoro Jade C (FJC), TUNEL, and immunofluorescence staining were conducted. Results revealed that endogenous Adiponectin, AdipoR1 and APPL1 were increased in a time dependent manner after HI. Administration of rh-Adiponectin reduced brain infarct area, neuronal apoptosis, brain atrophy and improved neurological function at 24 h and 4 weeks post HI. Furthermore, rh-Adiponectin treatment increased Adiponectin, AdipoR1, APPL1, cytosolic LKB1, p-AMPK expression levels and thereby attenuated apoptosis as shown by the decreased expression of the pro-apoptotic marker, Cleaved Caspase 3 (C-Cas3), as well as the number of FJC and TUNEL positively stained neurons. AdipoR1, APPL1 and LKB1 siRNAs abolished the anti-apoptotic effects of rh-Adiponectin at 24 h after HI. Collectively, the data provided evidence that intranasal administration of rh-Adiponectin attenuated neuronal apoptosis at least in part via activating AdipoR1/APPL1/LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway. Adiponectin could represent a therapeutic target for treatment of neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningbo Xu
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Desislava Met Doycheva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Yiting Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Hongbo Guo
- The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China.
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery and Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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