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Díaz-Hernández M, Javier-Reyna R, Martínez-Valencia D, Montaño S, Orozco E. Dynamic Association of ESCRT-II Proteins with ESCRT-I and ESCRT-III Complexes during Phagocytosis of Entamoeba histolytica. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065267. [PMID: 36982336 PMCID: PMC10049522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
By their active movement and voraux phagocytosis, the trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica constitute an excellent system to investigate the dynamics of the Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) protein interactions through phagocytosis. Here, we studied the proteins forming the E. histolytica ESCRT-II complex and their relationship with other phagocytosis-involved molecules. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that EhVps22, EhVps25, and EhVps36 are E. histolytica bona fide orthologues of the ESCRT-II protein families. Recombinant proteins and specific antibodies revealed that ESCRT-II proteins interact with each other, with other ESCRT proteins, and phagocytosis-involved molecules, such as the adhesin (EhADH). Laser confocal microscopy, pull-down assays, and mass spectrometry analysis disclosed that during phagocytosis, ESCRT-II accompanies the red blood cells (RBCs) from their attachment to the trophozoites until their arrival to multivesicular bodies (MVBs), changing their interactive patterns according to the time and place of the process. Knocked-down trophozoites in the Ehvps25 gene presented a 50% lower rate of phagocytosis than the controls and lower efficiency to adhere RBCs. In conclusion, ESCRT-II interacts with other molecules during prey contact and conduction throughout the phagocytic channel and trophozoites membranous system. ESCRT-II proteins are members of the protein chain during vesicle trafficking and are fundamental for the continuity and efficiency of phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitzi Díaz-Hernández
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City 07360, Mexico
| | - Rosario Javier-Reyna
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City 07360, Mexico
| | - Diana Martínez-Valencia
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City 07360, Mexico
| | - Sarita Montaño
- Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Culiacán 80010, Mexico
| | - Esther Orozco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City 07360, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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2
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Bañuelos C, Betanzos A, Javier-Reyna R, Galindo A, Orozco E. Molecular interplays of the Entamoeba histolytica endosomal sorting complexes required for transport during phagocytosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:855797. [DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.855797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of human amoebiasis, exhibits a continuous membrane remodelling to exert its virulence properties. During this dynamic process, the Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery is a key player, particularly in phagocytosis, a virulence hallmark of this parasite. In addition to ESCRT, other molecules contribute to membrane remodelling, including the EhADH adhesin, EhRabs, actin, and the lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA). The endocytosis of a prey or molecules induces membrane invaginations, resulting in endosome and multivesicular bodies (MVBs) formation for cargo delivery into lysosomes. Alternatively, some proteins are recycled or secreted. Most of these pathways have been broadly characterized in other biological systems, but poorly described in protozoan parasites. Here, we encompass 10 years of ESCRT research in E. histolytica, highlighting the role of the ESCRT-I and ESCRT-III components and the EhADH and EhVps4-ATPase accessory proteins during phagocytosis. In particular, EhADH exhibits a multifunctional role along the endocytic pathway, from cargo recognition to endosome maturation and lysosomal degradation. Interestingly, the interaction of EhADH with EhVps32 seems to shape a concurrent route to the conventional one for MVBs biogenesis, that could optimize their formation. Furthermore, this adhesin is secreted, but its role in this event remains under study. Other components from the endosomal pathway, such as EhVps23 and LBPA, are also secreted. A proteomic approach performed here, using an anti-LBPA antibody, revealed that some proteins related to membrane trafficking, cellular transport, cytoskeleton dynamics, and transcriptional and translational functions are secreted and associated to LBPA. Altogether, the accumulated knowledge around the ESCRT machinery in E. histolytica, points it out as a dynamic platform facilitating the interaction of molecules participating in different cellular events. Seen as an integrated system, ESCRTs lead to a better understanding of E. histolytica phagocytosis.
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3
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Huerta M, Reyes L, García-Rivera G, Bañuelos C, Betanzos A, Díaz-Hernández M, Galindo A, Bolaños J, Cárdenas H, Azuara-Liceaga E, Chávez-Munguía B, Orozco E. A noncanonical GATA transcription factor of Entamoeba histolytica modulates genes involved in phagocytosis. Mol Microbiol 2020; 114:1019-1037. [PMID: 32808689 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we explored the presence of GATA in Entamoeba histolytica and their function as regulators of phagocytosis-related genes. Bioinformatics analyses evidenced a single 579 bp sequence encoding for a protein (EhGATA), smaller than GATA factors of other organisms. EhGATA appeared phylogenetically close to Dictyostelium discoideum and Schistosoma mansoni GATA proteins. Its sequence predicts the presence of a zinc-finger DNA binding domain and an AT-Hook motif; it also has two nuclear localization signals. By transmission electron and confocal microscopy, anti-EhGATA antibodies revealed the protein in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and 65% of nuclear signal was in the heterochromatin. EhGATA recombinant protein and trophozoites nuclear extracts bound to GATA-DNA consensus sequence. By in silico scrutiny, 1,610 gene promoters containing GATA-binding sequences appeared, including Ehadh and Ehvps32 promoters, whose genes participate in phagocytosis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that EhGATA interact with Ehadh and Ehvps32 promoters. In EhGATA-overexpressing trophozoites (NeoGATA), the Ehadh and Ehvps32 mRNAs amount was modified, strongly supporting that EhGATA could regulate their transcription. NeoGATA trophozoites exhibited rounded shapes, high proliferation rates, and diminished erythrophagocytosis. Our results provide new insights into the role of EhGATA as a noncanonical transcription factor, regulating genes associated with phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Huerta
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luz Reyes
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Guillermina García-Rivera
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Cecilia Bañuelos
- Programa de Doctorado Transdisciplinario en Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico para la Sociedad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Abigail Betanzos
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México.,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mitzi Díaz-Hernández
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ausencio Galindo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jeni Bolaños
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Helios Cárdenas
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Elisa Azuara-Liceaga
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Bibiana Chávez-Munguía
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Esther Orozco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
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Javier-Reyna R, Montaño S, García-Rivera G, Rodríguez MA, González-Robles A, Orozco E. EhRabB mobilises the EhCPADH complex through the actin cytoskeleton during phagocytosis of Entamoeba histolytica. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13071. [PMID: 31219662 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Movement and phagocytosis are clue events in colonisation and invasion of tissues by Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan causative of human amoebiasis. During phagocytosis, EhRab proteins interact with other functional molecules, conducting them to the precise cellular site. The gene encoding EhrabB is located in the complementary chain of the DNA fragment containing Ehcp112 and Ehadh genes, which encode for the proteins of the EhCPADH complex, involved in phagocytosis. This particular genetic organisation suggests that the three corresponding proteins may be functionally related. Here, we studied the relationship of EhRabB with EhCPADH and actin during phagocytosis. First, we obtained the EhRabB 3D structure to carry out docking analysis to predict the interaction sites involved in the EhRabB protein and the EhCPADH complex contact. By confocal microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and immunoprecipitation assays, we revealed the interaction among these proteins when they move through different vesicles formed during phagocytosis. The role of the actin cytoskeleton in this event was also confirmed using Latrunculin A to interfere with actin polymerisation. This affected the movement of EhRabB and EhCPADH, as well as the rate of phagocytosis. Mutant trophozoites, silenced in EhrabB gene, evidenced the interaction of this molecule with EhCPADH and strengthened the role of actin during erythrophagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Javier-Reyna
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sarita Montaño
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa (FCQB-UAS), Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | | | | | | | - Esther Orozco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
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Betanzos A, Zanatta D, Bañuelos C, Hernández-Nava E, Cuellar P, Orozco E. Epithelial Cells Expressing EhADH, An Entamoeba histolytica Adhesin, Exhibit Increased Tight Junction Proteins. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:340. [PMID: 30324093 PMCID: PMC6172307 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In Entamoeba histolytica, the EhADH adhesin together with the EhCP112 cysteine protease, form a 124 kDa complex named EhCPADH. This complex participates in trophozoite adherence, phagocytosis and cytolysis of target cells. EhCPADH and EhCP112 are both involved on epithelium damage, by opening tight junctions (TJ) and reaching other intercellular junctions. EhADH is a scaffold protein belonging to the ALIX family that contains a Bro1 domain, expresses at plasma membrane, endosomes and cytoplasm of trophozoites, and is also secreted to the medium. Contribution of EhADH to TJ opening still remains unknown. In this paper, to elucidate the role of EhADH on epithelium injury, we followed two strategies: producing a recombinant protein (rEhADH) and transfecting the ehadh gene in MDCK cells. Results from the first strategy revealed that rEhADH reached the intercellular space of epithelial cells and co-localized with claudin-1 and occludin at TJ region; later, rEhADH was mainly internalized by clathrin-coated vesicles. In the second strategy, MDCK cells expressing EhADH (MDCK-EhADH) showed the adhesin at plasma membrane. In addition, MDCK-EHADH cells exhibited adhesive features, producing epithelial aggregation and adherence to erythrocytes, as described in trophozoites. Surprisingly, the adhesin expression produced an increase of claudin-1, occludin, ZO-1 and ZO-2 at TJ, and also the transepithelial electric resistance (TEER), which is a measure of TJ gate function. Moreover, MDCK-EhADH cells resulted more susceptible to trophozoites attack, as showed by TEER and cytopathic experiments. Overall, our results indicated that EhADH disturbed TJ from the extracellular space and also intracellularly, suggesting that EhADH affects by itself TJ proteins, and possibly synergizes the action of other parasite molecules during epithelial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Betanzos
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dxinegueela Zanatta
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Bañuelos
- Coordinación General de Programas de Posgrado Multidisciplinarios, Programa de Doctorado Transdisciplinario en Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico para la Sociedad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Patricia Cuellar
- Centro Regional de Educación Superior, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Mexico
| | - Esther Orozco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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6
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Avalos-Padilla Y, Knorr RL, Javier-Reyna R, García-Rivera G, Lipowsky R, Dimova R, Orozco E. The Conserved ESCRT-III Machinery Participates in the Phagocytosis of Entamoeba histolytica. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:53. [PMID: 29546036 PMCID: PMC5838018 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) orchestrates cell membrane-remodeling mechanisms in eukaryotes, including endocytosis. However, ESCRT functions in phagocytosis (ingestion of ≥250 nm particles), has been poorly studied. In macrophages and amoebae, phagocytosis is required for cell nutrition and attack to other microorganisms and cells. In Entamoeba histolytica, the voracious protozoan responsible for human amoebiasis, phagocytosis is a land mark of virulence. Here, we have investigated the role of ESCRT-III in the phagocytosis of E. histolytica, using mutant trophozoites, recombinant proteins (rEhVps20, rEhVps32, rEhVps24, and rEhVps2) and giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). Confocal images displayed the four proteins located around the ingested erythrocytes, in erythrocytes-containing phagosomes and in multivesicular bodies. EhVps32 and EhVps2 proteins co-localized at the phagocytic cups. Protein association increased during phagocytosis. Immunoprecipitation and flow cytometry assays substantiated these associations. GUVs revealed that the protein assembly sequence is essential to form intraluminal vesicles (ILVs). First, the active rEhVps20 bound to membranes and recruited rEhVps32, promoting membrane invaginations. rEhVps24 allowed the detachment of nascent vesicles, forming ILVs; and rEhVps2 modulated their size. The knock down of Ehvps20 and Ehvps24genes diminished the rate of erythrophagocytosis demonstrating the importance of ESCRT-III in this event. In conclusion, we present here evidence of the ESCRT-III participation in phagocytosis and delimitate the putative function of proteins, according to the in vitro reconstruction of their assembling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunuen Avalos-Padilla
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.,Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roland L Knorr
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rosario Javier-Reyna
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Reinhard Lipowsky
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Esther Orozco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
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7
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Cuellar P, Hernández-Nava E, García-Rivera G, Chávez-Munguía B, Schnoor M, Betanzos A, Orozco E. Entamoeba histolytica EhCP112 Dislocates and Degrades Claudin-1 and Claudin-2 at Tight Junctions of the Intestinal Epithelium. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:372. [PMID: 28861400 PMCID: PMC5561765 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During intestinal invasion, Entamoeba histolytica opens tight junctions (TJs) reflected by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) dropping. To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying this, we studied in vitro and in vivo the damage produced by the recombinant E. histolytica cysteine protease (rEhCP112) on TJ functions and proteins. rEhCP112 reduced TEER in Caco-2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner; and EhCP112-overexpressing trophozoites provoked major epithelial injury compared to control trophozoites. rEhCP112 penetrated through the intercellular space, and consequently the ion flux increased and the TJs fence function was disturbed. However, macromolecular flux was not altered. Functional in vitro assays revealed specific association of rEhCP112 with claudin-1 and claudin-2, that are both involved in regulating ion flux and fence function. Of note, rEhCP112 did not interact with occludin that is responsible for regulating macromolecular flux. Moreover, rEhCP112 degraded and delocalized claudin-1, thus affecting interepithelial adhesion. Concomitantly, expression of the leaky claudin-2 at TJ, first increased and then it was degraded. In vivo, rEhCP112 increased intestinal epithelial permeability in the mouse colon, likely due to apical erosion and claudin-1 and claudin-2 degradation. In conclusion, we provide evidence that EhCP112 causes epithelial dysfunction by specifically altering claudins at TJ. Thus, EhCP112 could be a potential target for therapeutic approaches against amoebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Cuellar
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalMexico, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Hernández-Nava
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalMexico, Mexico
| | - Guillermina García-Rivera
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalMexico, Mexico
| | - Bibiana Chávez-Munguía
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalMexico, Mexico
| | - Michael Schnoor
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalMexico, Mexico
| | - Abigail Betanzos
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalMexico, Mexico.,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaMexico, Mexico
| | - Esther Orozco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico NacionalMexico, Mexico
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Bolaños J, Betanzos A, Javier-Reyna R, García- Rivera G, Huerta M, Pais-Morales J, González-Robles A, Rodríguez MA, Schnoor M, Orozco E. EhNPC1 and EhNPC2 Proteins Participate in Trafficking of Exogenous Cholesterol in Entamoeba histolytica Trophozoites: Relevance for Phagocytosis. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006089. [PMID: 28002502 PMCID: PMC5176366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica, the highly phagocytic protozoan causative of human amoebiasis lacks the machinery to synthesize cholesterol. Here, we investigated the presence of NPC1 and NPC2 proteins in this parasite, which are involved in cholesterol trafficking in mammals. Bioinformatics analysis revealed one Ehnpc1 and two Ehnpc2 genes. EhNPC1 appeared as a transmembrane protein and both EhNPC2 as peripheral membrane proteins. Molecular docking predicted that EhNPC1 and EhNPC2 bind cholesterol and interact with each other. Genes and proteins were identified in trophozoites. Serum pulse-chase and confocal microscopy assays unveiled that after trophozoites sensed the cholesterol source, EhNPC1 and EhNPC2 were organized around the plasma membrane in a punctuated pattern. Vesicles emerged and increased in number and size and some appeared full of cholesterol with EhNPC1 or EhNPC2 facing the extracellular space. Both proteins, but mostly EhNPC2, were found out of the cell associated with cholesterol. EhNPC1 and cholesterol formed networks from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. EhNPC2 appeared in erythrocytes that were being ingested by trophozoites, co-localizing with cholesterol of erythrocytes, whereas EhNPC1 surrounded the phagocytic cup. EhNPC1 and EhNPC2 co-localized with EhSERCA in the endoplasmic reticulum and with lysobisphosphatidic acid and EhADH (an Alix protein) in phagolysosomes. Immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the EhNPC1 and EhNPC2 association with cholesterol, EhRab7A and EhADH. Serum starved and blockage of cholesterol trafficking caused a low rate of phagocytosis and incapability of trophozoites to produce damage in the mouse colon. Ehnpc1 and Ehnpc2 knockdown provoked in trophozoites a lower intracellular cholesterol concentration and a diminished rate of phagocytosis; and Ehnpc1 silencing also produced a decrease of trophozoites movement. Trafficking of EhNPC1 and EhNPC2 during cholesterol uptake and phagocytosis as well as their association with molecules involved in endocytosis strongly suggest that these proteins play a key role in cholesterol uptake. NPC1 and NPC2 proteins are involved in cholesterol trafficking in mammals. Using different approaches, we have detected the orthologues EhNPC1 and EhNPC2 proteins in Entamoeba histolytica. Trophozoites are particularly rich in membranes and vacuoles, but they do not possess the machinery to synthetize cholesterol. Thus, they are completely dependent on molecules able to “fish” cholesterol from the medium. The relevance of our findings lies in the fact that cholesterol is fundamental for endocytosis and motility; and, phagocytosis is an important nutritional and virulence factor for E. histolytica. In silico and experimental strategies, using U18666A to arrest cholesterol trafficking, as well as, knockdown mutants, showed that EhNPC1 and EhNPC2 participate in cholesterol uptake and trafficking in this parasite. They are secreted by trophozoites and directly involved in erythrophagocytosis and motility. Our findings revealed E. histolytica as one of the first protozoa in which these proteins are being characterized. Moreover, E. histolytica provides an excellent and less complicated model to elucidate the intricate event of cholesterol trafficking in eukaryotic cells. The relevance of cholesterol transport for the parasite virulence and the involvement of EhNPC1 and EhNPC2 in this process, make these proteins promising targets for therapy strategies development against the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeni Bolaños
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, D.F., México
| | - Abigail Betanzos
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, D.F., México
- Cátedras, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, D.F., México
| | - Rosario Javier-Reyna
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, D.F., México
| | - Guillermina García- Rivera
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, D.F., México
| | - Miriam Huerta
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, D.F., México
| | - Jonnatan Pais-Morales
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, D.F., México
| | - Arturo González-Robles
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, D.F., México
| | - Mario A. Rodríguez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, D.F., México
| | - Michael Schnoor
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, D.F., México
| | - Esther Orozco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, D.F., México
- * E-mail:
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9
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Montaño S, Orozco E, Correa-Basurto J, Bello M, Chávez-Munguía B, Betanzos A. Heterodimerization of the Entamoeba histolytica EhCPADH virulence complex through molecular dynamics and protein-protein docking. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:486-503. [PMID: 26861050 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1151831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
EhCPADH is a protein complex involved in the virulence of Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan responsible for human amebiasis. It is formed by the EhCP112 cysteine protease and the EhADH adhesin. To explore the molecular basis of the complex formation, three-dimensional models were built for both proteins and molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) and docking calculations were performed. Results predicted that the pEhCP112 proenzyme and the mEhCP112 mature enzyme were globular and peripheral membrane proteins. Interestingly, in pEhCP112, the propeptide appeared hiding the catalytic site (C167, H329, N348); while in mEhCP112, this site was exposed and its residues were found structurally closer than in pEhCP112. EhADH emerged as an extended peripheral membrane protein with high fluctuation in Bro1 and V shape domains. 500 ns-long MDS and protein-protein docking predictions evidenced different heterodimeric complexes with the lowest free energy. pEhCP112 interacted with EhADH by the propeptide and C-terminal regions and mEhCP112 by the C-terminal through hydrogen bonds. In contrast, EhADH bound to mEhCP112 by 442-479 residues, adjacent to the target cell-adherence region (480-600 residues), and by the Bro1 domain (9-349 residues). Calculations of the effective binding free energy and per residue free energy decomposition showed that EhADH binds to mEhCP112 with a higher binding energy than to pEhCP112, mainly through van der Waals interactions and the nonpolar part of solvation energy. The EhADH and EhCP112 structural relationship was validated in trophozoites by immunofluorescence, TEM, and immunoprecipitation assays. Experimental findings fair agreed with in silico results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Montaño
- a Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular , Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN) , Ave. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, México, D.F. 07360 , Mexico
| | - Esther Orozco
- a Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular , Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN) , Ave. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, México, D.F. 07360 , Mexico
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- b Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformática y Diseño de Fármacos , Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ESM-IPN) , Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, México, D.F. 11340 , Mexico
| | - Martiniano Bello
- b Laboratorio de Modelado Molecular, Bioinformática y Diseño de Fármacos , Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ESM-IPN) , Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, México, D.F. 11340 , Mexico
| | - Bibiana Chávez-Munguía
- a Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular , Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN) , Ave. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, México, D.F. 07360 , Mexico
| | - Abigail Betanzos
- a Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular , Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN) , Ave. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, México, D.F. 07360 , Mexico
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Castellanos-Castro S, Cerda-García-Rojas CM, Javier-Reyna R, Pais-Morales J, Chávez-Munguía B, Orozco E. Identification of the phospholipid lysobisphosphatidic acid in the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica: An active molecule in endocytosis. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 5:224-236. [PMID: 28955828 PMCID: PMC5600446 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids are essential for vesicle fusion and fission and both are fundamental events for Entamoeba histolytica phagocytosis. Our aim was to identify the lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA) in trophozoites and investigate its cellular fate during endocytosis. LBPA was detected by TLC in a 0.5 Rf spot of total lipids, which co-migrated with the LBPA standard. The 6C4 antibody, against LBPA recognized phospholipids extracted from this spot. Reverse phase LC-ESI-MS and MS/MS mass spectrometry revealed six LBPA species of m/z 772.58–802.68. LBPA was associated to pinosomes and phagosomes. Intriguingly, during pinocytosis, whole cell fluorescence quantification showed that LBPA dropped 84% after 15 min incubation with FITC-Dextran, and after 60 min, it increased at levels close to steady state conditions. Similarly, during erythrophagocytosis, after 15 min, LBPA also dropped in 36% and increased after 60 and 90 min. EhRab7A protein appeared in some vesicles with LBPA in steady state conditions, but after phagocytosis co-localization of both molecules increased and in late phases of erythrophagocytosis they were found in huge phagosomes or multivesicular bodies with many intraluminal vacuoles, and surrounding ingested erythrocytes and phagosomes. The 6C4 and anti-EhADH (EhADH is an ALIX family protein) antibodies and Lysotracker merged in about 50% of the vesicles in steady state conditions and throughout phagocytosis. LBPA and EhADH were also inside huge phagosomes. These results demonstrated that E. histolytica LBPA is associated to pinosomes and phagosomes during endocytosis and suggested differences of LBPA requirements during pinocytosis and phagocytosis. LBPA is identified for the first time in the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. LBPA is found in pinosomes and in 10–20 µm diameter phagosomes or multivesicular bodies. LBPA appeared associated with EhRab7A protein, a late endosomes marker. LBPA interacts with EhADH (an ALIX family protein) during phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Castellanos-Castro
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Mexico.,Colegio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Dr. García Diego 168, CP 06720, D.F. México, México
| | - Carlos M Cerda-García-Rojas
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Avenue IPN, 2508, CP 07360, D.F. México, México
| | | | | | | | - Esther Orozco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Mexico
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The knockdown of each component of the cysteine proteinase-adhesin complex of Entamoeba histolytica (EhCPADH) affects the expression of the other complex element as well as the in vitro and in vivo virulence. Parasitology 2015; 143:50-9. [PMID: 26521708 DOI: 10.1017/s003118201500147x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the protozoan parasite causative of human amoebiasis, disease responsible for 40 000-100 000 deaths annually. The cysteine proteinase-adhesin complex of this parasite (EhCPADH) is a heterodimeric protein formed by a cysteine protease (EhCP112) and an adhesin (EhADH) that plays an important role in the cytopathic mechanism of this parasite. The coding genes for EhCP112 and EhADH are adjacent in the E. histolytica genome, suggesting that their expression may be co-regulated, but this hypothesis has not yet been confirmed. Here, we performed the knockdown of EhCP112 and EhADH using gene-specific short-hairpin RNAs (shRNA), and the effect of these knockdowns on the expression of both complex components as well as on the in vitro and in vivo virulence was analysed. Results showed that the knockdown of one of the EhCPADH components produced a simultaneous downregulation of the other protein. Accordingly, a concomitant reduction in the overall expression of the complex was observed. The downregulation of each component also produced a significant decrease in the in vitro and in vivo virulence of trophozoites. These results demonstrated that the expression of EhCP112 and EhADH is co-regulated and confirmed that the EhCPADH complex plays an important role in E. histolytica virulence.
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Avalos-Padilla Y, Betanzos A, Javier-Reyna R, García-Rivera G, Chávez-Munguía B, Lagunes-Guillén A, Ortega J, Orozco E. EhVps32 Is a Vacuole-Associated Protein Involved in Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis of Entamoeaba histolytica. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005079. [PMID: 26230715 PMCID: PMC4521941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we investigated the role of EhVps32 protein (a member of the endosomal-sorting complex required for transport) in endocytosis of Entamoeba histolytica, a professional phagocyte. Confocal microscopy, TEM and cell fractionation revealed EhVps32 in cytoplasmic vesicles and also located adjacent to the plasma membrane. Between 5 to 30 min of phagocytosis, EhVps32 was detected on some erythrocytes-containing phagosomes of acidic nature, and at 60 min it returned to cytoplasmic vesicles and also appeared adjacent to the plasma membrane. TEM images revealed it in membranous structures in the vicinity of ingested erythrocytes. EhVps32, EhADH (an ALIX family member), Gal/GalNac lectin and actin co-localized in the phagocytic cup and in some erythrocytes-containing phagosomes, but EhVps32 was scarcely detected in late phagosomes. During dextran uptake, EhVps32, EhADH and Gal/GalNac lectin, but not actin, co-localized in pinosomes. EhVps32 recombinant protein formed oligomers composed by rings and filaments. Antibodies against EhVps32 monomers stained cytoplasmic vesicles but not erythrocytes-containing phagosomes, suggesting that in vivo oligomers are formed on phagosome membranes. The involvement of EhVps32 in phagocytosis was further study in pNeoEhvps32-HA-transfected trophozoites, which augmented almost twice their rate of erythrophagocytosis as well as the membranous concentric arrays built by filaments, spirals and tunnel-like structures. Some of these structures apparently connected phagosomes with the phagocytic cup. In concordance, the EhVps32-silenced G3 trophozoites ingested 80% less erythrocytes than the G3 strain. Our results suggest that EhVps32 participates in E. histolytica phagocytosis and pinocytosis. It forms oligomers on erythrocytes-containing phagosomes, probably as a part of the scission machinery involved in membrane invagination and intraluminal vesicles formation. Trophozoites of E. histolytica represent an excellent model to study endosomal-sorting complex required for transport components due to their high endocytic activity and vesicle trafficking. The key role of EhVps32 on phagocytosis is supported by: i) its presence on phagosomes, ii) its interaction with EhADH (an erythrocytes receptor), Gal/GalNac lectin and actin, iii) the higher rate of erythrophagocytosis showed by EhVps32 overexpressing trophozoites, iv) the diminish rate of phagocytosis in EhVps32-silenced G3 trophozoites, and v) its location in erythrocytes-containing acidic phagosomes. Here, we discovered the presence of membranous concentric helicoidally and tunnel-like structures constituted by EhVps32 and EhADH that may have a dynamic role in membrane remodeling and in the generation of intraluminal vesicles in the phagosomes. Elucidating molecular mechanisms of endocytosis-exocytosis pathways will help us to better understand the pathogenic process of E. histolytica and develop new drugs for diagnosis and vaccine methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunuen Avalos-Padilla
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Abigail Betanzos
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosario Javier-Reyna
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermina García-Rivera
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bibiana Chávez-Munguía
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anel Lagunes-Guillén
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Ortega
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Esther Orozco
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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Perdomo D, Aït-Ammar N, Syan S, Sachse M, Jhingan GD, Guillén N. Cellular and proteomics analysis of the endomembrane system from the unicellular Entamoeba histolytica. J Proteomics 2015; 112:125-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Betanzos A, Javier-Reyna R, García-Rivera G, Bañuelos C, González-Mariscal L, Schnoor M, Orozco E. The EhCPADH112 complex of Entamoeba histolytica interacts with tight junction proteins occludin and claudin-1 to produce epithelial damage. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65100. [PMID: 23762290 PMCID: PMC3676397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan responsible for human amoebiasis, causes between 30,000 and 100,000 deaths per year worldwide. Amoebiasis is characterized by intestinal epithelial damage provoking severe diarrhea. However, the molecular mechanisms by which this protozoan causes epithelial damage are poorly understood. Here, we studied the initial molecular interactions between the E. histolytica EhCPADH112 virulence complex and epithelial MDCK and Caco-2 cells. By confocal microscopy, we discovered that after contact with trophozoites or trophozoite extracts (TE), EhCPADH112 and proteins forming this complex (EhCP112 and EhADH112) co-localize with occludin and claudin-1 at tight junctions (TJ). Immunoprecipitation assays revealed interaction between EhCPADH112 and occludin, claudin-1, ZO-1 and ZO-2. Overlay assays confirmed an interaction of EhCP112 and EhADH112 with occludin and claudin-1, whereas only EhADH112 interacted also with ZO-2. We observed degradation of all mentioned TJ proteins after incubation with TE. Importantly, inhibiting proteolytic activity or blocking the complex with a specific antibody not only prevented TJ protein degradation but also epithelial barrier disruption. Furthermore, we discovered that TE treatment induces autophagy and apoptosis in MDCK cells that could contribute to the observed barrier disruption. Our results suggest a model in which epithelial damage caused by E. histolytica is initiated by the interaction of EhCP112 and EhADH112 with TJ proteins followed by their degradation. Disruption of TJs then induces increased paracellular permeability, thus facilitating the entry of more proteases and other parasite molecules leading eventually to tissue destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Betanzos
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Rosario Javier-Reyna
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Guillermina García-Rivera
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Bañuelos
- Institute of Science and Technology of the Federal District, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Michael Schnoor
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Esther Orozco
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Distrito Federal, Mexico
- Autonomous University of Mexico City, Distrito Federal, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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Mancilla-Herrera I, Méndez-Tenorio A, Wong-Baeza I, Jiménez-Uribe AP, Alcántara-Hernández M, Ocadiz-Ruiz R, Moreno-Eutimio MA, Arriaga-Pizano LA, López-Macías C, González-y-Merchand J, Isibasi A. A Toll/IL-1R/resistance domain-containing thioredoxin regulates phagocytosis in Entamoeba histolytica. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:224. [PMID: 23043976 PMCID: PMC3481431 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that infects humans and causes amebiasis affecting developing countries. Phagocytosis of epithelial cells, erythrocytes, leucocytes, and commensal microbiota bacteria is a major pathogenic mechanism used by this parasite. A Toll/IL-1R/Resistance (TIR) domain-containing protein is required in phagocytosis in the social ameba Dictyostelium discoideum, an ameba closely related to Entamoeba histolytica in phylogeny. In insects and vertebrates, TIR domain-containing proteins regulate phagocytic and cell activation. Therefore, we investigated whether E. histolytica expresses TIR domain-containing molecules that may be involved in the phagocytosis of erythrocytes and bacteria. Methods Using in silico analysis we explored in Entamoeba histolytica databases for TIR domain containing sequences. After silencing TIR domain containing sequences in trophozoites by siRNA we evaluated phagocytosis of erythrocytes and bacteria. Results We identified an E. histolytica thioredoxin containing a TIR-like domain. The secondary and tertiary structure of this sequence exhibited structural similarity to TIR domain family. Thioredoxin transcripts silenced in E. histolytica trophozoites decreased erythrocytes and E. coli phagocytosis. Conclusion TIR domain-containing thioredoxin of E. histolytica could be an important element in erythrocytes and bacteria phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Mancilla-Herrera
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre Siglo XXI, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
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EhADH112 is a Bro1 domain-containing protein involved in the Entamoeba histolytica multivesicular bodies pathway. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:657942. [PMID: 22500103 PMCID: PMC3303925 DOI: 10.1155/2012/657942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
EhADH112 is an Entamoeba histolytica Bro1 domain-containing protein, structurally related to mammalian ALIX and yeast BRO1, both involved in the Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT)-mediated multivesicular bodies (MVB) biogenesis. Here, we investigated an alternative role for EhADH112 in the MVB protein trafficking pathway by overexpressing 166 amino acids of its N-terminal Bro1 domain in trophozoites. Trophozoites displayed diminished phagocytosis rates and accumulated exogenous Bro1 at cytoplasmic vesicles which aggregated into aberrant complexes at late stages of phagocytosis, probably preventing EhADH112 function. Additionally, the existence of a putative E. histolytica ESCRT-III subunit (EhVps32) presumably interacting with EhADH112, led us to perform pull-down experiments with GST-EhVps32 and [35S]-labeled EhADH112 or EhADH112 derivatives, confirming EhVps32 binding to EhADH112 through its Bro1 domain. Our overall results define EhADH112 as a novel member of ESCRT-accessory proteins transiently present at cellular surface and endosomal compartments, probably contributing to MVB formation during phagocytosis.
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A proteomic and cellular analysis of uropods in the pathogen Entamoeba histolytica. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1002. [PMID: 21483708 PMCID: PMC3071361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of Entamoeba histolytica to specific ligands induces cell polarization via the activation of signalling pathways and cytoskeletal elements. The process leads to formation of a protruding pseudopod at the front of the cell and a retracting uropod at the rear. In the present study, we show that the uropod forms during the exposure of trophozoites to serum isolated from humans suffering of amoebiasis. To investigate uropod assembly, we used LC-MS/MS technology to identify protein components in isolated uropod fractions. The galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine lectin, the immunodominant antigen M17 (which is specifically recognized by serum from amoeba-infected persons) and a few other cells adhesion-related molecules were primarily involved. Actin-rich cytoskeleton components, GTPases from the Rac and Rab families, filamin, α-actinin and a newly identified ezrin-moesin-radixin protein were the main factors found to potentially interact with capped receptors. A set of specific cysteine proteases and a serine protease were enriched in isolated uropod fractions. However, biological assays indicated that cysteine proteases are not involved in uropod formation in E. histolytica, a fact in contrast to the situation in human motile immune cells. The surface proteins identified here are testable biomarkers which may be either recognized by the immune system and/or released into the circulation during amoebiasis.
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A Sequential Model of Host Cell Killing and Phagocytosis by Entamoeba histolytica. J Parasitol Res 2011; 2011:926706. [PMID: 21331284 PMCID: PMC3038552 DOI: 10.1155/2011/926706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is responsible for invasive intestinal and extraintestinal amebiasis. The virulence of Entamoeba histolytica is strongly correlated with the parasite's capacity to effectively kill and phagocytose host cells. The process by which host cells are killed and phagocytosed follows a sequential model of adherence, cell killing, initiation of phagocytosis, and engulfment. This paper presents recent advances in the cytolytic and phagocytic processes of Entamoeba histolytica in context of the sequential model.
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Detection of the Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport in Entamoeba histolytica and Characterization of the EhVps4 Protein. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:890674. [PMID: 20508821 PMCID: PMC2875786 DOI: 10.1155/2010/890674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic endocytosis involves multivesicular bodies formation, which is driven by endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT). Here, we showed the presence and expression of homologous ESCRT genes in Entamoeba histolytica. We cloned and expressed the Ehvps4 gene, an ESCRT member, to obtain the recombinant EhVps4 and generate specific antibodies, which immunodetected EhVps4 in cytoplasm of trophozoites. Bioinformatics and biochemical studies evidenced that rEhVps4 is an ATPase, whose activity depends on the conserved E211 residue. Next, we generated trophozoites overexpressing EhVps4 and mutant EhVps4-E211Q FLAG-tagged proteins. The EhVps4-FLAG was located in cytosol and at plasma membrane, whereas the EhVps4-E211Q-FLAG was detected as abundant cytoplasmic dots in trophozoites. Erythrophagocytosis, cytopathic activity, and hepatic damage in hamsters were not improved in trophozoites overexpressing EhVps4-FLAG. In contrast, EhVps4-E211Q-FLAG protein overexpression impaired these properties. The localization of EhVps4-FLAG around ingested erythrocytes, together with our previous results, strengthens the role for EhVps4 in E. histolytica phagocytosis and virulence.
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Bansal D, Ave P, Kerneis S, Frileux P, Boché O, Baglin AC, Dubost G, Leguern AS, Prevost MC, Bracha R, Mirelman D, Guillén N, Labruyère E. An ex-vivo human intestinal model to study Entamoeba histolytica pathogenesis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e551. [PMID: 19936071 PMCID: PMC2777411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoebiasis (a human intestinal infection affecting 50 million people every year) is caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. To study the molecular mechanisms underlying human colon invasion by E. histolytica, we have set up an ex vivo human colon model to study the early steps in amoebiasis. Using scanning electron microscopy and histological analyses, we have established that E. histolytica caused the removal of the protective mucus coat during the first two hours of incubation, detached the enterocytes, and then penetrated into the lamina propria by following the crypts of Lieberkühn. Significant cell lysis (determined by the release of lactodehydrogenase) and inflammation (marked by the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules such as interleukin 1 beta, interferon gamma, interleukin 6, interleukin 8 and tumour necrosis factor) were detected after four hours of incubation. Entamoeba dispar (a closely related non-pathogenic amoeba that also colonizes the human colon) was unable to invade colonic mucosa, lyse cells or induce an inflammatory response. We also examined the behaviour of trophozoites in which genes coding for known virulent factors (such as amoebapores, the Gal/GalNAc lectin and the cysteine protease 5 (CP-A5), which have major roles in cell death, adhesion (to target cells or mucus) and mucus degradation, respectively) were silenced, together with the corresponding tissue responses. Our data revealed that the signalling via the heavy chain Hgl2 or via the light chain Lgl1 of the Gal/GalNAc lectin is not essential to penetrate the human colonic mucosa. In addition, our study demonstrates that E. histolytica silenced for CP-A5 does not penetrate the colonic lamina propria and does not induce the host's pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amoebiasis, a human disease. Like other enteric infections, the lack of animal models enhances the difficulty of studying the development of amoebiasis. To date, no experimental model has been developed that reproduces the invasive intestinal amoebic lesions seen in human colon. We present the first study that examines, using human colon explants, the early steps of the human colonic barrier invasion by E. histolytica. With this ex vivo integrative model we have investigated both parasite behaviour and the human tissue response. Remarkably, in this model E. histolytica was able to cross and destroy the intestinal barrier evoking a tissue inflammatory response, while E. dispar, a non-pathogenic species, was unable to penetrate nor induce tissue responses. Furthermore, we have explored the role of three virulence factors during the invasive process, using gene-silenced E. histolytica trophozoites, particularly the kinetics of invasion, tissue destruction and induction of an early inflammatory responses. This is, to our knowledge, the first time that their role is highlighted in a complex human system. Our study provides new insights in the molecular mechanisms involved in the early steps of human colon invasion by E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Bansal
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, Paris, France
- INSERM U786, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Ave
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Histotechnologie et Pathologie, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Kerneis
- Institut Pasteur, Imagopole, Plate-forme de Microscopie Ultrastructurale, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Frileux
- Hôpital Foch, Chirurgie générale et digestive, Suresnes, France
| | - Olivier Boché
- Hôpital Foch, Chirurgie générale et digestive, Suresnes, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Rivka Bracha
- Weizmann Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, Rehovot, Israel
| | - David Mirelman
- Weizmann Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nancy Guillén
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, Paris, France
- INSERM U786, Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Labruyère
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie Cellulaire du Parasitisme, Paris, France
- INSERM U786, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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22
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Current and future perspectives on the chemotherapy of the parasitic protozoa Trichomonas vaginalis and Entamoeba histolytica. Future Med Chem 2009; 1:619-43. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis and Entamoeba histolytica are clinically important protozoa that affect humans. T. vaginalis produces sexually transmitted infections and E. histolytica is the causative agent of amebic dysentery. Metronidazole, a compound first used to treat T. vaginalis in 1959, is still the main drug used worldwide to treat these pathogens. It is essential to find new biochemical differences in these organisms that could be exploited to develop new antiprotozoal chemotherapeutics. Recent findings associated with T. vaginalis and E. histolytica biochemistry and host–pathogen interactions are surveyed. Knowledge concerning the biochemistry of these parasites is serving to form the foundation for the development of new approaches to control these important human pathogens.
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23
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A pcDNA-Ehcpadh vaccine against Entamoeba histolytica elicits a protective Th1-like response in hamster liver. Vaccine 2009; 27:4176-86. [PMID: 19406180 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines are promising tools to fight parasitic diseases, including amoebiasis caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. Here we studied the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine against this parasite composed by the EhCPADH surface complex encoding genes (Ehcp112 and Ehadh112). EhCPADH is formed by an adhesin (EhADH112) and a cysteine proteinase (EhCP112), both involved in the parasite virulence. We evaluated transcription, protein expression, immunological response and protection against hepatic amoebiasis in hamsters intradermally and intramuscularly immunized with a mixture of pcDNA-Ehadh112 and pcDNA-Ehcp112 plasmids. RT-PCR and immunohistochemical assays showed that both antigens were differentially expressed in spleen and liver of immunized animals. No significant antibody immune response was induced by either route. However, intradermally inoculated hamsters presented a robust Th1-like immune response, characterized by high levels of INF-gamma and TNF-alpha cytokines, detected in the liver of animals challenged with virulent trophozoites. Animals showed significant protection against amoebiasis manifested by a higher survival rate and a significant prevention of liver abscess formation. We conclude that a refinement of this DNA vaccine could be a good choice to control hepatic amoebiasis.
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Pan S, Wang R, Zhou X, Corvera J, Kloc M, Sifers R, Gallick GE, Lin SH, Kuang J. Extracellular Alix regulates integrin-mediated cell adhesions and extracellular matrix assembly. EMBO J 2008; 27:2077-90. [PMID: 18636094 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2008.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alix (ALG-2-interacting protein X), a cytoplasmic adaptor protein involved in endosomal sorting and actin cytoskeleton assembly, is required for the maintenance of fibroblast morphology. As Alix has sequence similarity to adhesin in Entamoeba histolytica, and we observed that Alix is secreted, we determined whether extracellular Alix affects fibroblast morphology. Here, we demonstrate that secreted Alix is deposited on the substratum of non-immortalized WI38 fibroblasts. Antibody binding to extracellular Alix retards WI38 cell adhesion and spreading on fibronectin and vitronectin. Alix knockdown in WI38 cells reduces spreading and fibronectin assembly, and the effect is partially complemented by coating recombinant Alix on the cell substratum. Immortalized NIH/3T3 fibroblasts deposit less Alix on the substratum and have defects in alpha5beta1-integrin functions. Coating recombinant Alix on the culture substratum for NIH/3T3 cells promotes alpha5beta1-integrin-mediated cell adhesions and fibronectin assembly, and these effects require the aa 605-709 region of Alix. These findings demonstrate that a sub-population of Alix localizes extracellularly and regulates integrin-mediated cell adhesions and fibronectin matrix assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Pan
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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25
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López-Casamichana M, Orozco E, Marchat LA, López-Camarillo C. Transcriptional profile of the homologous recombination machinery and characterization of the EhRAD51 recombinase in response to DNA damage in Entamoeba histolytica. BMC Mol Biol 2008; 9:35. [PMID: 18402694 PMCID: PMC2324109 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-9-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, homologous recombination is an accurate mechanism to generate genetic diversity, and it is also used to repair DNA double strand-breaks. RAD52 epistasis group genes involved in recombinational DNA repair, including mre11, rad50, nsb1/xrs2, rad51, rad51c/rad57, rad51b/rad55, rad51d, xrcc2, xrcc3, rad52, rad54, rad54b/rdh54 and rad59 genes, have been studied in human and yeast cells. Notably, the RAD51 recombinase catalyses strand transfer between a broken DNA and its undamaged homologous strand, to allow damaged region repair. In protozoan parasites, homologous recombination generating antigenic variation and genomic rearrangements is responsible for virulence variation and drug resistance. However, in Entamoeba histolytica the protozoan parasite responsible for human amoebiasis, DNA repair and homologous recombination mechanisms are still unknown. Results In this paper, we initiated the study of the mechanism for DNA repair by homologous recombination in the primitive eukaryote E. histolytica using UV-C (150 J/m2) irradiated trophozoites. DNA double strand-breaks were evidenced in irradiated cells by TUNEL and comet assays and evaluation of the EhH2AX histone phosphorylation status. In E. histolytica genome, we identified genes homologous to yeast and human RAD52 epistasis group genes involved in DNA double strand-breaks repair by homologous recombination. Interestingly, the E. histolytica RAD52 epistasis group related genes were differentially expressed before and after UV-C treatment. Next, we focused on the characterization of the putative recombinase EhRAD51, which conserves the typical architecture of RECA/RAD51 proteins. Specific antibodies immunodetected EhRAD51 protein in both nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. Moreover, after DNA damage, EhRAD51 was located as typical nuclear foci-like structures in E. histolytica trophozoites. Purified recombinant EhRAD51 exhibited DNA binding and pairing activities and exchanging reactions between homologous strands in vitro. Conclusion E. histolytica genome contains most of the RAD52 epistasis group related genes, which were differentially expressed when DNA double strand-breaks were induced by UV-C irradiation. In response to DNA damage, EhRAD51 protein is overexpressed and relocalized in nuclear foci-like structures. Functional assays confirmed that EhRAD51 is a bonafide recombinase. These data provided the first insights about the potential roles of the E. histolytica RAD52 epistasis group genes and EhRAD51 protein function in DNA damage response of this ancient eukaryotic parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mavil López-Casamichana
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, México DF, México.
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26
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McGugan GC, Joshi MB, Dwyer DM. Identification and biochemical characterization of unique secretory nucleases of the human enteric pathogen, Entamoeba histolytica. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:31789-802. [PMID: 17766245 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705975200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ancient eukaryotic human pathogen, Entamoeba histolytica, is a nucleo-base auxotroph (i.e. lacks the ability to synthesize purines or pyrimidines de novo) and therefore is totally dependent upon its host for the supply of these essential nutrients. In this study, we identified two unique 28-kDa, dithiothreitol-sensitive nucleases and showed that they are constitutively released/secreted by parasites during axenic culture. Using several different molecular approaches, we identified and characterized the structure of EhNucI and EhNucII, genes that encode ribonuclease T2 family proteins. Homologous episomal expression of epitope-tagged EhNucI and EhNucII chimeric constructs was used to define the functional and biochemical properties of these released/secreted enzymes. Results of coupled immunoprecipitation-enzyme activity analyses demonstrated that these "secretory" enzymes could hydrolyze a variety of synthetic polynucleotides, as well as the natural nucleic acid substrate RNA. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that sera from acutely infected amebiasis patients recognized and immunoprecipitated these parasite secretory enzymes. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that within its host, these secretory nucleases could function, at a distance away from the parasite, to harness (i.e. hydrolyze/access) host-derived nucleic acids to satisfy the essential purine and pyrimidine requirements of these organisms. Thus, these enzymes might play an important role in facilitating the survival, growth, and development of this important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen C McGugan
- Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0425, USA
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