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Eluxadoline-Loaded Eudragit Nanoparticles for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Diarrhea: Formulation, Optimization Using Box-Behnken Design, and Anti-Diarrheal Activity. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051460. [PMID: 37242700 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Eluxadoline (ELD), a recently approved drug, exhibits potential therapeutic effects in the management and treatment of IBS-D. However, its applications have been limited due to poor aqueous solubility, leading to a low dissolution rate and oral bioavailability. The current study's goals are to prepare ELD-loaded eudragit (EG) nanoparticles (ENPs) and to investigate the anti-diarrheal activity on rats. The prepared ELD-loaded EG-NPs (ENP1-ENP14) were optimized with the help of Box-Behnken Design Expert software. The developed formulation (ENP2) was optimized based on the particle size (286 ± 3.67 nm), PDI (0.263 ± 0.01), and zeta potential (31.8 ± 3.18 mV). The optimized formulation (ENP2) exhibited a sustained release behavior with maximum drug release and followed the Higuchi model. The chronic restraint stress (CRS) was successfully used to develop the IBS-D rat model, which led to increased defecation frequency. The in vivo studies revealed a significant reduction in defecation frequency and disease activity index by ENP2 compared with pure ELD. Thus, the results demonstrated that the developed eudragit-based polymeric nanoparticles can act as a potential approach for the effective delivery of eluxadoline through oral administration for irritable bowel syndrome diarrhea treatment.
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Hydrogel-forming microarray patches with solid dispersion reservoirs for transdermal long-acting microdepot delivery of a hydrophobic drug. J Control Release 2023; 356:416-433. [PMID: 36878320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel-forming microarray patches (HF-MAPs) are used to circumvent the skin barrier and facilitate the noninvasive transdermal delivery of many hydrophilic substances. However, their use in the delivery of hydrophobic agents is a challenging task. This work demonstrates, for the first time, the successful transdermal long-acting delivery of the hydrophobic atorvastatin (ATR) via HF-MAPs using poly(ethylene)glycol (PEG)-based solid dispersion (SD) reservoirs. PEG-based SDs of ATR were able to completely dissolve within 90 s in vitro. Ex vivo results showed that 2.05 ± 0.23 mg of ATR/0.5 cm2 patch was delivered to the receiver compartment of Franz cells after 24 h. The in vivo study, conducted using Sprague Dawley rats, proved the versatility of HF-MAPs in delivering and maintaining therapeutically-relevant concentrations (> 20 ng·mL-1) of ATR over 14 days, following a single HF-MAP application for 24 h. The long-acting delivery of ATR suggests the successful formation of hydrophobic microdepots within the skin, allowing for the subsequent sustained delivery as they gradually dissolve over time, as shown in this work. When compared to the oral group, the use of the HF-MAP formulation improved the overall pharmacokinetics profile of ATR in plasma, where significantly higher AUC values resulting in ∼10-fold higher systemic exposure levels were obtained. This novel system offers a promising, minimally-invasive, long-acting alternative delivery system for ATR that is capable of enhancing patient compliance and therapeutic outcomes. It also proposes a unique promising platform for the long-acting transdermal delivery of other hydrophobic agents.
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Exploration of polymethacrylate and Hypromellose for the development of a non-sulfhydryl ACE inhibitor mucoadhesive system using Box-Behnken design: in-vitro and ex-vivo evaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2023; 49:115-128. [PMID: 36827197 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2023.2184636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To counteract early morning pathology like hypertension a time-dependent release of the drug is required. This study is focused to formulate a pulsatile and mucoadhesive drug delivery system of an ACE inhibitor Perindopril Erbumine. METHOD Two matrix tablets were punched with Eudragit RSPO, Eudragit RLPO, and HPMC K15M using a 3-3-3 Box-Behnken Design of Response Surface Methodology. Based on the design-optimized formulation P1T3 and P2T8 were coated for a lag time with compression coating of HPMC K4M and a blend of 1:1 ratio of ethylcellulose and carbopol polymer and further encapsulated in a Eudracap™ capsule to provide gastric resistance. RESULT The in-vitro release data confirmed an initial pause phase of 4.5 h then release of the drug for 5.2 ± 0.3 h to cope with the early morning rush in blood pressure. After that, a gap of 6 h and then sustained release of the drug for 10.5 ± 0.5 h. From the ex-vivo study, mucoadhesive strength was obtained as 55.13 ± 0.03 gm and 56.39 ± 0.02 gm for P1T3 and P2T8 respectively. The lag time for coated tablet P1T3 came to 2.15 ± 0.15 h and for P2T8 11.9 ± 0.10 h proving the coating efficiency of polymers. CONCLUSION The current study strongly suggests that perindopril Erbumine in association with Eudragit and Hypromellose polymer can open a path for the time-regulated release of the drug for hypertension chronotherapy with less risk of dose dumping.
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Recent advances in the surfactant and controlled release polymer-based solid dispersion. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1643-1659. [PMID: 35209818 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220223095417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The oral route is the most preferred delivery route for drug administration due to its advantages such as lower cost, improved patient compliance, no need for trained personnel and the drug reactions are generally less severe. The major problem with new molecules in the drug discovery pipeline is poor solubility and dissolution rate that ultimately results in low oral bioavailability. Numerous techniques are available for solubility and bioavailability (BA) enhancement, but out of all, solid dispersion (SD) is proven to be the most feasible due to the least issues in manufacturing, processing, storage, and transportation. In the past few years, SD had been extensively applied to reinforce the common issues of insoluble drugs. Currently, many hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymers are used to prepare either immediate release or controlled release SDs. Therefore, the biological behavior of the SDs is contingent upon the use of appropriate polymeric carriers and methods of preparation. The exploration of novel carriers and methodologies in SD technology leads to improved BA and therapeutic effectiveness. Moreover, the clinical applicability of SD-based formulations has been increased with the discovery of novel polymeric carriers. In this review, emphasis is laid down on the present status of recent generations of SDs (i.e., surfactant and controlled release polymer-based SD) and their application in modifying the physical properties of the drug and modulation of pharmacological response in different ailments.
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A study of Kollicoat® MAE100P film's structure and properties. Int J Pharm 2021; 606:120622. [PMID: 33932539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Generally, an organic-solvent-based film is denser and tougher than a corresponding aqueous-dispersion-based film. However, Kollicoat® MAE100P films prepared from aqueous dispersions had greater tensile strengths compared to the films cast from organic solutions. It was proposed that MAE100P polymer particles in aqueous media had a core-shell structure with a hydrophilic shell and a hydrophobic core. The hydrophilic shell was rich in ionized methacrylic acid (MAA) groups and the hydrophobic core primarily contained unionized MAA and ethyl acrylate (EA). As a result, ionized MAA formed a continuous phase which worked as a rigid frame and greatly improved the mechanical properties of aqueous-dispersion-based films. In order to prove this theory and investigate the effect of ionization level on this polymer system, the properties of pH, turbidity, zeta potential, and particle size of MAE100P dispersions were measured as a function of ionization level. The tensile strengths and thermal and mechanical properties of MAE100P films prepared from organic solution or aqueous dispersions of different ionization levels were investigated as well. FTIR was used to characterize the polymer films. Drug release in 0.1 N HCl from coated pellets was studied using the basket method. The experimental results showed that the original MAE100P polymer particles (if not specified, the ionization level is 6%) had a highly-charged surface. The properties of polymer aqueous dispersions were significantly changed by the ionization levels. Aqueous-dispersion-based MAE100P films or coats were stronger and comparable to or somewhat more effective in inhibiting drug diffusion than were organic-solvent-based coats. The tensile strength initially increased and then decreased with an increase of ionization level, while the water-uptake rate by the films continuously increased. Two endothermic peaks were observed in the DSC thermograms for cured MAE100P films. The high-Tg endothermic peak increased with an increase in ionization level, while the low-Tg peak didn't exhibit significant change except for the 18% ionization film. In the dynamic mechanical analysis, two relaxations in the storage modulus were observed in the aqueous-dispersion-based films. These data may suggest a two-phase structure in the form of a core-shell structure. The tensile-strength ratio for aqueous-dispersion-based films over organic-solvent-based films for MAE100P was close to that reported for films formed from polymer substances/particles with core-shell structures. In summary, the core-shell structure might result in a two-phase structure in the bulk MAE100P film prepared from aqueous dispersion. This special structure led to significantly-improved mechanical properties for aqueous-dispersion-based MAE100 films. The ionization levels had complicated effects on the polymer system by increasing the amount of ionic aggregates while also solubilizing the polymer and changing the mechanism of film formation.
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Controlling drug release with additive manufacturing-based solutions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:369-386. [PMID: 33895213 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
3D printing is an innovative manufacturing technology with great potential to revolutionise solid dosage forms. Novel features of 3D printing technology confer advantage over conventional solid dosage form manufacturing technologies, including rapid prototyping and an unparalleled capability to fabricate complex geometries with spatially separated conformations. Such a novel technology could transform the pharmaceutical industry, enabling the production of highly personalised dosage forms with well-defined release profiles. In this work, we review the current state of the art of using additive manufacturing for predicting and understanding drug release from 3D printed novel structures. Furthermore, we describe a wide spectrum of 3D printing technologies, materials, procedure, and processing parameters used to fabricate fundamentally different matrices with different drug releases. The different methods to manipulate drug release patterns including the surface area-to-mass ratio, infill pattern, geometry, and composition, are critically evaluated. Moreover, the drug release mechanisms and models that could aid exploiting the release profile are also covered. Finally, this review also covers the design opportunities alongside the technical and regulatory challenges that these rapidly evolving technologies present.
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Binary polymeric amorphous carvedilol solid dispersions: In vitro and in vivo characterization. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 150:105343. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Eudragit: A Novel Carrier for Controlled Drug Delivery in Supercritical Antisolvent Coprecipitation. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010234. [PMID: 31963638 PMCID: PMC7023534 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process was used to coprecipitate Eudragit L100-55 (EUD) with diclofenac (DICLO) and theophylline (THEOP), with the aim of obtaining composite microparticles with a prolonged drug release for oral delivery. Working at the optimized conditions in terms of pressure and overall concentration in the liquid solution (10.0 MPa and 50 mg/mL), microparticles of EUD/DICLO 20/1 and 10/1 w/w were produced with a mean size of 2.92 µm and 1.53 µm, respectively. For the system EUD/THEOP, well-defined spherical microspheres with a mean diameter ranging from 3.75 µm and 5.93 µm were produced at 12.0 MPa. The produced composite systems were characterized by various techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray microanalysis, FT-IR and UV-vis spectroscopy. Dissolution studies showed the potential of EUD to prolong the drug release, significantly, up to a few days.
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Hemicellulose from Plant Biomass in Medical and Pharmaceutical Application: A Critical Review. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2430-2455. [PMID: 28685685 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170705113657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the non-toxicity, abundance and biodegradability, recently more and more attention has been focused on the exploration of hemicellulose as the potential substrate for the production of liquid fuels and other value-added chemicals and materials in different fields. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the promising application of nature hemicellulose and its derivative products including its degradation products, its new derivatives and hemicellulosebased medical biodegradable materials in the medical and pharmaceutical field, especially for inmmune regulation, bacteria inhibition, drug release, anti-caries, scaffold materials and anti-tumor. METHODS We searched the related papers about the medical and pharmaceutical application of hemicellulose and its derivative products, and summarized their preparation methods, properties and use effects. RESULTS Two hundred and twenty-seven papers were included in this review. Forty-seven papers introduced the extraction and application in immune regulation of nature hemicellulose, such as xylan, mannan, xyloglucan (XG) and β-glucan. Seventy-seven papers mentioned the preparation and application of degradation products of hemicellulose for adjusting intestinal function, maintaining blood glucose levels, enhancing the immunity and alleviating human fatigue fields such as xylooligosaccharides, xylitol, xylose, arabinose, etc. The preparation of hemicellulose derivatives were described in thirty-two papers such as hemicellulose esters, hemicellulose ethers and their effects on anticoagulants, adsorption of creatinine, the addition of immune cells and the inhibition of harmful bacteria. Finally, the preparations of hemicellulose-based materials such as hydrogels and membrane for the field of drug release, cell immobilization, cancer therapy and wound dressings were presented using fifty-five papers. CONCLUSION The structure of hemicellulose-based products has the significant impact on properties and the use effect for the immunity, and treating various diseases of human. However, some efforts should be made to explore and improve the properties of hemicellulose-based products and design the new materials to broaden hemicellulose applications.
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Recent Advances in Solid Dispersion Technology for Efficient Delivery of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:1524-1535. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190618121553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery is generally considered as a costly affair and it takes approximately 15 years to reach a
new chemical entity into the market. Among the recent potent drug molecules with most effective pharmacological
properties, very few reached for Phase I clinical trial in humans. Unfortunately, the historical average reveals
an almost 90% overall attrition rate in clinical trials. The solubility and permeability of a drug are the critical
factors influencing the success of a drug. Oral drug delivery systems still continue to exist as the most favored,
simplest and easiest administration route. A huge number of potential clinical candidates won’t make it to the
market or accomplish their maximum capacity except if their solubility and oral bioavailability are enhanced by
formulation. The solubility of drugs will continue to exist as important aspects of formulation development. With
the emergence of synthetic methods for new molecule synthesis in chemistry and better screening methods, the
number of poorly water soluble compounds has dramatically expanded in the last few years. Solid dispersion is
one of the most important techniques as it can be prepared by several methods. It is mostly prepared with a drug
having poor water solubility and it explores hydrophilic polymers either individually or in combination for the
enhancement of solubility. In comparison to the conventional formulations such as tablets or capsules, there are
different methods with which solid dispersions can be prepared and also have many benefits over conventional
drug delivery approaches. Solid dispersion systems are potential for increasing the solubility, oral absorption and
bioavailability of drugs and the significance of the solid dispersion technology is constantly increasing. The main
focus of this review is to present recent advancements in the area of solid dispersion. This review also includes an
account of recent patents on solid dispersion and clinical status of solid dispersion based formulations.
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Overview of the Manufacturing Methods of Solid Dispersion Technology for Improving the Solubility of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs and Application to Anticancer Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E132. [PMID: 30893899 PMCID: PMC6470797 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 40% of new chemical entities (NCEs), including anticancer drugs, have been reported as poorly water-soluble compounds. Anticancer drugs are classified into biologic drugs (monoclonal antibodies) and small molecule drugs (nonbiologic anticancer drugs) based on effectiveness and safety profile. Biologic drugs are administered by intravenous (IV) injection due to their large molecular weight, while small molecule drugs are preferentially administered by gastrointestinal route. Even though IV injection is the fastest route of administration and ensures complete bioavailability, this route of administration causes patient inconvenience to visit a hospital for anticancer treatments. In addition, IV administration can cause several side effects such as severe hypersensitivity, myelosuppression, neutropenia, and neurotoxicity. Oral administration is the preferred route for drug delivery due to several advantages such as low cost, pain avoidance, and safety. The main problem of NCEs is a limited aqueous solubility, resulting in poor absorption and low bioavailability. Therefore, improving oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs is a great challenge in the development of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Several methods such as solid dispersion, complexation, lipid-based systems, micronization, nanonization, and co-crystals were developed to improve the solubility of hydrophobic drugs. Recently, solid dispersion is one of the most widely used and successful techniques in formulation development. This review mainly discusses classification, methods for preparation of solid dispersions, and use of solid dispersion for improving solubility of poorly soluble anticancer drugs.
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Highly Soluble Drugs Directly Granulated by Water Dispersions of Insoluble Eudragit® Polymers as a Part of Hypromellose K100M Matrix Systems. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:8043415. [PMID: 30949510 PMCID: PMC6425467 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8043415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the suitability of insoluble Eudragit® water dispersions (NE, NM, RL, and RS) for direct high-shear granulation of very soluble levetiracetam in order to decrease its burst effect from HPMC K100M matrices. The process characteristics, ss-NMR analysis, in vitro dissolution behavior, drug release mechanism and kinetics, texture profile analysis of the gel layer, and PCA analysis were explored. An application of water dispersions directly on levetiracetam was feasible only in a multistep process. All prepared formulations exhibited a 12-hour sustained release profile characterized by a reduced burst effect in a concentration-dependent manner. No effect on swelling extent of HPMC K100M was observed in the presence of Eudragit®. Contrary, higher rigidity of formed gel layer was observed using combination of HPMC and Eudragit®. Not only the type and concentration of Eudragit®, but also the presence of the surfactant in water dispersions played a key role in the dissolution characteristics. The dissolution profile close to zero-order kinetic was achieved from the sample containing levetiracetam directly granulated by the water dispersion of Eudragit® NE (5% of solid polymer per tablet) with a relatively high amount of surfactant nonoxynol 100 (1.5%). The initial burst release of drug was reduced to 8.04% in 30 min (a 64.2% decrease) while the total amount of the released drug was retained (97.02%).
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Fabrication of Cellulose Nanocrystal/Chitosan Hydrogel for Controlled Drug Release. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E253. [PMID: 30781761 PMCID: PMC6409612 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel nanocomposite hydrogel based on cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) and chitosan (CS) was fabricated and applied as a carrier for the controlled delivery of theophylline. CNC was firstly periodate-oxidized to obtain dialdehyde nanocellulose (DACNC). Then, chitosan was crosslinked using DACNC as both the matrix and crosslinker in different weight ratios, to fabricate CNC/CS composites. The prepared composites were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential measurement and swelling ratio tests. FT-IR results confirmed the successful reaction between the free amino groups on chitosan and the aldehyde groups on DACNC. With the increase of chitosan percentage in the hydrogel, the isoelectric point was shifted towards an alkaline pH, which was probably caused by the higher content of free amino groups. The swelling ratio of the composite also increased, which may have been due to the decrease of crosslinking density. Because the swelling ratio of the drug-loaded hydrogels differed under varied pH values, the cumulative drug release percentage of the composite hydrogel was achieved to approximately 85% and 23% in the gastric (pH 1.5) and intestinal (pH 7.4) fluids, respectively. Therefore, CNC/CS hydrogel has application potential as a theophylline carrier.
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Extended release delivery system of metoprolol succinate using hot-melt extrusion: effect of release modifier on methacrylic acid copolymer. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 8:1679-1693. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-0545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Evaluation of retrograded starch as excipient for controlled release matrix tablets. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Process Analytical Quality Control of Tailored Drug Release Formulation Prepared via Hot-Melt Extrusion Technology. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017; 38:51-58. [PMID: 29312469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to compare the influence of Eudragit® RS PO and RL PO blends on the release of water-soluble and insoluble drugs from hot-melt extruded formulations. In addition, we aimed to evaluate drug content uniformity and distribution by Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) chemical imaging. Theophylline (TP) and carbamazepine (CBZ) were selected as the water-soluble and insoluble model drugs, respectively. Eudragit® RS PO and RL PO were selected as the polymeric matrices. FT-IR chemical imaging clearly demonstrated the content uniformity and distribution for both drugs in the extrudates, which was confirmed by HPLC. Increasing the ratio of Eudragit® RL PO led to an increase in the in vitro drug release, whereas an increase in the ratio of Eudragit® RS PO sustained the drug release for up to 12 h. The hot-melt extrusion of TP and CBZ with varying ratios of Eudragit® RS PO and RL PO can be employed to tailor the drug release profiles. In this study, we demonstrated, for the first time, the use of FT-IR chemical imaging as a process analytical technique to determine the drug content uniformity and distribution. Our data correlated well with the results of HPLC analysis in the study of tailored drug release from the prepared hot-melt extruded formulation.
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The influence of thermal treatment and type of insoluble poly(meth)acrylates on dissolution behavior of very soluble drug from hypromellose matrix tablets evaluated by multivariate data analysis. Pharm Dev Technol 2017; 22:206-217. [PMID: 28058866 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2016.1193191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypromellose matrices exhibit extended burst effect immediately after contact with aqueous medium, especially when a water-soluble drug is incorporated. The objective of this study was to reduce burst effect and maintain complete dissolution of a very soluble levetiracetam over 12 h period from hypromellose K4M matrices to obtain zero-order kinetics. Desired changes were achieved by applying water dispersions of insoluble Eudragits® (NE, NM, RL, RS) as a granulation liquid to the drug/microcrystalline cellulose mixture during high-shear granulation (non-thermal treated set) and consequently by thermally treating granules or final tablets (TT), respectively. Applying Eudragit® water dispersions to the drug/microcrystalline cellulose mixture was recognized as an effective method of significantly reducing the burst release (25.4-33.7%) of levetiracetam in comparison with a reference sample without Eudragit®. Multivariate data analysis showed that the addition of Eudragit® reduced burst effect, increased fitting with zero-order kinetics, and supported matrix erosion as the supplementary mechanism to predominant diffusion. Moreover, resulting PCA sub-model revealed the addition of Eudragit® RL and thermal treatment of tablets to be the most suitable method of all. For a 12 h dissolution profile, characterized by low burst effect and drug release close to 100% at the 12th hour, sample RL_TT was the most suitable.
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Novel aqueous chitosan-based dispersions as efficient drug delivery systems for topical use. Rheological, textural and release studies. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 151:692-699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Design, optimization and evaluation of mesalamine matrix tablet for colon drug delivery system. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-015-0214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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pH-sensitive polyelectrolyte films derived from submicron chitosan/Eudragit®L 100-55 complexes: Physicochemical characterization andin vitrodrug release. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Formulation and In vitro/In vivo Evaluation of Buccoadhesive
Discs for Controlled Release of Calcium Channel Antagonist. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/ajdd.2014.210.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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In vitro release testing of matrices based on starch–methyl methacrylate copolymers: Effect of tablet crushing force, dissolution medium pH and stirring rate. Int J Pharm 2014; 461:270-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Preparation of amorphous solid dispersions by rotary evaporation and KinetiSol Dispersing: approaches to enhance solubility of a poorly water-soluble gum extract. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 41:382-97. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.866142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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24
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Current trends and future perspectives of solid dispersions containing poorly water-soluble drugs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 85:799-813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Application of a novel 3-fluid nozzle spray drying process for the microencapsulation of therapeutic agents using incompatible drug-polymer solutions. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 38:566-73. [PMID: 24170510 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate a novel 3-fluid concentric nozzle (3-N) spray drying process for the microencapsulation of omeprazole sodium (OME) using Eudragit L100 (EL100). Feed solutions containing OME and/or EL100 in ethanol were assessed visually for OME stability. Addition of OME solution to EL100 solution resulted in precipitation of OME followed by degradation of OME reflected by a colour change from colourless to purple and brown. This was related to the low pH of 2.8 of the EL100 solution at which OME is unstable. Precipitation and progressive discoloration of the 2-fluid nozzle (2-N) feed solution was observed over the spray drying time course. In contrast, 3-N solutions of EL100 or OME in ethanol were stable over the spray drying period. Microparticles prepared using either nozzle showed similar characteristics and outer morphology however the internal morphology was different. DSC showed a homogenous matrix of drug and polymer for 2-N microparticles while 3-N microparticles had defined drug and polymer regions distributed as core and coat. The results of this study demonstrate that the novel 3-N spray drying process can allow the microencapsulation of a drug using an incompatible polymer and maintain the drug and polymer in separate regions of the microparticles.
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A novel pH-dependant and double crosslinked polymethacrylate-based polysphere matrix for enteric delivery of isoniazid. Pharm Dev Technol 2013; 18:1066-77. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2012.685654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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27
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pH-sensitive microparticles for oral drug delivery based on alginate/oligochitosan/Eudragit(®) L100-55 "sandwich" polyelectrolyte complex. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 110:395-402. [PMID: 23751419 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the oligochitosan-Eudragit(®) L100-55 polyelectrolyte complex (OCH-EL PEC) on the pH-sensitivity of Eudragit(®) L100-55-treated alginate-oligochitosan microparticles. In order to achieve this, three types of naproxen-loaded microparticles were prepared under mild and environmentally friendly conditions using a custom made device with coaxial air flow: Ca-alginate (Ca-ALG), alginate-oligochitosan (ALG-OCH) and alginate-oligochitosan-Eudragit(®) L100-55 (ALG-OCH-EL) microparticles. After drying, the microparticles were subjected to microscopic analysis, and physicochemical and biopharmaceutical characterization. The non-covalent interaction between OCH and EL and the formation of OCH-EL PEC during the preparation procedure of the particles were verified by thermal and FT-IR analysis. The obtained particles exhibited acceptable sphericity and surface roughness due to the presence of the drug crystals (Ca-ALG particles) and OCH-EL PEC (ALG-OCH-EL particles). It was found that reinforcement of the ALG-OCH particles with OCH-EL PEC had no significant effect on the relatively high encapsulation efficiencies (>74.4%). The results of drug release studies confirmed the ability of ALG-OCH PEC to sustain drug release at pH 6.8 and 7.4. However, this PEC showed enhanced sensitivity to an acidic environment and to simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8) after prior exposure to an acidic medium. Additional treatment of ALG-OCH particles with EL and formation of "sandwich" ALG-OCH-EL PEC was essential not only to improve stability and decrease drug release in acidic medium, but also to achieve sustained release after the pH of dissolution medium was raised to 6.8. The obtained results suggested that ALG-OCH-EL microparticles have promising potential as pH-sensitive multiparticulate drug carriers for oral delivery of NSAIDs.
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Encapsulation of low molecular weight heparin (bemiparin) into polymeric nanoparticles obtained from cationic block copolymers: properties and cell activity. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:850-860. [DOI: 10.1039/c2tb00194b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hemicellulose-based pH-sensitive and biodegradable hydrogel for controlled drug delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 92:1357-66. [PMID: 23399165 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels based on hemicellulose of wheat straw were prepared as a novel carrier for controlled drug delivery. The chemical structure and morphology of the hydrogels were characterised using FT-IR and SEM, respectively. The swelling ratios of the hydrogels were determined, and the results showed that the hydrogels were pH-responsive. The swelling kinetics of the hydrogels followed a Fickian diffusion process in media with a pH of 1.5, and water uptake was controlled collaboratively by hydrogel relaxation and water diffusion in media with pH values of 7.4 and 10.0. The degradation test of the hydrogels was conducted under simulated physiological conditions, and both hemicellulose content and the crosslinking density of the hydrogels were major factors that affected the biodegradability of the hemicellulose-based hydrogels. A comparison of the in vitro release of acetylsalicylic acid and theophylline indicated that the drug release was controlled both by the hydrogel and by the intrinsic character of the drug. According to the results presented here, hemicellulose-based hydrogels can be used in biomedical fields, especially for controlled drug release.
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Graft copolymers of ethyl methacrylate on waxy maize starch derivatives as novel excipients for matrix tablets: Drug release and fronts movement kinetics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 80:674-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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34
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Eudragit®RS PO/RL PO as rate-controlling matrix-formers via roller compaction: Influence of formulation and process variables on functional attributes of granules and tablets. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 38:1240-53. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.645831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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35
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Rapid pain relief using transdermal film forming polymeric solution of ketorolac. Pharm Dev Technol 2011; 18:1005-16. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2011.627867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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36
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Interpolymer combinations of chemically complementary grades of Eudragit copolymers: a new direction in the design of peroral solid dosage forms of drug delivery systems with controlled release (review). Pharm Chem J 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-011-0618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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38
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Controlled Release Systems Containing Solid Dispersions: Strategies and Mechanisms. Pharm Res 2011; 28:2353-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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40
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Structural Transformations During Swelling of Polycomplex Matrices Based on Countercharged (meth)acrylate Copolymers (EudragitR EPO/EudragitR L 100-55). J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:874-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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41
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Abstract
A coated matrix tablet formulation has been used to develop controlled release diltiazem HCl (DIL) tablets. The developed drug delivery system provided prolonged drug release rates over a defined period of time. DIL tablets prepared using dry mixing and direct compression and the core consisted of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), Eudragits RLPO/RSPO, microcrystalline cellulose, and lactose. Tablets were coated with Eudragit NE 30D, and the influence of varying the inert hydrophobic polymers and the amount of the coating polymer were investigated. The release profile of the developed formulation was described by the Higuchi model. Stability trials up to 6 months displayed excellent reproducibility.
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Controlled release solid dosage forms using combinations of (meth)acrylate copolymers. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 13:413-23. [PMID: 18720248 DOI: 10.1080/10837450802202098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Controlled release solid oral dosage forms have been widely used for decades, enabling drugs to be administered more comfortably while at the same time providing a sustained and reproducible method of release. (Meth)acrylate copolymers are one of the options available when considering a sustained release solid form. Due to their different functionalities it is possible to achieve various different release profiles. The electrical character of these copolymers and their pH-dependent solubility can result in new and modified patterns when these polymers are combined. This review sheds light on various studies involving combinations of (meth)acrylate copolymers for use in multi-unit systems and matrix tablets, and also on several analytical methods that help to identify possible interactions between these polymers.
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Solid dispersions as strategy to improve oral bioavailability of poor water soluble drugs. Drug Discov Today 2007; 12:1068-75. [PMID: 18061887 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 991] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Solid dispersions are one of the most promising strategies to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs. By reducing drug particle size to the absolute minimum, and hence improving drug wettability, bioavailability may be significantly improved. They are usually presented as amorphous products, mainly obtained by two major different methods, for example, melting and solvent evaporation. Recently, surfactants have been included to stabilize the formulations, thus avoiding drug recrystallization and potentiating their solubility. New manufacturing processes to obtain solid dispersions have also been developed to reduce the drawbacks of the initial process. In this review, it is intended to discuss the recent advances related on the area of solid dispersions.
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45
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Formulation design and development to produce orodispersible tablets by direct compression. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(07)50036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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