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Yabani DS, Ofosu IW, Ankar-Brewoo GM, Lutterodt HE. Occurrence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol and glycidyl esters in artisanal vegetable edible oils. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34680. [PMID: 39130471 PMCID: PMC11315069 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The safety of vegetable oils has come under intense scrutiny ever since the International Agency for Research on Cancer issued an alert on the carcinogenic properties of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE). In this study, a total of 114 samples of artisanal palm oil (PO), palm kernel oil (PKO), and coconut oil (CO) were sourced from three regions in Ghana. The concentrations of 3-MCPDE and GE were quantified using the indirect method with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Subsequently, the statistical distribution functions of the concentrations of the esters were fitted using the Palisade @risk software. The relationships between the esters in the oils were determined using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed no correlation (p > 0.05) between the concentrations of 3-MCPDE and GE. However, 18-60 % of the sampled PO contained 3-MCPDE above the European Commission's 2.5 mg/kg limit. In comparison, 24-35 % of the PO contained GE at levels exceeding the Commission's 1 mg/kg limit. Similarly, 25-35 % of PKO samples had GE concentrations above the limit. CO was the least contaminated oil, with little or no evidence of 3-MCPE and GE formation. Though the most frequently occurring (modal) concentrations of the esters were below the limits imposed by the Commission, it is the 95th percentile level of concentrations, especially for PO, that pose a health concern. Serious education and control must be exercised over the production of PO to enhance safety at the national and international markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sitsofe Yabani
- New Products Development Unit, Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, New Tafo-Akim, Ghana
- Food Systems Chemistry, Toxicology, and Risks Studies, Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Isaac Williams Ofosu
- Food Systems Chemistry, Toxicology, and Risks Studies, Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Gloria Mathanda Ankar-Brewoo
- Food Systems Chemistry, Toxicology, and Risks Studies, Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Herman Erick Lutterodt
- Food Systems Chemistry, Toxicology, and Risks Studies, Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
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Turkez H, Tozlu OO, Arslan ME, Baba C, Saracoglu MM, Yıldız E, Tatar A, Mardinoglu A. Boric Acid and Borax Protect Human Lymphocytes from Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity Induced by 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04060-4. [PMID: 38216793 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) is a member of the group of pollutants known as chloropropanols and is considered a genotoxic carcinogen. Due to the occurrence of 3-MCPD, which cannot be avoided in multiplexed food processes, it is necessary to explore novel agents to reduce or prevent the toxicity of 3-MCPD. Many recent studies on boron compounds reveal their superior biological roles such as antioxidant, anticancer, and antigenotoxic properties. In the current investigation, we have evaluated in vitro cytotoxic, oxidative, and genotoxic damage potential of 3-MCPD on human whole blood cultures and the alleviating effect of boric acid (BA) and borax (BX) for 72 h. In our in vitro experiments, we have treated blood cells with BA and BX (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/L) and 3-MCPD (at IC50 of 11.12 mg/l) for 72 h to determine the cytotoxic damage potential by using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays. Oxidative damage was assessed using total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Genotoxicity evaluations were performed using chromosome aberrations (CAs) and 8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) assays. The result of our experiments showed that the 3-MCPD compound induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity in a clear concentration-dependent manner. BA and BX reduced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity induced by 3-MCPD. In conclusion, BA and BX are safe and non-genotoxic under the in vitro conditions and can alleviate cytotoxic, oxidative, and genetic damage induced by 3-MCPD in the human blood cells. Our findings suggest that dietary boron supplements may offer a novel strategy for mitigating hematotoxicity induced by xenobiotics, including 3-MCPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Turkez
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Ozdemir Tozlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Enes Arslan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Cem Baba
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Melik Saracoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Edanur Yıldız
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Abdulgani Tatar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Guan S, Wang Z, Zhang R, Chen S, Bu X, Lu J. 3-MCPD Induced Mitochondrial Damage of Renal Cells Via the Rhythmic Protein BMAL1 Targeting SIRT3/SOD2. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14351-14364. [PMID: 37750480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Biorhythm regulates a variety of physiological functions and enables organisms to adapt to changing environments. 3-Monochloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) is a common food thermal processing contaminant, and the kidney is its toxic target organ. However, the nephrotoxicity mechanism of 3-MCPD has not been fully elucidated. In the study, we found that 3-MCPD caused mitochondrial damage in renal cells by inhibiting the SIRT3/SOD2 pathway. Further, we found that 3-MCPD could interfere with rhythm protein BMAL1 expression at protein and mRNA levels in mice kidney and NRK-52E cells. Simultaneously, the balance of the daily oscillation of SIRT3/SOD2 pathway proteins was impeded under 3-MCPD treatment. To determine the role of BAML1 in mitochondrial damage, we overexpressed the BMAL1 protein. The data showed that BMAL1 overexpression upregulated SIRT3 and SOD2 expression and attenuated mitochondrial damage caused by 3-MCPD. These results indicated that 3-MCPD inhibited the SIRT3/SOD2 pathway by affecting the expression of the rhythm protein BMAL1, thereby inducing mitochondrial damage in renal cells. Taken together, our work reveals that 3-MCPD may possess a toxic effect via circadian clock mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Guan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Ranran Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiujuan Bu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Lu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, People's Republic of China
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Fattore E, Lanno A, Danieli A, Stefano S, Passoni A, Roncaglioni A, Bagnati R, Davoli E. Toxicology of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol and its esters: a narrative review. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1247-1265. [PMID: 36826474 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) is a chiral molecule naturally existing as a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-enantiomers. It was thoroughly investigated during the 1970s as a male antifertility drug until research was abandoned because of the side effects observed in toxicity studies. More than 20 years later, 3-MCPD, both in the free form and esterified to the fatty acids, was detected in vegetable oil and discovered to be a widespread contaminant in different processed foods. This review summarises the main toxicological studies on 3-MCPD and its esters. Current knowledge shows that the kidney and reproductive system are the primary targets of 3-MCPD toxicity, followed by neurological and immune systems. Despite uncertainties, in vivo studies suggest that renal and reproductive toxicity is mediated by toxic metabolites, leading to inhibition of glycolysis and energy depletion. Few acute, short-term, and subchronic toxicity studies have investigated the 3-MCPD esters. The pattern of toxicity was similar to that of free 3-MCPD. Some evidence suggests that the toxicity of 3-MCPD diesters may be milder than 3-MCPD, likely because of an incomplete enzymatic hydrolysis in the equivalent free form in the gastrointestinal tract. Further research to clarify absorption, metabolism, and long-term toxicity of 3-MCPD esters would be pivotal to improve the risk assessment of these compounds via food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fattore
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milano, Italy.
| | - Alessia Lanno
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Danieli
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milano, Italy.,Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Simone Stefano
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Alice Passoni
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Roncaglioni
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Renzo Bagnati
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milano, Italy
| | - Enrico Davoli
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milano, Italy
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Wei T, Liu W, Zheng Z, Chen Y, Shen M, Li C. Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends on 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-Diol Esters in Foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:15347-15359. [PMID: 36468534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) are common food contaminants mainly formed in the edible oil refining process. Due to their potential hazards, 3-MCPDE has become a widespread food safety concern. In this study, CiteSpace and VOSviewer were used to conduct a bibliometric analysis on the 3-MCPDE research papers collected in the Web of Science Core Collection from 1998 to 2022. The results showed that the number of research publications on 3-MCPDE has increased rapidly since 2010. Analysis of the hotspots in 3-MCPDE studies showed that more attention has been paid to the exposure assessment, formation mechanism, detection methods, mitigation methods and toxicity, and toxicology of 3-MCPDE. Finally, the future trends of research on 3-MCPDE were analyzed and proposed. The mitigation methods and toxicology studies of 3-MCPDE are still the research hotspots in the future. In addition, nutritional intervention for 3-MCPDE toxicity will be an emerging trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Wenting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Mingyue Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Chang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
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6
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Kobets T, Smith BPC, Williams GM. Food-Borne Chemical Carcinogens and the Evidence for Human Cancer Risk. Foods 2022; 11:2828. [PMID: 36140952 PMCID: PMC9497933 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly consumed foods and beverages can contain chemicals with reported carcinogenic activity in rodent models. Moreover, exposures to some of these substances have been associated with increased cancer risks in humans. Food-borne carcinogens span a range of chemical classes and can arise from natural or anthropogenic sources, as well as form endogenously. Important considerations include the mechanism(s) of action (MoA), their relevance to human biology, and the level of exposure in diet. The MoAs of carcinogens have been classified as either DNA-reactive (genotoxic), involving covalent reaction with nuclear DNA, or epigenetic, involving molecular and cellular effects other than DNA reactivity. Carcinogens are generally present in food at low levels, resulting in low daily intakes, although there are some exceptions. Carcinogens of the DNA-reactive type produce effects at lower dosages than epigenetic carcinogens. Several food-related DNA-reactive carcinogens, including aflatoxins, aristolochic acid, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene and ethylene oxide, are recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as causes of human cancer. Of the epigenetic type, the only carcinogen considered to be associated with increased cancer in humans, although not from low-level food exposure, is dioxin (TCDD). Thus, DNA-reactive carcinogens in food represent a much greater risk than epigenetic carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kobets
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Benjamin P. C. Smith
- Future Ready Food Safety Hub, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Gary M. Williams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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Malik S, Kaur K, Prasad S, Jha NK, Kumar V. A perspective review on medicinal plant resources for their antimutagenic potentials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:62014-62029. [PMID: 34431051 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16057-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mutagens present in the environment manifest toxic effects and are considered as serious threat for human health and healthcare. Recent reports reveal that medicinal plant resources are being explored for identifying potent antimutagenic as well as cancer preventing agents. There is mounting evidence that cancer and other mutation-related diseases can be prevented with the use of medicinal pant resources including crude extracts, active fractions, phytochemicals, and pure phytomolecules. These medicinal plant resources possessing antimutagenic potentials have been shown to target molecular mechanisms underlying the mutagenic impacts. Technological advents and high-throughput screening/activity methods have revolutionized this field, though several potent plants and their active principles have been reported as effective antimutagens. The translational success rate needs to be improved, but the trends are encouraging. In this review, we present the current understandings and updates on various mutagens in the environment, toxicities related/attributed to them, the resultant mutations (and cancer), and how medicinal plants come to the rescue. A perspective review has been presented on whether and how medicinal plant resources can be an effective approach for addressing mutagens in the environment. An account of medicinal plant resources used as antimutagenic agents has been given along with the underlying mechanism of action and their therapeutic potential in various models of cancer. Recent success stories, current challenges, and future prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumira Malik
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Kawaljeet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411016, India
| | - Shilpa Prasad
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411016, India.
- Department of Environmental Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.
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Autophagy and mitochondrial dynamics contribute to the protective effect of diosgenin against 3-MCPD induced kidney injury. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 355:109850. [PMID: 35149085 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
3-Chloro-1, 2-propanediol (3-MCPD) is a widespread food contaminant with kidney as the main target organ. The exploration of ingredients as intervention strategy towards 3-MCPD induced nephrotoxicity is needed. Diosgenin (DIO) is a steroidal saponin presented in several plants and foods. Here we assessed whether DIO attenuates nephrotoxicity induced by 3-MCPD using Human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The results showed that DIO (2, 6, 8 μM) increased cell viability and exerted inhibitory effect on caspase 3 and caspase 9 activities. Histological examination of rats showed that 15 mg/kg bw DIO ameliorated renal pathological changes caused by 3-MCPD (30 mg/kg bw). DIO also induced autophagy and the blockade of autophagy with 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) aggravated mitochondrial apoptosis induced by 3-MCPD in HEK293 cells. Moreover, treatment with DIO caused an increase in p-LKB1/LKB1 and p-AMPK/AMPK expressions and a decrease in p-mTOR/mTOR, p-ULK1(Ser757), p-P70S6K and p-4EBP1 expressions. Additionally, DIO improved mitochondrial dynamics mainly through inhibiting the relocation of DRP1 on mitochondria and enhancing MFN1 and MFN2 expressions. In conclusion, our study demonstrated for the first time that DIO protected against kidney injury induced by 3-MCPD through the induction of autophagy via LKB1-AMPK-mTOR pathway and the improvement of mitochondrial fission and fusion.
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Shimamura Y, Inagaki R, Oike M, Dong B, Gong W, Masuda S. Glycidol Fatty Acid Ester and 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-Diol Fatty Acid Ester in Commercially Prepared Foods. Foods 2021; 10:foods10122905. [PMID: 34945456 PMCID: PMC8700650 DOI: 10.3390/foods10122905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycidyl fatty acid esters (GEs), which are the main pollutant in processed oils, are potential mutagens or carcinogens. 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters (3-MCPDEs) are also well-known food processing contaminants. 3-MCPDEs are believed to be a precursor to GEs in foodstuffs. In vivo, lipase breaks down the phosphate ester of GEs and 3-MCPDEs to produce glycidol and 3-MCPD, respectively, which are genotoxic carcinogens. Thus, it is important to determine human exposure to GEs and 3-MCPDEs through foodstuffs. There are only reports on the amount of GE and 3-MCPDE in cooking oils and cooked foods. The content in multiple types of foods that are actually on the market was not clarified. In this study, 48 commercially prepared foods were analyzed to identify other sources of exposure to GE and 3-MCPDE. All of them contained relatively high amounts of GEs and 3-MCPDEs. The correlation between GEs and 3-MCPDEs in individual foods was examined. There was a correlation between the amounts of GEs and 3-MCPDEs in the food products (r = 0.422, p < 0.005). This is the first report on the content in multiple types of commercially prepared foods that are actually on the market was clarified.
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Qin ZN, Ding J, Yu QW, Zhou P, Feng YQ. A boronic acid-modified C 60 derivatization reagent for the rapid detection of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9169. [PMID: 34293234 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) is a well-known contaminant formed in food thermal processing, which could be found in a variety of foodstuffs. Due to its potential carcinogenicity, it was essential to quickly develop a rapid and high-throughput analytical method to monitor 3-MCPD in foodstuffs, which is described in this study. METHODS 3-MCPD was extracted from foodstuffs and then was derivatized with a boronic acid-modified C60 (B-C60 ) through the boronic acid-diol reaction. Microwave heating was used to accelerate the derivatization reaction. Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis was conducted using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-MS (MALDI-MS). The application of the method was validated using various smoked food samples. RESULTS The chemical derivatization of 3-MCPD with B-C60 enabled the addition of a C60 -tag to 3-MCPD. High-throughput analysis of the sample within 0.5 h was realized. A good linear range from 0.02 to 1.5 μg mL-1 for 3-MCPD was obtained, with a detection limit of 0.005 μg mL-1 . The recoveries in spiked foodstuffs ranged from 85.4% to 115.1% with relative standard deviations of 2.0%-14.2%. This method was successfully applied to detect 3-MCPD in smoked foodstuffs. CONCLUSIONS A quantitative method was developed for the detection of 3-MCPD in foodstuffs using B-C60 derivatization combined with MALDI-MS strategy. This proposed method may serve as a potential platform for the rapid and high-throughput analysis of 3-MCPD in foodstuffs for the purpose of food safety control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Na Qin
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiong-Wei Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Qi Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Zhong Y, Jin C, Han J, Zhu J, Liu Q, Sun D, Xia X, Zhang Y, Peng X. Diosgenin Protects Against Kidney Injury and Mitochondrial Apoptosis Induced by 3-MCPD Through the Regulation of ER Stress, Ca 2+ Homeostasis, and Bcl2 Expression. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2001202. [PMID: 34075698 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202001202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Diosgenin (DIO) is a natural steroid sapogenin presented in various plants. It exerts anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic nephropathy properties. The present study evaluates the intervention effect of DIO on nephrotoxicity induced by food contaminant 3-chloro-1, 2-propanediol (3-MCPD) in vivo and in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS Treatment with DIO (15 mg kg-1 d-1 ) in Sprague-Dawley rats for 4-week relieves kidney injury induced by 3-MCPD (30 mg kg-1 d-1 ). In vitro, DIO (2, 6, and 8 µM) alleviates cell injury and apoptosis effectively in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. DIO realizes its protective function via the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Blockage of ER stress by 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), a specific ER stress antagonist, inhibits mitochondrial apoptosis, suggesting a connection between mitochondrial apoptosis and ER stress. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that the maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis and Bcl2 expression, two main targets of ER stress, contributes to the protection role of DIO on mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. In addition, DIO relieves the impairment of oxidative phosphorylation. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that DIO exerts protective effect against kidney injury, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis through the inhibition of ER stress and the further maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis and Bcl2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chengni Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jiahui Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jiachang Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Dianjun Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiaoli Peng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University (NWAFU), Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China
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12
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Shimamura Y, Inagaki R, Honda H, Masuda S. Does External Exposure of Glycidol-Related Chemicals Influence the Forming of the Hemoglobin Adduct, N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)valine, as a Biomarker of Internal Exposure to Glycidol? TOXICS 2020; 8:E119. [PMID: 33322119 PMCID: PMC7768507 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycidyl fatty acid esters (GE) are constituents of edible oils and fats, and are converted into glycidol, a genotoxic substance, in vivo. N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)valine (diHOPrVal), a hemoglobin adduct of glycidol, is used as a biomarker of glycidol and GE exposure. However, high background levels of diHOPrVal are not explained by daily dietary exposure to glycidol and GE. In the present study, several glycidol-related chemicals (glycidol, (±)-3-chloro-1,2-propanediol, glycidyl oleate, epichlorohydrin, propylene oxide, 1-bromopropane, allyl alcohol, fructose, and glyceraldehyde) that might be precursors of diHOPrVal, were administered to mice, and diHOPrVal formation from each substance was examined with LC-MS/MS. DiHOPrVal was detected in animals treated with glycidol and glycidyl oleate but not in mice treated with other chemicals (3-MCPD, epichlorohydrin, propylene oxide, 1-bromopropane, allyl alcohol, fructose, and glyceraldehyde). The amount of diHOPrVal per administered dose produced from other chemicals was negligible compared to the amounts associated with dietary glycidol and GE. The present study provides important knowledge for exploring other sources for internal exposure to glycidol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Shimamura
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (R.I.)
| | - Ryo Inagaki
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (R.I.)
| | - Hiroshi Honda
- KAO Corporation, R&D Safety Science Research, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan;
| | - Shuichi Masuda
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; (Y.S.); (R.I.)
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13
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Araujo M, Beekman JK, Mapa MS, MacMahon S, Zhao Y, Flynn TJ, Flannery B, Mossoba ME, Sprando RL. Assessment of intestinal absorption/metabolism of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) and three 3-MCPD monoesters by Caco-2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 67:104887. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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He B, Wang L, Li M. A biosensor for direct bioelectrocatalysis detection of 3-MCPD in soy sauce using Cyt-c incorporated in Au@AgNSs/FeMOF nanocomposite. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-020-02011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Mahmoud YI, Abo-Zied FS, Salem ST. Effects of subacute 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol treatment on the kidney of male albino rats. Biotech Histochem 2018; 94:199-203. [PMID: 30449186 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2018.1543894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) is a well-known food contaminant. Although the kidney is thought to be a target organ for 3-MCPD toxicity, nephrotoxic structural changes are relatively unstudied. We investigated the renal alterations caused by 3-MCPD in male albino rats. 3-MCPD was administered orally, at a dose of 60 mg/kg for 7 days. 3-MCPD caused significant elevation of serum creatinine and urea levels together with hydropic degeneration, necrosis and shedding of the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules, urinary casts in the distal convoluted tubules and interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration. Administration of 3-MCPD for a period as short as 7 days causes acute renal failure in male albino rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y I Mahmoud
- a Zoology Department, Faculty of Science , Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - F S Abo-Zied
- a Zoology Department, Faculty of Science , Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - S T Salem
- a Zoology Department, Faculty of Science , Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
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16
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St Helen G, Jacob Iii P, Nardone N, Benowitz NL. IQOS: examination of Philip Morris International's claim of reduced exposure. Tob Control 2018; 27:s30-s36. [PMID: 30158205 PMCID: PMC6252487 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New electronic heated tobacco products are being introduced in the global market and are gaining popularity. In 2016, Philip Morris International, Inc. (PMI) submitted a modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) application to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to market IQOS in the USA with claims of reduced exposure and reduced risk. METHODS We examined PMI's MRTP application, specifically sections on aerosol chemistry and human exposure assessment, to assess the validity of PMI's claims of reduced exposure and risk. FINDINGS PMI reported levels for only 40 of 93 harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) on FDA's HPHC list in IQOS mainstream aerosol. All substances in PMI's list of 58 constituents (PMI-58) were lower in IQOS emissions compared with mainstream smoke of 3R4F reference cigarettes. However, levels of 56 other constituents, which are not included in the PMI-58 list or FDA's list of HPHCs, were higher in IQOS emissions; 22 were >200% higher and seven were >1000% higher than in 3R4F reference cigarette smoke. PMI's studies also show significantly lower systemic exposure to some HPHCs from use of IQOS compared with smoking combustible cigarettes. CONCLUSION PMI's data appear to support PMI's claim that IQOS reduces exposure to HPHCs. However, PMI's data also show significantly higher levels of several substances that are not recognised as HPHCs by the FDA in IQOS emissions compared with combustible cigarette smoke. The impact of these substances on the overall toxicity or harm of IQOS is not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon St Helen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peyton Jacob Iii
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Natalie Nardone
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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17
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Mahmoud YI, Taha A, Soliman S. 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (alpha-chlorohydrin) disrupts spermatogenesis and causes spermatotoxicity in males of the Egyptian fruit-bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). Biotech Histochem 2018; 93:293-300. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2018.1437471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- YI Mahmoud
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A Taha
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S Soliman
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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18
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Oxidative inactivation of the endogenous antioxidant protein DJ-1 by the food contaminants 3-MCPD and 2-MCPD. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:289-299. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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19
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Solvent Chemistry in the Electronic Cigarette Reaction Vessel. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42549. [PMID: 28195231 PMCID: PMC5307352 DOI: 10.1038/srep42549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the mechanism of formation, levels and toxicological profiles of the chemical products in the aerosols (i.e., vapor plus particulate phases) of e-cigarettes is needed in order to better inform basic research as well as the general public, regulators, and industry. To date, studies of e-cigarette emissions have mainly focused on chromatographic techniques for quantifying and comparing the levels of selected e-cigarette aerosol components to those found in traditional cigarettes. E-cigarettes heat and aerosolize the solvents propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (GLY), thereby affording unique product profiles as compared to traditional cigarettes. The chemical literature strongly suggests that there should be more compounds produced by PG and GLY than have been reported in e-cigarette aerosols to date. Herein we report an extensive investigation of the products derived from vaporizing PG and GLY under mild, single puff conditions. This has led to the discovery of several new compounds produced under vaping conditions. Prior reports on e-cigarette toxin production have emphasized temperature as the primary variable in solvent degradation. In the current study, the molecular pathways leading to enhanced PG/GLY reactivity are described, along with the most impactful chemical conditions promoting byproduct production.
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20
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Aasa J, Abramsson-Zetterberg L, Carlsson H, Törnqvist M. The genotoxic potency of glycidol established from micronucleus frequency and hemoglobin adduct levels in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 100:168-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Use of in silico models for prioritization of heat-induced food contaminants in mutagenicity and carcinogenicity testing. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3157-3174. [PMID: 28091709 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1924-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous Maillard reaction and lipid oxidation products are present in processed foods such as heated cereals, roasted meat, refined oils, coffee, and juices. Due to the lack of experimental toxicological data, risk assessment is hardly possible for most of these compounds. In the present study, an in silico approach was employed for the prediction of the toxicological endpoints mutagenicity and carcinogenicity on the basis of the structure of the respective compound, to examine (quantitative) structure-activity relationships for more than 800 compounds. Five software tools for mutagenicity prediction (T.E.S.T., SARpy, CAESAR, Benigni-Bossa, and LAZAR) and three carcinogenicity prediction tools (CAESAR, Benigni-Bossa, and LAZAR) were combined to yield so-called mutagenic or carcinogenic scores for every single substance. Alcohols, ketones, acids, lactones, and esters were predicted to be mutagenic and carcinogenic with low probability, whereas the software tools tended to predict a considerable mutagenic and carcinogenic potential for thiazoles. To verify the in silico predictions for the endpoint mutagenicity experimentally, twelve selected compounds were examined for their mutagenic potential using two different validated in vitro test systems, the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test) and the in vitro micronucleus assay. There was a good correlation between the results of the Ames test and the in silico predictions. However, in the case of the micronucleus assay, at least three substances, 2-amino-6-methylpyridine, 6-heptenoic acid, and 2-methylphenol, were clearly positive although they were predicted to be non-mutagenic. Thus, software tools for mutagenicity prediction are suitable for prioritization among large numbers of substances, but these predictions still need experimental verification.
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22
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Senyildiz M, Alpertunga B, Ozden S. DNA methylation analysis in rat kidney epithelial cells exposed to 3-MCPD and glycidol. Drug Chem Toxicol 2016; 40:432-439. [PMID: 27884059 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2016.1255951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) is a well-known food processing contaminant that has been regarded as a rat carcinogen, which is known to induce Leydig-cell and mammary gland tumors in males, as well as kidney tumors in both genders. 3-MCPD is highly suspected to be a non-genotoxic carcinogen. 2,3-Epoxy-1-propanol (glycidol) can be formed via dehalogenation from 3-MCPD. We aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effects of 3-MCPD and glycidol, then to demonstrate the possible epigenetic mechanisms with global and gene-specific DNA methylation in rat kidney epithelial cells (NRK-52E). IC50 value of 3-MCPD was determined as 48 mM and 41.39 mM, whereas IC50 value of glycidol was 1.67 mM and 1.13 mM by MTT and NRU test, respectively. Decreased global DNA methylation at the concentrations of 100 μM and 1000 μM for 3-MCPD and 100 μM and 500 μM for glycidol were observed after 48 h exposure by using 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) ELISA kit. Methylation changes were detected in promoter regions of c-myc and Rassf1a in 3-MCPD and glycidol treated NRK-52E cells by using methylation-specific PCR (MSP), whereas changes on gene expression of c-myc and Rassf1a were observed by using real-time PCR. However, e-cadherin, p16, VHL and p15 genes were unmethylated in their CpG promoter regions in response to treatment with 3-MCPD and glycidol. Alterations in DNA methylation might be key events in the toxicity of 3-MCPD and glycidol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Senyildiz
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Buket Alpertunga
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Sibel Ozden
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
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23
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Zhang H, Jin P, Zhang M, Cheong LZ, Hu P, Zhao Y, Yu L, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Xu X. Mitigation of 3-Monochloro-1,2-propanediol Ester Formation by Radical Scavengers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5887-5892. [PMID: 27396990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the possible mechanism of free radical scavengers on mitigation of 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) fatty acid ester formation in vegetable oils. The electron spin resonance investigation showed that the concentration of free radicals could be clearly decreased in 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycerol (DSG) samples by all four antioxidants (l-ascorbyl palmitate, α-tocopherol, lipophilic tea polyphenols, and rosemary extract) at 120 °C for 20 min under a N2 atmosphere. Moreover, the rosemary extract exhibited the highest inhibition efficiency. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy examination of DSG with α-tocopherol at 25 and 120 °C revealed that α-tocopherol could prevent the involvement of an ester carbonyl group of DSG in forming the cyclic acyloxonium free radical intermediate. Furthermore, the ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis showed that α-tocopherol could suppress the formation of 3-MCPD di- and monoesters. Finally, the four antioxidants could decrease 3-MCPD esters in the palm oil during deodorization. Particularly, the rosemary extract also showed the highest efficiency in 3-MCPD ester mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhang
- Wilmar Biotechnology Research and Development Center (Shanghai) Company, Limited , 118 Gaodong Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200137, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengwei Jin
- Wilmar Biotechnology Research and Development Center (Shanghai) Company, Limited , 118 Gaodong Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200137, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Wilmar Biotechnology Research and Development Center (Shanghai) Company, Limited , 118 Gaodong Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200137, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Zhi Cheong
- Department of Food Science, School of Marine Science, Ningbo University , Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Hu
- Wilmar Biotechnology Research and Development Center (Shanghai) Company, Limited , 118 Gaodong Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200137, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangli Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yong Wang
- Wilmar Biotechnology Research and Development Center (Shanghai) Company, Limited , 118 Gaodong Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200137, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanrong Jiang
- Wilmar Biotechnology Research and Development Center (Shanghai) Company, Limited , 118 Gaodong Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200137, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuebing Xu
- Wilmar Biotechnology Research and Development Center (Shanghai) Company, Limited , 118 Gaodong Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200137, People's Republic of China
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24
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Konti A, Mamma D, Hatzinikolaou DG, Kekos D. 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol biodegradation by Ca-alginate immobilized Pseudomonas putida DSM 437 cells applying different processes: mass transfer effects. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 39:1597-609. [PMID: 27262716 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-CPD) biodegradation by Ca-alginate immobilized Pseudomonas putida cells was performed in batch system, continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), and packed-bed reactor (PBR). Batch system exhibited higher biodegradation rates and 3-CPD uptakes compared to CSTR and PBR. The two continuous systems (CSTR and PBR) when compared at 200 mg/L 3-CPD in the inlet exhibited the same removal of 3-CPD at steady state. External mass-transfer limitations are found negligible at all systems examined, since the observable modulus for external mass transfer Ω ≪ 1 and the Biot number Bi > 1. Intra-particle diffusion resistance had a significant effect on 3-CPD biodegradation in all systems studied, but to a different extent. Thiele modulus was in the range of 2.5 in batch system, but it was increased at 11 when increasing cell loading in the beads, thus lowering significantly the respective effectiveness factor. Comparing the systems at the same cell loading in the beads PBR was less affected by internal diffusional limitations compared to CSTR and batch system, and, as a result, exhibited the highest overall effectiveness factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Konti
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 157 80, Zografou, Greece
| | - Diomi Mamma
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 157 80, Zografou, Greece
| | - Dimitios G Hatzinikolaou
- Microbial Biotechnology Unit, Sector of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kekos
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zografou Campus, 157 80, Zografou, Greece.
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25
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Aasa J, Vare D, Motwani HV, Jenssen D, Törnqvist M. Quantification of the mutagenic potency and repair of glycidol-induced DNA lesions. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2016; 805:38-45. [PMID: 27402481 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycidol (Gly) is an electrophilic low-molecular weight epoxide that is classified by IARC as probably carcinogenic to humans. Humans might be exposed to Gly from food, e.g. refined vegetable oils, where Gly has been found as a food process contaminant. It is therefore important to investigate and quantify the genotoxicity of Gly as a primary step towards cancer risk assessment of the human exposure. Here, quantification of the mutagenic potency expressed per dose (AUC: area under the concentration-time curve) of Gly has been performed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, using the HPRT assay. The dose of Gly was estimated in the cell exposure medium by trapping Gly with a strong nucleophile, cob(I)alamin, to form stable cobalamin adducts for analysis by LC-MS/MS. Gly was stable in the exposure medium during the time for cell treatment, and thus the dose in vitro is the initial concentration×cell treatment time. Gly induced mutations in the hprt-gene at a rate of 0.08±0.01 mutations/10(5) cells/mMh. Through comparison with the effect of ionizing radiation in the same system a relative mutagenic potency of 9.5rad-eq./mMh was obtained, which could be used for comparison of genotoxicity of chemicals and between test systems and also in procedures for quantitative cancer risk assessment. Gly was shown to induce strand breaks, that were repaired by base excision repair. Furthermore, Gly-induced lesions, present during replication, were found to delay the replication fork elongation. From experiments with repair deficient cells, homologous recombination repair and the ERCC1-XPF complex were indicated to be recruited to support in the repair of the damage related to the stalled replication elongation. The type of DNA damage responsible for the mutagenic effect of Gly could not be concluded from the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Aasa
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Vare
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hitesh V Motwani
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dag Jenssen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margareta Törnqvist
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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26
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Risks for human health related to the presence of 3‐ and 2‐monochloropropanediol (MCPD), and their fatty acid esters, and glycidyl fatty acid esters in food. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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27
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Ozcagli E, Alpertunga B, Fenga C, Berktas M, Tsitsimpikou C, Wilks MF, Tsatsakis ΑM. Effects of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and its metabolites on DNA damage and repair under in vitro conditions. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 89:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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28
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Lee BS, Park SJ, Kim YB, Han JS, Jeong EJ, Moon KS, Son HY. A 28-day oral gavage toxicity study of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) in CB6F1-non-Tg rasH2 mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Vicente E, Arisseto AP, Furlani RP, Monteiro V, Gonçalves LM, Pereira ALD, Toledo MCF. Levels of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) in selected processed foods from the Brazilian market. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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30
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Onami S, Cho YM, Toyoda T, Akagi JI, Fujiwara S, Ochiai R, Tsujino K, Nishikawa A, Ogawa K. Orally administered glycidol and its fatty acid esters as well as 3-MCPD fatty acid esters are metabolized to 3-MCPD in the F344 rat. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:726-31. [PMID: 26520183 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
IARC has classified glycidol and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) as group 2A and 2B, respectively. Their esters are generated in foodstuffs during processing and there are concerns that they may be hydrolyzed to the carcinogenic forms in vivo. Thus, we conducted two studies. In the first, we administered glycidol and 3-MCPD and associated esters (glycidol oleate: GO, glycidol linoleate: GL, 3-MCPD dipalmitate: CDP, 3-MCPD monopalmitate: CMP, 3-MCPD dioleate: CDO) to male F344 rats by single oral gavage. After 30 min, 3-MCPD was detected in serum from all groups. Glycidol was detected in serum from the rats given glycidol or GL and CDP and CDO in serum from rats given these compounds. In the second, we examined if metabolism occurs on simple reaction with rat intestinal contents (gastric, duodenal and cecal contents) from male F344 gpt delta rats. Newly produced 3-MCPD was detected in all gut contents incubated with the three 3-MCPD fatty acid esters and in gastric and duodenal contents incubated with glycidol and in duodenal and cecal contents incubated with GO. Although our observation was performed at 1 time point, the results showed that not only 3-MCPD esters but also glycidol and glycidol esters are metabolized into 3-MCPD in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Onami
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan; Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Young-Man Cho
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Toyoda
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Akagi
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujiwara
- Division of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Shimadzu Techno-Research Inc., 1, Nishinokyo-Shimoaicho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, 604-8436, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ochiai
- Division of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Shimadzu Techno-Research Inc., 1, Nishinokyo-Shimoaicho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, 604-8436, Japan
| | - Kazushige Tsujino
- Division of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Shimadzu Techno-Research Inc., 1, Nishinokyo-Shimoaicho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, 604-8436, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Nishikawa
- Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan; Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan.
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Proteomic analysis of 3-MCPD and 3-MCPD dipalmitate-induced toxicity in rat kidney. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1437-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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32
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Andreoli R, Cirlini M, Mutti A. Quantification of 3-MCPD and its mercapturic metabolite in human urine: validation of an LC–MS–MS method and its application in the general population. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4823-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8650-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lee BQ, Khor SM. 3-Chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) in Soy Sauce: A Review on the Formation, Reduction, and Detection of This Potential Carcinogen. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 14:48-66. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bai Qin Lee
- Dept. of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Univ. of Malaya; 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Sook Mei Khor
- Dept. of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Univ. of Malaya; 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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Sun X, Zhang L, Zhang H, Qian H, Zhang Y, Tang L, Li Z. Development and application of 3-chloro-1,2-propandiol electrochemical sensor based on a polyaminothiophenol modified molecularly imprinted film. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:4552-4557. [PMID: 24772994 DOI: 10.1021/jf4055159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel electrochemical sensor for 3-chloro-1,2-propandiol (3-MCPD) detection based on a gold nanoparticle-modified glassy carbon electrode (AuNP/GCE) coated with a molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) film was constructed. p-Aminothiophenol (p-ATP) and 3-MCPD were self-assembled on a AuNP/GCE surface, and then a MIP film was formed by electropolymerization. The 3-MCPD template combined with p-ATP during self-assembly and electropolymerization, and the cavities matching 3-MCPD remained after the removal of the template. The MIP sensor was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Many factors that affected the performance of the MIP membrane were discussed and optimized. Under optimal conditions, the DPV current was linear with the log of the 3-MCPD concentration in the range from 1.0 × 10(-17) to 1.0 × 10(-13) mol L(-1) (R(2) = 0.9939), and the detection limit was 3.8 × 10(-18) mol L(-1) (S/N = 3). The average recovery rate of 3-MCPD from spiked soy sauce samples ranged from 95.0% to 106.4% (RSD < 3.49%). Practically, the sensor showed high sensitivity, good selectivity, excellent reproducibility, and stability during the quantitative determination of 3-MCPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science of Jiangnan University , Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Onami S, Cho YM, Toyoda T, Horibata K, Ishii Y, Umemura T, Honma M, Nohmi T, Nishikawa A, Ogawa K. Absence of in vivo genotoxicity of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol and associated fatty acid esters in a 4-week comprehensive toxicity study using F344 gpt delta rats. Mutagenesis 2014; 29:295-302. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geu018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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36
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Sun J, Bai S, Bai W, Zou F, Zhang L, Li G, Hu Y, Li M, Yan R, Su Z, Huang Y. 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol inhibits progesterone production through the expression of steroidogenic enzymes and cAMP concentration in Leydig cells. Food Chem 2014; 154:330-6. [PMID: 24518350 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) is a well-known food processing contaminant that has been shown to impede male reproductive function. However, its mechanism of action remains elusive. In this study, the effects of 1,3-DCP on progesterone production were investigated using the R2C Leydig cell model. 1,3-DCP significantly reduced cell viability from 7.48% to 97.4% at doses comprised between 0.5 and 6mM. Single cell gel/comet assays and atomic force microscopy assays showed that 1,3-DCP induced early phase cell apoptosis. In addition, 1,3-DCP significantly reduced progesterone production detected by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The results from quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting demonstrated that the mRNA expression levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were significantly down-regulated in R2C cells. Particularly, the change rhythm of Star expression was highly consistent with progesterone production. Furthermore, the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and the mitochondrial membrane potential mediated by ROS, which are involved in regulating progesterone synthesis were also decreased in response to the 1,3-DCP treatment. Overall, the data presented here suggested that 1,3-DCP interferes with the male steroidogenic capacity mainly by down-regulating the level of cAMP and the key enzymes involved in the androgen synthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxia Sun
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shun Bai
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Weibin Bai
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Feiyan Zou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yunfeng Hu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mingwei Li
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Rian Yan
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhijian Su
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Yadong Huang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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A 13-week repeated dose study of three 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters in F344 rats. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:871-80. [PMID: 24390090 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1190-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), a rat renal and testicular carcinogen, has been reported to occur in various foods and food ingredients as free or esterified forms. Since reports about toxicity of 3-MCPD esters are limited, we conducted a 13-week rat subchronic toxicity study of 3-MCPD esters (palmitate diester: CDP, palmitate monoester: CMP, oleate diester: CDO). We administered a carcinogenic dose (3.6 × 10(-4) mol/kg B.W./day) of 3-MCPD or these esters at equimolar concentrations and two 1/4 lower doses by gavage with olive oil as a vehicle five times a week for 13 weeks to F344 male and female rats. As a result, five out of ten 3-MCPD-treated females died from acute renal tubular necrosis, but none of the ester-treated rats. Decreased HGB was observed in all high-dose 3-MCPD fatty acid ester-treated rats, except CDO-treated males. The absolute and relative kidney weights were significantly increased in the ester-treated rats at medium and high doses. Relative liver weights were significantly increased in the esters-treated rat at high dose, except for CMP females. Significant increase in apoptotic epithelial cells in the initial segment of the epididymis of high-dose ester-treated males was also observed. The results suggested that although acute renal toxicity was lower than 3-MCPD, these three 3-MCPD fatty acid esters have the potential to exert subchronic toxicity to the rat kidneys and epididymis, to a similar degree as 3-MCPD under the present conditions. NOAELs (no-observed-adverse-effect levels) of CDP, CMP and CDO were suggested to be 14, 8 and 15 mg/kg B.W./day, respectively.
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38
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Sun J, Bai S, Bai W, Zou F, Zhang L, Su Z, Zhang Q, Ou S, Huang Y. Toxic mechanisms of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol on progesterone production in R2C rat leydig cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9955-9960. [PMID: 24040863 DOI: 10.1021/jf400809r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) is a well-known food processing contaminant that has been shown to impede the male reproductive function. However, its mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. In this study, the effects of 3-MCPD on progesterone production were investigated using R2C Leydig cells. 3-MCPD caused concentration-dependent inhibition of cell viability at the IC25, IC50, and IC75 levels of 1.027, 1.802, and 3.160 mM, respectively. Single cell gel/comet assay and atomic force microscopy assay showed that 3-MCPD significantly induced early apoptosis. In addition, 3-MCPD significantly reduced progesterone production by reducing the expression of cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in R2C cells. The change in steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression was highly consistent with progesterone production. Furthermore, the mitochondrial membrane potential and cAMP significantly decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxia Sun
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou, 510006, China
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39
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Liu M, Gao BY, Qin F, Wu PP, Shi HM, Luo W, Ma AN, Jiang YR, Xu XB, Yu LL(L. Acute oral toxicity of 3-MCPD mono- and di-palmitic esters in Swiss mice and their cytotoxicity in NRK-52E rat kidney cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3785-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Rietjens IMCM, Scholz G, Berg I, Schilter B, Slob W. Refined hazard characterization of 3-MCPD using benchmark dose modeling. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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41
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Mercapturic acids as metabolites of alkylating substances in urine samples of German inhabitants. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2011; 214:196-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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42
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Habermeyer M, Guth S, Eisenbrand G. Identification of gaps in knowledge concerning toxicology of 3-MCPD and glycidol esters. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201000314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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43
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Bakhiya N, Abraham K, Gürtler R, Appel KE, Lampen A. Toxicological assessment of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol and glycidol fatty acid esters in food. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:509-21. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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44
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Absorption and metabolism of the food contaminant 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) and its fatty acid esters by human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:1201-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0657-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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45
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Sindhu G, Manoharan S. Anti-Clastogenic Effect of Berberine against DMBA-Induced Clastogenesis. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2010; 107:818-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Berger-Preiß E, Gerling S, Apel E, Lampen A, Creutzenberg O. Development and validation of an analytical method for determination of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol in rat blood and urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in negative chemical ionization mode. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:313-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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47
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Jeong J, Han BS, Cho WS, Choi M, Ha CS, Lee BS, Kim YB, Son WC, Kim CY. Carcinogenicity study of 3-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol (3-MCPD) administered by drinking water to B6C3F1 mice showed no carcinogenic potential. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:719-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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48
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Toxicity value for 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol using a benchmark dose methodology. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 53:102-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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49
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Cho WS, Han BS, Nam KT, Park K, Choi M, Kim SH, Jeong J, Jang DD. Carcinogenicity study of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol in Sprague–Dawley rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:3172-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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50
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Cho WS, Han BS, Lee H, Kim C, Nam KT, Park K, Choi M, Kim SJ, Kim SH, Jeong J, Jang DD. Subchronic toxicity study of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol administered by drinking water to B6C3F1 mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:1666-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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