1
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Read-across and new approach methodologies applied in a 10-step framework for cosmetics safety assessment – A case study with parabens. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 132:105161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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2
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Li N, Dey S, O’Connor R, Abbinante-Nissen J, White J. Approaches to Safety Evaluation of Baby Wipes. Glob Pediatr Health 2022; 9:2333794X221105261. [PMID: 35747898 PMCID: PMC9210097 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x221105261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Disposable baby wipes manufactured by Procter & Gamble, soft sheets bearing lotion that is balanced to maintain natural skin pH, are convenient for cleaning the diaper area and a quick cleanup on baby’s face and hands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Winton Hill Business Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Swatee Dey
- Winton Hill Business Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Jeff White
- Winton Hill Business Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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3
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Mangion SE, Holmes AM, Roberts MS. Targeted Delivery of Zinc Pyrithione to Skin Epithelia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9730. [PMID: 34575891 PMCID: PMC8465279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) is an anti-fungal drug delivered as a microparticle to skin epithelia. It is one of the most widely used ingredients worldwide in medicated shampoo for treating dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis (SD), a disorder with symptoms that include skin flaking, erythema and pruritus. SD is a multi-factorial disease driven by microbiol dysbiosis, primarily involving Malassezia yeast. Anti-fungal activity of ZnPT depends on the cutaneous availability of bioactive monomeric molecular species, occurring upon particle dissolution. The success of ZnPT as a topical therapeutic is underscored by the way it balances treatment efficacy with formulation safety. This review demonstrates how ZnPT achieves this balance, by integrating the current understanding of SD pathogenesis with an up-to-date analysis of ZnPT pharmacology, therapeutics and toxicology. ZnPT has anti-fungal activity with an average in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration of 10-15 ppm against the most abundant scalp skin Malassezia species (Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restrica). Efficacy is dependent on the targeted delivery of ZnPT to the skin sites where these yeasts reside, including the scalp surface and hair follicle infundibulum. Imaging and quantitative analysis tools have been fundamental for critically evaluating the therapeutic performance and safety of topical ZnPT formulations. Toxicologic investigations have focused on understanding the risk of local and systemic adverse effects following exposure from percutaneous penetration. Future research is expected to yield further advances in ZnPT formulations for SD and also include re-purposing towards a range of other dermatologic applications, which is likely to have significant clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean E. Mangion
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (S.E.M.); (A.M.H.)
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Amy M. Holmes
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (S.E.M.); (A.M.H.)
- UniSA: Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Michael S. Roberts
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (S.E.M.); (A.M.H.)
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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4
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Bury D, Alexander-White C, Clewell HJ, Cronin M, Desprez B, Detroyer A, Efremenko A, Firman J, Hack E, Hewitt NJ, Kenna G, Klaric M, Lester C, Mahony C, Ouedraogo G, Paini A, Schepky A. New framework for a non-animal approach adequately assures the safety of cosmetic ingredients - A case study on caffeine. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 123:104931. [PMID: 33905778 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This case study on the model substance caffeine demonstrates the viability of a 10-step read-across (RAX) framework in practice. New approach methodologies (NAM), including RAX and physiologically-based kinetic (PBK) modelling were used to assess the consumer safety of caffeine. Appropriate animal systemic toxicity data were used from the most relevant RAX analogue while assuming that no suitable animal toxicity data were available for caffeine. Based on structural similarities, three primary metabolites of the target chemical caffeine (theophylline, theobromine and paraxanthine) were selected as its most relevant analogues, to estimate a point of departure in order to support a next generation risk assessment (NGRA). On the basis of the pivotal mode of action (MOA) of caffeine and other methylxanthines, theophylline appeared to be the most potent and suitable analogue. A worst-case aggregate exposure assessment determined consumer exposure to caffeine from different sources, such as cosmetics and food/drinks. Using a PBK model to estimate human blood concentrations following exposure to caffeine, an acceptable Margin of Internal Exposure (MOIE) of 27-fold was derived on the basis of a RAX using theophylline animal data, which suggests that the NGRA approach for caffeine is sufficiently conservative to protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Bury
- L'Oréal, Research & Innovation, 9 Rue Pierre Dreyfus, 92110, Clichy, France.
| | - Camilla Alexander-White
- MKTox & Co Ltd, 36 Fairford Crescent, Downhead Park, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, MK15 9AQ, UK
| | - Harvey J Clewell
- Ramboll Health Sciences, 3107 Armand Street, Monroe, LA, 71201, USA
| | - Mark Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 AF, UK
| | - Bertrand Desprez
- Cosmetics Europe, 40 Avenue Hermann-Debroux, 1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ann Detroyer
- L'Oréal, Research & Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | | | - James Firman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 AF, UK
| | - Eric Hack
- ScitoVation, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Gerry Kenna
- Cosmetics Europe, 40 Avenue Hermann-Debroux, 1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martina Klaric
- Cosmetics Europe, 40 Avenue Hermann-Debroux, 1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Gladys Ouedraogo
- L'Oréal, Research & Innovation, 1 Avenue Eugène Schueller, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Alicia Paini
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
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5
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Api AM, Basketter D, Bridges J, Cadby P, Ellis G, Gilmour N, Greim H, Griem P, Kern P, Khaiat A, O'Brien J, Rustemeyer T, Ryan C, Safford B, Smith B, Vey M, White IR. Updating exposure assessment for skin sensitization quantitative risk assessment for fragrance materials. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 118:104805. [PMID: 33075411 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In 2008, a proposal for assessing the risk of induction of skin sensitization to fragrance materials Quantitative Risk Assessment 1 (QRA1) was published. This was implemented for setting maximum limits for fragrance materials in consumer products. However, there was no formal validation or empirical verification after implementation. Additionally, concerns remained that QRA1 did not incorporate aggregate exposure from multiple product use and included assumptions, e.g. safety assessment factors (SAFs), that had not been critically reviewed. Accordingly, a review was undertaken, including detailed re-evaluation of each SAF together with development of an approach for estimating aggregate exposure of the skin to a potential fragrance allergen. This revision of QRA1, termed QRA2, provides an improved method for establishing safe levels for sensitizing fragrance materials in multiple products to limit the risk of induction of contact allergy. The use of alternative non-animal methods is not within the scope of this paper. Ultimately, only longitudinal clinical studies can verify the utility of QRA2 as a tool for the prevention of contact allergy to fragrance materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA.
| | | | - James Bridges
- Member IDEA Supervisory Group, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | - Graham Ellis
- Firmenich SA, 1 Route des Jeunes, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Gilmour
- Unilever Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - Helmut Greim
- Member IDEA Supervisory Group, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | | | - Petra Kern
- NV Procter & Gamble Services Company SA, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | - Alain Khaiat
- Member IDEA Supervisory Group, Cosmetics Consultant, Singapore
| | | | | | - Cindy Ryan
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, USA
| | - Bob Safford
- Consultant, B-Safe Toxicology Consulting, Rushden, UK
| | - Benjamin Smith
- Innovations in Food and Chemical Safety Programme, Singapore Institute of Food & Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology & Research, Singapore; School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Matthias Vey
- International Fragrance Association, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ian R White
- Member IDEA Supervisory Group, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, London, UK
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6
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Lim M, Lee K. Aggregate exposure assessment using cosmetic co-use scenarios: I. Establishment of aggregate exposure scenarios. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 142:111486. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Aggregate exposure modelling of vitamin A from cosmetic products, diet and food supplements. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Ficheux AS, Gomez-Berrada MP, Roudot AC, Ferret PJ. Consumption and exposure to finished cosmetic products: A systematic review. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 124:280-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Dornic N, Roudot A, Batardière A, Nedelec A, Bourgeois P, Hornez N, Le Caer F, Ficheux A. Aggregate exposure to common fragrance compounds: Comparison of the contribution of essential oils and cosmetics using probabilistic methods and the example of limonene. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 116:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Jing M, Chen Z, Li Z, Li F, Chen M, Zhou M, He B, Chen L, Hou Z, Chen X. Facile Synthesis of ZnS/N,S Co-doped Carbon Composite from Zinc Metal Complex for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:704-712. [PMID: 29243910 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ZnS coated on N,S co-doped carbon (ZnS/NSC) composite has been prepared utilizing zinc pyrithione (C10H8N2O2S2Zn) as raw material via calcination. Through activation using Na2CO3 salt, ZnS nanoparticles encapsulated in NSC (denoted as A-ZnS/NSC) with mixed-crystal structure has also been obtained, which reveals much larger specific surface area and more bridges between ZnS and NSC. Based on the existence of bridges (C-S-Zn and S-O-Zn bonds) and the modification of carbon from N,S co-doping, the A-ZnS/NSC composite as an anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) displays significantly enhanced electrochemical performances with a high reversible specific capacity of 516.6 mA h g-1 (at 100 mA g-1), outstanding cycling stability (96.9% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 100 mA g-1), and high rate behavior (364.9 mA h g-1 even at 800 mA g-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Jing
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology , Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Zhengu Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology , Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology , Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Fangyi Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology , Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Mengjie Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology , Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Minjie Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology , Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Binhong He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology , Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Liang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology , Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Zhaohui Hou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology , Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Xiaobo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, Missouri 64110, United States
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11
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Comiskey D, Api A, Barrett C, Ellis G, McNamara C, O'Mahony C, Robison S, Rose J, Safford B, Smith B, Tozer S. Integrating habits and practices data for soaps, cosmetics and air care products into an existing aggregate exposure model. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 88:144-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1034] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Safford B, Api A, Barratt C, Comiskey D, Ellis G, McNamara C, O'Mahony C, Robison S, Rose J, Smith B, Tozer S. Application of the expanded Creme RIFM consumer exposure model to fragrance ingredients in cosmetic, personal care and air care products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 86:148-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1014] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Response to the letter to the editor. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 82:190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Qualitative and quantitative composition of essential oils: A literature-based database on contact allergens used for safety assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 80:226-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Exploring Global Exposure Factors Resources for Use in Consumer Exposure Assessments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13070744. [PMID: 27455300 PMCID: PMC4962285 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13070744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This publication serves as a global comprehensive resource for readers seeking exposure factor data and information relevant to consumer exposure assessment. It describes the types of information that may be found in various official surveys and online and published resources. The relevant exposure factors cover a broad range, including general exposure factor data found in published compendia and databases and resources about specific exposure factors, such as human activity patterns and housing information. Also included are resources on exposure factors related to specific types of consumer products and the associated patterns of use, such as for a type of personal care product or a type of children’s toy. Further, a section on using exposure factors for designing representative exposure scenarios is included, along with a look into the future for databases and other exposure science developments relevant for consumer exposure assessment.
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16
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Teeguarden JG, Tan YM, Edwards SW, Leonard JA, Anderson KA, Corley RA, Harding AK, Kile ML, Simonich SM, Stone D, Tanguay RL, Waters KM, Harper SL, Williams DE. Completing the Link between Exposure Science and Toxicology for Improved Environmental Health Decision Making: The Aggregate Exposure Pathway Framework. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4579-86. [PMID: 26759916 PMCID: PMC4854780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Driven by major scientific advances in analytical methods, biomonitoring, computation, and a newly articulated vision for a greater impact in public health, the field of exposure science is undergoing a rapid transition from a field of observation to a field of prediction. Deployment of an organizational and predictive framework for exposure science analogous to the "systems approaches" used in the biological sciences is a necessary step in this evolution. Here we propose the aggregate exposure pathway (AEP) concept as the natural and complementary companion in the exposure sciences to the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept in the toxicological sciences. Aggregate exposure pathways offer an intuitive framework to organize exposure data within individual units of prediction common to the field, setting the stage for exposure forecasting. Looking farther ahead, we envision direct linkages between aggregate exposure pathways and adverse outcome pathways, completing the source to outcome continuum for more meaningful integration of exposure assessment and hazard identification. Together, the two frameworks form and inform a decision-making framework with the flexibility for risk-based, hazard-based, or exposure-based decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin. G. Teeguarden
- Health Effects and Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, OR 93771
- Corresponding Author: 902 Battelle Blvd. Richland, WA
99352, (P) 509-376-4262,
| | - Yu-Mei Tan
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Durham, NC 27709
| | - Stephen W. Edwards
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC 27709
| | - Jeremy A. Leonard
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge,
Tennessee 37831
| | - Kim A. Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, OR 93771
| | - Richard A. Corley
- Health Effects and Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, OR 93771
| | - Anna K Harding
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, OR 93771
| | - Molly L. Kile
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, OR 93771
| | - Staci M Simonich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, OR 93771
| | - David Stone
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, OR 93771
| | - Robert L. Tanguay
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, OR 93771
| | - Katrina M. Waters
- Health Effects and Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, OR 93771
| | - Stacey L. Harper
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, OR 93771
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental
Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - David E. Williams
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, OR 93771
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Abstract
Ceramide 3 is used mainly as a moisturizer in various cosmetic products. Although several safety studies on formulations containing pseudo-ceramide or ceramide have been conducted at the preclinical and clinical levels for regulatory approval, no studies have evaluated the systemic toxicity of ceramide 3. To address this issue, we conducted a risk assessment and comprehensive toxicological review of ceramide and pseudo-ceramide. We assumed that ceramide 3 is present in various personal and cosmetic products at concentrations of 0.5-10%. Based on previously reported exposure data, the margin of safety (MOS) was calculated for product type, use pattern, and ceramide 3 concentration. Lipsticks with up to 10% ceramide 3 (MOS = 4111) are considered safe, while shampoos containing 0.5% ceramide 3 (MOS = 148) are known to be safe. Reported MOS values for body lotion applied to the hands (1% ceramide 3) and back (5% ceramide 3) were 103 and 168, respectively. We anticipate that face cream would be safe up to a ceramide 3 concentration of 3% (MOS = 149). Collectively, the MOS approach indicated no safety concerns for cosmetic products containing less than 1% ceramide 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Min Choi
- Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Changan-ku, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Mu Lee
- Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Changan-ku, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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