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Nagy L, Vonk P, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm R, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu X, Nan S, Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu H, Yang X, Merényi Z. Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Stud Mycol 2023; 104:1-85. [PMID: 37351542 PMCID: PMC10282164 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fruiting bodies (sporocarps, sporophores or basidiomata) of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) are among the most complex structures produced by fungi. Unlike vegetative hyphae, fruiting bodies grow determinately and follow a genetically encoded developmental program that orchestrates their growth, tissue differentiation and sexual sporulation. In spite of more than a century of research, our understanding of the molecular details of fruiting body morphogenesis is still limited and a general synthesis on the genetics of this complex process is lacking. In this paper, we aim at a comprehensive identification of conserved genes related to fruiting body morphogenesis and distil novel functional hypotheses for functionally poorly characterised ones. As a result of this analysis, we report 921 conserved developmentally expressed gene families, only a few dozens of which have previously been reported to be involved in fruiting body development. Based on literature data, conserved expression patterns and functional annotations, we provide hypotheses on the potential role of these gene families in fruiting body development, yielding the most complete description of molecular processes in fruiting body morphogenesis to date. We discuss genes related to the initiation of fruiting, differentiation, growth, cell surface and cell wall, defence, transcriptional regulation as well as signal transduction. Based on these data we derive a general model of fruiting body development, which includes an early, proliferative phase that is mostly concerned with laying out the mushroom body plan (via cell division and differentiation), and a second phase of growth via cell expansion as well as meiotic events and sporulation. Altogether, our discussions cover 1 480 genes of Coprinopsis cinerea, and their orthologs in Agaricus bisporus, Cyclocybe aegerita, Armillaria ostoyae, Auriculariopsis ampla, Laccaria bicolor, Lentinula edodes, Lentinus tigrinus, Mycena kentingensis, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Schizophyllum commune, providing functional hypotheses for ~10 % of genes in the genomes of these species. Although experimental evidence for the role of these genes will need to be established in the future, our data provide a roadmap for guiding functional analyses of fruiting related genes in the Agaricomycetes. We anticipate that the gene compendium presented here, combined with developments in functional genomics approaches will contribute to uncovering the genetic bases of one of the most spectacular multicellular developmental processes in fungi. Citation: Nagy LG, Vonk PJ, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm RA, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu XB, Nan S, M. Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu W, Yang X, Merényi Z (2023). Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Studies in Mycology 104: 1-85. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.G. Nagy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - P.J. Vonk
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - M. Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - C. Földi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - M. Virágh
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - R.A. Ohm
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - F. Hennicke
- Project Group Genetics and Genomics of Fungi, Chair Evolution of Plants and Fungi, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany;
| | - B. Bálint
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Á. Csernetics
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Hegedüs
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Z. Hou
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X.B. Liu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - S. Nan
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - M. Pareek
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - N. Sahu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Szathmári
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - T. Varga
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - H. Wu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X. Yang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Z. Merényi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
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Rodríguez-Banqueri A, Moliner-Culubret M, Mendes SR, Guevara T, Eckhard U, Gomis-Rüth FX. Structural insights into latency of the metallopeptidase ulilysin (lysargiNase) and its unexpected inhibition by a sulfonyl-fluoride inhibitor of serine peptidases. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:3610-3622. [PMID: 36857690 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00458a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Peptidases are regulated by latency and inhibitors, as well as compatibilization and cofactors. Ulilysin from Methanosarcina acetivorans, also called lysargiNase, is an archaeal metallopeptidase (MP) that is biosynthesized as a zymogen with a 60-residue N-terminal prosegment (PS). In the presence of calcium, it self-activates to yield the mature enzyme, which specifically cleaves before basic residues and thus complements trypsin in proteomics workflows. Here, we obtained a low-resolution crystal structure of proulilysin, in which 28 protomers arranged as 14 dimers form a continuous double helix of 544 Å pitch that parallels cell axis b of the crystal. The PS includes two α-helices and obstructs the active-site cleft of the catalytic domain (CD) by traversing it in the opposite orientation of a substrate, and a cysteine blocks the catalytic zinc according to a "cysteine-switch mechanism". Moreover, the PS interacts through its first helix with an "S-loop" of the CD, which acts as an "activation segment" that lacks one of two essential calcium cations. Upon PS removal during maturation, the S-loop adopts its competent conformation and binds the second calcium ion. Next, we found that in addition to general MP inhibitors, ulilysin was competitively and reversibly inhibited by 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF; Ki = 4 μM). This is a compound that normally forms an irreversible covalent complex with serine peptidases but does not inhibit MPs. A high-resolution crystal structure of the complex revealed that the inhibitor penetrates the specificity pocket of ulilysin. A primary amine of the inhibitor salt-bridges an aspartate at the pocket bottom, thus mimicking the basic side chain of substrates. In contrast, the sulfonyl fluoride warhead is not involved and the catalytic zinc ion is freely accessible. Thus, the usage of inhibitor cocktails of peptidases, which typically contain AEBSF at ∼25-fold higher concentrations than the determined Ki, should be avoided when working with ulilysin. Finally, the structure of the complex, which occurred as a crystallographic dimer recurring in previous mature ulilysin structures, unveiled an N-terminal product fragment that delineated the non-primed side of the cleft. These results complement prior structures of ulilysin with primed-side product fragments and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Rodríguez-Banqueri
- Proteolysis Laboratory; Department of Structural and Molecular Biology; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Higher Scientific Research Council (CSIC); Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Tower R, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Marina Moliner-Culubret
- Proteolysis Laboratory; Department of Structural and Molecular Biology; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Higher Scientific Research Council (CSIC); Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Tower R, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Soraia R Mendes
- Proteolysis Laboratory; Department of Structural and Molecular Biology; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Higher Scientific Research Council (CSIC); Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Tower R, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Tibisay Guevara
- Proteolysis Laboratory; Department of Structural and Molecular Biology; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Higher Scientific Research Council (CSIC); Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Tower R, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Ulrich Eckhard
- Proteolysis Laboratory; Department of Structural and Molecular Biology; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Higher Scientific Research Council (CSIC); Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Tower R, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- Proteolysis Laboratory; Department of Structural and Molecular Biology; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Higher Scientific Research Council (CSIC); Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Tower R, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed candidate genes involved in fruiting body development and sporulation in Ganoderma lucidum. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:514. [PMID: 35867171 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is an edible mushroom highly regarded in the traditional Chinese medicine. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying fruiting body development in G. lucidum, transcriptome analysis based on RNA sequencing was carried out on different developmental stages: mycelium (G1); primordium (G2); young fruiting body (G3); mature fruiting body (G4); fruiting body in post-sporulation stage (G5). In total, 26,137 unigenes with an average length of 1078 bp were de novo assembled. Functional annotation of transcriptomes matched 72.49% of the unigenes to known proteins available in at least one database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the evaluated stages: 3135 DEGs in G1 versus G2; 120 in G2 versus G3; 3919 in G3 versus G4; and 1012 in G4 versus G5. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of DEGs identified in G1 versus G2 revealed that, in addition to global and overview maps, enriched pathways were related to amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism. In contrast, DEGs identified in G2 versus G3 were mainly assigned to the category of metabolism of amino acids and their derivatives, comprising mostly upregulated unigenes. In addition, highly expressed unigenes associated with the transition between different developmental stages were identified, including those encoding hydrophobins, cytochrome P450s, extracellular proteases, and several transcription factors. Meanwhile, highly expressed unigenes related to meiosis such as DMC1, MSH4, HOP1, and Mek1 were also analyzed. Our study provides important insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying fruiting body development and sporulation in G. lucidum.
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Cruz-Vázquez A, Tomasini A, Armas-Tizapantzi A, Marcial-Quino J, Montiel-González AM. Extracellular proteases and laccases produced by Pleurotus ostreatus PoB: the effects of proteases on laccase activity. Int Microbiol 2022; 25:495-502. [PMID: 35113262 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-022-00238-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Laccases are enzymes produced by plants and white rot fungi, such as Pleurotus ostreatus, with industrial applications. Fungal laccases have been widely studied, and investigations, such as those involving recombinant DNA technology or adding inducers, have been made to increase laccase production. On the other hand, it has been proposed that extracellular proteases could decrease laccase activity when both types of enzymes are produced by P. ostreatus. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of proteases on the activity of extracellular laccases produced by P. ostreatus PoB in submerged culture. Results showed that P. ostreatus PoB produced alkaline, acidic, and neutral proteases. Protease activity was quantified, and the highest activity at alkaline pH (9.0) was 5.63 IU/L (192 h), that at acidic pH (2.0) was 3.38 IU/L (192 h), and that at neutral pH (7.0) was 6.20 IU/L (312 h). The protease activity decreased in the presence of different protease inhibitors, as phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), EDTA, pepstatin A, and a cocktail of protease inhibitors. Laccase activity was determined in cultures with and without protease inhibitors. In the control culture (without inhibitor), the highest laccase specific activity was 99.88 IU/mg protein. In cultures with PMSF, pepstatin A, or a cocktail of protease inhibitors, laccase activity increased by approximately 1.35-fold (138 IU/mg protein) with respect to the control culture. The inhibitor EDTA did not produce a positive effect on extracellular laccase activity. These results suggest that laccase activity is affected by the actions of acidic and neutral extracellular proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arcadio Cruz-Vázquez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Carr. Tlaxcala-Puebla km 1.5, 90062, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Araceli Tomasini
- Departamento de Biotecnología, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco #186, Colonia Vicentina, Delegación Iztapalapa, 09340, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Anahí Armas-Tizapantzi
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Carr. Tlaxcala-Puebla km 1.5, 90062, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Jaime Marcial-Quino
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, CONACYT-Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, 04530, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alba Mónica Montiel-González
- Centro de Investigación en Genética y Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Aut. San Martín Texmelucan-Tlaxcala km 10.5, 90120 San Felipe Ixtacuixtla, Tlaxcala, México.
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Zhao M, Hao B, Li H, Cai M, Xie J, Liu H, Tan M, Zhai L, Yu Q. Peptidyl-Lys metalloendopeptidase (Lys-N) purified from dry fruit of Grifola frondosa demonstrates "mirror"digestion property with lysyl endopeptidase (Lys-C). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8573. [PMID: 31484223 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lys-N, also known as lysine-specific metalloendopeptidase, functions as the "sister" enzyme of lysyl endopeptidase (Lys-C) in proteomic research. Its digestion specificity at the N-terminal lysine residue makes it a very useful tool in proteomics analysis, especially in mass spectrometry (MS)-based de novo sequencing of proteins. METHODS Here we present a complete production process of highly purified Lys-N from dry fruit of Grifola frondosa (maitake mushroom). The purification process includes one step of microfiltration plus one step of UF/DF (ultrafiltration used in tandem with a diafiltration method) recovery and four steps of chromatographic purification. RESULTS The overall yield of the process was approximately 6.7 mg Lys-N protein/kg dry fruit of G. frondosa. The assay data demonstrated that the purified Lys-N exhibited high enzymatic activity and specificity. CONCLUSIONS The novel production process provides for the first time the extraction of Lys-N from dry fruit of G. frondosa. The process is also stable and scalable, and provides an economic way of producing the enzyme in large quantities for MS-based proteomics and other biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhi Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
- Prosit Sole Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Bingbing Hao
- Chemical Proteomics Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Honghao Li
- Sartorius Stedim (Shanghai) Trading Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Man Cai
- Prosit Sole Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jingjing Xie
- Prosit Sole Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Prosit Sole Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Minjia Tan
- Chemical Proteomics Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Linhui Zhai
- Chemical Proteomics Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qun Yu
- Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
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Lu YP, Liao JH, Guo ZJ, Cai ZX, Chen MY. Genome Survey and Transcriptome Analysis on Mycelia and Primordia of Agaricus blazei. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1824183. [PMID: 32025516 PMCID: PMC6983287 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1824183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Agaricus blazei, a type of edible straw-rotting mushroom with somewhat sweet taste and fragrance of almonds, has attracted considerable scientific and practical attention. High-throughput Illumina PE150 and PacBio RSII platform were employed to generate a genomic sequence. De novo assembly generated 36 contigs with 38,686,133 bp in size, containing 10,119 putative predicted genes. Additionally, we also studied transcriptional regulation of the mycelia and the primordia for exploration of genes involved in fruiting body formation. Expression profiling analysis revealed that 2,164 genes were upregulated in mycelia and 1,557 in primordia. Functional enrichment showed that differentially expressed genes associated with response to stress, ribosome biogenesis, arginine biosynthesis, and steroid biosynthesis pathway were more active in fruiting body. The genome and transcriptome analysis of A. blazei provide valuable sequence resources and contribute to our understanding of genes related to the biosynthesis pathway of polysaccharide and benzaldehyde, as well as the fruiting body formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ping Lu
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350014, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jian-Hua Liao
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350014, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zhong-Jie Guo
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350014, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Cai
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350014, Fujian Province, China
| | - Mei-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350014, Fujian Province, China
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Identification and expression analysis of Pofst3 suggests a role during Pleurotus ostreatus primordia formation. Fungal Biol 2019; 123:200-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Choi JH, Kim DW, Kim S, Kim SJ. Purification and partial characterization of a fibrinolytic enzyme from the fruiting body of the medicinal and edible mushroom Pleurotus ferulae. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 47:539-546. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2016.1181083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and BK21-Plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Dae-Won Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and BK21-Plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Seung Kim
- Department of Bio-Health Science, Gwangju University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sung-Jun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and BK21-Plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
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Inácio FD, Ferreira RO, de Araujo CAV, Brugnari T, Castoldi R, Peralta RM, de Souza CGM. Proteases of Wood Rot Fungi with Emphasis on the Genus Pleurotus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:290161. [PMID: 26180792 PMCID: PMC4477095 DOI: 10.1155/2015/290161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are present in all living organisms and they play an important role in physiological conditions. Cell growth and death, blood clotting, and immune defense are all examples of the importance of proteases in maintaining homeostasis. There is growing interest in proteases due to their use for industrial purposes. The search for proteases with specific characteristics is designed to reduce production costs and to find suitable properties for certain industrial sectors, as well as good producing organisms. Ninety percent of commercialized proteases are obtained from microbial sources and proteases from macromycetes have recently gained prominence in the search for new enzymes with specific characteristics. The production of proteases from saprophytic basidiomycetes has led to the identification of various classes of proteases. The genus Pleurotus has been extensively studied because of its ligninolytic enzymes. The characteristics of this genus are easy cultivation techniques, high yield, low nutrient requirements, and excellent adaptation. There are few studies in the literature about proteases of Pleurotus spp. This review gathers together information about proteases, especially those derived from basidiomycetes, and aims at stimulating further research about fungal proteases because of their physiological importance and their application in various industries such as biotechnology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabíola Dorneles Inácio
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Microorganisms, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Avenue Colombo 5790, 87015-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
- Federal Institute of Paraná, Campus Jacarezinho, Avenue Doutor Tito s/n, Jardim Panorama, 86400-000 Jacarezinho, PR, Brazil
| | - Roselene Oliveira Ferreira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Microorganisms, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Avenue Colombo 5790, 87015-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Caroline Aparecida Vaz de Araujo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Microorganisms, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Avenue Colombo 5790, 87015-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Brugnari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Microorganisms, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Avenue Colombo 5790, 87015-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Rafael Castoldi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Microorganisms, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Avenue Colombo 5790, 87015-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Rosane Marina Peralta
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Microorganisms, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Avenue Colombo 5790, 87015-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Cristina Giatti Marques de Souza
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Microorganisms, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Avenue Colombo 5790, 87015-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
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Ali A, Tirloni L, Isezaki M, Seixas A, Konnai S, Ohashi K, da Silva Vaz Junior I, Termignoni C. Reprolysin metalloproteases from Ixodes persulcatus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2014; 63:559-578. [PMID: 24687173 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-014-9796-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Metalloproteases (MPs) have been considered essential for blood feeding and other physiological functions in several hematophagous animals, including ticks. We report the characterization of MP sequences of three important ticks from Asia, Africa and America: Ixodes persulcatus (Ip-MPs), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Rs-MPs) and R. microplus (BrRm-MPs). Amino acid sequence identity between R. microplus and R. sanguineus MPs ranged from 76 to 100 %, and identities among I. persulcatus, I. ricinus and I. scapularis MP sequences ranged from 88 to 97 %. This high sequence identity and typical functional motifs show that all sequences are MPs. The presence of a zinc binding site, a Met-turn and cysteine rich domain at the C-terminal region indicates that these proteins belong to the reproplysin family of MPs. Differences in amino acid sequences of BrRm-MP1, BrRm-MP2, BrRm-MP4 and BrRm-MP5 (from Porto Alegre strain ticks) were 6, 2, 7 and 5 %, respectively, when compared with sequences deposited in GenBank for the same genes from other R. microplus isolates. Analyses of MPs predicted that they have various highly antigenic regions. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed the presence of transcripts in salivary glands of partially and fully fed female ticks. None of these transcripts were observed in males (except BrRm-MP4) and eggs. These enzymes may be functional components required during tick feeding to manipulate host defenses and support tick hematophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Ali
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43421, C.P. 15005, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
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Bao D, Gong M, Zheng H, Chen M, Zhang L, Wang H, Jiang J, Wu L, Zhu Y, Zhu G, Zhou Y, Li C, Wang S, Zhao Y, Zhao G, Tan Q. Sequencing and comparative analysis of the straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) genome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58294. [PMID: 23526973 PMCID: PMC3602538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Volvariella volvacea, the edible straw mushroom, is a highly nutritious food source that is widely cultivated on a commercial scale in many parts of Asia using agricultural wastes (rice straw, cotton wastes) as growth substrates. However, developments in V. volvacea cultivation have been limited due to a low biological efficiency (i.e. conversion of growth substrate to mushroom fruit bodies), sensitivity to low temperatures, and an unclear sexuality pattern that has restricted the breeding of improved strains. We have now sequenced the genome of V. volvacea and assembled it into 62 scaffolds with a total genome size of 35.7 megabases (Mb), containing 11,084 predicted gene models. Comparative analyses were performed with the model species in basidiomycete on mating type system, carbohydrate active enzymes, and fungal oxidative lignin enzymes. We also studied transcriptional regulation of the response to low temperature (4°C). We found that the genome of V. volvacea has many genes that code for enzymes, which are involved in the degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. The molecular genetics of the mating type system in V. volvacea was also found to be similar to the bipolar system in basidiomycetes, suggesting that it is secondary homothallism. Sensitivity to low temperatures could be due to the lack of the initiation of the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, trehalose and glycogen biosyntheses in this mushroom. Genome sequencing of V. volvacea has improved our understanding of the biological characteristics related to the degradation of the cultivating compost consisting of agricultural waste, the sexual reproduction mechanism, and the sensitivity to low temperatures at the molecular level which in turn will enable us to increase the industrial production of this mushroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Bao
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Shanghai, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ming Gong
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Shanghai, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Huajun Zheng
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Mingjie Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Shanghai, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Shanghai, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Jiang
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lin Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Shanghai, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Zhu
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Gang Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Shanghai, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Chuanhua Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Shanghai, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shengyue Wang
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Shanghai, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qi Tan
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Shanghai, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Wang M, Gu B, Huang J, Jiang S, Chen Y, Yin Y, Pan Y, Yu G, Li Y, Wong BHC, Liang Y, Sun H. Transcriptome and proteome exploration to provide a resource for the study of Agrocybe aegerita. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56686. [PMID: 23418592 PMCID: PMC3572045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agrocybe aegerita, the black poplar mushroom, has been highly valued as a functional food for its medicinal and nutritional benefits. Several bioactive extracts from A. aegerita have been found to exhibit antitumor and antioxidant activities. However, limited genetic resources for A. aegerita have hindered exploration of this species. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To facilitate the research on A. aegerita, we established a deep survey of the transcriptome and proteome of this mushroom. We applied high-throughput sequencing technology (Illumina) to sequence A. aegerita transcriptomes from mycelium and fruiting body. The raw clean reads were de novo assembled into a total of 36,134 expressed sequences tags (ESTs) with an average length of 663 bp. These ESTs were annotated and classified according to Gene Ontology (GO), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) metabolic pathways. Gene expression profile analysis showed that 18,474 ESTs were differentially expressed, with 10,131 up-regulated in mycelium and 8,343 up-regulated in fruiting body. Putative genes involved in polysaccharide and steroid biosynthesis were identified from A. aegerita transcriptome, and these genes were differentially expressed at the two stages of A. aegerita. Based on one-dimensional gel electrophoresis (1-DGE) coupled with electrospray ionization liquid chromatography tandem MS (LC-ESI-MS/MS), we identified a total of 309 non-redundant proteins. And many metabolic enzymes involved in glycolysis were identified in the protein database. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study on transcriptome and proteome analyses of A. aegerita. The data in this study serve as a resource of A. aegerita transcripts and proteins, and offer clues to the applications of this mushroom in nutrition, pharmacy and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bianli Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Molecular Diagnosis Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yalin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongfu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yamu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Barry Hon Cheung Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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13
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Luan R, Liang Y, Chen Y, Liu H, Jiang S, Che T, Wong B, Sun H. Opposing developmental functions of Agrocybe aegerita galectin (AAL) during mycelia differentiation. Fungal Biol 2010; 114:599-608. [PMID: 20943171 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycelia of basidiomycetes differentiating into fruiting body is a controlled developmental process, however the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. In previous work, a novel fungal Agrocybe aegerita galectin (AAL) was isolated from A. aegerita in our laboratory. AAL was shown to promote mycelial differentiation in A. aegerita and Auricularia polytricha, indicating that AAL might function as a conserved fruiting initiator during basidiomycete mycelia development. In the current work, we investigate the role of AAL in mycelia differentiation and fruiting body formation. First, the expression and localization of AAL in mycelia, primordium and fruiting body were assessed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. AAL was found to be ubiquitously expressed in the primordium and fruiting body but not in the mycelia. AAL facilitated mycelia congregation and promoted fruiting body production when AAL was applied on mycelia. At the same time, when AAL was spread on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium prior to mycelia inoculation, mycelia exhibited slowed growth rates, resulting in mycelia cords formation and inhibition of fruiting body formation. The 5' regulatory sequence of aal was cloned by 'genome walking'. Here, we show that aal lack introns in the coding region and the upstream 740 bp sequence was characterized by the existence of core promoter elements, which included: two CCAAT boxes (-535/-280), a GC box (-145), a TATA box (-30) and a fungal leader intron within the 5' UTR. The identification of regulatory expression elements may provide an explanation to the stage-specific and high-level expression of aal during fruiting development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430072, People's Republic of China
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14
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Kudryavtseva OA, Dunaevsky YE, Kamzolkina OV, Belozersky MA. Fungal proteolytic enzymes: Features of the extracellular proteases of xylotrophic basidiomycetes. Microbiology (Reading) 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261708060015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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15
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Cui L, Dong MS, Chen XH, Jiang M, Lv X, Yan G. A novel fibrinolytic enzyme from Cordyceps militaris, a Chinese traditional medicinal mushroom. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-007-9497-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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García-Castellanos R, Tallant C, Marrero A, Solà M, Baumann U, Gomis-Rüth FX. Substrate specificity of a metalloprotease of the pappalysin family revealed by an inhibitor and a product complex. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 457:57-72. [PMID: 17097044 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Human pappalysin-1 is a multi-domain metalloprotease engaged in the homeostasis of insulin-like growth factors and the founding member of the pappalysin family within the metzincin clan of metalloproteases. We have recently identified an archaeal relative, ulilysin, encompassing only the protease domain. It is a 262-residue active protease with a novel 3D structure with two subdomains separated by an active-site cleft. Despite negligible overall sequence similarity, noticeable similarity is found with other metzincin prototypes, adamalysins/ADAMs and matrix metalloproteinases. Ulilysin has been crystallised in a product complex with an arginine-valine dipeptide occupying the active-site S(1') and S(2') positions and in a complex with the broad-spectrum hydroxamic acid-based metalloprotease inhibitor, batimastat. This molecule inhibits mature ulilysin with an IC(50) value of 61 microM under the conditions assayed. The binding of batimastat to ulilysin evokes binding to vertebrate matrix metalloproteases but is much weaker. These data give insight into substrate specificity and mechanism of action and inhibition of the novel pappalysin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel García-Castellanos
- Departament de Biologia Estructural, Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, c/Jordi Girona, 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Tallant C, García-Castellanos R, Seco J, Baumann U, Gomis-Rüth FX. Molecular Analysis of Ulilysin, the Structural Prototype of a New Family of Metzincin Metalloproteases. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:17920-8. [PMID: 16627477 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m600907200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The metzincin clan encompasses several families of zinc-dependent metalloproteases with proven function both in physiology and pathology. They act either as broad spectrum protein degraders or as sheddases, operating through limited proteolysis. Among the structurally uncharacterized metzincin families are the pappalysins, of which the most thoroughly studied member is human pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A), a heavily glycosylated 170-kDa multidomain protein specifically cleaving insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins (IGFBPs). Proulilysin is a 38-kDa archaeal protein that shares sequence similarity with PAPP-A but encompasses only the pro-domain and the catalytic domain. It undergoes calcium-mediated autolytic activation, and the mature protein adopts a three-dimensional structure with two subdomains separated by an active site cleft containing the catalytic zinc ion. This structure is reminiscent of human members of the adamalysin/ADAMs (a disintegrin and a metalloprotease) family of metzincins. A bound dipeptide yields information on the substrate specificity of ulilysin, which specifically hydrolyzes IGFBP-2 to -6, insulin, and extracellular matrix proteins but not IGFBP-1 or IGF-II. Accordingly, ulilysin has higher proteolytic efficiency and a broader substrate specificity than human PAPP-A. The structure of ulilysin represents a prototype for the catalytic domain of pappalysins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Tallant
- Departament de Biologia Estructural, Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Park SK, Peñas MM, Ramírez L, Pisabarro AG. Genetic linkage map and expression analysis of genes expressed in the lamellae of the edible basidiomycete Pleurotus ostreatus. Fungal Genet Biol 2006; 43:376-87. [PMID: 16531085 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2006.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Revised: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pleurotus ostreatus is an industrially cultivated basidiomycete with nutritional and environmental applications. Its genome contains 35 Mbp organized in 11 chromosomes. There is currently available a genetic linkage map based predominantly on anonymous molecular markers complemented with the mapping of QTLs controlling growth rate and industrial productivity. To increase the saturation of the existing linkage maps, we have identified and mapped 82 genes expressed in the lamellae. Their manual annotation revealed that 34.1% of the lamellae-expressed and 71.5% of the lamellae-specific genes correspond to previously unknown sequences or to hypothetical proteins without a clearly established function. Furthermore, the expression pattern of some genes provides an experimental basis for studying gene regulation during the change from vegetative to reproductive growth. Finally, the identification of various differentially regulated genes involved in protein metabolism suggests the relevance of these processes in fruit body formation and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Kyu Park
- Department of Agrarian Production, Public University of Navarre, E-31006 Pamplona, Spain
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Lee SY, Kim JS, Kim JE, Sapkota K, Shen MH, Kim S, Chun HS, Yoo JC, Choi HS, Kim MK, Kim SJ. Purification and characterization of fibrinolytic enzyme from cultured mycelia of Armillaria mellea. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 43:10-7. [PMID: 16005640 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2004] [Revised: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A fibrinolytic enzyme was purified from the cultured mycelia of Armillaria mellea by ion-exchange chromatography followed by gel filtration, and was designated A. mellea metalloprotease (AMMP). The purification protocol resulted in a 627-fold purification of the enzyme, with a final yield of 6.05%. The apparent molecular mass of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 21kDa by SDS-PAGE, fibrin-zymography and gel filtration chromatography, which revealed a monomeric form of the enzyme. The optimal reaction pH value and temperature were, pH 6.0, and 33 degrees C, respectively. This protease effectively hydrolyzed fibrinogen, preferentially digesting the Aalpha-chain over the Bbeta- and r-chains. Enzyme activity was inhibited by Cu(2+) and Co(2+), but enhanced by the addition of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) ions. Furthermore, AMMP activity was potently inhibited by EDTA, and was found to exhibit a higher specificity for the substrate S-2586 for chymotrypsin, indicating that the enzyme is a chymotrypsin-like metalloprotease. The first 24 amino acid residues of the N-terminal sequence were MFSLSSRFFLYTLCL SAVAVSAAP, which is extremely similar to the 24 amino acid residues of the N-terminal sequence of the fruiting body of A. mellea. These data suggest that the fibrinolytic enzyme AMMP, obtained from the A. mellea exhibits a profound fibrinolytic activity. The mycelia of A. mellea may thus represent a potential source of new therapeutic agents to treat thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook-Young Lee
- Department of Biology Research Center for Industrial Accelerators, Dongshin University, 252 Daeho-dong, Naju 520-714, Republic of Korea
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