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Wang M, Ding M, Yuan Y. Bioengineering for the Microbial Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminants. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10030347. [PMID: 36978738 PMCID: PMC10045523 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10030347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Petroleum hydrocarbons are relatively recalcitrant compounds, and as contaminants, they are one of the most serious environmental problems. n-Alkanes are important constituents of petroleum hydrocarbons. Advances in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering strategies have made n-alkane biodegradation more designable and maneuverable for solving environmental pollution problems. In the microbial degradation of n-alkanes, more and more degradation pathways, related genes, microbes, and alkane hydroxylases have been discovered, which provide a theoretical basis for the further construction of degrading strains and microbial communities. In this review, the current advances in the microbial degradation of n-alkanes under aerobic condition are summarized in four aspects, including the biodegradation pathways and related genes, alkane hydroxylases, engineered microbial chassis, and microbial community. Especially, the microbial communities of “Alkane-degrader and Alkane-degrader” and “Alkane-degrader and Helper” provide new ideas for the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Surfactant producers and nitrogen providers as a “Helper” are discussed in depth. This review will be helpful to further achieve bioremediation of oil-polluted environments rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minzhen Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mingzhu Ding
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yingjin Yuan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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2
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Utilization of n-alkane and roles of lipid transfer proteins in Yarrowia lipolytica. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:97. [PMID: 36781616 PMCID: PMC9925530 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica, a dimorphic yeast belonging to the Ascomycota, has potent abilities to utilize hydrophobic compounds, such as n-alkanes and fatty acids, as carbon and energy sources. Yarrowia lipolytica can synthesize and accumulate large amounts of lipids, making it a promising host to produce various lipids and convert n-alkanes to useful compounds. For advanced use of Y. lipolytica in these applications, it is necessary to understand the metabolism of these hydrophobic compounds in this yeast and the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this review, current knowledge on the n-alkane metabolism and how this is regulated in Y. lipolytica is summarized. Furthermore, recent studies revealed that lipid transfer proteins are involved in the utilization of n-alkanes and the regulation of cell morphology in response to n-alkanes. This review discusses the roles of membrane lipids in these processes in Y. lipolytica.
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3
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OUP accepted manuscript. FEMS Yeast Res 2022; 22:6522173. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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4
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Selectivity of mTOR-Phosphatidic Acid Interactions Is Driven by Acyl Chain Structure and Cholesterol. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010119. [PMID: 35011681 PMCID: PMC8750377 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The need to gain insights into the molecular details of peripheral membrane proteins’ specificity towards phosphatidic acid (PA) is undeniable. The variety of PA species classified in terms of acyl chain length and saturation translates into a complicated, enigmatic network of functional effects that exert a critical influence on cell physiology. As a consequence, numerous studies on the importance of phosphatidic acid in human diseases have been conducted in recent years. One of the key proteins in this context is mTOR, considered to be the most important cellular sensor of essential nutrients while regulating cell proliferation, and which also appears to require PA to build stable and active complexes. Here, we investigated the specific recognition of three physiologically important PA species by the mTOR FRB domain in the presence or absence of cholesterol in targeted membranes. Using a broad range of methods based on model lipid membrane systems, we elucidated how the length and saturation of PA acyl chains influence specific binding of the mTOR FRB domain to the membrane. We also discovered that cholesterol exerts a strong modulatory effect on PA-FRB recognition. Our data provide insight into the molecular details of some physiological effects reported previously and reveal novel mechanisms of fine-tuning the signaling cascades dependent on PA.
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Tenagy, Iwama R, Kobayashi S, Shiwa Y, Yoshikawa H, Horiuchi H, Fukuda R, Kajiwara S. Acyl-CoA synthetases, Aal4 and Aal7, are involved in the utilization of exogenous fatty acids in Yarrowia lipolytica. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2021; 67:9-14. [PMID: 33100277 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Yarrowia lipolytica assimilates hydrophobic compounds, such as n-alkanes and fatty acids, as sole carbon and energy sources. It has been shown that the acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) genes, FAT1 and FAA1, are involved in the activation of fatty acids produced during the metabolism of n-alkanes, but the ACS genes that are involved in the metabolism of fatty acids from the culture medium remains to be identified. In this paper, we have identified the ACS genes involved in the utilization of exogenous fatty acids. RNA-seq analysis and qRT-PCR revealed that the transcript levels of the peroxisomal ACS-like protein-encoding genes AAL4 and AAL7 were increased in the presence of oleic acid. The single deletion mutant of AAL4 or AAL7 and double deletion mutant of AAL4 and AAL7 did not show any defects in the growth on the medium containing glucose, glycerol, n-alkanes, or fatty acids. In contrast, the mutant with deletion of seven genes, FAA1, FAT1-FAT4, AAL4, and AAL7, showed severe growth defects on the medium containing dodecanoic acid or oleic acid. These results suggest that Aal4p and Aal7p play important roles in the metabolism of exogenous fatty acids in collaboration with Faa1p and Fat1p-Fat4p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenagy
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Ryo Iwama
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo
| | | | - Yuh Shiwa
- Genome Research Center, NODAI Research Institute, Tokyo University of Agriculture.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Hirofumi Yoshikawa
- Genome Research Center, NODAI Research Institute, Tokyo University of Agriculture.,Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture
| | - Hiroyuki Horiuchi
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo
| | - Ryouichi Fukuda
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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6
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Mamaev D, Zvyagilskaya R. Yarrowia lipolytica: a multitalented yeast species of ecological significance. FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 21:6141120. [PMID: 33595651 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica is characterized by GRAS (Generally regarded as safe) status, the versatile substrate utilization profile, rapid utilization rates, metabolic diversity and flexibility, the unique abilities to tolerate to extreme environments (acidic, alkaline, hypersaline, heavy metal-pollutions and others) and elevated biosynthesis and secreting capacities. These advantages of Y. lipolytica allow us to consider it as having great ecological significance. Unfortunately, there is still a paucity of relevant review data. This mini-review highlights ecological ubiquity of Y. lipolytica species, their ability to diversify and colonize specialized niches. Different Y. lipolytica strains, native and engineered, are beneficial in degrading many environmental pollutants causing serious ecological problems worldwide. In agriculture has a potential to be a bio-control agent by stimulating plant defense response, and an eco-friendly bio-fertilizer. Engineered strains of Y. lipolytica have become a very promising platform for eco-friendly production of biofuel, commodities, chemicals and secondary metabolites of plant origin, obtaining which by other method were limited or economically infeasible, or were accompanied by stringent environmental problems. Perspectives to use potential of Y. lipolytica's capacities for industrial scale production of valuable compounds in an eco-friendly manner are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Mamaev
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Renata Zvyagilskaya
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russian Federation
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7
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Ukey R, Carmon T, Hardman D, Hill N, Fakas S. The Yarrowia lipolytica PAH1 homologue contributes but is not required for triacylglycerol biosynthesis during growth on glucose. Yeast 2019; 37:93-102. [PMID: 31724221 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The PAH1-encoded phosphatidate phosphatase (PAP) catalyzes the Mg2+ -dependent dephosphorylation of phosphatidate to produce diacylglycerol, which can be acylated to form triacylglycerol (TAG). In the model oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, TAG is the major lipid produced, and its biosynthesis requires a continuous supply of diacylglycerol, which can be provided by the PAP reaction. However, the regulation of Pah1 has not been studied in detail in Y. lipolytica, and thus its contribution to the biosynthesis of TAG in this yeast is not well understood. In this work, we examined the regulation of the PAH1-mediated PAP activity and Pah1 abundance and localization in cells growing on glucose. We found that Pah1 abundance and localization were regulated in a growth-dependent manner, yet the loss of Pah1 did not have a major effect on PAP activity. We also examined the effects of the Y. lipolytica pah1Δ mutation on cell physiology and lipid biosynthesis. The lack of Pah1 in the pah1Δ mutant resulted in a moderate decrease in TAG levels and an increase in phospholipid levels. These results showed that Pah1 contributed to TAG biosynthesis in Y. lipolytica but also suggested the presence of other activities in the pah1Δ mutant that compensate for the loss of Pah1. Also, the levels of linoleic acid were elevated in pah1Δ cells with a concomitant decrease in the oleic acid levels suggesting that the pah1Δ mutation affected the biosynthesis of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Ukey
- Department of Food and Animal Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Normal, Alabama
| | - Taylor Carmon
- Department of Food and Animal Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Normal, Alabama
| | - Derell Hardman
- Department of Food and Animal Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Normal, Alabama
| | - Na'Taja Hill
- Department of Food and Animal Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Normal, Alabama
| | - Stylianos Fakas
- Department of Food and Animal Sciences, Alabama A&M University, Normal, Alabama
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Δ12-fatty acid desaturase is involved in growth at low temperature in yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 488:165-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Epova EY, Balovneva MV, Isakova EP, Kudykina YK, Zylkova MV, Deryabina YI, Shevelev AB. Expression system for Yarrowia lipolytica based on a promoter of the mitochondrial potential-dependent porin VDAC gene. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-016-0037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Ganesan S, Shabits BN, Zaremberg V. Tracking Diacylglycerol and Phosphatidic Acid Pools in Budding Yeast. Lipid Insights 2016; 8:75-85. [PMID: 27081314 PMCID: PMC4824325 DOI: 10.4137/lpi.s31781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) and diacylglycerol (DAG) are key signaling molecules and important precursors for the biosynthesis of all glycerolipids found in eukaryotes. Research conducted in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been at the forefront of the identification of the enzymes involved in the metabolism and transport of PA and DAG. Both these lipids can alter the local physical properties of membranes by introducing negative curvature, but the anionic nature of the phosphomonoester headgroup in PA sets it apart from DAG. As a result, the mechanisms underlying PA and DAG interaction with other lipids and proteins are notoriously different. This is apparent from the analysis of the protein domains responsible for recognition and binding to each of these lipids. We review the current evidence obtained using the PA-binding proteins and domains fused to fluorescent proteins for in vivo tracking of PA pools in yeast. In addition, we present original results for visualization of DAG pools in yeast using the C1 domain from mammalian PKCδ. An emerging first cellular map of the distribution of PA and DAG pools in actively growing yeast is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brittney N Shabits
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Vanina Zaremberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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11
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Kobayashi S, Tezaki S, Horiuchi H, Fukuda R, Ohta A. Acidic phospholipid-independent interaction of Yas3p, an Opi1-family transcriptional repressor ofYarrowia lipolytica, with the endoplasmic reticulum. Yeast 2015; 32:691-701. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Satoshi Tezaki
- Department of Biotechnology; The University of Tokyo; Japan
| | | | | | - Akinori Ohta
- Department of Biotechnology; The University of Tokyo; Japan
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12
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Development of a Novel Tetravalent Synthetic Peptide That Binds to Phosphatidic Acid. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131668. [PMID: 26147860 PMCID: PMC4493020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We employed a multivalent peptide-library screening technique to identify a peptide motif that binds to phosphatidic acid (PA), but not to other phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylserine (PS). A tetravalent peptide with the sequence motif of MARWHRHHH, designated as PAB-TP (phosphatidic acid-binding tetravalent peptide), was shown to bind as low as 1 mol% of PA in the bilayer membrane composed of PC and cholesterol. Kinetic analysis of the interaction between PAB-TP and the membranes containing 10 mol% of PA showed that PAB-TP associated with PA with a low dissociation constant of KD = 38 ± 5 nM. Coexistence of cholesterol or PE with PA in the membrane enhanced the PAB-TP binding to PA by increasing the ionization of the phosphomonoester head group as well as by changing the microenvironment of PA molecules in the membrane. Amino acid replacement analysis demonstrated that the tryptophan residue at position 4 of PAB-TP was involved in the interaction with PA. Furthermore, a series of amino acid substitutions at positions 5 to 9 of PAB-TP revealed the involvement of consecutive histidine and arginine residues in recognition of the phosphomonoester head group of PA. Our results demonstrate that the recognition of PA by PAB-TP is achieved by a combination of hydrophobic, electrostatic and hydrogen-bond interactions, and that the tetravalent structure of PAB-TP contributes to the high affinity binding to PA in the membrane. The novel PA-binding tetravalent peptide PAB-TP will provide insight into the molecular mechanism underlying the recognition of PA by PA-binding proteins that are involved in various cellular events.
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Tian S, Ohta A, Horiuchi H, Fukuda R. Evaluation of sterol transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria using mitochondrially targeted bacterial sterol acyltransferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1608-14. [PMID: 26106800 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1058702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanism of interorganelle sterol transport, a system to evaluate sterol transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the mitochondria was constructed. A bacterial glycerophospholipid: cholesterol acyltransferase fused with a mitochondria-targeting sequence and a membrane-spanning domain of the mitochondrial inner membrane protein Pet100 and enhanced green fluorescent protein was expressed in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant deleted for ARE1 and ARE2 encoding acyl-CoA:sterol acyltransferases. Microscopic observation and subcellular fractionation suggested that this fusion protein, which was named mito-SatA-EGFP, was localized in the mitochondria. Steryl esters were synthesized in the mutant expressing mito-SatA-EGFP. This system will be applicable for evaluations of sterol transport from the ER to the mitochondria in yeast by examining sterol esterification in the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Tian
- a Department of Biotechnology , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
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14
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Tenagy, Park JS, Iwama R, Kobayashi S, Ohta A, Horiuchi H, Fukuda R. Involvement of acyl-CoA synthetase genes in n-alkane assimilation and fatty acid utilization in yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov031. [PMID: 26019148 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we investigated the roles of YAL1 (FAA1) and FAT1 encoding acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSs) and three additional orthologs of ACS genes FAT2-FAT4 of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica in the assimilation or utilization of n-alkanes and fatty acids. ACS deletion mutants were generated to characterize their function. The FAT1 deletion mutant exhibited decreased growth on n-alkanes of 10-18 carbons, whereas the FAA1 mutant showed growth reduction on n-alkane of 16 carbons. However, FAT2-FAT4 deletion mutants did not show any growth defects, suggesting that FAT1 and FAA1 are involved in the activation of fatty acids produced during the metabolism of n-alkanes. In contrast, deletions of FAA1 and FAT1-FAT4 conferred no defect in growth on fatty acids. The wild-type strain grew in the presence of cerulenin, an inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis, by utilizing exogenously added fatty acid or fatty acid derived from n-alkane when oleic acid or n-alkane of 18 carbons was supplemented. However, the FAA1 deletion mutant did not grow, indicating a critical role for FAA1 in the utilization of fatty acids. Fluorescent microscopic observation and biochemical analyses suggested that Fat1p is present in the peroxisome and Faa1p is localized in the cytosol and to membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenagy
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jun Seok Park
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryo Iwama
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Akinori Ohta
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Horiuchi
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Fukuda
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Iwama R, Kobayashi S, Ohta A, Horiuchi H, Fukuda R. Alcohol dehydrogenases and an alcohol oxidase involved in the assimilation of exogenous fatty alcohols in Yarrowia lipolytica. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov014. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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16
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Iwama R, Kobayashi S, Ohta A, Horiuchi H, Fukuda R. Fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase multigene family involved in the assimilation of n-alkanes in Yarrowia lipolytica. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33275-86. [PMID: 25315778 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.596890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the n-alkane assimilating yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, n-alkanes are oxidized to fatty acids via fatty alcohols and fatty aldehydes, after which they are utilized as carbon sources. Here, we show that four genes (HFD1-HFD4) encoding fatty aldehyde dehydrogenases (FALDHs) are involved in the metabolism of n-alkanes in Y. lipolytica. A mutant, in which all of four HFD genes are deleted (Δhfd1-4 strain), could not grow on n-alkanes of 12-18 carbons; however, the expression of one of those HFD genes restored its growth on n-alkanes. Production of Hfd2Ap or Hfd2Bp, translation products of transcript variants generated from HFD2 by the absence or presence of splicing, also supported the growth of the Δhfd1-4 strain on n-alkanes. The FALDH activity in the extract of the wild-type strain was increased when cells were incubated in the presence of n-decane, whereas this elevation in FALDH activity by n-decane was not observed in Δhfd1-4 strain extract. Substantial FALDH activities were detected in the extracts of Escherichia coli cells expressing the HFD genes. Fluorescent microscopic observation suggests that Hfd3p and Hfd2Bp are localized predominantly in the peroxisome, whereas Hfd1p and Hfd2Ap are localized in both the endoplasmic reticulum and the peroxisome. These results suggest that the HFD multigene family is responsible for the oxidation of fatty aldehydes to fatty acids in the metabolism of n-alkanes, and raise the possibility that Hfd proteins have diversified by gene multiplication and RNA splicing to efficiently assimilate or detoxify fatty aldehydes in Y. lipolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Iwama
- From the Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657 and
| | - Satoshi Kobayashi
- From the Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657 and
| | - Akinori Ohta
- the Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Horiuchi
- From the Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657 and
| | - Ryouichi Fukuda
- From the Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657 and
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