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Chaudhry GES, Jan R, Akim A, Zafar MN, Sung YY, Muhammad TST. Breast Cancer: A Global Concern, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Perspectives, Mechanistic Targets in Drug Development. Adv Pharm Bull 2021; 11:580-594. [PMID: 34888205 PMCID: PMC8642807 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2021.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex multifactorial process, unchecked and abrupt division, and cell growth—conventional chemotherapy, along with radiotherapy, is used to treat breast cancer. Due to reduce efficacy and less survival rate, there is a particular need for the discovery of new active anticancer agents. Natural resources such as terrestrial/marine plants or organisms are a promising source for the generation of new therapeutics with improving efficacy. The screening of natural plant extracts and fractions, isolations of phytochemicals, and mechanistic study of those potential compounds play a remarkable role in the development of new therapeutic drugs with increased efficacy. Cancer is a multistage disease with complex signaling cascades. The initial study of screening whole extracts or fractions and later the isolation of secondary compounds and their mechanism of action study gives a clue of potential therapeutic agents for future drug development. The phytochemicals present in extracts/fractions produce remarkable effects due to synergistically targeting multiple signals. In this review, the molecular targets of extracts/ fractions and isolated compounds highlighted. The therapeutic agent's mechanistic targets in drug development focused involves; i) Induction of Apoptosis, ii) modulating cell cycle arrest, iii) Inhibition or suppression of invasion and metastasis and iv) various other pro-survival signaling pathways. The phytochemicals and their modified analogs identified as future potential candidates for anticancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gul-E-Saba Chaudhry
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Rehmat Jan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Abdah Akim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Yeong Yik Sung
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
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2
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Guo YH, Kuruganti R, Gao Y. Recent Advances in Ginsenosides as Potential Therapeutics Against Breast Cancer. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2334-2347. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191018100848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The dried root of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer or Panax quinquefolius L.) is a traditional
Chinese medicine widely used to manage cancer symptoms and chemotherapy side effects in
Asia. The anti-cancer efficacy of ginseng is attributed mainly to the presence of saponins, which are
commonly known as ginsenosides. Ginsenosides were first identified as key active ingredients in Panax
ginseng and subsequently found in Panax quinquefolius, both of the same genus. To review the recent
advances on anti-cancer effects of ginsenosides against breast cancer, we conducted a literature study of
scientific articles published from 2010 through 2018 to date by searching the major databases including
Pubmed, SciFinder, Science Direct, Springer, Google Scholar, and CNKI. A total of 50 articles authored
in either English or Chinese related to the anti-breast cancer activity of ginsenosides have been
reviewed, and the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies on ginsenosides are summarized. This review focuses
on how ginsenosides exert their anti-breast cancer activities through various mechanisms of action
such as modulation of cell growth, modulation of the cell cycle, modulation of cell death, inhibition of
angiogenesis, inhibition of metastasis, inhibition of multidrug resistance, and cancer immunemodulation.
In summary, recent advances in the evaluation of ginsenosides as therapeutic agents against
breast cancer support further pre-clinical and clinical studies to treat primary and metastatic breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-hang Guo
- International Ginseng Institute, School of Agriculture, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, United States
| | - Revathimadhubala Kuruganti
- International Ginseng Institute, School of Agriculture, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, United States
| | - Ying Gao
- International Ginseng Institute, School of Agriculture, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, United States
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3
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Chen W, Balan P, Popovich DG. Comparison of the ginsenoside composition of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) and their transformation pathways. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-817901-7.00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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4
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Zou LQ, Kuang XJ, Sun C. Advances in Transcriptomic Studies and Ginsenoside Biosynthesis of American Ginseng. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(15)60028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Chudzik M, Korzonek-Szlacheta I, Król W. Triterpenes as potentially cytotoxic compounds. Molecules 2015; 20:1610-25. [PMID: 25608043 PMCID: PMC6272502 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20011610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Triterpenes are compounds of natural origin, which have numerously biological activities: anti-cancer properties, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-viral, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal. These substances can be isolated from plants, animals or fungi. Nowadays, when neoplasms are main cause of death, triterpenes can become an alternative method for treating cancer because of their cytotoxic properties and chemopreventive activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Chudzik
- Chair and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, Zabrze 41-808, Poland.
| | - Ilona Korzonek-Szlacheta
- Department of Nutrition-Associated Disease Prevention, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Piekarska 18, Bytom 41-902, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Król
- Chair and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, Zabrze 41-808, Poland.
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Huang JH, Fu L, Li B, Xie HL, Zhang X, Chen Y, Qin Y, Wang Y, Zhang S, Huang H, Liao D, Wang W. Distinguishing the serum metabolite profiles differences in breast cancer by gas chromatography mass spectrometry and random forest method. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10130a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we proposed a metabolomics strategy to distinguish different metabolic characters of healthy controls, breast benign (BE) patients, and breast malignant (BC) patients by using the GC-MS and random forest method (RF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Huang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development Laboratory
- Sino-Luxemburg TCM Research Center
- School of Pharmacy
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine
- Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Liang Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangtze Normal University
- Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Li
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development Laboratory
- Sino-Luxemburg TCM Research Center
- School of Pharmacy
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine
- Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Lin Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangtze Normal University
- Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development Laboratory
- Sino-Luxemburg TCM Research Center
- School of Pharmacy
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine
- Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yanjiao Chen
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development Laboratory
- Sino-Luxemburg TCM Research Center
- School of Pharmacy
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine
- Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yuhui Qin
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development Laboratory
- Sino-Luxemburg TCM Research Center
- School of Pharmacy
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine
- Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development Laboratory
- Sino-Luxemburg TCM Research Center
- School of Pharmacy
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine
- Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Shuihan Zhang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development Laboratory
- Sino-Luxemburg TCM Research Center
- School of Pharmacy
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine
- Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Huiyong Huang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development Laboratory
- Sino-Luxemburg TCM Research Center
- School of Pharmacy
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine
- Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Duanfang Liao
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development Laboratory
- Sino-Luxemburg TCM Research Center
- School of Pharmacy
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine
- Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development Laboratory
- Sino-Luxemburg TCM Research Center
- School of Pharmacy
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine
- Changsha, P. R. China
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7
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Yang WZ, Hu Y, Wu WY, Ye M, Guo DA. Saponins in the genus Panax L. (Araliaceae): a systematic review of their chemical diversity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 106:7-24. [PMID: 25108743 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The Panax genus is a crucial source of natural medicines that has benefited human health for a long time. Three valuable medicinal herbs, namely Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius, and Panax notoginseng, have received considerable interest due to their extensive application in clinical therapy, healthcare products, and as foods and food additives world-wide. Panax species are known to contain abundant levels of saponins, also dubbed ginsenosides, which refer to a series of dammarane or oleanane type triterpenoid glycosides. These saponins exhibit modulatory effects to the central nervous system and beneficial effects to patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases, and also have anti-diabetic and anti-tumor properties. To the end of 2012, at least 289 saponins were reported from eleven different Panax species. This comprehensive review describes the advances in the phytochemistry of the genus Panax for the period 1963-2012, based on the 134 cited references. The reported saponins can be classified into protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol, octillol, oleanolic acid, C17 side-chain varied, and miscellaneous subtypes, according to structural differences in sapogenins. The investigational history of Panax is also reviewed, with special attention being paid to the structural features of the six different subtypes, together with their (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopic characteristics which are useful for determining their structures and absolute configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zhi Yang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wan-Ying Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - De-An Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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8
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The apoptotic effect of D Rhamnose β-hederin, a novel oleanane-type triterpenoid saponin on breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90848. [PMID: 24603880 PMCID: PMC3946269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in development of natural products as anti-cancer and chemopreventive agents. Many triterpenoids have been proved as potential agents for chemoprevention and therapy of breast cancer. Ginsenosides from ginseng, which mostly belong to dammarane-type triterpenoids, have gained great attention for their anti-breast cancer activity with diverse mechanisms. However, studies of other kinds of triterpenoid saponins on breast cancer are limited. Previously, we purified and identified a novel oleanane-type triterpene saponin named D Rhamnose β-hederin (DRβ-H) from Clematis ganpiniana, a Chinese traditional anti-tumor herb. In the present study, DRβ-H showed strong inhibitory activity on the growth of various breast cancer cells and induced apoptosis in these cells. DRβ-H inhibited PI3K/AKT and activated ERK signaling pathway. PI3K inhibitor LY294002 synergistically enhanced DRβ-H-induced apoptosis whereas MEK inhibitor U0126 reduced the apoptosis rate. Moreover, DRβ-H regulated the ratio of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. Furthermore, DRβ-H induced depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential which released Apaf-1 and Cytochrome C from the inter membrane space into the cytosol, where they promoted caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation. This is the first report on the pro-apoptotic effects of DRβ-H, a novel oleanane-type triterpenoid saponin, on breast cancer cells and its comprehensive apoptosis pathways. It implied that oleanane-type triterpenoid saponin DRβ-H could be a promising candidate for chemotherapy of breast cancer.
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9
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Zhang JK, Gao R, Dou DQ, Kang TG. The ginsenosides and carbohydrate profiles of ginseng cultivated under mountainous forest. Pharmacogn Mag 2013; 9:S38-43. [PMID: 24143043 PMCID: PMC3798138 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.117862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ginseng cultivated under mountainous forest, called “Lin-Xia-Shan-Shen” (LXSS) in China's Pharmacopoeia. In recent years, it has been quickly propelled to plant at a large scale. Objective: To study the profiles of ginsenosides and carbohydrate profiles of LXSS. Materials and Methods: The contents of ginsenosides and carbohydrates, such as soluble sugar, polysaccharide, pectin, and starch in LXSS, were determined. All the above components were profiled, and the correlations between them were analyzed. Results: The results indicated that the contents of total ginsenoside, protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol, Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rd, starch, and pectin were negatively correlated with the growing years within 17 years. Among them, the content of starch was positively correlated with that of pectin. The total ginsenosides was positively correlated with starch and pectin, which cannot be found in garden ginseng, maybe resulting of fertilizer and other manual intervention in process of cultivation of garden ginseng. Discussion and Conclusions: The accumulation of ginsenosides and carbohydrate, especially starch and pectin, was different in garden ginseng and LXSS. This research may provide the scientific basis for germplasm evaluation, the cultivation and utilization of ginseng cultivated under mountainous forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Kui Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
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10
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Chen GR, Li HF, Dou DQ, Xu YB, Jiang HS, Li FR, Kang TG. (-)-Arctigenin as a lead compound for anticancer agent. Nat Prod Res 2013; 27:2251-5. [PMID: 23962054 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2013.821120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
(-)-Arctigenin, an important active constituent of the traditional Chinese herb Fructus Arctii, was found to exhibit various bioactivities, so it can be used as a good lead compound for further structure modification in order to find a safer and more potent medicine. (-)-Arctigenin derivatives 1-5 of (-)-arctingen were obtained by modifying with ammonolysis at the lactone ring and sulphonylation at C (6') and C (6″) and O-demethylation at CH3O-C (3'), CH3O-C (3″) and CH3O-C (4″), and their anticancer bioactivities were examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Rong Chen
- a College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , 77 Life One Road, DD Port, Dalian , 116600 , P.R. China
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11
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Kim DH. Chemical Diversity of Panax ginseng, Panax quinquifolium, and Panax notoginseng. J Ginseng Res 2013; 36:1-15. [PMID: 23717099 PMCID: PMC3659563 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major commercial ginsengs are Panax ginseng Meyer (Korean ginseng), P. quinquifolium L. (American ginseng), and P. notoginseng (Burk.) FH Chen (Notoginseng). P. ginseng is the most commonly used as an adaptogenic agent and has been shown to enhance physical performance, promote vitality, increase resistance to stress and aging, and have immunomodulatory activity. These ginsengs contain saponins, which can be classified as dammarane-type, ocotillol-type and oleanane-type oligoglycosides, and polysaccharides as main constituents. Dammarane ginsenosides are transformed into compounds such as the ginsenosides Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1 by steaming and heating and are metabolized into metabolites such as compound K, ginsenoside Rh1, protoand panaxatriol by intestinal microflora. These metabolites are nonpolar, pharmacologically active and easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. However, the activities metabolizing these constituents into bioactive compounds differ significantly among individuals because all individuals possess characteristic indigenous strains of intestinal bacteria. To overcome this difference, ginsengs fermented with enzymes or microbes have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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Xiang Z, Lv J, Zhou Z, Li Y, Dou D, Zhao J. Two new dammarane-type saponins from leaves of Panax quinquefolium. Nat Prod Res 2012; 27:1271-6. [PMID: 23030625 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2012.730045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Two new saponins were isolated from the leaves of Panax quinquefolium and their structures were elucidated as 3β, 6α, 20S-trihydroxy-12β, 23R-epoxydammar-24-ene 6-O-[α-L-rhamnosyl(1 → 2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and 3β, 20S-dihydroxy-12β, 23R-epoxydammar-24-ene 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1 → 2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2) on the basis of physicochemical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xiang
- The Secondary Affiliated Hospital, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110034, PR China
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Böttger S, Hofmann K, Melzig MF. Saponins can perturb biologic membranes and reduce the surface tension of aqueous solutions: A correlation? Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:2822-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cui H, Xiao H, Ran XK, Li YY, Dou DQ, Kang TG. Two new oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2012; 14:216-223. [PMID: 22248215 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2011.641954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Two new triterpenoid saponins (1, 2) and a known saponin (3) were isolated from the husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge., and their structures were elucidated as 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1 → 6)-[angeloyl(1 → 2)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1 → 2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1 → 6)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-21β,22α-dihydroxyl-olean-12-ene (1), 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-28-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1 → 2)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-21β,22α-dihydroxyl-olean-12-ene (2), and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-28-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1 → 2)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-21β,22α-dihydroxyl-olean-12-ene (3), on the basis of the spectral analysis of NMR and chemical methods. Cytotoxic assay indicated that none of them showed obvious inhibitory effect on the proliferation of two human tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, 116600, China
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15
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De-Qiang D, Zheng X, Guang Y, Jian-Feng Z, Ying-Kun Q, Jing-Xian Y, Ting-Guo K. Prediagnostic methods for the hemolysis of herbal medicine injection. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 138:445-450. [PMID: 21963556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Xue-Sai-Tong injection, a traditional Chinese medicine injection with total saponins extracted from Sanchi Ginseng, has been used for more than half a hundred years to treat coronary artery disease. The study is to establish a prediagnostic method for the hemolytic adverse effect of herbal medicine injection by taking Xue-Sai-Tong injection as an example. MATERIALS AND METHODS A new method named "fuzzy dissemination" was established to identify the hemolytic ginsenosides in Xue-Sai-Tong injection on the basis of fuzzy changes of individual ginsenosides in the injections altered by re-adding the fractions prepared from the total saponins and statistic analysis between hemolytic degrees and individual ginsenosides. Related substances test, safety tests and fingerprints of the injections in different batches were tested. RESULTS HD(50), P(50) and interactions on hemolysis of individual ginsenosides were examined. Experiment indicated that the content of Rg(1), Rg(2), M(51) (an unknown ingredient with retention time at 51 min in HPLC) and M(70) in Xue-Sai-Tong injection showed a significant positive correlation with hemolytic degree, and the content of R(1), Re, Rb(1) and Rd showed a significant negative correlation with hemolytic activity. Furthermore HD(50) of injection exhibits superiority to other tests for the hemolysis of injections. Abnormal hemolysis in some batches of injections was observed, but there were no significant differences among injections of different batches in related substances test, safety test and fingerprints. CONCLUSIONS This is an original method to analyze active ingredients of a complicated integrity instead of studying on individual ingredients, it showed that the interactions of some individual ginsenosides and some unknown micro-ingredients in Xue-Sai-Tong injection were the major factors causing hemolysis, and this method could also be utilized in research of corresponding aspects. HD(50) of injection can reflect the changes of hemolytic property of injections caused by not only the change of active constituents of injection, but also the auxiliary materials. Thus it was recommended as an index for the hemolytic prediagnosis of the injections in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dou De-Qiang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life one Road, Dalian 116600, China.
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16
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Gui-Rong C, Li-Ping C, De-Qiang D, Ting-Guo K, Hong-Fu L, Fu-Rui L, Ning J. Synthesis of (-)-arctigenin derivatives and their anticancer activity. Nat Prod Res 2011; 26:177-81. [PMID: 21867457 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2010.541874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The natural dibenzylbutyrolactone type lignanolide (-)-arctigenin, which was prepared from fructus arctii, showed obvious anticancer activity. The synthesis of four new (-)-arctigenin derivatives and their anticancer bioactivities were examined. The structures of the four new synthetic derivatives were elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Gui-Rong
- College of pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 77 Life one Road, DD port, Dalian 116600, China
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17
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Qi LW, Wang CZ, Yuan CS. Ginsenosides from American ginseng: chemical and pharmacological diversity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:689-99. [PMID: 21396670 PMCID: PMC3103855 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng occupies a prominent position in the list of best-selling natural products in the world. Compared to the long history of use and widespread research on Asian ginseng, the study of American ginseng is relatively limited. In the past decade, some promising advances have been achieved in understanding the chemistry, pharmacology and structure-function relationship of American ginseng. To date, there is no systematic review of American ginseng. In this review, the different structures of the ginsenosides in American ginseng are described, including naturally occurring compounds and those resulting from steaming or biotransformation. Preclinical and clinical studies published in the past decade are also discussed. Highlighted are the chemical and pharmacological diversity and potential structural-activity relationship of ginsenosides. The goal is that this article is a useful reference to chemists and biologists researching American ginseng, and will open the door to agents in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Wen Qi
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Abstract
This review covers the isolation and structure determination of triterpenoids, including squalene derivatives, protostanes, lanostanes, holostanes, cycloartanes, dammaranes, euphanes, tirucallanes, tetranortriterpenoids, quassinoids, lupanes, oleananes, friedelanes, ursanes, hopanes, serratanes and saponins; 278 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hill
- Department of Chemistry, Glasgow University, Glasgow G128QQ, UK
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19
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Abstract
Ginseng occupies a prominent position in the list of best-selling natural products in the world. Because of its complex constituents, multidisciplinary techniques are needed to validate the analytical methods that support ginseng's use worldwide. In the past decade, rapid development of technology has advanced many aspects of ginseng research. The aim of this review is to illustrate the recent advances in the isolation and analysis of ginseng, and to highlight new applications and challenges. Emphasis is placed on recent trends and emerging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Wen Qi
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
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Podolak I, Galanty A, Sobolewska D. Saponins as cytotoxic agents: a review. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2010; 9:425-474. [PMID: 20835386 PMCID: PMC2928447 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-010-9183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are natural glycosides which possess a wide range of pharmacological properties including cytotoxic activity. In this review, the recent studies (2005-2009) concerning the cytotoxic activity of saponins have been summarized. The correlations between the structure and the cytotoxicity of both steroid and triterpenoid saponins have been described as well as the most common mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Podolak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Galanty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland
| | - Danuta Sobolewska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland
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Wu Q, Song J, Sun Y, Suo F, Li C, Luo H, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Yao H, Li X, Hu S, Sun C. Transcript profiles of Panax quinquefolius from flower, leaf and root bring new insights into genes related to ginsenosides biosynthesis and transcriptional regulation. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2010; 138:134-149. [PMID: 19947964 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) has been used for a wide range of therapeutic purposes in China. The major bioactive phytochemicals responsible for this plant's pharmacological features are ginsenosides. Thus far, little is known regarding the genes involved in ginsenosides biosynthesis in this species. As a non-model plant, information about its genomes is generally not available. In this study, we generated 6678 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the flower, leaf and root cDNA libraries of American ginseng. Assembly of ESTs resulted in 3349 unigenes including 534 contigs (with ESTs number ranging from 2 to 52) and 2815 singletons. By analyzing the predominant transcripts within specific tissues, a gene expression pattern was obtained in a tissue-specific manner. They were assigned according to the functional classification of unigenes to broad ranges of Gene Ontology categories which include biological processes, cellular components and molecular functions. Based on blastx search results, 24 unigenes representing candidates related to ginsenosides biosynthesis were identified. Cloning and characterization of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR, EC: 1.1.1.34), the rate-limiting enzyme in mevalonic acid pathway, demonstrated that it belonged to the plant HMGR family and was highly expressed in leaves. Putative transcription factors were detected in 63 unigenes, including zinc finger, WRKY, homeobox and MADS-box family proteins. Five hundred and eighty-eight simple sequence repeat motifs were identified, of which, dimer was the most abundant motif. These data will provide useful information on transcript profiles, gene discovery, transcriptional regulation, flower biogenesis and marker-assisted selections. The analysis and information from this study will greatly contribute to the improvement of this medicinal plant as well as of other species in the Araliaceae family, for the purpose of ensuring adequate drug resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China
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