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Hu L, Zhang G. Effect of Selective Enrichment Storage Temperature and Duration Time on the Detection of Salmonella in Food. J AOAC Int 2024; 107:471-478. [PMID: 38407384 PMCID: PMC11066602 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For pathogen detection in food, there are occasions where samples cannot be processed immediately after selective enrichment or need to be reexamined days or weeks later for confirmation or retest. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effect of different prolonged period of storage of selective enrichments of food at 4 ± 2°C and room temperature (20-22°C) on the detection and isolation of Salmonella. METHOD This study included two experiments involving 34 types of foods to compare the effect of 4 ± 2°C and room temperature storage on the detection of Salmonella in 204 selective enrichments (Rappaport-Vassiliadis [RV] and Tetrathionate [TT] broths) during a 42-day storage (Experiment I); and to monitor the survival of Salmonella in 300 selective enrichments (RV and TT) with different pre-enrichment broths (Lactose broth [LB] or Buffered peptone water broth [BPW]), stored at 4°C for 60 days (Experiment II). All the samples were subjected to Salmonella analysis following the FDA BAM method. RESULTS During multiple samplings, the positive detection rate for Salmonella remained consistent through Day 42 after selective enrichment, irrespective of Salmonella serotype, storage temperature, pre-enrichment broth, or selective enrichment broth in both Experiment I and II. However, on Day 60 sampling in Experiment II, seven previously positive results turned to negatives. These data indicated that storage of RV and TT enrichments at 4 ± 2°C or room temperature for up to 42 days after selective enrichment did not compromise the detection of Salmonella in the tested food categories, regardless of Salmonella serotypes and the broths used for pre-enrichment and selective enrichment. CONCLUSIONS At least for the food types studied in this experiment, the recovery of Salmonella from selective enrichments could be postponed for a limited period of time (e.g., <42 days) if needed without adversely affecting the test results. However, the delayed analysis of TT and RV enrichments does pose a risk of reduced detection sensitivity, as evidenced by the seven negative results on Day 60 compared to previous positives. We do not recommend or endorse delaying the analysis of TT and RV enrichments. HIGHLIGHTS In the food matrixes investigated in this experiment, the plating and isolation of Salmonella from selective TT and RV enrichments stored at 4 ± 2°C or room temperature could be deferred for a period (up to 42 days) without any negative effect on the test results, if necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Hu
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Dr, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Dr, College Park, MD 20740, USA
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Zheng J, Reed E, Maounounen-Laasri A, Deng X, Wang SS, Ramachandran P, Ferreira C, Bell R, Brown EW, Hammack TS, Wang H. Evaluation of universal preenrichment broth and comparison of rapid molecular methods for the detection of Salmonella from spent sprout irrigation water (SSIW). Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 411:110527. [PMID: 38118357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Sprouts and spent sprout irrigation water (SSIW) present unique challenges for the development of a Salmonella detection method in food matrices. This study aimed to compare universal preenrichment broth (UPB) and lactose broth (LB) as preenrichment media for cultural and rapid screening methods and to compare their abilities to recover Salmonella in SSIW samples from different sprout varieties (i.e., alfalfa, broccoli, and mung bean sprouts). The associated co-enriched microbiota with different sprout varieties using different preenrichment media were also examined using a quasi-metagenomic approach. The performance of media and detection methods was compared using the relative level of detection (RLOD) value, as recommended by ISO 16140-2:2016. The level of detection (LOD) for Salmonella culture method with UPB was similar to that with LB in low aerobic plate count (APC) background samples (the relative LOD, i.e., RLOD, was nearly 1 after adjusting for the effects of SSIW variety and serovar), but significantly lower than that with LB in high APC background samples (RLOD = 0.32). The LOD for Salmonella with selected rapid methods was comparable to each other (RLOD from 0.97 to 1.50) and to the culture method (RLOD from 0.69 to 1.03), and no significant difference was detected between preenrichment broths in low APC background samples with RLOD values between 0.76 and 1.04. In samples with a high APC background, however, a drastic difference in LOD was observed between methods and between preenrichment broths for each method. The RLOD ranged from 0.03 to 0.32 when UPB was compared to LB as preenrichment broth. The composition and relative abundance (RA) of co-enriched microbiota was affected by multiple factors including food matrices, preenrichment media and Salmonella contamination. Altogether, this study validated UPB as a better preenrichment broth than LB for the detection of Salmonella enterica from SSIW. This study also suggested UPB may also be an optimal preenrichment medium for rapid screening methods when APC level is high. The observation of potential exclusion of Salmonella in preenrichment through the overgrowth of competitive microflora from the quasi-metagenomic study provided novel information that may be used to further optimize preenrichment formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America.
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America
| | - Anna Maounounen-Laasri
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America
| | - Xiaohong Deng
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America
| | - Shizhen S Wang
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Analytics and Outreach, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America
| | - Padmini Ramachandran
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America
| | - Christina Ferreira
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Bell
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America
| | - Eric W Brown
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America
| | - Thomas S Hammack
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America
| | - Hua Wang
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America
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3
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Sampson GL, Ruelle SB, Phan L, Williams-Hill D, Hellberg RS. Effectiveness of selected pre-enrichment broths for the detection of Salmonella spp. In meat analogs. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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4
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Feye KM, Powell AE, Booher B, Flores Z, Rubinelli PM, Calderwood LH, Richardson KE, Davis PA, Sellers R, Ricke SC. Isolation of Salmonella spp. from Animal Feed. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2182:7-16. [PMID: 32894482 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0791-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of Salmonella from feed is challenging and adjustments need to be made in order to accurately isolate the pathogen from feed. This is due to the complex nature of the feed matrix, which is both porous and fibrous. The outlined method below contains the essential components of a successful Salmonella methodology for the analysis of feed that overcomes the limitations of currently available methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Feye
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | | | - Blaine Booher
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Zachary Flores
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - P M Rubinelli
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | | | | | - P A Davis
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - R Sellers
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - S C Ricke
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
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Wan J, Lu Z, Bie X, Lv F, Zhao H. Improvement of a new selective enrichment broth for culturing
Salmonella
in ready‐to‐eat fruits and vegetables. J Food Saf 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Wan
- College of Food Science and Technology Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Bie
- College of Food Science and Technology Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Fengxia Lv
- College of Food Science and Technology Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing People's Republic of China
| | - Haizhen Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing People's Republic of China
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Misra G, Gibson KE. Survival of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Javiana and Listeria monocytogenes is dependent on type of soil-free microgreen cultivation matrix. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:1720-1732. [PMID: 32396260 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study measured the survival of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Javiana over a 10-day period on four soil-free cultivation matrix (SFCM) types in the absence of microgreens and fertilizers. METHODS AND RESULTS Coco coir (CC), a Sphagnum peat/vermiculite mix, Biostrate® and hemp mat samples were inoculated with 3 × 106 CFU per ml bacteria, incubated at room temperature, and analysed on day 0, 1, 3, 6, and 10. Statistically significant differences in pathogen survival were observed across multiple time points for hemp and Biostrate compared to CC, peat and bacteria in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (P < 0·05). S. Javiana showed greater overall survival compared to Listeria (P < 0·0002). By day 10, S. Javiana persisted at the initial inoculum concentration for hemp and Biostrate while declining by 1-2 log CFU per ml in CC, peat and PBS. Listeria also persisted at the initial concentration in hemp and Biostrate but decreased to 1 log CFU per ml in peat and below the detection limit in CC and PBS. CONCLUSIONS Overall, there are survival differences between bacterial pathogens in SFCM used in microgreen production systems. To our knowledge, this is the first comparison of survival among SFCM involving a S. enterica serovar and L. monocytogenes, and the first study comparing CC, Biostrate and hemp. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Microgreens production systems predominantly utilize soil alternatives, and it is not well-understood how pathogen transmission risk may be affected by the type of SFCM. The results of this study impact the microgreen industry as media selection may be used to reduce the risk of bacterial pathogen proliferation and transmission to the plant potentially resulting in potential foodborne illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Misra
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - K E Gibson
- Division of Agriculture, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Selenite Cystine Agar for Enumeration of Inoculated Salmonella Serovars Recovered from Stressful Conditions During Antimicrobial Validation Studies. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030338. [PMID: 32121173 PMCID: PMC7142447 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Process validation studies often require the inoculation of select foodborne pathogens into targeted foods to determine the lethality of the process or antimicrobial ingredients, and quantitative recovery of surviving inoculum bacteria helps to make those assessments. Such processes introduce various stressors on the inoculated challenge microorganisms whereby traditional selective media are too harsh to enumerate the remaining viable and injured population quantitatively. Innate antibiotic resistance of challenge organisms has often been used to establish simple selective media (i.e., Tryptic Soy Agar/TSA + antibiotics) for recovering inoculated strains, but sometimes antibiotic resistant background microorganisms are higher than desired. Salmonella Thompson 120, Salmonella Heidelberg F5038BG1, Salmonella Hadar MF60404, Salmonella Enteritidis H3527, and Salmonella Typhimurium H3380 were characterized for antibiotic resistance and acid adaptation in Tryptic Soy Broth containing 0%, 0.25%, or 1.0% glucose. Sodium pyruvate was evaluated for recovery after stress but no enhancing effect was observed, possibly because the strains were acid-adapted. Selenite Cystine Broth, traditionally used as a selective enrichment broth, was used as the basis for Selenite Cystine Agar (SCA) in combination with three antibiotics to which our Salmonella are resistant. Serovars of Salmonella, both individually and in mixtures, were enumerated on TSA, SCA, Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate (XLD), and Hektoen Enteric (HE) selective agars (all containing the same antibiotics) after conditions of nutrient starvation, desiccation, acid stress, and thermal stress. The data show that quantitative enumeration of our Salmonella serovars on SCA was not significantly different (p > 0.05) than those achieved on TSA for all tested stress categories. Levels of Salmonella enumerated on XLD and/or HE were significantly different (p < 0.05) than on TSA and SCA and often more than 1-2-log lower, consistent with the inhibition of injured cells. These data confirm that SCA (+ antibiotics) is a suitable selective medium for enumeration of these acid-adapted Salmonella serovars as challenge organisms recovered from various conditions of stress.
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Hou F, Chang Y, Huang Z, Han N, Bin L, Deng H, Li Z, Pan Z, Ding L, Gao H, Yang R, Zhi F, Bi Y. Application of LpxC enzyme inhibitor to inhibit some fast-growing bacteria in human gut bacterial culturomics. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:308. [PMID: 31888576 PMCID: PMC6937742 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1681-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culturomics can ascertain traces of microorganisms to be cultivated using different strategies and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry or 16S rDNA sequencing. However, to cater to all requirements of microorganisms and isolate as many species as possible, multiple culture conditions must be used, imposing a heavy workload. In addition, the fast-growing bacteria (e.g., Escherichia) surpass the slow-growing bacteria in culture by occupying space and using up nutrients. Besides, some bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas) suppress others by secreting antibacterial metabolites, making it difficult to isolate bacteria with lower competence. Applying inhibitors to restrain fast-growing bacteria is one method to cultivate more bacterial species from human feces. RESULTS We applied CHIR-090, an LpxC enzyme inhibitor that has antibacterial activity against most Gram-negative bacteria, to culturomics of human fresh feces. The antibacterial activity of CHIR-090 was first assessed on five Gram-negative species of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, and Bacteroides vulgatus), all of which are commonly isolated from the human gut. Then, we assessed suitable concentrations of the inhibitor. Finally, CHIR-090 was applied in blood culture bottles for bacterial cultivation. In total, 102 species from five samples were identified. Of these, we found one new species, two species not reported previously in the human gut, and 11 species not previously isolated from humans. CONCLUSIONS CHIR-090 can suppress E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Pro. vulgaris, but not B. vulgatus. Compared with the non-inhibitor group, CHIR-090 increased bacteria isolation by 23.50%, including four species not reported in humans and one new species. Application of LpxC enzyme inhibitor in culturomics increased the number of species isolated from the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxiao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zongyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Ni Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Bin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Ding
- Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Fachao Zhi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yujing Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
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Chen IH, Liu Y, Du S, Hu J, Wang F, Horikawa S, Huang TS, Chin BA. Effects of Different Broth Enrichment upon Phage Magnetoelastic Biosensor for Fast Detecting Low <i>Salmonella</i> Counts on Problematic Produce. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2019.96033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Cabrera-Díaz E, Martínez-Chávez L, Sánchez-Camarena J, Muñiz-Flores JA, Castillo A, Gutiérrez-González P, Arvizu-Medrano SM, González-Aguilar DG, Martínez-Gonzáles NE. Simultaneous and individual quantitative estimation of Salmonella, Shigella and Listeria monocytogenes on inoculated Roma tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum var. Pyriforme) and Serrano peppers (Capsicum annuum) using an MPN technique. Food Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29526213 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous and individual enumeration of Salmonella, Shigella and Listeria monocytogenes was compared on inoculated Roma tomatoes and Serrano peppers using an Most Probable Number (MPN) technique. Samples consisting of tomatoes (4 units) or peppers (8 units) were individually inoculated with a cocktail of three strains of Salmonella, Shigella or L. monocytogenes, or by simultaneous inoculation of three strains of each pathogen, at low (1.2-1.7 log CFU/sample) and high (2.2-2.7 log CFU/sample) inocula. Samples were analyzed by an MPN technique using universal pre-enrichment (UP) broth at 35 °C for 24 ± 2 h. The UP tubes from each MPN series were transferred to enrichment and plating media following adequate conventional methods for isolating each pathogen. Data were analyzed using multifactorial analysis of variance (p < 0.05) and LSD multiple rang test. There were differences (p < 0.05) in recovery of simultaneous and individual bacteria inoculated (individual > simultaneous), type of bacteria (Salmonella > Shigella and L. monocytogenes), type of sample (UP broth > pepper and tomato), and inoculum level (high > low). The MPN technique was effective for Salmonella on both commodities. Shigella counts were higher on tomatoes compared to peppers, (p < 0.05), and for L. monocytogenes on peppers (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cabrera-Díaz
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Departamento de Salud Pública, Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Zapopan, Jalisco, 45200, Mexico
| | - L Martínez-Chávez
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Departamentos de Farmacobiología y Matemáticas, Marcelino García Barragán 1451, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44430, Mexico
| | - J Sánchez-Camarena
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Departamentos de Farmacobiología y Matemáticas, Marcelino García Barragán 1451, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44430, Mexico
| | - J A Muñiz-Flores
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Departamentos de Farmacobiología y Matemáticas, Marcelino García Barragán 1451, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44430, Mexico
| | - A Castillo
- Texas A&M University, Department of Animal Science, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - P Gutiérrez-González
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Departamentos de Farmacobiología y Matemáticas, Marcelino García Barragán 1451, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44430, Mexico
| | - S M Arvizu-Medrano
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Facultad de Química, Cerro de las Campanas S/N, Querétaro, 76010, Mexico
| | - D G González-Aguilar
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Departamento de Salud Pública, Camino Ramón Padilla Sánchez 2100, Zapopan, Jalisco, 45200, Mexico
| | - N E Martínez-Gonzáles
- Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Departamentos de Farmacobiología y Matemáticas, Marcelino García Barragán 1451, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44430, Mexico.
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