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Ottesen A, Kocurek B, Reed E, Commichaux S, Mammel M, Ramachandran P, McDermott P, Flannery BM, Strain E. Paired metagenomic and chemical evaluation of aflatoxin-contaminated dog kibble. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1374839. [PMID: 38665771 PMCID: PMC11043538 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1374839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Identification of chemical toxins from complex or highly processed foods can present 'needle in the haystack' challenges for chemists. Metagenomic data can be used to guide chemical toxicity evaluations by providing DNA-based description of the wholistic composition (eukaryotic, bacterial, protozoal, viral, and antimicrobial resistance) of foods suspected to harbor toxins, allergens, or pathogens. This type of information can focus chemistry-based diagnostics, improve hazard characterization and risk assessment, and address data gaps. Additionally, there is increasing recognition that simultaneously co-occurring mycotoxins, either from single or multiple species, can impact dietary toxicity exposure. Metagenomic data provides a way to address data gaps related to co-occurrence of multiple fungal species. Methods Paired metagenomic and chemical data were used to evaluate aflatoxin-contaminated kibble with known levels of specific mycotoxins. Kibble was ground to a fine powder for both chemical and molecular analyses. Chemical analyses were performed with Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) and according to the AOAC Official method 2005.08: Aflatoxins in Corn, Raw Peanuts, and Peanut Butter using Liquid Chromatography with Post-Column Photochemical Derivatization. Metagenomes were created from DNA extracted from ground kibble and sequenced on an Illumina NextSeq 2000 with an average sequence depth of 180 million reads per replicate. Results and discussion Metagenomic data demonstrated that the abundance of DNA from putative aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp. correlated with the levels of aflatoxin quantified by LCMS. Metagenomic data also identified an expansive range of co-occurring fungal taxa which may produce additional mycotoxins. DNA data paired with chemical data provides a novel modality to address current data gaps surrounding dietary mycotoxin exposure, toxigenic fungal taxonomy, and mycotoxins of emerging concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ottesen
- Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Brandon Kocurek
- Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Seth Commichaux
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Mark Mammel
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Padmini Ramachandran
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Patrick McDermott
- Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Brenna M. Flannery
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Errol Strain
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
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2
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Dehingia N, McDougal L, Silverman JG, Reed E, Urada L, McAuley J, Singh A, Raj A. Climate and Gender: Association Between Droughts and Intimate Partner Violence in India. Am J Epidemiol 2024; 193:636-645. [PMID: 37968380 PMCID: PMC10999644 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwad222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Extreme climate events are related to women's exposure to different forms of violence. We examined the relationship between droughts and physical, sexual, and emotional intimate partner violence (IPV) in India by using 2 different definitions of drought: precipitation-based drought and socioeconomic drought. We analyzed data from 2 rounds of a nationally representative survey, the National Family Health Survey, where married women were asked about their experiences of IPV in the previous year (2015-2016 and 2019-2021; n = 122,696). Precipitation-based drought was estimated using remote sensing data and geographic information system (GIS) mapping, while socioeconomic drought status was collected from government records. Logistic regression models showed precipitation-based drought to increase the risk of experiencing physical IPV and emotional IPV. Similar findings were observed for socioeconomic drought; women residing in areas classified as drought-impacted by the government were more likely to report physical IPV, sexual IPV, and emotional IPV. These findings support the growing body of evidence regarding the relationship between climate change and women's vulnerability, and highlight the need for gender responsive strategies for disaster management and preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabamallika Dehingia
- Correspondence to Dr. Nabamallika Dehingia, UNICEF, 3 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017 (e-mail: )
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Bloom BE, Joseph R, Ulibarri MD, Reed E, Ulloa EC. Factors Associated with Engaging in Bystander Intervention Behavior Among College Students. J Interpers Violence 2024; 39:1731-1759. [PMID: 38014681 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231212170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence (SV) is a well-documented and highly prevalent issue on college campuses that disproportionately impacts women, students of color, and students who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ). In recent years, bystander intervention programming has emerged as a promising prevention strategy for colleges due to its success in preventing SV before it occurs using community involvement; however, little consideration has been given to the power, status, or position that a bystander has when deciding whether to intervene and weighing the potential consequences of their actions. In order to inform university campus bystander intervention programming and increase its effectiveness, more work is needed to understand specific student characteristics (e.g., race/ethnicity, gender identity, sexual orientation, history of SV) that may be associated with engaging in bystander behavior in SV risk situations. Using cross-sectional data from a large west-coast university, 592 students were surveyed about their SV-related experiences. Poisson regression models were utilized to determine the relative risk of engaging in bystander behavior by sociodemographic identities and history of SV victimization. Our fully adjusted model indicated that experiencing attempted and completed sexual assault was associated with engaging in bystander behavior; belonging to specific minority groups was differentially associated with engaging in bystander behavior, as was belonging to a minority group and having a history of SV. Personal histories, identities, and power inequity matter when deciding to engage in bystander behavior. Additional research is needed to create more well-rounded and population-specific bystander intervention programs that are inclusive of diverse student voices and experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittnie E Bloom
- San Diego State University, CA, USA
- University of California San Diego, USA
| | - Renee Joseph
- Alliant International University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Hines IS, Jurkiw T, Nguyen E, Ferguson M, Solaiman S, Reed E, Hoffmann M, Zheng J. Persistence comparison of two Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serovars during long-term storage and thermal inactivation in various wheat flours. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299922. [PMID: 38457435 PMCID: PMC10923466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Foodborne outbreaks associated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) contaminated wheat flour have been an increasing food safety concern in recent decades. However, there is little literature aimed at investigating the impact of different flour types on the persistence of STEC during storage and thermal inactivation. Therefore, two serovars of STEC, O121 and O157, were selected to inoculate each of five different types of common wheat flours: whole wheat, bleached, unbleached, bread, and self-rising. Inoculated flours were examined for the stability of STEC during storage for up to 42 days at room temperature (RT) and aw ~0.56. Additionally, the thermal resistance of O121 and O157 under isothermal conditions at 60, 70, 80, and 90°C was analyzed for the inoculated flours. STEC storage persistence at RT was generally not affected by flour type, however, decreases of 1.2 and 2.4 log CFU/day within whole wheat flour for O121 and O157, respectively, were significantly lower than other flours. Though few differences were identified in relation to flour type, O121 exhibited significantly better survival rates than O157 during both equilibrium and storage periods. Compared to an approximate 6 log reduction in the population of O157, O121 population levels were reduced by a significantly lower amount (~3 log) during the entire storage period at RT. At each isothermal temperature, the impact of flour type on the thermal resistance capabilities of O121 or O157 was not a significant factor and resulted in similar survival curves regardless of serovar. Instead of exhibiting linear survival curves, both O121 and O157 displayed nonlinear curves with some shoulder/tail effect. Similar for both O121 and O157, the predicted decimal reduction time (D-value) decreased from approximately 25 min to around 8 min as the isothermal temperature increased from 60°C to 90°C. Results reported here can contribute to risk assessment models concerning contamination of STEC in wheat flour and add to our understanding of the impacts of flour type and STEC serovar on desiccation stability during storage and isothermal inactivation during thermal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S. Hines
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Tom Jurkiw
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Emily Nguyen
- Joint Institute of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Martine Ferguson
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Sultana Solaiman
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Maria Hoffmann
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States of America
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Zheng J, Reed E, Maounounen-Laasri A, Deng X, Wang SS, Ramachandran P, Ferreira C, Bell R, Brown EW, Hammack TS, Wang H. Evaluation of universal preenrichment broth and comparison of rapid molecular methods for the detection of Salmonella from spent sprout irrigation water (SSIW). Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 411:110527. [PMID: 38118357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Sprouts and spent sprout irrigation water (SSIW) present unique challenges for the development of a Salmonella detection method in food matrices. This study aimed to compare universal preenrichment broth (UPB) and lactose broth (LB) as preenrichment media for cultural and rapid screening methods and to compare their abilities to recover Salmonella in SSIW samples from different sprout varieties (i.e., alfalfa, broccoli, and mung bean sprouts). The associated co-enriched microbiota with different sprout varieties using different preenrichment media were also examined using a quasi-metagenomic approach. The performance of media and detection methods was compared using the relative level of detection (RLOD) value, as recommended by ISO 16140-2:2016. The level of detection (LOD) for Salmonella culture method with UPB was similar to that with LB in low aerobic plate count (APC) background samples (the relative LOD, i.e., RLOD, was nearly 1 after adjusting for the effects of SSIW variety and serovar), but significantly lower than that with LB in high APC background samples (RLOD = 0.32). The LOD for Salmonella with selected rapid methods was comparable to each other (RLOD from 0.97 to 1.50) and to the culture method (RLOD from 0.69 to 1.03), and no significant difference was detected between preenrichment broths in low APC background samples with RLOD values between 0.76 and 1.04. In samples with a high APC background, however, a drastic difference in LOD was observed between methods and between preenrichment broths for each method. The RLOD ranged from 0.03 to 0.32 when UPB was compared to LB as preenrichment broth. The composition and relative abundance (RA) of co-enriched microbiota was affected by multiple factors including food matrices, preenrichment media and Salmonella contamination. Altogether, this study validated UPB as a better preenrichment broth than LB for the detection of Salmonella enterica from SSIW. This study also suggested UPB may also be an optimal preenrichment medium for rapid screening methods when APC level is high. The observation of potential exclusion of Salmonella in preenrichment through the overgrowth of competitive microflora from the quasi-metagenomic study provided novel information that may be used to further optimize preenrichment formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America.
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America
| | - Anna Maounounen-Laasri
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America
| | - Xiaohong Deng
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America
| | - Shizhen S Wang
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Analytics and Outreach, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America
| | - Padmini Ramachandran
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America
| | - Christina Ferreira
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Bell
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America
| | - Eric W Brown
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America
| | - Thomas S Hammack
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America
| | - Hua Wang
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America
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6
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Weij R, Sniderman JMK, Woodhead JD, Hellstrom JC, Brown JR, Drysdale RN, Reed E, Bourne S, Gordon J. Elevated Southern Hemisphere moisture availability during glacial periods. Nature 2024; 626:319-326. [PMID: 38326596 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06989-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Late Pleistocene ice-age climates are routinely characterized as having imposed moisture stress on low- to mid-latitude ecosystems1-5. This idea is largely based on fossil pollen evidence for widespread, low-biomass glacial vegetation, interpreted as indicating climatic dryness6. However, woody plant growth is inhibited under low atmospheric CO2 (refs. 7,8), so understanding glacial environments requires the development of new palaeoclimate indicators that are independent of vegetation9. Here we show that, contrary to expectations, during the past 350 kyr, peaks in southern Australian climatic moisture availability were largely confined to glacial periods, including the Last Glacial Maximum, whereas warm interglacials were relatively dry. By measuring the timing of speleothem growth in the Southern Hemisphere subtropics, which today has a predominantly negative annual moisture balance, we developed a record of climatic moisture availability that is independent of vegetation and extends through multiple glacial-interglacial cycles. Our results demonstrate that a cool-moist response is consistent across the austral subtropics and, in part, may result from reduced evaporation under cool glacial temperatures. Insofar as cold glacial environments in the Southern Hemisphere subtropics have been portrayed as uniformly arid3,10,11, our findings suggest that their characterization as evolutionary or physiological obstacles to movement and expansion of animal, plant and, potentially, human populations10 should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieneke Weij
- School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Geological Sciences and the Human Evolution Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Western Cape, South Africa.
| | - J M Kale Sniderman
- School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jon D Woodhead
- School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John C Hellstrom
- School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Josephine R Brown
- School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Russell N Drysdale
- School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne, UMR CNRS, Université de Savoie-Mont, Chambéry, France
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Steven Bourne
- Limestone Coast Landscape Board, Mount Gambier, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jay Gordon
- School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- IEEFA, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Salazar M, Silverman JG, Rangel Gómez MG, Urada LA, Brouwer KC, Reed E. Substance use, economic vulnerability, and HIV/STI risk among female sex workers in Mexico. Int J STD AIDS 2024; 35:147-154. [PMID: 37934459 DOI: 10.1177/09564624231214287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Economic hardship (e.g., difficulty to pay for basic needs) has been associated with increased HIV/STI risk among female sex workers (FSW), and may be exacerbated by high levels of substance use. Few studies have assessed the intersection of economic hardship, substance use, and HIV/STI risk among FSW. METHODS Quantitative data were collected via questionnaires among 469 FSW residing in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. Using logistic regression, we assessed the role of economic hardship on the association between substance use (past 30-days alcohol use, drug use, or injection drugs use with clients, and past 6-months drug use) and testing positive for an STI (also an indicator of HIV risk). RESULTS Drug use in the preceding six months was significantly associated with testing positive for an STI (AOR = 1.8, CI: 1.1 = 2.9, p = .02); no difference in this association was found by whether women reported economic hardship. Past 30-day drug use with clients was associated with STI infection, but only among those who did not report economic hardship (AOR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1-1.9, p < .01). CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that economic hardship influences the association between substance use and increased risk for HIV/STI among FSW; however, these associations may be more complex than previously hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Salazar
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - María Gudelia Rangel Gómez
- US-Mexico Border Health Commission, Tijuana, Mexico
- El Colegio de la Frontera Norte (COLEF), Tijuana, Mexico
| | - Lianne A Urada
- School of Social Work, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Reed
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Ottesen A, Kocurek B, Deaver C, Chiesa O, Cohen R, Reed E, Commichaux S, Mammel M, McDermott P, Strain E, Myers M. Fecal microbiomes of laboratory beagles receiving antiparasitic formulations in an experimental setting. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0086023. [PMID: 38018965 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00860-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe the fecal microbiome of laboratory beagles in a non-invasive experiment designed to contrast in vivo versus in vitro bioequivalence in response to antiparasitic drug administration. The experiment provided a unique opportunity to evaluate metagenomic profiles of canine feces before and after anti-parasitic drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ottesen
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Brandon Kocurek
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine Deaver
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Oscar Chiesa
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachael Cohen
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration , College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Seth Commichaux
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Mammel
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick McDermott
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Errol Strain
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration , College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Myers
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
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Kocurek B, Behling S, Martin G, Ramachandran P, Reed E, Grim C, Mammel M, Zheng J, Franklin A, Garland J, Tadesse DA, Sharma M, Tyson GH, Kabera C, Tate H, McDermott PF, Strain E, Ottesen A. Metagenomic survey of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Maryland surface waters differentiated by high and low human impact. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0047723. [PMID: 38032210 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00477-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we examine surface waters as a modality to better understand baseline antimicrobial resistance (AMR) across the environment to supplement existing AMR monitoring in pathogens associated with humans, foods, and animals. Data from metagenomic and quasimetagenomic (shotgun sequenced enrichments) are used to describe AMR in Maryland surface waters from high and low human impact classifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Kocurek
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Shawn Behling
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gordon Martin
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Padmini Ramachandran
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration , College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration , College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher Grim
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration , College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Mammel
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration , College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration , College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Alison Franklin
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency , Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jay Garland
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency , Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel A Tadesse
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Manan Sharma
- Environmental Microbial & Food Safety Lab, United States Department of Agriculture , Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory H Tyson
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Claudine Kabera
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Heather Tate
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick F McDermott
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Errol Strain
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea Ottesen
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration , Laurel, Maryland, USA
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Shimada S, Yoshida A, Abouljoud M, Miyake K, Ivanics T, Shamaa T, Venkat D, Moonka D, Trudeau S, Reed E, Nagai S. Post-transplant outcomes and financial burden of donation after circulatory death donor liver transplant after the implementation of acuity circle policy. Clin Transplant 2024; 38:e15190. [PMID: 37964683 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.15190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After implementation of the Acuity Circles (AC) allocation policy, use of DCD liver grafts has increased in the United States. METHODS We evaluated the impact of AC on rates of DCD-liver transplants (LT), their outcomes, and medical costs in a single practice. Adult LT patients were classified into three eras: Era 1 (pre-AC, 1/01/2015-12/31/2017); Era 2 (late pre-AC era, 1/01/2018-02/03/2020); and Era 3 (AC era, 05/10/2020-09/30/2021). RESULTS A total of 520 eligible LTs were performed; 87 were DCD, and 433 were DBD. With each successive era, the proportion of DCD increased (Era 1: 11%; Era 2: 20%; Era 3: 24%; p < .001). DCD recipients had longer ICU stays, higher re-admission/re-operation rates, and higher incidence of ischemic cholangiopathy compared to those with DBD. Direct, surgical, and ICU costs during first admission were higher with DCD than DBD (+8.0%, p < .001; +4.2%, p < .001; and +33.3%, p = .001). DCD-related costs increased after Era 1 (Direct: +4.9% [Era 2 vs. 1] and +12.4% [Era 3 vs. 1], p = .04; Surgical: +17.7% and +21.7%, p < .001). In the AC era, there was a significantly higher proportion of donors ≥50 years, and more national organ sharing. Compared to DCD from donors <50 years, DCD from donors ≥50 years was associated with significantly higher total direct, surgical, and ICU costs (+12.6%, p = .01; +9.5%, p = .01; +84.6%, p = .03). CONCLUSIONS The proportion of DCD-LT, especially from older donors, has increased after the implementation of AC policies. These changes are likely to be associated with higher costs in the AC era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Shimada
- Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Atsushi Yoshida
- Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Marwan Abouljoud
- Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Katsunori Miyake
- Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tommy Ivanics
- Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Tayseer Shamaa
- Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Deepak Venkat
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Dilip Moonka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Sheri Trudeau
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Shunji Nagai
- Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Naigino R, Miller AP, Ediau M, Anecho A, Senoga U, Tumwesigye NM, Wanyenze RK, Mukasa B, Hahn JA, Reed E, Sileo KM, Kiene SM. Stakeholder perspectives on the Kisoboka intervention: A behavioral and structural intervention to reduce hazardous alcohol use and improve HIV care engagement among men living with HIV in Ugandan fishing communities. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 253:111011. [PMID: 37952352 PMCID: PMC11016226 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.111011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND East Africa's fishing communities experience a high burden of two interrelated and frequently co-occurring health issues: HIV and hazardous alcohol use. Nearly two-thirds of Ugandan fisherfolk men meet the criteria for harmful alcohol use. We developed a multilevel intervention to reduce hazardous alcohol use and improve HIV care engagement among fisherfolk men living with HIV (LWHIV) in Wakiso district, Uganda. METHODS This is a qualitative study of stakeholder perspectives on the appropriateness, acceptability, and feasibility of a multilevel intervention for fisherfolk men LWHIV. The proposed intervention, Kisoboka ("It is possible!"), combines a structural component [changing the mode of work payments from cash to mobile money] with a behavioral component [motivational interviewing-based counseling combined with content using behavioral economic principles to promote behavior change]. We conducted one focus group (n=7) and eight in-depth interviews with fisherfolk men LWHIV and 19 key informant (KI) interviews with health workers, employers, and community leaders. These explored the appropriateness, acceptability, and feasibility of specific key intervention components. RESULTS Overall, stakeholders' perspectives supported high intervention acceptability and perceived appropriateness of the proposed intervention. It was perceived to be feasible with some caveats of recommendations for overcoming potential implementation challenges identified (e.g., having a friend assist with documenting savings and alcohol use if an individual was unable to write themselves) which are discussed. CONCLUSION This work highlights the potential of the Kisoboka intervention and the importance of early engagement of key stakeholders in the intervention development process to ensure appropriateness, acceptability, feasibility, and socio-cultural fit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Naigino
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Diego State University School of Public Health, CA, USA; Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Amanda P Miller
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Diego State University School of Public Health, CA, USA
| | - Michael Ediau
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Diego State University School of Public Health, CA, USA; Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Asha Anecho
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Umar Senoga
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | - Judith A Hahn
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, San Diego State University, CA, USA
| | - Katelyn M Sileo
- Department of Public Health, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Susan M Kiene
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Diego State University School of Public Health, CA, USA; Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.
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12
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Dehingia N, McAuley J, McDougal L, Reed E, Silverman JG, Urada L, Raj A. Violence against women on Twitter in India: Testing a taxonomy for online misogyny and measuring its prevalence during COVID-19. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292121. [PMID: 37878555 PMCID: PMC10599529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Online misogyny is a violation of women's digital rights. Empirical studies on this topic are however lacking, particularly in low- and middle- income countries. The current study aimed to estimate whether prevalence of online misogyny on Twitter in India changed since the pandemic. METHODS Based on prior theoretical work, we defined online misogyny as consisting of six overlapping forms: sexist abuses, sexual objectification, threatening to physically or sexually harm women, asserting women's inferiority, justifying violence against women, and dismissing feminist efforts. Qualitative analysis of a small subset of tweets posted from India (40,672 tweets) substantiated this definition and taxonomy for online misogyny. Supervised machine learning models were used to predict the status of misogyny across a corpus of 30 million tweets posted from India between 2018 and 2021. Next, interrupted time series analysis examined changes in online misogyny prevalence, before and during COVID-19. RESULTS Qualitative assessment showed that online misogyny in India existed most in the form of sexual objectification and sexist abusive content, which demeans women and shames them for their presumed sexual activity. Around 2% of overall tweets posted from India between 2018 and 2021 included some form of misogynistic content. The absolute volume as well as proportion of misogynistic tweets showed significant increasing trends after the onset of COVID-19, relative to trends prior to the pandemic. CONCLUSION Findings highlight increasing gender inequalities on Twitter since the pandemic. Aggressive and hateful tweets that target women attempt to reinforce traditional gender norms, especially those relating to idealized sexual behavior and framing of women as sexual beings. There is an urgent need for future research and development of interventions to make digital spaces gender equitable and welcoming to women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian McAuley
- Department of Computer Science, School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Lotus McDougal
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jay G. Silverman
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Lianne Urada
- School of Social Work, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Anita Raj
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
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13
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Konganti K, Reed E, Mammel M, Kayikcioglu T, Binet R, Jarvis K, Ferreira CM, Bell RL, Zheng J, Windsor AM, Ottesen A, Grim CJ, Ramachandran P. bettercallsal: better calling of Salmonella serotypes from enrichment cultures using shotgun metagenomic profiling and its application in an outbreak setting. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1200983. [PMID: 37601366 PMCID: PMC10434220 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1200983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Most current Salmonella subtyping analyses rely on whole genome sequencing (WGS), which focuses on the high-resolution analysis of single genomes or multiple single genomes from the isolated colonies on microbiological agar plates. In this study, we introduce bioinformatics innovations for a metagenomic outbreak response workflow that accurately identifies multiple Salmonella serovars at the same time. bettercallsal is one of the first analysis tools to identify multiple Salmonella enterica serotypes from metagenomic or quasi-metagenomic datasets with high accuracy, allowing these isolate-independent methods to be incorporated into surveillance and root cause investigations. It was tested on an in silico benchmark dataset comprising 29 unique Salmonella serovars, 46 non-Salmonella bacterial genomes, and 10 viral genomes at varying read depths and on previously well-characterized and sequenced non-selective primary and selective enrichments of papaya and peach samples from separate outbreak investigations that resulted in the identification of multiple Salmonella serovars using traditional isolate culturing and WGS as well as nucleic acid assays. Analyses were also conducted on these datasets using a custom-built k-mer tool, SeqSero2, and Kallisto to compare serotype calling to bettercallsal. The in silico dataset analyzed with bettercallsal achieved the maximum precision, recall, and accuracy of 100, 83, and 94%, respectively. In the papaya outbreak samples, bettercallsal identified the presence of multiple serovars in agreement with the Luminex® xMAP assay results and also identified more serovars per sample, as evidenced by NCBI SNP clustering. In peach outbreak samples, bettercallsal identified two serovars in concordance with k-mer analysis and the Luminex xMAP assay. The genome hit reported by bettercallsal clustered with the chicken isolate genome, as reported by the FDA peach outbreak investigation from sequenced isolates (WGS). Overall, bettercallsal outperformed k-mer, Seqsero2, and Kallisto in identifying multiple serovars from enrichment cultures using shotgun metagenomic sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kranti Konganti
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Mark Mammel
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Tunc Kayikcioglu
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Rachel Binet
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Karen Jarvis
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Christina M. Ferreira
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Rebecca L. Bell
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Amanda M. Windsor
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Andrea Ottesen
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Christopher J. Grim
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Padmini Ramachandran
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
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14
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Alemayehu M, Medhanyie AA, Reed E, Kahsay ZH, Kalayu M, Mulugeta A. Effects of continuum of care for maternal health service utilisation on intention to use family planning among pastoralist women of Ethiopia: a robust regression analysis and propensity score matching modelling. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e072179. [PMID: 37438064 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examines the effect of continuum care for maternal health service utilisation on intention to use family planning among the pastoralist community in Ethiopia. DESIGN A community-based cross-sectional study. SETTING Data were collected from three districts of the pastoralist community of the Afar region. PARTICIPANTS Randomly selected 891 married pastoralist women. PRIMARY OUTCOME Intention to use family planning. RESULTS Intention to use family planning would increase (β=0.122, 95% CI: 0.036, 0.287) or by 12.2%, if all married pastoralist women received continuum of care for maternal health service utilisation compared with their counterparts. Results from the robust regression analysis indicate that intention to use family planning was higher among women who had a discussion about family planning with their husband (β=0.31, SE=0.035, p<0.001), women who possessed an electronic devices (β=0.096, SE=0.029, p<0.001) and women who had an unmet need for family planning (β=0.056, SE=0.026, p<0.000). However, intention to use family planning was lower for women who were in a polygamous marriage (β=-0.168, SE=0.065, p<0.01). There was a significant linear increase in the score of intention to use family planning for attitude towards family planning (β=0.009, SE=0.001, p<0.000), subjective norm (β=0.003, SE=0.001, p<0.003) and perceived control over family planning (β=0.002, SE=0.008, p<0.024) given other explanatory variables in the model. CONCLUSION Continuum of care for maternal health service utilisation increases pastoralist women's intention to use family planning. Maximising any opportunity to counsel women who come to health facilities about family planning would be vital to increase their intention to use family planning. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03450564.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mussie Alemayehu
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | | | - Elizabeth Reed
- Department of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Mebrhatu Kalayu
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Afework Mulugeta
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
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15
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Dixit A, Johns NE, Ghule M, Battala M, Begum S, Saggurti N, Silverman J, Reed E, Kiene SM, Benmarhnia T, Averbach S, Raj A. Association of traditional marital practices with contraceptive decision-making, couple communication, and method use among couples in rural Maharashtra, India. Cult Health Sex 2023; 25:521-536. [PMID: 35465833 PMCID: PMC9588848 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2022.2062052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In India, traditional social practices around marriage, such as non-involvement of prospective brides in choice of partner and timing of marriage, child/early marriage, dowry and purdah, compromise women's agency at the time of marriage and may also affect contraceptive practices in marriage. This paper examines the associations between traditional marital practices and contraceptive behaviours, including women's control over contraceptive decision-making, couples' communication about contraception, and ever use of contraceptives, among married women aged 18-29 years (N = 1,200) and their husbands in rural Maharashtra, India. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between these marginalising social practices and family planning behavioural outcomes, adjusting for demographic and parity confounders. Wives who were the primary decision-makers on who to marry had higher odds of ever having communicated with their husband on pregnancy prevention (AOR 1.76, 95% CI 1.16-2.68), and ever using modern contraceptives (AOR 2.19, 95% CI 1.52-3.16). Wives who were the primary decision-makers on when to marry also had higher odds of ever having used modern contraceptives (AOR 1.86, 95% CI 1.21-2.93). Women's involvement in marital choice may facilitate couples' engagement related to family planning, possibly via the establishment of better communication between partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anvita Dixit
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health (Global Health track), University of California San Diego/San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nicole E. Johns
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mohan Ghule
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Shahina Begum
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Jay Silverman
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavior, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Susan M. Kiene
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tarik Benmarhnia
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Averbach
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anita Raj
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Education Studies, Division of Social Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA. USA
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16
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Pickering H, Arakawa-Hoyt J, Llamas M, Ishiyama K, Sun Y, Parmar R, Sen S, Schaenman J, Lanier L, Reed E, Calabrese D, Greenland J. CMV-Expanded, Phenotypically Heterogenous CD8 TEMRA Differentially Associate with Viral Control and Allograft Outcomes. J Heart Lung Transplant 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2023.02.1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
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17
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Oh Y, LeVine K, Reed E, Siff J, Papp J, Wilson L, Piktel J. 264 Did COVID-19 Mitigation Affect the Accessibility and Usage of Emergency Department-Based Programs to Combat Opioid Use Disorder? Ann Emerg Med 2022. [PMCID: PMC9519243 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2022.08.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Reed E, Siff J, LeVine K, Oh Y, Wilson L, Papp J, Piktel J. 192 Using the Electronic Health Record to Identify Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department at Highest Risk for Subsequent Overdose. Ann Emerg Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2022.08.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Papp J, Reed E, Oh Y, LeVine K, Wilson L, Siff J, Piktel J. 298 Evaluation of a Multi-Pronged Emergency Department-Based Approach to Reduce Subsequent Overdoses in a High-Risk Emergency Department Population of Opioid Users. Ann Emerg Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2022.08.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Reed E, West BS, Frost E, Salazar M, Silverman JG, McIntosh CT, Gómez MGR, Urada LA, Brouwer KC. Economic vulnerability, violence, and sexual risk factors for HIV among female sex workers in Tijuana, Mexico. AIDS Behav 2022; 26:3210-3219. [PMID: 35380288 PMCID: PMC8980205 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-022-03670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Economic vulnerability is often reported to underlie involvement in sex work among female sex workers (FSW), but may also create urgency in women's work, limiting women's negotiating power with clients and in turn, increasing their vulnerability for violence and HIV. This study assessed economic vulnerability in relation to violence and sexual risk behaviors for HIV among a sample of FSW in Tijuana, Mexico. FSW at least 18 years of age were recruited through venue-based sampling for a survey (n = 228) and in-depth interviews (n = 50) to investigate HIV risk factors in this region. Using crude and adjusted logistic regression models, we assessed lack of financial support from others as well as reports of financial hardship separately in relation to experiencing sexual violence (e.g. by clients, police, relationship partners, in the past 6 months), physical violence (past 6 months), STI diagnosis, and inconsistent condom use (past 30 days). Qualitative interviews (n = 50), conducted with a subsample of the survey participants, were also examined for related themes. FSW who reported no financial support were more likely to report sexual violence (OR = 2.1; 95% CI:1.1-4.2). FSW who reported financial hardship were more likely to experience sexual violence (OR = 1.9; 95% CI:1.1-3.6) and physical violence (OR = 1.9; 95% CI:1.1-3.6), as well as to report past 30-day inconsistent condom use (OR = 2.4; 95%CI: 1.3-4.6) and to test positive for an STI (OR = 1.9; 95% CI:1.1-3.4). Qualitative data substantiated these findings. Findings suggest that interventions to improve economic well-being may be useful to prevent the intersecting concerns of violence and HIV among FSW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Reed
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, 92182-4162, San Diego, California, USA.
| | - Brooke S West
- School of Social Work, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Frost
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, 92182-4162, San Diego, California, USA
- School of Social Work, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marissa Salazar
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, 92182-4162, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jay G Silverman
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - María Gudelia Rangel Gómez
- US-Mexico Border Health Commission, Tijuana, Mexico
- El Colegio de la Frontera Norte (COLEF), Tijuana, Mexico
| | - Lianne A Urada
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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21
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Ogbonnaya IN, Reed E, Wanyenze RK, Wagman JA, Silverman JG, Kiene SM. Perceived Barriers to HIV Care and Viral Suppression Comparing Newly Diagnosed Women Living with HIV in Rural Uganda with and without a History of Intimate Partner Violence. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP17133-NP17156. [PMID: 34176367 PMCID: PMC9814921 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211028284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with poor HIV care linkage and retention, medication adherence, and viral suppression. However, limited knowledge exists regarding potential mechanisms linking IPV to these outcomes. We aimed to (a) identify the top barriers to accessing HIV care experienced by women living with HIV (WLHIV) who report a history of IPV and have suppressed viral load (VL) versus unsuppressed VL and (b) understand how these barriers influence VL, comparing WLHIV with a history of IPV to WLHIV without a history of IPV. Study data come from newly diagnosed WLHIV in rural Uganda participating in the standard-of-care control arm of a randomized trial (n = 152). Descriptive results ranking mean scores from highest to lowest showed that, among women with a history of IPV, irrespective of viral suppression status, paying for transportation to come to clinic, having to wait at the clinic for long periods of time, and finding a clinic within reasonable travel distance were the top three barriers to accessing HIV care. WLHIV with a history of IPV were significantly more likely to have unsuppressed VL versus suppressed VL if they reported higher levels of difficulty finding a clinic within reasonable travel distance (RRR = 1.7, 95% CI [1.1-2.7]), getting permission to take time off from work (RRR = 1.5, 95% CI [1.0-2.9]), and finding time to come to the clinic for an appointment (RRR = 1.6, 95% CI [1.0-2.6]). The same relationships were not present among WLHIV without a history of IPV, suggesting these barriers and their effect on VL may be uniquely related to IPV. Interventions should address IPV and HIV care continuum outcomes in tandem, targeting barriers to accessing HIV care likely associated with IPV. Additional research is necessary to better understand how IPV relates to HIV care barriers and VL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, San Diego State University School of Public Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer A. Wagman
- University of California Los Angeles Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public HealthLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jay G. Silverman
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Susan M. Kiene
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Diego State University School of Public Health, San Diego, CA, USA
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Davies CP, Jurkiw T, Haendiges J, Reed E, Anderson N, Grasso-Kelley E, Hoffmann M, Zheng J. Changes in the genomes and methylomes of three Salmonella enterica serovars after long-term storage in ground black pepper. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:970135. [PMID: 36160197 PMCID: PMC9507087 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.970135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Low moisture foods (LMFs) have traditionally been recognized as safe for consumption, as most bacteria require higher water content to grow. However, outbreaks due to LMF foods are increasing, and the microbial pathogen Salmonella enterica is frequently implicated. S. enterica can survive in LMFs for years, but few serovars have been studied, and the mechanisms which underlie this longevity are not well understood. Here, we determine that S. enterica serovars S. Tennessee, S. Anatum, and S. Reading but not S. Oranienburg can survive in the ground black pepper for 6 years. S. Reading was not previously associated with any LMF. Using both Illumina and Pacific Biosciences sequencing technologies, we also document changes in the genomes and methylomes of the surviving serovars over this 6-year period. The three serovars acquired a small number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including seven substitutions (four synonymous, two non-synonymous, and one substitution in a non-coding region), and two insertion-deletions. Nine distinct N6-methyladenine (m6A) methylated motifs across the three serovars were identified including five which were previously known, Gm6ATC, CAGm6AG, BATGCm6AT, CRTm6AYN6CTC, and CCm6AN7TGAG, and four novel serovar-specific motifs, GRTm6AN8TTYG, GAm6ACN7GTA, GAA m6ACY, and CAAm6ANCC. Interestingly, the BATGCAT motif was incompletely methylated (35–64% sites across the genome methylated), suggesting a possible role in gene regulation. Furthermore, the number of methylated BATGCm6AT motifs increased after storage in ground black pepper for 6 years from 475 to 657 (S. Tennessee), 366 to 608 (S. Anatum), and 525 to 570 (S. Reading), thus warranting further study as an adaptive mechanism. This is the first long-term assessment of genomic changes in S. enterica in a low moisture environment, and the first study to examine the methylome of any bacteria over a period of years, to our knowledge. These data contribute to our understanding of S. enterica survival in LMFs, and coupled with further studies, will provide the information necessary to design effective interventions which reduce S. enterica in LMFs and maintain a healthy, safe food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary P. Davies
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, NEA, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Cary P. Davies,
| | - Thomas Jurkiw
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Julie Haendiges
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Nathan Anderson
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, IL, United States
| | - Elizabeth Grasso-Kelley
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, IL, United States
| | - Maria Hoffmann
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
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Fonseka RW, McDougal L, Raj A, Reed E, Lundgren R, Urada L, Silverman JG. Measuring the impacts of maternal child marriage and maternal intimate partner violence and the moderating effects of proximity to conflict on stunting among children under 5 in post-conflict Sri Lanka. SSM Popul Health 2022; 18:101074. [PMID: 35378865 PMCID: PMC8976144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to understand whether maternal child marriage and past year intimate partner violence (IPV) impact stunting among Sri Lankan children under 5 years old, and, secondarily, whether proximity to conflict is associated with stunting. Additionally, we assessed whether proximity to conflict moderates the relationships between maternal child marriage and past year IPV (sexual, physical, and emotional). We tested these questions using logistic regression analyses of the 2016 Sri Lankan Demographic and Health Survey (n = 4941 mother-child dyads). In country-wide adjusted analyses, we did not find associations between maternal child marriage or IPV and stunting (p > 0.05). Children in districts proximal and central to conflict were significantly less likely to be stunted compared to children in districts distal to conflict (proximal adjusted odds ratio/aOR: 0.43, 95% confidence interval/CI: 0.22–0.82; central aOR: 0.53, CI: 0.29–0.98). We found significant interaction effects on stunting between proximity to conflict and both sexual and emotional IPV, which we further explored in stratified analyses. In districts distal to conflict, maternal sexual IPV was significantly associated with increased odds of stunting (aOR: 2.71, CI: 1.16–6.35), and in districts central to conflict, maternal emotional IPV was significantly associated with increased odds of stunting (aOR: 1.80, CI: 1.13–2.89). Maternal emotional IPV was significantly associated with decreased odds of stunting in districts proximal to conflict (aOR: 0.42, CI: 0.18–0.96). Maternal child marriage and physical IPV were not associated with stunting in Sri Lanka. Variations in associations between maternal IPV and stunting across Sri Lanka may reflect the lasting and differential impact of conflict, as well as differential humanitarian responses which may have improved child nutrition practices and resources in districts central and proximal to conflict. Policies and programs addressing stunting in Sri Lanka should consider the role of maternal IPV as well as community-level variations based on proximity to conflict. Across Sri Lanka, stunting is reduced in areas proximal and central to conflict. Proximity to conflict moderates the impact of sexual and emotional IPV on stunting. Children's vulnerability to stunting and IPV varies by proximity to conflict. Humanitarian aid may have decreased stunting in areas most impacted by conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruvani W. Fonseka
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- San José State University School of Social Work, 1 Washington Square, San Jose, CA 95112, USA
- Corresponding author. San José State University School of Social Work, 1 Washington Square, San Jose, CA 95112, USA.
| | - Lotus McDougal
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anita Raj
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- San Diego State University School of Public Health, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Rebecka Lundgren
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Lianne Urada
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- San Diego State University School of Social Work, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Jay G. Silverman
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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24
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Reed E, O’Riordan K. Queering genealogies: introduction to the special section. Feminist Theory 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/14647001211059523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fonseka RW, McDougal L, Raj A, Reed E, Lundgren R, Urada L, Silverman JG. A mediation analysis of the role of girl child marriage in the relationship between proximity to conflict and past-year intimate partner violence in post-conflict Sri Lanka. Confl Health 2022; 16:5. [PMID: 35164806 PMCID: PMC8842814 DOI: 10.1186/s13031-022-00436-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies from many contexts indicate that proximity to conflict is associated with increased likelihood of intimate partner violence (IPV), and girl child marriage is associated with both proximity to conflict and increased IPV. In this study, we consider whether girl child marriage acts as a mediator of the association between proximity to conflict and IPV in the context of Sri Lanka, which sustained long-term conflict until 2009. Methods We analyzed responses of currently partnered women between ages 18 and 49 in the 2016 Sri Lankan Demographic and Health Survey (N = 13,691). Using logistic regression analyses, we measured associations between proximity to conflict (residence in districts which were central, proximal, or distal to the regions where the war occurred) and the outcomes of IPV and girl child marriage, and secondarily assessed girl child marriage as a possible mediator of the association between proximity to conflict and past year IPV. Results Women residing in districts central to conflict, as compared to districts distal to conflict, had increased odds of past year sexual, physical, and emotional IPV, with the odds of sexual IPV increasing the most (adjusted odds ratio/aOR 4.19, 95% confidence interval/CI 2.08–8.41). Residing in districts proximal to conflict compared to those distal to conflict was associated with lower odds of past year physical and emotional IPV, with the greatest decrease in emotional IPV (aOR 0.31, CI 0.18–0.54). Girl child marriage was more likely in districts central to conflict as opposed to those distal to conflict (aOR 1.89, CI 1.22–2.93), and partially mediated the relationship between centrality to conflict and IPV. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that residing in districts central to conflict compared to those distal to conflict is associated with greater odds of IPV and girl child marriage in post-conflict Sri Lanka, with girl child marriage partially mediating the association between centrality to conflict and IPV. Residence in districts proximal to conflict appears protective against IPV. Future research should investigate what factors are responsible for decreased IPV in districts proximal to violence, and whether these factors can be reproduced to mitigate the increased prevalence of IPV in districts central to conflict. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13031-022-00436-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruvani W Fonseka
- Center on Gender Equity and Health (GEH), University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health, San Diego State University and University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. .,School of Social Work, San José State University, San Jose, CA, USA.
| | - Lotus McDougal
- Center on Gender Equity and Health (GEH), University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anita Raj
- Center on Gender Equity and Health (GEH), University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rebecka Lundgren
- Center on Gender Equity and Health (GEH), University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lianne Urada
- Center on Gender Equity and Health (GEH), University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.,School of Social Work, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jay G Silverman
- Center on Gender Equity and Health (GEH), University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Reed E, Kant T. One donor egg and ‘a dollop of love’: ART and de-queering genealogies in Facebook advertising. Feminist Theory 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/14647001211059522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We consider what genealogical links, kinship and sociality are promised through the marketing of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). Using a mixed method of formal analysis of Facebook's algorithmic architectures and textual analysis of twenty-eight adverts for egg donation drawn from the Facebook Ad Library, we analyse the ways in which the figure of the ‘fertile woman’ is constituted both within the text and at the level of Facebook's targeted advertising systems. We critically examine the ways in which ART clinics address those women whose eggs they wish to harvest and exchange, in combination with the ways in which Facebook's architecture identifies, and sorts those women deemed of ‘relevance’ to the commercial ART industry. We find that women variously appear in these adverts as empowered consumers, generous girlfriends, potential mothers and essentialised bodies who provide free-floating eggs. The genealogical and fertility possibility offered through ART is represented with banal ambiguity wherein potentially disruptive forms of biogenetic relatedness and arrangements of kinship are derisked by an overarching narrative of simplicity and sameness which excludes men, messy genealogies and explicitly queer forms of kinship. This rationalisation is supported by the simplicity and certainty of the Facebook targeted advertising algorithm which produces a coherent audience and interpellates users as fertile subjects whose choices are both biologically determined and only available through clinical intervention.
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Salawu MM, Okedare OO, Reed E, Kiene SM, Fawole OI. Money, Power, and Relationships: Economic Vulnerability in Girls' Lives and Risk for Partner Violence Among Girls in Ibadan, Nigeria. Violence Against Women 2021; 28:2805-2824. [PMID: 34860615 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211058223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the experience of economic vulnerability and its effect on girls' future aspirations, relationships, and financial reliance on male partners, as well as risk for intimate partner violence (IPV) and related health consequences. Thirteen Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted among 122 female adolescents aged 15-19 years. Participants reported that lack of economic resources limits girls' ability to be economically independent by reducing opportunities to receive education or enter into a trade. Economic vulnerability decreases girls' ability to become economically independent, increasing financial reliance on male partners, and in turn, increasing risk for IPV, sexually transmitted infections, and unintended pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobolaji M Salawu
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, 113092University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Omowumi O Okedare
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, 113092University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, 229220School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.,Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California San Diego, Division of Infectious Disease and Global Public Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Susan M Kiene
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, 7117San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Olufunmilayo I Fawole
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, 113092University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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28
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Haendiges J, Davidson GR, Pettengill JB, Reed E, Ramachandran P, Blessington T, Miller JD, Anderson N, Myoda S, Brown EW, Zheng J, Tikekar R, Hoffmann M. Genomic evidence of environmental and resident Salmonella Senftenberg and Montevideo contamination in the pistachio supply-chain. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259471. [PMID: 34735518 PMCID: PMC8568146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pistachios have been implicated in two salmonellosis outbreaks and multiple recalls in the U.S. This study performed an in-depth retrospective data analysis of Salmonella associated with pistachios as well as a storage study to evaluate the survivability of Salmonella on inoculated inshell pistachios to further understand the genetics and microbiological dynamics of this commodity-pathogen pair. The retrospective data analysis on isolates associated with pistachios was performed utilizing short-read and long-read sequencing technologies. The sequence data were analyzed using two methods: the FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) analysis and Whole Genome Multilocus Sequence Typing (wgMLST). The year-long storage study evaluated the survival of five strains of Salmonella on pistachios stored at 25 °C at 35% and 54% relative humidity (RH). Our results demonstrate: i) evidence of persistent Salmonella Senftenberg and Salmonella Montevideo strains in pistachio environments, some of which may be due to clonal resident strains and some of which may be due to preharvest contamination; ii) presence of the Copper Homeostasis and Silver Resistance Island (CHASRI) in Salmonella Senftenberg and Montevideo strains in the pistachio supply chain; and iii) the use of metagenomic analysis is a novel tool for determining the composition of serovar survival in a cocktail inoculated storage study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Haendiges
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gordon R Davidson
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James B Pettengill
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Padmini Ramachandran
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tyann Blessington
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jesse D Miller
- Neogen Corporation, Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nathan Anderson
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sam Myoda
- IEH Incorporated, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eric W Brown
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rohan Tikekar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Maria Hoffmann
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
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Alemayehu M, Medhanyie AA, Reed E, Bezabih AM. Use of community-based interventions to promote family planning use among pastoralist women in Ethiopia: cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Womens Health 2021; 21:305. [PMID: 34407805 PMCID: PMC8371816 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Afar region is one of the pastoralist dominated regions in Ethiopia. The region is characterized by a low contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) of 5.4%. Lack of awareness of contraceptive use, husband objection and religious barriers are attributed to low CPR in the region. This study assessed the effect of community-based interventions for promoting family planning (FP) use among pastoralist communities in Ethiopia. Methods The study design was a three-arm, parallel, clustered randomized controlled trial (CRT). The three study arms were: (1) male involvement in family planning (FP) education; (2) women’s education on FP; and (3) control. A total of 33 clusters were randomized and allocated with a one-to-one ratio. Intervention components included (1) health education on FP to married women and men by faema leaders (a traditional community-based structure that serves as a social support group); (2) video-assisted message on FP; and (3) assisting the faema leader using health workers and health extension workers (HEWs). The intervention was given for a total of nine months. FP use and intentions were measured as outcome variables. In addition, a cluster-level summary considering a cluster effect analysis was performed. The result was presented with t.test, adjusted risks and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Results The proportion of FP use among the arms was 34% in the male involvement in FP education, 17.5% in women’s education on FP and 4.3% in the control. There was a positive change in the proportion of FP use in the male involvement in FP education and women’s education on FP arms with absolute risk (AR) of 0.29 (95% CI, 0.23,0.34) and 0.13 (95% CI,0.08,0.17), respectively, as compared to the control arm. Similarly, married women in the male involvement in FP education and women’s education on FP arms had 3.4 (2.48, 4.91) and 2.1 (1.50, 2.95) higher intention to use FP, respectively, as compared with the control arm. Conclusion The present study suggests that in such male-dominated pastoralist communities with more considerable religious barriers, the community-based health education mainly targeting males appears to be a promising strategy for improving FP use and intention to use FP. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03450564, March, 2018. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12905-021-01434-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mussie Alemayehu
- School of Public Health, Mekelle University, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Araya Abrha Medhanyie
- School of Public Health, Mekelle University, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, USA
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Page LL, Phipps C, Fanning J, Berger A, Reed E, Ehlers DK. Heart Rate Monitor Agreement In Breast Cancer Survivors In A Community-based Exercise Program. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000764744.96903.cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dixit A, Johns NE, Ghule M, Battala M, Begum S, Yore J, Saggurti N, Silverman JG, Reed E, Benmarhnia T, Averbach S, Raj A. Male-female concordance in reported involvement of women in contraceptive decision-making and its association with modern contraceptive use among couples in rural Maharashtra, India. Reprod Health 2021; 18:139. [PMID: 34193214 PMCID: PMC8244175 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-021-01187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Women's involvement in contraceptive decision-making increases contraceptive use and reduces unmet need, but study of this has been limited to women's self-reports. Less research is available examining couple concordance and women's involvement in contraceptive decision-making as reported by both men and women. STUDY DESIGN We carried out a cross-sectional study using data from rural India (N = 961 young married couples). Using multivariable regression we examined the association between concordance or discordance in spousal reports of wife's involvement in contraceptive decision-making and modern contraceptive use, adjusting for demographics, intimate partner violence, and contraceptive use discussion. RESULTS More than one third (38.3%) of women reported current modern contraceptive use. Report of women's involvement in contraceptive decision-making showed 70.3% of couples agreed that women were involved, jointly or alone (categorized as Concordant 1), 4.2% agreed women were not involved (categorized at Concordant 2), 13.2% had women report involvement but men report women were uninvolved (categorized as Discordant 1), and 12.2% had women report uninvolvement but men report that women were involved (categorized as Discordant 2). Discordant 2 couples had lower odds of modern contraceptive use relative to Concordant 1 couples (adjusted RR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.45-0.83). No other significant differences between Concordant 1 couples and other categories were observed. CONCLUSION One in four couples indicated discordance on women's involvement in contraceptive decision making, with Discordant 2 category having lower odds of contraceptive use. Couples' concordance in women's involvement in contraceptive decision-making offers a target for family planning research and interventions to better meet their needs. Trial registration ClinicalTrial.gov, NCT03514914. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03514914.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anvita Dixit
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA. .,Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health (Global Health Track), University of California San Diego/San Diego State University, San Diego, USA.
| | - Nicole E Johns
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Mohan Ghule
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | | | - Shahina Begum
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Jennifer Yore
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | | | - Jay G Silverman
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA.,Division of Health Promotion and Behavior, San Diego State University, San Diego, USA
| | - Tarik Benmarhnia
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, USA.,Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Sarah Averbach
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Anita Raj
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA.,Department of Education Studies, Division of Social Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, USA
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Commichaux S, Javkar K, Ramachandran P, Nagarajan N, Bertrand D, Chen Y, Reed E, Gonzalez-Escalona N, Strain E, Rand H, Pop M, Ottesen A. Evaluating the accuracy of Listeria monocytogenes assemblies from quasimetagenomic samples using long and short reads. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:389. [PMID: 34039264 PMCID: PMC8157722 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07702-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole genome sequencing of cultured pathogens is the state of the art public health response for the bioinformatic source tracking of illness outbreaks. Quasimetagenomics can substantially reduce the amount of culturing needed before a high quality genome can be recovered. Highly accurate short read data is analyzed for single nucleotide polymorphisms and multi-locus sequence types to differentiate strains but cannot span many genomic repeats, resulting in highly fragmented assemblies. Long reads can span repeats, resulting in much more contiguous assemblies, but have lower accuracy than short reads. RESULTS We evaluated the accuracy of Listeria monocytogenes assemblies from enrichments (quasimetagenomes) of naturally-contaminated ice cream using long read (Oxford Nanopore) and short read (Illumina) sequencing data. Accuracy of ten assembly approaches, over a range of sequencing depths, was evaluated by comparing sequence similarity of genes in assemblies to a complete reference genome. Long read assemblies reconstructed a circularized genome as well as a 71 kbp plasmid after 24 h of enrichment; however, high error rates prevented high fidelity gene assembly, even at 150X depth of coverage. Short read assemblies accurately reconstructed the core genes after 28 h of enrichment but produced highly fragmented genomes. Hybrid approaches demonstrated promising results but had biases based upon the initial assembly strategy. Short read assemblies scaffolded with long reads accurately assembled the core genes after just 24 h of enrichment, but were highly fragmented. Long read assemblies polished with short reads reconstructed a circularized genome and plasmid and assembled all the genes after 24 h enrichment but with less fidelity for the core genes than the short read assemblies. CONCLUSION The integration of long and short read sequencing of quasimetagenomes expedited the reconstruction of a high quality pathogen genome compared to either platform alone. A new and more complete level of information about genome structure, gene order and mobile elements can be added to the public health response by incorporating long read analyses with the standard short read WGS outbreak response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Commichaux
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA.
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
- Biological Science Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Kiran Javkar
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Padmini Ramachandran
- Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Niranjan Nagarajan
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, 13862, Singapore
| | - Denis Bertrand
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, 13862, Singapore
| | - Yi Chen
- Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Errol Strain
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Hugh Rand
- Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Mihai Pop
- Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Andrea Ottesen
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
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Reimer-McAtee M, Corsi G, Reed E, Boston KM, Yalamanchili H, Burnazian G, Bassett S, Butler J, McGinnis-Cole T, Chavez V, Wanger A, Ostrosky-Zeichner L. Successful implementation of the CDC recommendations during the care of 2 patients with Candida auris in in-patient rehabilitation and intensive care settings. Am J Infect Control 2021; 49:525-527. [PMID: 32828800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Candida auris presents a unique challenge to practitioners and infection control teams worldwide because of its virulence, alarming resistance profile, environmental fitness, and risk of nosocomial transmission. We describe 2 cases of Candida auris infection managed with the CDC recommendations with no evidence of in-hospital transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Reimer-McAtee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern School of Medicine, Houston, TX.
| | - Gabriela Corsi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern School of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Department of Infection Prevention, Memorial Hermann Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kelley M Boston
- Department of Infection Prevention, Memorial Hermann Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX; Infection Prevention and Management Associates, Houston, TX
| | - Harika Yalamanchili
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern School of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - George Burnazian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Memorial Hermann Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sonia Bassett
- Department of Infection Prevention, Memorial Hermann Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX
| | - John Butler
- Department of Infection Prevention, Memorial Hermann Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX
| | - Tawanna McGinnis-Cole
- Department of Infection Prevention, Memorial Hermann Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX
| | - Violeta Chavez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, McGovern School of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Audrey Wanger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, McGovern School of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Luis Ostrosky-Zeichner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, McGovern School of Medicine, Houston, TX
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Dixit A, Bhan N, Benmarhnia T, Reed E, Kiene SM, Silverman J, Raj A. The association between early in marriage fertility pressure from in-laws' and family planning behaviors, among married adolescent girls in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, India. Reprod Health 2021; 18:60. [PMID: 33750403 PMCID: PMC7941884 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-021-01116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Married adolescent girls are vulnerable to risky sexual and reproductive health outcomes. We examined the association of fertility pressure from in-laws’ early in marriage with contraceptive use ever, parity, time until first birth, and couple communication about family size, among married adolescent girls. Methods Data were taken from a cross-sectional survey with married girls aged 15–19 years (N = 4893) collected from September 2015 to July 2016 in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, India. Multivariable regression assessed associations between in-laws’ fertility pressure and each outcome, adjusting for sociodemographic covariates. Results We found that 1 in 5 girls experienced pressure from in-laws’ to have a child immediately after marriage. In-laws’ fertility pressure was associated with lower parity (Adj. β Coef. − 0.10, 95% CI − 0.17, − 0.37) and couple communication about family size (AOR = 1.77, 95% CI 1.39, 2.26), but not contraceptive use or time until birth. Conclusions Our study adds to the literature identifying that in-laws’ pressure on fertility is common, affects couple communication about family size, and may be more likely for those yet to have a child, but may have little effect impeding contraceptive use in a context where such use is not normative. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12978-021-01116-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anvita Dixit
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0507, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0507, USA. .,Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health, San Diego State University-University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Nandita Bhan
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0507, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0507, USA
| | - Tarik Benmarhnia
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 8622 Kennel Way, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Susan M Kiene
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Jay Silverman
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0507, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0507, USA
| | - Anita Raj
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0507, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0507, USA.,Department of Education Studies, Division of Social Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Fawole OI, Okedare OO, Salawu MM, Kiene SM, Reed E. Relationship dynamics with male partners among girls in low-income communities of Ibadan, Nigeria: Risk for violence and health related consequences. J Adolesc 2021; 87:74-85. [PMID: 33508729 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study explored the motivations for and relationship dynamics that may promote girls' vulnerability for intimate partner violence and sources of support reported in unhealthy relationships among girls residing in low-income communities in Ibadan, Nigeria. METHODS Focus group discussions (n = 14; 122 girls) were conducted among girls aged 15-19 years, who reported having been in a relationship lasting at least 3 months. Girls were recruited from schools and worksites where partner violence has been reported in high proportions. Data were analysed using conceptual content analyses and independently coded by two researchers. RESULTS Adolescent girls reported keeping their relationships secret from their parents. While girls reported that sometimes relationships were out of love, relationships were also often motivated by girls' financial need. The financial and secretive nature of these relationships appeared to place girls at risk for intimate partner violence, with sexual coercion, resulting in multiple adverse social and health outcomes, including sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy. Girls reported that leaving an abusive relationship is especially difficult when girls rely financially, were sexually involved, pregnant, or have had a child with the male partner. Friends/peers, rather than girls' family, were often the source of support for intimate partner violence. CONCLUSION Early identification of unhealthy relationships and supporting girls to be financially independent appear to be critical to reduce vulnerability to violence. Peer-based interventions may be most appropriate, given that girls' friends, rather than parents, were most often the source of support for intimate partner violence and other relationship challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufunmilayo I Fawole
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Omowumi O Okedare
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Mobolaji M Salawu
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Susan M Kiene
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, USA; Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California San Diego, Division of Infectious Disease and Global Public Health, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Fawole OI, Okedare OO, Reed E. Home was not a safe haven: women's experiences of intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 lockdown in Nigeria. BMC Womens Health 2021; 21:32. [PMID: 33472627 PMCID: PMC7816140 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergency situations, including epidemics, increase incidence of violence against women, especially intimate partner violence (IPV). This paper describes specific scenarios of IPV reported by women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria to provide insight for policy and programmatic efforts. METHODS This paper draws on seven de-identified case reports from organisations serving women experiencing IPV as well as media coverage of IPV cases in Nigeria, between April and May, 2020. RESULTS In most cases, reports identified IPV that was occurring prior to the lockdown, but increased in severity or involved new types of violence during the lockdown. The case scenarios included descriptions of many forms of IPV commonly reported, including physical, economic, psychological and sexual violence, often concurrently. Several women also reported threats of being thrown out of their homes by perpetrators, which threatens women's ability to protect themselves from exposure to COVID-19, but could also leave women stranded with no access to transportation, social services, or other resources during the lockdown. Several women also reported IPV that involved custody of children, as well as IPV that disrupted women's income generation. IPV was also reported in relation to economic stressors associated with the lockdown. Reports highlight how the lockdown disrupted women's social support, hindering accessibility of formal and informal sources of help. CONCLUSION The lockdowns in Nigeria may have inadvertently placed women already experiencing partner violence at risk for experiencing more severe violence, new challenges to cope with violent experiences, and other forms of violence, including violence that used the lockdown as a way to threaten women's security and ability to protect themselves from the virus. Hence, there is need for innovative approaches to support victims, with emphasis on ways in which perpetrators of IPV may be using the threat of COVID-19 to further gain power and control over partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufunmilayo I Fawole
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Omowumi O Okedare
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Infectious Disease and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Gonzalez C, Brouwer KC, Reed E, Nicholls MJ, Kim J, Gonzalez-Zuniga PE, Gaeta-Rivera A, Urada LA. Women Trading Sex in a U.S.-Mexico Border City: A Qualitative Study of the Barriers and Facilitators to Finding Community and Voice. Sexes 2020; 1:1-18. [PMID: 34386640 PMCID: PMC8357315 DOI: 10.3390/sexes1010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Poverty and income inequality can increase a woman's decision to engage in risky transactional sex, and may lead to unimaginable harms, such as violence, substance use, and human trafficking. This study examines the facilitators and barriers to finding community and voice among women trading sex in Tijuana, Mexico, and what factors, such as socio-structural support, violence, and substance use, may impact their potential to engage with others, including human service providers. Sixty qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with women trading sex in Tijuana, Mexico. Researchers met with participants for in-depth-face-to-face structured interviews. Data were coded using ATLAS.ti. Participants were aged 19-73 (mean: 37), 98% were of Mexican nationality, 90% reported trading sex independent of the control of others, with 58% identified as independent and street-based. Thirty percent of women trading sex reported substance use (excluding marijuana) and 20% reported injection drug use within 30 days. The majority reported no involvement in mobilization activities, but 85% expressed interest. However, barriers included stigma, cultural gender norms, partner violence, and privacy in regards to disclosure of sex trade involvement, moral conflict (revealing one's involvement in sex trade), involvement in substance use, human trafficking, and feeling powerless. Facilitators were having a safe space to meet, peer support, self-esteem, feeling heard, knowledge of rights, economic need to support families, and staying healthy. Findings imply the potential to go beyond mobilizing limited groups of women in the sex trade and instead involve whole community mobilization; that is, to reach and include the more vulnerable women (substance use, trafficked) in supportive services (social services, exit strategies, better healthcare opportunities, and/or education for healthcare providers to help break societal stigmas regarding women in the sex trade) and to change the status of women in society in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gonzalez
- College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University School of Social Work, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Kimberly C. Brouwer
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, San Diego State University School of Public Health, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Melanie J. Nicholls
- College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University School of Social Work, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jessica Kim
- Center for Justice and Reconciliation, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | | | - Andrés Gaeta-Rivera
- Instituto Chihuahuense de Salud Mental, 31000 Chihuahua, Mexico
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, 21289 Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Lianne A. Urada
- College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University School of Social Work, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, University of California, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Correspondence:
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Alemayehu M, Medhanyie AA, Reed E, Mulugeta A. Individual-level and community-level factors associated with the family planning use among pastoralist community of Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e036519. [PMID: 32907899 PMCID: PMC7482466 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to identify the effects of the individual-level and community-level factors on the use of family planning (FP) among married women in the pastoralist community of Ethiopia. DESIGN A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in September 2018. Data were analysed using R software. To determine the fixed effect of individual-level and community-level factors of FP use, a two-level mixed-effects logistic regression was used. The result was described using the Adjusted OR (AOR), and the variance partition coefficient. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Afar, Ethiopia (2018; n=891) married women of reproductive age (15-49) years. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES FP use or non-use. RESULTS The current use of FP was 18.7% (16.31%-21.43%). Women who need to walk 1 hour and more to the nearest health facility (AOR 0.14, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.3), have ANC visit of 4 and above (AOR 6.02, 95% CI 1.74 to 20.8), had their last birth at a health facility (AOR 2.71 95% CI 1.27 to 5.81), have five and more children (AOR 4.71, 95% CI 1.86 to 11.9), have high knowledge on FP (AOR 2.74, 95% CI 1.11 to 6.74) and had high intentions to use FP (AOR 10.3, 95% CI 3.85 to 27.6) were more likely to report FP use. The magnitude of the effect of for FP use was smaller than that of 9 of the 13 individual factors. Apart from this 19.4% of the total variance in the odds of using FP attributed to between community difference (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.194). Regarding the community-level characteristics, clusters of having higher electronic media possession (AOR 2.84, 95% CI 1.2 to 6.72) and higher women decision making on FP (AOR 8.35, 95% CI 2.7 to 27.1) were significantly associated with increased FP use compared with clusters with lower reports of these aspects. CONCLUSION FP use among the pastoralist community is influenced by both individual cluster/community-level characteristics or factors. Even though the effect of clustering in FP use was large in comparison with the unexplained between-cluster variation, it was lower than the individual-level factors. TRAIL REGISTRTION NUMBER NCT03450564.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mussie Alemayehu
- Public Health, Mekelle University College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Afework Mulugeta
- School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia
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Reed E. Integrating qualitative and quantitative content analysis for assessing and improving evaluability. Eur J Public Health 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The second presentation will cover integrating qualitative and quantitative content analysis for addressing 'why' and 'how' as well as 'what' questions relating to monitoring and assessing interim and instrumental outcomes achieved or not achieved in public health initiatives and programs. Steps for developing meaningful scoring systems for synthesizing the review of multiple types of documents will be described. Examples will be given from global health engagement projects with the development or strengthening of partnerships as a key objective. Using document review as a management tool in integrating strategic planning, monitoring, and evaluation will be discussed, as a way of assessing the gaps between planning and evaluation and strengthening their relationship.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pastoralist community, Afar, women felt that they are embedded in strong cultural and religious perspectives which promotes a high number of children, and discourages family planning (FP) use. They are multifaced factors which hinder women not to use FP and it is time to develop a context-based tool to understand the situation at the ground. However, we have a dearth of evidence on a reliable and valid tool. Therefore, this study aims in developing a reliable and valid tool that considers the women's knowledge, male involvement, attitude, and belief about whether most people approve or disapprove of the behavior to use or not use of FP. METHODS A total of 891 married women participated in the study. Reviewing the literature, piloting, pretesting, and collecting the actual data were the steps we used to develop a reliable and valid tool. We used the integrated behavioral model (IBM) as a conceptual framework for developing the tool. The developing tool consists of 1) knowledge 2) perceived male involvement and 3) constructs of integrated behavioral model (IBM); expressional and instrumental attitude, subjective norm, self-efficacy, perceived control and intention to use of FP. The IBM items composed of direct and indirect measurement. In the analysis of the data, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was done. Independent t. test with cohen's d was used to calculate the effect size. The correlation coefficient was carried between the direct and indirect measurements of the items of the integrated behavioral model (IBM). RESULTS A total of 891 pastoralist married women were included in the analysis of the reliability and validity of the tool. The mean age of the participants was 26.74(±6.45). The KMO value for all items was greater than 0.83 with a Bartlett test of sphericity of (p < 0.00). Thirteen items were used to measure the knowledge of the respondent towards FP use. The tool had 64.92 variances explained and Cronbach alpha of 0.85. Acceptable values of the fitness indices were obtained in the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) The items of knowledge towards FP had normed chi-square of 4.5, RMSEA with 90% CI of 0.064(0.056,.0.071), SRMR of 0.039, CFI of 0.969 and TLI of 0961. All the developed items had a Cohen's d ranges from 0.5 to 2. Moreover, the correlation test of the IBM ranges from 0.6 to 0.7 which shows a higher correlation between the measurement direct and indirect items. CONCLUSION The pastoralist community version of the FP questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool and can be used to measure future family planning use. The indirect measurement of the IBM constructs was a good item to measure FP. However, as a limitation of the study respondents may face difficulty in realizing the difference one item to another especially when items on the scale look so similar to her.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mussie Alemayehu
- School of Public Health, Mekelle University, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Araya Abrha Medhanyie
- School of Public Health, Mekelle University, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, USA
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Villacrés-Vallejo J, Aranda-Ventura J, Wallis A, Cagle R, Handy SM, Davis J, Reed E, Zhang S, Strain E, Pava-Ripoll M, Erickson D, Ramachandran P, Ottesen A. Using full chloroplast genomes of 'red' and 'yellow' Bixa orellana (achiote) for kmer based identification and phylogenetic inference. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:544. [PMID: 32762642 PMCID: PMC7430826 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Full chloroplast genomes provide high resolution taxonomic discrimination between closely related plant species and are quickly replacing single and multi-locus barcoding regions as reference materials of choice for DNA based taxonomic annotation of plants. Bixa orellana, commonly known as “achiote” and “annatto” is a plant used for both human and animal foods and was thus identified for full chloroplast sequencing for the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) Complete Chloroplast Animal Feed database. This work was conducted in collaboration with the Instituto de Medicina Tradicional (IMET) in Iquitos, Peru. There is a wide range of color variation in pods of Bixa orellana for which genetic loci that distinguish phenotypes have not yet been identified. Here we apply whole chloroplast genome sequencing of “red” and “yellow” individuals of Bixa orellana to provide high quality reference genomes to support kmer database development for use identifying this plant from complex mixtures using shotgun data. Additionally, we describe chloroplast gene content, synteny and phylogeny, and identify an indel and snp that may be associated with seed pod color. Results Fully assembled chloroplast genomes were produced for both red and yellow Bixa orellana accessions (158,918 and 158,823 bp respectively). Synteny and gene content was identical to the only other previously reported full chloroplast genome of Bixa orellana (NC_041550). We observed a 17 base pair deletion at position 58,399–58,415 in both accessions, relative to NC_041550 and a 6 bp deletion at position 75,531–75,526 and a snp at position 86,493 in red Bixa orellana. Conclusions Our data provide high quality reference genomes of individuals of red and yellow Bixa orellana to support kmer based identity markers for use with shotgun sequencing approaches for rapid, precise identification of Bixa orellana from complex mixtures. Kmer based phylogeny of full chloroplast genomes supports monophylly of Bixaceae consistent with alignment based approaches. A potentially discriminatory indel and snp were identified that may be correlated with the red phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Villacrés-Vallejo
- Seguro Social de Salud, Instituto de Medicina Tradicional, Iquitos, Peru.,Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Facultad de Agronomía, Iquitos, Peru
| | | | - Anna Wallis
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Robin Cagle
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sara M Handy
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jeffery Davis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Shu Zhang
- DNA4 Technologies LLC, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Errol Strain
- Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, FDA, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Monica Pava-Ripoll
- Office of Food Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA, College Park, MD, USA
| | - David Erickson
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Padmini Ramachandran
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Andrea Ottesen
- Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine, FDA, Laurel, MD, USA. .,Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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Burris KP, Simmons OD, Webb HM, Moore RG, Jaykus LA, Zheng J, Reed E, Ferreira CM, Brown E, Bell RL. Salmonella enterica colonization and fitness in pre-harvest cantaloupe production. Food Microbiol 2020; 93:103612. [PMID: 32912584 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cantaloupes have emerged as significant vehicles of widespread foodborne illness outbreaks caused by bacterial pathogens, including Salmonella. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency of Salmonella colonization and internalization in cantaloupes by relevant routes of contamination. Cantaloupe plants (Cucumis melo 'reticulatus') from two cultivars 'Athena' (Eastern) and 'Primo' (Western) were grown from commercial seed. Plants were maintained in the NCSU BSL-3P phytotron greenhouse. Salmonella enterica (a cocktail of cantaloupe-associated outbreak serovars Javiana, Newport, Panama, Poona and Typhimurium) contamination was introduced via blossoms or soil at ca. 4.4 log10 CFU/blossom or 8.4 log10 CFU/root zone, respectively. Cantaloupes were analyzed for Salmonella by enrichment in accordance with modified FDA-BAM methods. Five randomly chosen colonies from each Salmonella-positive sample were typed using the Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer following multiplex PCR. Data were analyzed for prevalence of contamination and serovar predominance in fruit, stems and soil. Of the total cantaloupe fruit harvested from Salmonella-inoculated blossoms (n = 63), 89% (56/63) were externally contaminated and 73% (46/63) had Salmonella internalized into the fruit. Serovar Panama was the most commonly isolated from the surface of fruit while S. Panama and S. Poona were the most prevalent inside the fruit. When soil was inoculated with Salmonella at one day post-transplant, 13% (8/60) of the plants were shown to translocate the organism to the lower stem (ca. 4 cm) by 7 days post-inoculation (dpi). We observed Salmonella persistence in the soil up to 60 dpi with S. Newport being the predominant serovar at 10 and 20 dpi. These data demonstrate that contaminated soil and blossoms can lead to Salmonella internalization into the plant or fruit at a relatively high frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie P Burris
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Otto D Simmons
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Hannah M Webb
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Robin Grant Moore
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Christina M Ferreira
- Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Eric Brown
- Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca L Bell
- Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
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Agarwal S, Liedke MO, Jones ACL, Reed E, Kohnert AA, Uberuaga BP, Wang YQ, Cooper J, Kaoumi D, Li N, Auguste R, Hosemann P, Capolungo L, Edwards DJ, Butterling M, Hirschmann E, Wagner A, Selim FA. A new mechanism for void-cascade interaction from nondestructive depth-resolved atomic-scale measurements of ion irradiation-induced defects in Fe. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaba8437. [PMID: 32832684 PMCID: PMC7439404 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba8437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The nondestructive investigation of single vacancies and vacancy clusters in ion-irradiated samples requires a depth-resolved probe with atomic sensitivity to defects. The recent development of short-pulsed positron beams provides such a probe. Here, we combine depth-resolved Doppler broadening and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopies to identify vacancy clusters in ion-irradiated Fe and measure their density as a function of depth. Despite large concentrations of dislocations and voids in the pristine samples, positron annihilation measurements uncovered the structure of vacancy clusters and the change in their size and density with irradiation dose. When combined with transmission electron microscopy measurements, the study demonstrates an association between the increase in the density of small vacancy clusters with irradiation and a remarkable reduction in the size of large voids. This, previously unknown, mechanism for the interaction of cascade damage with voids in ion-irradiated materials is a consequence of the high porosity of the initial microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Agarwal
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - M O Liedke
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - A C L Jones
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - E Reed
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - A A Kohnert
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - B P Uberuaga
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Y Q Wang
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - J Cooper
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - D Kaoumi
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - N Li
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - R Auguste
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - P Hosemann
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - L Capolungo
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - D J Edwards
- Nuclear Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - M Butterling
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - E Hirschmann
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - A Wagner
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - F A Selim
- Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability of nurses with experience of personal bereavement to work with patients can have immediate and/or long-term repercussions on their personal and professional life. AIMS To explore the experience of a personal bereavement, through the death of a significant relative or friend, for nurses working in palliative care. METHODS A multicentre qualitative study interviewed nurses working in palliative care who experienced a significant bereavement within the last 24 months. FINDINGS Key themes: circumstances surrounding bereavement; conflict between the personal and professional; returning to work; grief as a continuum. Advice to bereaved nurses was for them to be open and honest and that work can be grounding; that they should take time off; that grief does not stop on returning to work; and that they should do what feels right for them. CONCLUSIONS Bereaved palliative care nurses strive to maintain their roles in the face of bereavement. Hospices have a significant part to play in offering ongoing support and flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer Todd
- Consultant in Palliative Medicine, Princess Alice Hospice, West End Lane, Esher, Surrey, KT10 8NA, UK
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Burris KP, Simmons OD, Webb HM, Deese LM, Moore RG, Jaykus LA, Zheng J, Reed E, Ferreira CM, Brown EW, Bell RL. Colonization and Internalization of Salmonella enterica and Its Prevalence in Cucumber Plants. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1135. [PMID: 32547530 PMCID: PMC7273826 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus var. sativus) has been linked to several foodborne outbreaks involving Salmonella enterica. The purpose of this work was to investigate the efficiency of colonization and internalization of S. enterica into cucumber plants by various routes of contamination. Produce-associated outbreak strains of Salmonella (a cocktail of serovars Javiana, Montevideo, Newport, Poona, and Typhimurium) were introduced to three cultivars of cucumber plants (two slicing cultivars and one pickling) via blossoms (ca. 6.4 log10 CFU/blossom, 4.5 log10 CFU/blossom, or 2.5 log10 CFU/blossom) or soil (ca. 8.3 log10 CFU/root zone) and were analyzed for prevalence of Salmonella contamination (internal and external) and serovar predominance in fruit and stems. Of the total slicing fruit harvested from Salmonella-inoculated blossoms (ca. 6.4, 4.5, or 2.5 log10 CFU/blossom), 83.9% (47/56), 81.4% (48/59) or 71.2% (84/118) were found colonized and 67.9% (38/56), 35.6% (21/59) or 22.0% (26/118) had Salmonella internalized into the fruit, respectively. S. Poona was the most prevalent serovar isolated on or in cucumber fruits at all inoculation levels. When soil was inoculated at 1 day post-transplant (dpt), 8% (10/120) of the plants were shown to translocate Salmonella to the lower stem 7 days post-inoculation (dpi). Results identified blossoms as an important route by which Salmonella internalized at a high percentage into cucumbers, and S. Poona, the same strain isolated from the 2015 outbreak of cucumbers imported from Mexico, was shown to be well-adapted to the blossom niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie P Burris
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Otto D Simmons
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Hannah M Webb
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Lauren M Deese
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Robin Grant Moore
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Lee-Ann Jaykus
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth Reed
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Christina M Ferreira
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Eric W Brown
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Rebecca L Bell
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
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Bondar G, Bao T, Kurani M, Oh E, Patel K, Shah K, Nelson S, Savvidou S, Kupiec-Weglinsky S, Fadly G, Higuchi E, Silacheva I, LaPierre N, Li Z, Genewick K, Yu S, Grogan T, Elashoff D, Wang W, Ping P, Rossetti M, Reed E, Li X, Deng M. Exercise-Induced Genomic and Transcriptomic Changes in Heart Failure. J Heart Lung Transplant 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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47
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Ogbonnaya IN, Wanyenze RK, Reed E, Silverman JG, Kiene SM. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence in the First 6 Months Following HIV Diagnosis Among a Population-Based Sample in Rural Uganda. AIDS Behav 2020; 24:1252-1265. [PMID: 31538284 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-019-02673-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Research in Uganda examining HIV-positive status disclosure and IPV victimization is scarce, and existing findings may not generalize to community-based samples of men and women newly diagnosed with HIV in Uganda. We investigated the prevalence of lifetime IPV, IPV experienced between HIV diagnosis and 6 months following diagnosis (recent IPV), and IPV specifically related to a partner learning one's HIV-positive status among a sample of men and women newly diagnosed with HIV in a population-based study in rural Uganda. We also examined correlates of recent IPV, including HIV-positive status disclosure. The sample included 337 participants followed for 6 months after HIV diagnosis. Lifetime IPV findings showed that over half of the sample reported experiencing emotional IPV (62.81% of men, 70.37% of women), followed by physical IPV (21.49% of men, 26.39% of women) then sexual IPV (7.44% of men, 17.59% of women). For recent IPV, men and women reported similar rates of physical (4.63% and 8.29%, respectively) and emotional (19.44% and 25.91%, respectively) IPV. Women were more likely than men to report recent sexual IPV (8.29% vs. 1.85%); however, this relationship was no longer significant after controlling for other risk factors associated with sexual IPV (AOR = 3.47, 95% CI [0.65, 18.42]). Participants who disclosed their HIV-positive status to their partner had 59% lower odds of reporting emotional IPV (AOR = 0.41, 95% CI [0.21, 0.81]) than participants who did not disclose their HIV-positive status. Younger age, non-polygamous marriage, lower social support, and greater acceptance for violence against women were also significantly associated with experience of recent IPV. Overall, 12.20% of participants who experienced recent IPV reported that the IPV was related to their partner learning their HIV-positive status. Findings highlight the need for IPV screening and intervention integrated into HIV diagnosis, care, and treatment services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ijeoma Nwabuzor Ogbonnaya
- San Diego State University School of Social Work, San Diego, CA, USA
- Arizona State University School of Social Work, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Reed
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, San Diego State University School of Public Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jay G Silverman
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Susan M Kiene
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Diego State University School of Public Health, 5500 Campanile Drive (MC-4162), San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
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48
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Lally RM, Reed E, Zak R. BPI20-014: Clinical Pathway and Education Implementation to Support Guideline Adherent Breast Cancer Care for Rural Women Under Age 50. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2020. [DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2019.7419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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49
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Cockle-Hearne J, Reed E, Todd J, Ream E. The dying parent and dependent children: a nationwide survey of hospice and community palliative care support services. BMJ Support Palliat Care 2020; 12:e696-e704. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2019-001947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundAnnually, across the world a substantial number of dependent children experience the death of a parent through life-limiting illness. Without support, this has long-term implications for children’s emotional, social and physical well-being, impacting on health and social care services globally. Limited information exists on how service providers are meeting family needs when a parent with dependent children is dying.AimTo determine the bereavement support provided to families with dependent children by UK hospices before and after a parent’s death.DesignA 23-item, cross-sectional, web-based survey of adult UK hospices. Closed and open-ended questions were asked about the features of support provided; open-ended response was sought to a question about the challenges faced by hospices in delivering support. Descriptive and non-parametric statistics and framework analysis were used to analyse the data.Results197 hospices were invited to participate. Response rate was 66% (130/197). More types of support were provided after, than before, parental death (mean 6.36/5.64, z=−5.767, p<0001). Twenty-two per cent of hospices reported no formal processes for asking or documenting the presence of dependent children. Volunteers were an underused resource before parental death. Four themes characterised challenges in delivering support for families: emotional difficulties for families; practical and social difficulties for families; funding/resources; and staff training/numbers.ConclusionsFamily needs are not consistently being met when a parent is dying. Areas for development include: enhanced systems to record when patients have dependent children; flexible approaches to support vulnerable families; staff training to help communication with families and management of their own fears of making the situation worse. Effective educational interventions and service developments to better support staff, parents and children are needed.
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50
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Reed E, Salazar M, Agah N, Behar AI, Silverman JG, Walsh-Buhi E, Rusch MLA, Raj A. Experiencing sexual harassment by males and associated substance use & poor mental health outcomes among adolescent girls in the US. SSM Popul Health 2020; 9:100476. [PMID: 31998825 PMCID: PMC6978506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Among a sample of adolescent girls, we assessed: 1) prevalence of sexual harassment by type, place of occurrence, and perpetrators; 2) association with substance use and poor mental health outcomes; and 3) the proportion of girls experiencing sexual harassment in more than one place and relation to study outcomes. Methods We collected survey data from 159 sexually active girls (aged 15–19 years) recruited from an urban health clinic in Southern California. We used multivariable regression models to assess associations between sexual harassment in the past 6 months and the following outcomes: 1) substance use in past 30 days (alcohol use, binge drinking, and marijuana use, respectively); 2) other drug use ever; and 3) feelings of depression and anxiety, respectively, in past 30 days. Results Almost two-thirds of girls (65.4%) reported experiencing sexual harassment in the past 6 months. Among those reporting recent harassment (n = 104), the abuse most frequently occurred in public spaces (on public transport [50.5%], at school [42.7%], and in their neighborhoods [39.8%]) and most often in the form of sexual comments, jokes, or gestures (57.2%), although 12.6% were “touched, grabbed, or pinched in a sexual way.” The vast majority (82.7%) did not know the perpetrators (82.7%). Experiences of sexual harassment in the past 6 months were significantly associated with alcohol use (odds ratio [OR], 4.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0–10.2), binge drinking (OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.8–9.8), and marijuana use (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2–5.7) in the past 30 days; other drug use ever (OR, 5.4; 95% CI, 1.8–16.4); and feelings of depression (OR: 2.7; 95%CI: 1.3–5.5) and anxiety (OR: 2.6; 95%CI: 1.2–5.5) in the past 30 days. Just over half (55.3%) reported sexual harassment in more than one place, which was also associated with poor substance use and mental health outcomes. Conclusions Findings suggest that sexual harassment experiences are pervasive, occur in girls' immediate and everyday environments, and are associated with girls’ substance use and adverse mental health outcomes. We found a high prevalence of recent experiences of sexual harassment (65%) among this clinic-based sample of girls. Victimization is largely occurring in girls’ immediate environments and predominantly perpetrated by strangers. Sexual harassment was associated with substance use, as well as depression and anxiety among adolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Reed
- San Diego State University, School of Public Health, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92128, USA.,University of California San Diego, Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Global Public Health, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Marissa Salazar
- San Diego State University, School of Public Health, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92128, USA.,University of California San Diego, Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Global Public Health, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Niloufar Agah
- University of California San Diego, Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Global Public Health, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Alma I Behar
- San Diego State University, School of Public Health, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92128, USA.,University of California San Diego, Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Global Public Health, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jay G Silverman
- University of California San Diego, Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Global Public Health, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Eric Walsh-Buhi
- San Diego State University, School of Public Health, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA, 92128, USA
| | - Melanie L A Rusch
- University of California San Diego, Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Global Public Health, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Anita Raj
- University of California San Diego, Center on Gender Equity and Health, Division of Global Public Health, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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