Selective electrochemical determination of tertiary butylhydroquinone in edible oils based on an in-situ assembly molecularly imprinted polymer sensor

A simple molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for determination of propyl gallate in food samples

Propyl gallate (PG), a prevalent synthetic phenolic antioxidant found in food products, has generated considerable apprehension owing to its potential adverse impacts on human health. Therefore, as a result of the current inquiry, an innovative electrochemical sensor with improved sensitivity and selectivity for PG detection has been created. Under optimal conditions, the manufactured sensor exhibits the capability to identify PG within a broad range from 0.01 μM to 5 μM and from 5 μM to 1000 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 6 nM, demonstrating exceptional levels of reproducibility, repeatability, stability, and selectivity. The sensor demonstrated successful detection of PG in edible oils and mayonnaise, with good recoveries ranging from 98.44 % to 101.37 %.

A novel molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the ultrasensitive detection of tert-butylhydroquinone in edible oils

Tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) is widely used to increase the stability of food products; however, it is considered to be a highly unsafe preservative ingredient that has caused serious damage to human health. Thus, in this paper, a novel molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor was designed for ultrasensitive, and selective detection of TBHQ in edible oils. The sensor was based on the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) synthesized with multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), and gold nanoparticle (GNP), as the coating materials, o-phenylenediamine (o-PDA) as the functional monomer, and TBHQ as the template molecule. The electrochemical behavior of MIP/GNP/MWCNT/GCE was studied using several electrochemical methods, which showed a low detection limit of 5 nM. Furthermore the sensor demostrated excellent stability, selectivity, repeatability, and reproducibility. It was successfully used to detect TBHQ in edible oils, with recoveries ranging from 98.44% to 102.09% and relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 2.16%, indicating that TBHQ detection in actual samples is both possible and accurate.

Exploring the potential of molecularly imprinted polymers and metal/metal oxide nanoparticles in sensors: recent advancements and prospects

Metal/metal oxide nanoparticles have gained increasing attention in recent years due to their outstanding features, including optical and catalytic properties, as well as their excellent conductivity. The implementation of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles, combined with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) has paved the way for a new generation of building blocks to engineer and enhance the fascinating features of advanced sensors. This review critically evaluates the impact of combining metal/metal oxide nanoparticles with MIPs in sensors. It covers synthesis strategies, advantages of coupling these materials with MIPs, and addresses questions about the selectivity of these hybrid materials. In the end, the current challenges and future perspectives of this field are discussed, with a particular focus on the potential applications of these hybrid composites in the sensor field. This review highlights the exciting opportunities of using metal/metal oxide nanoparticles along with MIPs for the development of next-generation sensors.

Recent Advances in and Applications of Electrochemical Sensors Based on Covalent Organic Frameworks for Food Safety Analysis

The international community has been paying close attention to the issue of food safety as a matter of public health. The presence of a wide range of contaminants in food poses a significant threat to human health, making it vital to develop detection methods for monitoring these chemical contaminants. Electrochemical sensors using emerging materials have been widely employed to detect food-derived contaminants. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have the potential for extensive applications due to their unique structure, high surface area, and tunable pore sizes. The review summarizes and explores recent advances in electrochemical sensors modified with COFs for detecting pesticides, antibiotics, heavy metal ions, and other food contaminants. Furthermore, future challenges and possible solutions will be discussed regarding food safety analysis using COFs.

Application of Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Biomimetic Sensors for Detecting Small Molecule Food Contaminants

Environmental chemical contaminants in food seriously impact human health and food safety. Successful detection methods can effectively monitor the potential risk of emerging chemical contaminants. Among them, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) based on electrochemical biomimetic sensors overcome many drawbacks of conventional detection methods and offer opportunities to detect contaminants with simple equipment in an efficient, sensitive, and low-cost manner. We searched eligible papers through the Web of Science (2000-2022) and PubMed databases. Then, we introduced the sensing mechanism of MIPs, outlined the sample preparation methods, and summarized the MIP characterization and performance. The classification of electrochemistry, as well as its advantages and disadvantages, are also discussed. Furthermore, the representative application of MIP-based electrochemical biomimetic sensors for detecting small molecular chemical contaminants, such as antibiotics, pesticides, toxins, food additives, illegal additions, organic pollutants, and heavy metal ions in food, is demonstrated. Finally, the conclusions and future perspectives are summarized and discussed.

Core-shell structured Co3O4@PPy composite for electrochemical determination of terbutylhydroquinone

TBHQ is a significant synthetic antioxidant, but excessive use of TBHQ is harmful to human health. Therefore, the preparation of a high-efficiency TBHQ electrochemical sensor is of great significance. In this work, a core-shell structured Co3O4@PPy composite is synthesized for TBHQ determination and exhibits remarkable electrochemical properties. The core-shell structure of Co3O4@PPy composite shows the synergistic effects of fast charge transfer, rich active surface area and more active sites. Under optimal conditions, the linear range of the developed sensor is 0.2-600 μM, and the detection limit is 0.05 μM (S/N = 3). In addition, it also has good stability and reproducibility due to the stable protective role of the PPy shell. The proposed sensor can also be applied to practical sample detection.

COVID-19-inspired "artificial virus" to combat drug-resistant bacteria by membrane-intercalation- photothermal-photodynamic multistage effects

COVID-19 threatens human life because of the super destructiveness produced from its coronal morphology and strong transmembrane infection based on spike glycoprotein. Inspired by the coronal morphology of COVID-19 and its means of infecting, we designed an "artificial virus" with coronal morphology based on the concept of "defeating superbacteria with superviruses" by self-assembling a transacting activator of transduction peptide with triple-shell porous graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) embedded with cobalt nanoparticles to forcefully infect methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The results confirmed that this "artificial virus" had unique properties of crossing the bacterial cell membrane barrier, heating the internal bacterial microenvironment and triggering ROS outbreak, based on its coronal morphology, membrane penetration, temperature-rising and heat insulation, oxidase-like activity and excellent visible-light harvesting properties. It had a high sterilization efficiency of 99.99% at 20 min, which was 18.6 times that of g-C₃N₄, and the efficiency remained at 99.99% after 3 rounds of recycling and reuse. Additionally, it can rapidly inactivate bacteria in river water and accelerate wound healing.

Nanoarchitectonics of graphene based sensors for food safety monitoring

Since the desire for the real-time food quality monitoring, plenty of research effort has been made to develop novel tools and to offer extremely efficient detection of food contaminants. Unique electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties make graphene an important material in the field of sensor research. The material can be manufactured into flakes, sheets, films and with its oxidized derivatives could be almost used for a limitless set of application. Herein, current graphene-based sensors for food quality monitoring, novel designs, sensing mechanisms and elements of sensor systems and potential challenges will be outlined and discussed.

Deep eutectic solvents as switchable solvents for highly efficient liquid-liquid microextraction of phenolic antioxidant: Easily tracking the original TBHQ in edible oils

Synthetic antioxidant tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) is easily oxidized to tert-butylquinone (TQ) during the storage of edible oils, resulting in an obvious decrease in the content of TBHQ in edible oils. Therefore, it is quite desirable to develop a simple analytical method for accurately tracking the original content of TBHQ in edible oils. In this work, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been successfully used in room temperature vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLME) of TBHQ from edible oils. The DES composed of ethylene glycol and choline chloride (ChCl) could selectively extract TBHQ from edible oils containing both TBHQ and TQ. The DES composed of sesamol and ChCl (molar ratio of 3:1) could efficiently reduce TQ to TBHQ and extract TBHQ from edible oils. The whole VALLME process only required 5 min at room temperature. This switchable DESs-based VALLME with common RP-HPLC analysis showed high efficiency and good performance with linearity (R² = 0.9999) in 5-500 mg/kg range, detection limit of 0.02 mg/kg, recoveries of 96.1-106.0% and intra-/inter-day precision below 2.0%. This analytical method is suitable for detecting the current content of TBHQ and tracking the original content of TBHQ during the storage of edible oils at room temperature, respectively.

Alarming impact of the excessive use of tert-butylhydroquinone in food products: A narrative review

Tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) is a food additive commonly used as a more effective protectant in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. However, the long-term exposure to TBHQ at higher doses (0.7 mg/kg) results in substantial danger to public health and brings a series of side effects, including cytotoxic, genotoxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic effects. As a result, the global burden of chronic diseases has fascinated consumers and governments regarding the safety assessment of food additives. Regarding contradictory reports of various research about the application of food additives, the accurate monitoring of food additives is urgent. Notwithstanding, there are reports of the therapeutic effects of TBHQ under pathologic conditions through activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. Thus, further investigations are required to investigate the impact of TBHQ on public health and evaluate its mechanism of action on various organs and cells. Therefore, this review aimed to investigate TBHQ safety through an overview of its impacts on different tissues, cells, and biological macromolecules as well as its therapeutic effects under pathologic conditions.

Hydrogel loading 2D montmorillonite exfoliated by anti-inflammatory Lycium barbarum L. polysaccharides for advanced wound dressing

Designing wound dressing materials with hemocompatibility, suitable mechanical properties, outstanding hemostatic effects and anti-inflammatory activity is of great practical significance for wound management. Herein, a hemostatic hydrogel loaded with Lycium barbarum L. polysaccharide (LBP)-functionalized ultrathin MMT nanosheets (L-MMT NSs) was fabricated for efficient hemostasis and wound healing. Loading the L-MMT NSs into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), the obtained P-L-MMT hydrogel exhibited a 3D porous structure with good swelling properties, cytocompatibility, hemocompatibility, and anti-inflammatory activity. Importantly, in vivo investigations demonstrated that the P-L-MMT hydrogel exerts outstanding hemostasis activity in the hemorrhaging mouse liver model and reduces tissue damage caused by inflammation to shorten wound healing time. Altogether, the convenient exfoliation and functionalization of bulk MMT using LBPs make this inexpensive and rising nanostructure more attractive in the application of nanomedicine. Moreover, due to the synergy between hemostasis and anti-inflammation, this newly developed multifunctional P-L-MMT hydrogel represents a promising material in biomedical fields.

Gold Nanomaterials-Based Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Phenolic Antioxidants Detection: Recent Advances

Antioxidants play a central role in the development and production of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, to reduce oxidative processes in the human body. Among them, phenolic antioxidants are considered even more efficient than other antioxidants. They are divided into natural and synthetic. The natural antioxidants are generally found in plants and their synthetic counterparts are generally added as preventing agents of lipid oxidation during the processing and storage of fats, oils, and lipid-containing foods: All of them can exhibit different effects on human health, which are not always beneficial. Because of their relevant bioactivity and importance in several sectors, such as agro-food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic, it is crucial to have fast and reliable analysis Rmethods available. In this review, different examples of gold nanomaterial-based electrochemical (bio)sensors used for the rapid and selective detection of phenolic compounds are analyzed and discussed, evidencing the important role of gold nanomaterials, and including systems with or without specific recognition elements, such as biomolecules, enzymes, etc. Moreover, a selection of gold nanomaterials involved in the designing of this kind of (bio)sensor is reported and critically analyzed. Finally, advantages, limitations, and potentialities for practical applications of gold nanomaterial-based electrochemical (bio)sensors for detecting phenolic antioxidants are discussed.

Tert-Butylhydroquinone alleviates insulin resistance and liver steatosis in diabetes

OBJECTIVES:

This work aimed to determine tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)'s effects on insulin resistance (IR) and liver steatosis in diabetic animals and to explore the underpinning mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Male ApoE^-/-mice underwent streptozocin (STZ) administration while receiving a sucrose/fat-rich diet for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) establishment. This was followed by a 6-week TBHQ administration. Body weight, fasting (FBG) and postprandial (PBG) blood glucose amounts, and insulin concentrations were measured, and the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was carried out. Hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) staining and immunoblot were carried out for assessing histology and protein amounts in the liver tissue samples. In addition, cultured HepG2 cells were administered HClO and insulin for IR induction, and immunoblot was carried out for protein evaluation. Finally, the cells were stained with the Hoechst dye for apoptosis evaluation.

RESULTS:

The model animals showed T2DM signs, and TBHQ decreased FBG, ameliorated glucose tolerance and reduced liver steatosis in these animals. In addition, TBHQ markedly upregulated AMPKα2, GLUT4 and GSK3 β, as well as phosphorylated PI3K and AKT in the liver of mice with T2DM. In agreement, TBHQ decreased HClO-and insulin-related IR in cells and suppressed apoptosis through AMPKα2/PI3K/AKT signaling.

CONCLUSIONS:

TBHQ alleviates IR and liver steatosis in a mouse model of T2DM likely through AMPKα2/PI3K/AKT signaling.

A one-pot synthesis of PEGylated plasmonic WO3−x@Eugenol nanoflowers with NIR-controllable antioxidant activities for synergetically combating bacterial biofilm infection

Schematic diagram of dual treatment of bacterial infection.

Nanozyme-based sensors for detection of food biomarkers: a review

Nanozymes have piqued the curiosity of scientists in recent years because of their ability to demonstrate enzyme-like activity combined with advantages such as high stability, inexpensive availability, robust activity, and tunable properties. These attributes have allowed the successful application of nanozymes in sensing to detect various chemical and biological target analytes, overcoming the shortcomings of conventional detection techniques. In this review, we discuss recent developments of nanozyme-based sensors to detect biomarkers associated with food quality and safety. First, we present a brief introduction to this topic, followed by discussing the different types of sensors used in food biomarker detection. We then highlight recent studies on nanozyme-based sensors to detect food markers such as toxins, pathogens, antibiotics, growth hormones, metal ions, additives, small molecules, and drug residues. In the subsequent section, we discuss the challenges and possible solutions towards the development of nanozyme-based sensors for application in the food industry. Finally, we conclude the review by discussing future perspectives of this field towards successful detection and monitoring of food analytes.

We present a discussion on different types of sensors used in food biomarker detection and highlight recent studies on nanozyme-based sensors to detect markers like toxins, pathogens, antibiotics, growth hormones, metal ions, additives, small molecules, drug residues.

Photothermal-boosted effect of binary CuFe bimetallic magnetic MOF heterojunction for high-performance photo-Fenton degradation of organic pollutants

Overcoming the relatively low catalytic activity and strict acid pH condition of common photo-Fenton reaction is the key to alleviate the serious global burden caused by common organic pollutants. Herein, a binary homologous bimetallic heterojunction of magnetic CuFe₂O₄@MIL-100(Fe, Cu) metal-organic frameworks (MCuFe MOF) with photothermal-boosted photo-Fenton activity is constructed as an ideal practical photo-Fenton catalyst for the degradation of organic pollutants. Through an in-situ derivation strategy, the formed homologous bimetallic heterojunction with binary redox couples can simultaneously improve the visible light harvesting capacity and expedite the separation and transfer of photogenerated electrons/holes pairs, leading to the continuous and rapid circulation of both Fe^III/Fe^II and Cu^II/Cu^I redox couples. Notably, the heterojunction shows intrinsic photo-thermal conversion effect, which is found to be beneficial to boost the photo-Fenton activity. Impressively, MCuFe MOF shows remarkable catalytic performance towards the degradation of various organic pollutants by comprehensively increasing H₂O₂ decomposition efficiency and decreasing the required dosage of MCuFe MOF (0.05 g L^-1) with a wide pH range (3.0-10.0). As such, a photo-Fenton catalyst consisting of binary homologous bimetallic heterojunction is first disclosed, as well as its photothermal-enhanced effect, which is expected to drive great advance in the degradation of organic pollutants for practical applications.

Nanozyme Applications: A Glimpse of Insight in Food Safety

Nanozymes own striking merits, including high enzyme-mimicking activity, good stability, and low cost. Due to the powerful and distinguished functions, nanozymes exhibit widespread applications in the field of biosensing and immunoassay, attracting researchers in various fields to design and engineer nanozymes. Recently, nanozymes have been innovatively used to bridge nanotechnology with analytical techniques to achieve the high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility. However, the applications of nanozymes in food applications are seldom reviewed. In this review, we summarize several typical nanozymes and provide a comprehensive description of the history, principles, designs, and applications of nanozyme-based analytical techniques in food contaminants detection. Based on engineering and modification of nanozymes, the food contaminants are classified and then discussed in detail via discriminating the roles of nanozymes in various analytical methods, including fluorescence, colorimetric and electrochemical assay, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, magnetic relaxing sensing, and electrochemiluminescence. Further, representative examples of nanozymes-based methods are highlighted for contaminants analysis and inhibition. Finally, the current challenges and prospects of nanozymes are discussed.

Highly sensitive and selective detection of naproxen via molecularly imprinted carbon dots as a fluorescent sensor

The overuse and inappropriate discharge of naproxen, a common anti-inflammatory medication and an emerging contaminant in water, is detrimental to human health and bodies of water. Here, we design a fluorescent sensor based on molecularly imprinted carbon dots (CDs) for highly selective detection of trace amounts of naproxen. The CDs were encapsulated into the pores of silica through a sol–gel based method and provide fluorescent signal. After removal of the template molecules, a molecularly imprinted polymer layer was formed and the fluorescence of the CDs sensor was selectively quenched by naproxen. A detection limit of as low as 0.03 μM and a linear range of 0.05–4 μM for detecting naproxen in aqueous solution were obtained. High recoveries of naproxen levels in waste water and urine samples for practical application were also achieved. In addition, the accurate detection performance of sensor was maintained during the UV degradation of naproxen.

A highly selective fluorescent sensor for naproxen utilizes carbon dots as the fluorophore and molecularly imprinted polymer to provide the recognition sites. The fluorescence of carbon dots can be selectively quenched by naproxen.

Enhanced functional properties of chitosan films incorporated with curcumin-loaded hollow graphitic carbon nitride nanoparticles for bananas preservation

The exploration of novel functional packaging films is of great scientific and technological interest. Herein, a novel chitosan/hollow g-C₃N₄/curcumin (CS-HCNS-Cur) biocomposite films was successful fabricated with integrated functions of slow release, antimicrobial activity and food freshness preservation. CS-HCNS-Cur films take the advantages of the excellent thermal stability and slow-release ability of HCNS to curcumin. Among the characterizations including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, atomic force microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mechanical properties and the rheological properties measurements confirmed the successful fabrication of CS-HCNS-Cur films. The averaged water contact angle and water vapor permeability of this film were 105.83° and 105.03 × 10^-5 g·mm (m²·h·kPa)^-1, respectively. This film showed pH-responsive and slow-release ability. Moreover, this film can effectively store bananas for 10 days. Therefore, CS-HCNS-Cur films have promising potential for applications in functional food packaging.

Molecularly imprinted polymers in toxicology: a literature survey for the last 5 years

The science of toxicology dates back almost to the beginning of human history. Toxic chemicals, which are encountered in different forms, are always among the chemicals that should be investigated in criminal field, environmental application, pharmaceutic, and even industry, where many researches have been carried out studies for years. Almost all of not only drugs but also industrial dyes have toxic side and direct effects. Environmental micropollutants accumulate in the tissues of all living things, especially plants, and show short- or long-term toxic symptoms. Chemicals in forensic science can be known by detecting the effect they cause to the body with the similar mechanism. It is clear that the best tracking tool among analysis methods is molecularly printed polymer-based analytical setups. Different polymeric combinations of molecularly imprinted polymers allow further study on detection or extraction using chromatographic and spectroscopic instruments. In particular, methods used in forensic medicine can detect trace amounts of poison or biological residues on the scene. Molecularly imprinted polymers are still in their infancy and have many variables that need to be developed. In this review, we summarized how molecular imprinted polymers and toxicology intersect and what has been done about molecular imprinted polymers in toxicology by looking at the studies conducted in the last 5 years.

Food additives: From functions to analytical methods

Food additives refer to all kinds of trace substances used in food or food processing to preserve flavor or enhance food taste, appearance, or other qualities. At present, artificial synthetic food additives have gradually replaced the natural food additives and many problems related to food additives, involving the abuse of food additives, excessive additives or even toxic additives. Obviously, food additives can bring people great sensory enjoyment and commercial convenience, but they may also cause potential risks to human health. So, it is of high significance to conduct quantitative analysis on the content of food additives. According to their functions and the regulatory requirements of food additives, this review starts from the classification and structures of various food additives involving colorants, preservatives, antioxidants, sweeteners, emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickeners, gelling agents. It then summarizes and discusses analytical methods for quantification of food additives including modern immunoassays and other biotechnological methods. The proposed review aspires to fill in the knowledge gap of food additives between academia and industry by covering all kinds of analytical methods for quantifying food additives.

Nanoscale Metal-Organic Frameworks as Fluorescence Sensors for Food Safety

Food safety has attracted attention worldwide, and how to detect various kinds of hazardous substances in an efficient way has always been a focus. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are a class of hybrid porous materials formed by organic ligand and metal ions. Nanoscale MOFs (NMOFs) exhibit great potential in serving as fluorescence sensors for food safety due to their superior properties including high accuracy, great stability, fast response, etc. In this review, we focus on the recent development of NMOFs sensing for food safety. Several typical methods of NMOFs synthesis are presented. NMOFs-based fluorescence sensors for contaminants and adulterants, such as antibiotics, food additives, ions and mycotoxin etc. are summarized, and the sensing mechanisms are also presented. We explore these challenges in detail and provide suggestions about how they may be surmounted. This review could help the exploration of NMOFs sensors in food related work.

Fructose determination in fruit juices using an electrosynthesized molecularly imprinted polymer on reduced graphene oxide modified electrode

The present work reports the development of a novel electrochemical sensor for the selective detection of fructose. The sensor was developed through electropolymerization of a molecularly imprinted polymer film on a reduced graphene oxide modified electrode. The modified electrode was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and RAMAN spectroscopy. Through the application of the modified electrode, the recognition of fructose molecules occurred in a concentration range of 1.0 × 10^-14 to 1.0 × 10^-11 mol L^-1, under a Langmuir adsorption isothermal model. The sensitivity and limits of detection and quantification obtained for the sensor were 9.9 × 10⁷ A L mol^-1, 3.2 × 10^-15 mol L^-1 and 1.1 × 10^-14 mol L^-1, respectively. The analytical method used for the detection of fructose presented good reproducibility, stability and accuracy, and was successfully applied for the quantification of this sugar in orange, apple and grape juices.

Synergistic effects of layer-by-layer films for highly selective and sensitive electrochemical detection of trans-resveratrol

Trans-resveratrol (TRA) possesses a variety of pharmacological activities, making important to explore simple, inexpensive, and reliable analytical methods for identification and quantification of it. We report on the synergistic effects originated from layer-by-layer films of graphene (Gr)-gold nanoparticles (Au) and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for electrochemical detection of TRA. To construct the TRA electrochemical sensor (GCE|Gr-Au/MIPs), the films of Gr-Au, MIPs were step by step formed onto GCE via in-situ and controllable electrodeposition and polymerization processes. The compositions, morphologies, and electrochemical properties of obtained films were investigated by various methods. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the electrochemical sensor showed superior performance toward selective and sensitive determination of TRA with K₃[Fe(CN)₆] as electrochemical signal probe. The electrochemical sensor was applied to determine TRA in real samples with good accuracy and recovery, verifying the broad and practical application prospects for foods and medicines analysis.

Recent advances of molecularly imprinted polymer-based sensors in the detection of food safety hazard factors

With increasing economic globalization, food safety is becoming the most serious concern in the food production and distribution system. Food safety hazard factors (FSHFs) can be categorized into chemical hazards, biological hazards and physical hazards, with the detection of the former two having fascinated interdisciplinary research areas spanning chemistry, material science and biological science. Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) -based sensors overcome many limitations of traditional detection methods and provide opportunities for efficient, sensitive and low-cost detection using smart miniaturized equipment. With highly specific molecular recognition capacity and high stability in harsh chemical and physical conditions, MIPs have been used in sensing platforms such as electrochemical, optical and mass-sensitive sensors as promising alternatives to bio-receptors for food analysis. In this systemic review, we summarize recent advances of MIPs and MIP-based sensors, such as popular monomers, usual polymerization strategies, fresh modification materials and advanced sensing mechanisms. The applications of MIP-based sensors in FSHF detection are discussed according to sensing mechanisms, including electrochemistry, optics and mass-sensitivity. Finally, future perspectives and challenges are discussed.

High-performance electrochemical nitrite sensing enabled using commercial carbon fiber cloth

Exceptional high-performance and stable electrochemical nitrite sensing enabled using commercial carbon fiber cloth.