A novel exopolysaccharide produced by Zygosaccharomyces rouxii with cryoprotective and freeze-drying protective activities

The synergistic effect of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and κ-carrageenan or pectin on anti-freezing

Ten polysaccharides were mixed to select polysaccharides with the synergistic anti-freezing effect in this study. It was found that hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and pectin (PEC) or κ-carrageenan (κ-CAR) synergistically decreased the freezing temperature of water and enhanced the ice recrystallization inhibition activity. Moreover, HPMC/κ-CAR exhibited greater synergy than HPMC/PEC. Raman spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that these polysaccharides increased the disorder of water molecules and inhibited the transition from liquid water to solid ice, and HPMC and PEC or κ-CAR had a synergistic effect on increasing the disorder of water molecules. Particularly, dynamic ice-shaping measurements showed that the HPMC/κ-CAR mixture changed circular ice into hexagonal ice in 20.0 % sucrose solution, whereas the HPMC/PEC mixture did not. Moreover, κ-CAR was more compatible with HPMC than PEC. The above differences might explain why κ-CAR was more effective than PEC in improving the anti-freezing ability of HPMC.

Enhanced dextran production by Weissella confusa in co-culture with Candida shehatae and its quorum sensing regulation mechanism

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are well-known for its expertise in synthesizing exopolysaccharides (EPS), which are linked to significant health benefits, such as its prebiotic effects and ability to modulate the immune system. However, the synthesis of EPS is hindered by low yields. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of co-cultivation on EPS output by Weissella confusa XG-3 when paired with Candida shehatae. The structure and characteristics of the purified EPS were analyzed. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) revealed a molecular weight of 3.45 × 106 Da. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy showed that the EPS was a linear homopolysaccharide, mainly composed of glucose units, with a proposed structure of dextran featuring α-(1, 6) glycosidic linkages and occasional α-(1,3) branching. Fermentation processes were conducted in both mono-culture and co-culture settings, with tracking of pivotal gene expression. The result showed that the expression of luxS, ackA and wzb was significantly up-regulated in the co-culture system, which was positively correlated with dextransucrase activity and dextran production. C. shehatae promoted the growth of W. confusa XG-3 by consuming organic acids in the culture system through direct contact, initiating quorum sensing (QS), inducing dsr expression, increasing dextransucrase activity, and ultimately promoting dextran synthesis.

Overview of Glycometabolism of Lactic Acid Bacteria During Freeze-Drying: Changes, Influencing Factors, and Application Strategies

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) play a vital role in food fermentation and probiotics microeconomics. Freeze-drying (FD) is a commonly used method for preserving LAB powder to extend its shelf life. However, FD induces thermal, osmotic, and mechanical stresses that can impact the glycometabolism of LAB, which is the process of converting carbohydrates into energy. This review explores the effect of FD on glycometabolism, factors influencing glycometabolism, and feasible strategies in the FD process of LAB. During the three stages of FD, freezing, primary drying or sublimation, and second drying, the glycolytic activity of LAB is disrupted in the freezing stage; further, the function of glycolytic enzymes such as hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase is hindered, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production drops significantly in the sublimation stage; these enzyme activities and ATP production nearly cease and exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesis alters during the secondary drying stage. Factors such as strain variations, pretreatment techniques, growth medium components, FD parameters, and water activity influence these changes. To counteract the effects of FD on LAB glycometabolism, strategies like cryoprotectants, encapsulation, and genetic engineering can help preserve their glycometabolic activity. These methods protect LAB from harsh FD conditions, safeguarding glycolytic flux and enzymatic processes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. A deeper understanding of these glycometabolic changes is essential for optimizing FD processes and enhancing the use of LAB in food, medicine, and biotechnology, ultimately improving their performance upon rehydration.

Topological structure, rheological characteristics and biological activities of exopolysaccharides produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae ADT

Saccharomyces cerevisiae ADT is an edible fungus, with limited research on its exopolysaccharides (EPS). Three types of exopolysaccharides (EPS60, EPS80, and EPS100) were obtained through multiple purification steps using varying concentrations of ethanol in this study. The topological structure, rheological properties, and biological characteristics of EPS were investigated. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses indicated that the three EPS are primarily made up of mannose with a small amount of glucose. Acetyl groups were also found, along with the presence of α-type pyranose and β-type pyranose. The Congo Red test and X-ray diffraction results reflected the absence of a triple helix structure and crystal properties. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed the self-assembly of three exopolysaccharides into various topological structures under different concentration gradients, and a clear network structure of entangled chains was observed. EPS60, EPS80 and EPS100 displayed pseudoplasticity, weak gel behavior and thermal stability. Significantly, EPS exhibited antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner and showed no acute cytotoxicity to RAW264.7 and HEK293T cells. Therefore, EPS in this study is anticipated to be utilized in natural antioxidants, medications, and functional materials.

Functional roles and engineering strategies to improve the industrial functionalities of lactic acid bacteria during food fermentation

In order to improve the flavor profiles, food security, probiotic effects and shorten the fermentation period of traditional fermented foods, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were often considered as the ideal candidate to participate in the fermentation process. In general, LAB strains possessed the ability to develop flavor compounds via carbohydrate metabolism, protein hydrolysis and amino acid metabolism, lipid hydrolysis and fatty acid metabolism. Based on the functional properties to inhibit spoilage microbes, foodborne pathogens and fungi, those species could improve the safety properties and prolong the shelf life of fermented products. Meanwhile, influence of LAB on texture and functionality of fermented food were also involved in this review. As for the adverse effect carried by environmental challenges during fermentation process, engineering strategies based on exogenous addition, cross protection, and metabolic engineering to improve the robustness and of LAB were also discussed in this review. Besides, this review also summarized the potential strategies including microbial co-culture and metabolic engineering for improvement of fermentation performance in LAB strains. The authors hope this review could contribute to provide an understanding and insight into improving the industrial functionalities of LAB.

Genomic and functional evaluation of exopolysaccharide produced by Liquorilactobacillus mali t6-52: technological implications

BACKGROUND

This study explores the biosynthesis, characteristics, and functional properties of exopolysaccharide produced by the strain Liquorilactobacillus mali T6-52. The strain demonstrated significant EPS production with a non-ropy phenotype.

RESULTS

The genomic analysis unveiled genes associated with EPS biosynthesis, shedding light on the mechanism behind EPS production. These genes suggest a robust EPS production mechanism, providing insights into the strain's adaptability and ecological niche. Chemical composition analysis identified the EPS as a homopolysaccharide primarily composed of glucose, confirming its dextran nature. Furthermore, it demonstrated notable functional properties, including antioxidant activity, fat absorption capacity, and emulsifying activity. Moreover, the EPS displayed promising cryoprotective activities, showing notable performance comparable to standard cryoprotective agents. The EPS concentration also demonstrated significant freeze-drying protective effects, presenting it as a potential alternative cryoprotectant for bacterial storage.

CONCLUSIONS

The functional properties of L. mali T6-52 EPS reveal promising opportunities across various industrial domains. The strain's safety profile, antioxidant prowess, and exceptional cryoprotective and freeze-drying characteristics position it as an asset in food processing and pharmaceuticals.

Two novel polysaccharides from Huangshui: Purification, structure, and bioactivities

In this study, the novel polysaccharides named HSP-0 M and HSP-0.1 M were successfully purified from Huangshui (HS), and their structural properties and bioactivities were investigated. Structural analysis revealed that HSP-0 M had a molecular weight of 493.87 kDa and was composed of arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, and mannose in a molar ratio of 1.48:1.09:26.52:1.33:1.00. On the other hand, HSP-0.1 M was made up of fructose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, ribose, galacturonic acid and glucuronic acid in a ratio of 2.67:26.00:29.10:36.83:16.22:30.53:1.00:1.43:3.64 with a molecular weight of 157.6 kDa. Methylated and 2D NMR analyses indicated that T-Glcp-(1 → 4)-Glcp-(1 → 2)-Glcp-(1 → 3)-Glcp was the primary chain of HSP-0 M, and the backbone of HSP-0.1 M was made up of →3)-Galp-(1 → 6)-Manp-(1 → 3)-Glcp-(1 → 6)-Glcp-(1 → 2)-Manp-(1 → 6)-Glcp-(1 → 3)-Galp. Morphological research showed that both polysaccharides were homogeneous as well as exhibit a web-like structure and an irregular lamellar structure. Furthermore, HSP-0 M demonstrated the capacity to safeguard Lactococcus lactis from damage caused by low temperatures and freeze-drying, while HSP-0.1 M exhibited noteworthy antioxidant activity. These results established a theoretical foundation for the applications of HSPs in food products, cosmetics, and medicines.

A novel exopolysaccharide from Weissella cibaria FAFU821: Structural characterization and cryoprotective activity

Exopolysaccharides produced by Weissella cibaria has attracted increasing attention owing to their biological activity. Here, a strain was isolated from the home-made fermented octopus, which was identified as W. cibaria FAFU821. In addition, the polysaccharide were isolated and purified by cellulose DE-52 column and Sephadex G-100 column, and named EPS821-1. In this work, the structure of EPS821-1 and its cryoprotective activity on Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum F2 were investigated in vitro. These results suggested that the EPS821-1 is a novel glucan, which mainly consists of α-(1 → 6) linkage with α-(1 → 4), α-(1 → 4,6) and α-(1 → 3,6) residue as branches. In addition, EPS821-1 existed the three-dimensional network structure and exhibited the excellent cryoprotective activities for B. longum subsp. longum F2, which was 2.75 folds higher than that of the controls. This study provided scientific evidence and insights for the application of EPS821-1 as cryoprotection in food field.

Temperature stress improved exopolysaccharide yield from Tetragenococcus halophilus: Structural differences and underlying mechanisms revealed by transcriptomic analysis

This study aimed to enhance exopolysaccharide production by Tetragenococcus halophilus, and results showed that low temperature (20 °C) significantly improved exopolysaccharide production. Based on the analysis of batch fermentation kinetic parameters, a temperature-shift strategy was proposed, and the exopolysaccharide yield was increased by 28 %. Analysis of the structure of exopolysaccharide suggested that low temperature changed the molecular weight and monosaccharide composition. Transcriptomic analysis was performed to reveal mechanisms of low temperature improving exopolysaccharide production. Results suggested that T. halophilus regulated utilization of carbon sources through phosphotransferase system and increased the expression of key genes in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis to improve exopolysaccharide production. Meanwhile, metabolic pathways involved in glycolysis, amino acids synthesis, two-component system and ATP-binding cassette transporters were affected at low temperature. Results presented in this paper provided a theoretical basis for biosynthetic pathway of exopolysaccharide in T. halophilus and aided to strengthen its production and application in many areas.

Structural characterization, biofunctionality, and environmental factors impacting rheological properties of exopolysaccharide produced by probiotic Lactococcus lactis C15

Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) possess distinctive rheological and physicochemical properties and innovative functionality. This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical, bioactive, and rheological properties of an EPS secreted by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis C15. EPS-C15 was found to have an average molecular weight of 8.8 × 105 Da and was identified as a hetero-EPS composed of arabinose, xylose, mannose, and glucose with a molar ratio of 2.0:2.7:1.0:21.3, respectively. The particle size and zeta potential represented 311.2 nm and - 12.44 mV, respectively. FITR exhibited that EPS-C15 possessed a typical polysaccharide structure. NMR displayed that EPS-C15 structure is → 3)α-d-Glcvi (1 → 3)α-d-Xylv (1 → 6)α-d-Glciv(1 → 4)α-d-Glc(1 → 3)β-d-Man(1 → 2)α-d-Glci(1 → . EPS-C15 scavenged DPPH and ABTS free radicals with 50.3% and 46.4% capacities, respectively. Results show that the antiproliferative activities of EPS-C15 revealed inhibitions of 49.7% and 88.1% against MCF-7 and Caco-2 cells, respectively. EPS-C15 has antibacterial properties that inhibited Staphylococcus aureus (29.45%), Salmonella typhimurium (29.83%), Listeria monocytogenes (30.33%), and E. coli O157:H7 (33.57%). The viscosity of EPS-C15 decreased as the shear rate increased. The rheological properties of the EPS-C15 were affected by changes in pH levels and the addition of salts. EPS-C15 is a promising biomaterial that has potential applications in various industries, such as food, pharmaceuticals, and healthcare.

Engineering acetyl-CoA metabolism to enhance stress tolerance of yeast by regulating membrane functionality

Zygosaccharomyces rouxii has excellent fermentation performance and good tolerance to osmotic stress. Acetyl-CoA is a crucial intermediate precursor in the central carbon metabolic pathway of yeast. This study investigated the effect of engineering acetyl-CoA metabolism on the membrane functionality and stress tolerance of yeast. Firstly, exogenous supplementation of acetyl-CoA improved the biomass and the ability of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis of Z. rouxii under salt stress. Q-PCR results suggested that the gene ACSS (coding acetyl-CoA synthetase) was significantly up-expressed. Subsequently, the gene ACSS from Z. rouxii was transformed and heterologously expressed in S. cerevisiae. The recombinant cells exhibited better multiple stress (salt, acid, heat, and cold) tolerance, higher fatty acid contents, membrane integrity, and fluidity. Our findings may provide a suitable means to enhance the stress tolerance and fermentation efficiency of yeast under harsh fermentation environments.

Bletilla striata composite nanofibrous membranes prepared by emulsion electrospinning for enhanced healing of diabetic wounds

Diabetic wounds impose enormous distress and financial burden on patients, and finding effective dressings to manage wounds is critical. As a Chinese herbal medicine with a long history of Clinical application, Bletilla striata has significant medicinal effects in the therapy of various wounds. In this study, PLA and the pharmacodynamic substances of Bletilla striata were prepared into fibrous scaffolds by emulsion electrospinning technology for the management of diabetic wounds in mice. The results of scanning electron microscopy showed that the core-shell structure fibre was successfully obtained by emulsion electrospinning. The fibre membrane exhibited excellent water absorption capability and water vapor transmission rate, could inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, had good compatibility, and achieved excellent healing effect on diabetic wounds. Especially in the in vivo wound healing experiment, the wound healing rate of composite fibre membrane treatment reached 98.587 ± 2.149% in 16 days. This work demonstrated the good therapeutic effect of the developed fibrous membrane to diabetic wound, and this membrane could be potentially applied to chronic wound healing.

Efficient biosynthesis of exopolysaccharide in Candida glabrata by a fed-batch culture

Polysaccharides are important natural biomacromolecules. In particular, microbial exopolysaccharides have received much attention. They are produced by a variety of microorganisms, and they are widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. The Candida glabrata mutant 4-C10, which has the capacity to produce exopolysaccharide, was previously obtained by random mutagenesis. In this study we aimed to further enhance exopolysaccharide production by systemic fermentation optimization. By single factor optimization and orthogonal design optimization in shaking flasks, an optimal fermentation medium composition was obtained. By optimizing agitation speed, aeration rate, and fed-batch fermentation mode, 118.6 g L⁻¹ of exopolysaccharide was obtained by a constant rate feeding fermentation mode, with a glucose yield of 0.62 g g⁻¹ and a productivity of 1.24 g L⁻¹ h⁻¹. Scaling up the established fermentation mode to a 15-L fermenter led to an exopolysaccharide yield of 113.8 g L⁻¹, with a glucose yield of 0.60 g g⁻¹ and a productivity of 1.29 g L⁻¹ h⁻¹.