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Abdallah MF, Gado M, Abdelsadek D, Zahran F, El-Salhey NN, Mehrez O, Abdel-Hay S, Mohamed SM, De Ruyck K, Yang S, Gonzales GB, Varga E. Mycotoxin contamination in the Arab world: Highlighting the main knowledge gaps and the current legislation. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:19-44. [PMID: 38117428 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of aflatoxins in the 1960s, knowledge in the mycotoxin research field has increased dramatically. Hundreds of review articles have been published summarizing many different aspects, including mycotoxin contamination per country or region. However, mycotoxin contamination in the Arab world, which includes 22 countries in Africa and Asia, has not yet been specifically reviewed. To this end, the contamination of mycotoxins in the Arab world was reviewed not only to profile the pervasiveness of the problem in this region but also to identify the main knowledge gaps imperiling the safety of food and feed in the future. To the best of our knowledge, 306 (non-)indexed publications in English, Arabic, or French were published from 1977 to 2021, focusing on the natural occurrence of mycotoxins in matrices of 14 different categories. Characteristic factors (e.g., detected mycotoxins, concentrations, and detection methods) were extracted, processed, and visualized. The main results are summarized as follows: (i) research on mycotoxin contamination has increased over the years. However, the accumulated data on their occurrences are scarce to non-existent in some countries; (ii) the state-of-the-art technologies on mycotoxin detection are not broadly implemented neither are contemporary multi-mycotoxin detection strategies, thus showing a need for capacity-building initiatives; and (iii) mycotoxin profiles differ among food and feed categories, as well as between human biofluids. Furthermore, the present work highlights contemporary legislation in the Arab countries and provides future perspectives to mitigate mycotoxins, enhance food and feed safety, and protect the consumer public. Concluding, research initiatives to boost mycotoxin research among Arab countries are strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Abdallah
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Muhammad Gado
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Fatma Zahran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Nada Nabil El-Salhey
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ohaila Mehrez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara Abdel-Hay
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Gharbia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Sahar M Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Karl De Ruyck
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shupeng Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Deligeorgakis C, Magro C, Skendi A, Gebrehiwot HH, Valdramidis V, Papageorgiou M. Fungal and Toxin Contaminants in Cereal Grains and Flours: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Foods 2023; 12:4328. [PMID: 38231837 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains serve as the cornerstone of global nutrition, providing a significant portion of humanity's caloric requirements. However, the presence of fungal genera, such Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Alternaria, known for their mycotoxin-producing abilities, presents a significant threat to human health due to the adverse effects of these toxins. The primary objective of this study was to identify the predominant fungal contaminants in cereal grains utilized in breadmaking, as well as in flour and bread. Moreover, a systematic review, including meta-analysis, was conducted on the occurrence and levels of mycotoxins in wheat flour from the years 2013 to 2023. The genera most frequently reported were Fusarium, followed by Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Alternaria. Among the published reports, the majority focused on the analysis of Deoxynivalenol (DON), which garnered twice as many reports compared to those focusing on Aflatoxins, Zearalenone, and Ochratoxin A. The concentration of these toxins, in most cases determined by HPLC-MS/MS or HPLC coupled with a fluorescence detector (FLD), was occasionally observed to exceed the maximum limits established by national and/or international authorities. The prevalence of mycotoxins in flour samples from the European Union (EU) and China, as well as in foods intended for infants, exhibited a significant reduction compared to other commercial flours assessed by a meta-analysis investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christodoulos Deligeorgakis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, P.O. Box 141, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christopher Magro
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Adriana Skendi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, P.O. Box 141, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Vasilis Valdramidis
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, GR-15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Papageorgiou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, P.O. Box 141, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Aloui A, Salah-Abbès JB, Zinedine A, Meile JC, Riba A, Durand N, Montet D, Abbès S, Brabet C. Occurrence of pre- and postharvest multi-mycotoxins in durum wheat grains collected in 2020 and 2021 in two climatic regions of Tunisia. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:274-287. [PMID: 37387604 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2023.2219996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Twenty two mycotoxins in 136 durum wheat collected from Tunisia in 2020 and 2021 were investigated. Mycotoxins were analyzed by UHPLCMS/MS. In 2020, 60.9% of the samples were contaminated with Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and/or enniatin. Whereas, in 2021, 34.4% were contaminated by enniatins. AFB1 was detected only in 2020, in the continental region (6/46) and all samples exceeded limits. AFB1 was detected in stored wheat (24-37.8 µg/kg) but also in pre-stored wheat (17-28.4 µg/kg) and in one sample collected in the field (21 µg/kg). Enniatin A1, enniatin B and enniatin B1 were detected in wheat collected in the field (30-7684 µg/kg), pre-storage (42-1266 µg/kg) and storage (65.8-498.2 µg/kg) from the continental region also, in sample collected in pre-storage (31.3-1410 µg/kg) and at harvest (48- 1060 µg/kg). Samples had a water activity less than 0.7 and moisture content ranged between 09-14%. AFB1 level represent a health risk to the Tunisian consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Aloui
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-Resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Jalila Ben Salah-Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-Resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Abdellah Zinedine
- Faculty of Sciences, BIOMARE Laboratory, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Jean Christophe Meile
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, Avignon Université, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Amar Riba
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Kouba, Algeria
| | - Noel Durand
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, Avignon Université, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Montet
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, Avignon Université, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Samir Abbès
- Laboratory of Genetic, Biodiversity and Bio-Resources Valorisation, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Béja, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Catherine Brabet
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, Avignon Université, Université de La Réunion, Montpellier, France
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Ji X, Jin C, Xiao Y, Deng M, Wang W, Lyu W, Chen J, Li R, Li Y, Yang H. Natural Occurrence of Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins in Wheat Grains and Assessment of the Risks from Dietary Mycotoxins Exposure in China. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:389. [PMID: 37368690 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat grains are susceptible to contamination with various natural mycotoxins including regulated and emerging mycotoxins. This study surveyed the natural presence of regulated mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN), and emerging mycotoxins such as beauvericin (BEA), enniatins (ENNs such as ENA, ENA1, ENB, ENB1) and Alternaria mycotoxins (i.e., alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), alternariol (AOH), tenuazonic acid (TeA), tentoxin (TEN), and altenuene (ALT)) in wheat grains randomly collected from eight provinces across China in 2021. The results revealed that each wheat grain sample was detected with at least one type of mycotoxin. The detection rates of these mycotoxins ranged from 7.1% to 100%, with the average occurrence level ranging from 1.11 to 921.8 µg/kg. DON and TeA were the predominant mycotoxins with respect to both prevalence and concentration. Approximately 99.7% of samples were found to contain more than one toxin, and the co-occurrence of ten toxins (DON + ZEN + ENA + ENA1 + ENB + ENB1 + AME + AOH + TeA + TEN) was the most frequently detected combination. The dietary exposure to different mycotoxins among Chinese consumers aged 4-70 years was as follows: 0.592-0.992 µg/kg b.w./day for DON, 0.007-0.012 µg/kg b.w./day for ZEN, 0.0003-0.007 µg/kg b.w./day for BEA and ENNs, 0.223-0.373 µg/kg b.w./day for TeA, and 0.025-0.041 µg/kg b.w./day for TEN, which were lower than the health-based guidance values for each mycotoxin, with the corresponding hazard quotient (HQ) being far lower than 1, implying a tolerable health risk for Chinese consumers. However, the estimated dietary exposure to AME and AOH was in the range of 0.003-0.007 µg/kg b.w./day, exceeding the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) value of 0.0025 µg/kg b.w./day, demonstrating potential dietary risks for Chinese consumers. Therefore, developing practical control and management strategies is essential for controlling mycotoxins contamination in the agricultural systems, thereby ensuring public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Canghong Jin
- School of Computer and Computing Science, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Meihua Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Wentao Lyu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jiapeng Chen
- School of Computer and Computing Science, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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Inbaia S, Farooqi A, Ray RV. Aggressiveness and mycotoxin profile of Fusarium avenaceum isolates causing Fusarium seedling blight and Fusarium head blight in UK malting barley. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1121553. [PMID: 36968422 PMCID: PMC10031139 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1121553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fusarium avenaceum causing Fusarium seedling blight (FSB) and Fusarium head blight (FHB) on barley is associated with economic losses of crop yield and quality, and the accumulation of mycotoxins including the enniatins (ENNs) A, A1, B and B1. Although F. avenaceum is the main producer of ENNs, studies on the ability of isolates to cause severe Fusarium diseases or produce mycotoxins in barley are limited. METHODS In this work, we investigated the aggressiveness of nine isolates of F. avenaceum to two cultivars of malting barley, Moonshine and Quench, and defined their ENN mycotoxin profiles in in vitro and in planta experiments. We assessed and compared the severity of FSB and FHB caused by these isolates to disease severity by F. graminearum, F. tricinctum and F. poae. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry assays were used to quantify pathogen DNA and mycotoxin accumulation, respectively, in barley heads. RESULTS Isolates of F. avenaceum were equally aggressive to barley stems and heads and caused the most severe FSB symptoms resulting in up to 55% reductions of stem and root length. Fusarium graminearum caused the most severe FHB disease, followed by the isolates of F. avenaceum with the most aggressive F. avenaceum isolates capable of causing similar bleaching of barley heads as F. avenaceum. Fusarium avenaceum isolates produced ENN B as the predominant mycotoxin, followed by ENN B1 and A1 in vitro. However, only the most aggressive isolates produced ENN A1 in planta and none produced ENN A or beauvericin (BEA) either in planta or in vitro. DISCUSSION The capacity of F. avenaceum isolates to produce ENNs was related to the accumulation of pathogen DNA in barley heads, whilst FHB severity was related to the synthesis and accumulation of ENN A1 in planta. Cv. Moonshine was significantly more resistant than Quench to FSB or FHB, caused by any Fusarium isolate, and to the accumulation of pathogen DNA, ENNs or BEA. In conclusion, aggressive F. avenaceum isolates are potent ENN producers causing severe FSB and FHB with ENN A1 requiring further investigation as potential virulence factor for F. avenaceum in cereals.
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Giannioti Z, Albero B, Hernando MD, Bontempo L, Pérez RA. Determination of Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins in Organic and Conventional Gluten-Free Flours by LC-MS/MS. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:155. [PMID: 36828469 PMCID: PMC9966797 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Gluten-free cereal products have grown in popularity in recent years as they are perceived as "healthier" alternatives and can be safely consumed by celiac patients, and people with gluten intolerance or wheat allergies. Molds that produce mycotoxins contaminate cereal crops, posing a threat to global food security. Maximum levels have been set for certain mycotoxins in cereal flours; however, little is known about the levels of emerging mycotoxins in these flours. The aim of this study was to develop an efficient, sensitive, and selective method for the detection of four emerging (beauvericin and enniatins A1, B, and B1) and three regulated (aflatoxin B1, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol) mycotoxins in gluten-free flours. Ultrasound-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion was used in the extraction of these mycotoxins from flour samples. The validated method was utilized for the LC-MS/MS analysis of conventional and organic wholegrain oat and rice flours. Six of the seven target mycotoxins were detected in these samples. Multi-mycotoxin contamination was found in all flour types, particularly in conventional wholegrain oat flour. Despite the low detection frequency in rice flour, one sample was found to contain zearalenone at a concentration of 83.2 μg/kg, which was higher than the level set by the European Commission for cereal flours. The emerging mycotoxins had the highest detection frequencies; enniatin B was present in 53% of the samples at a maximum concentration of 56 μg/kg, followed by enniatin B1 and beauvericin, which were detected in 46% of the samples, and at levels reaching 21 μg/kg and 10 μg/kg, respectively. These results highlight the need to improve the current knowledge and regulations on the presence of mycotoxins, particularly emerging ones, in gluten-free flours and cereal-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Giannioti
- Traceability Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy
- Centre for Agriculture, Food and Environment (C3A), University of Trento and Fondazione Edmund Mach Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Beatriz Albero
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Hernando
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luana Bontempo
- Traceability Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Rosa Ana Pérez
- Department of Environment and Agronomy, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Tamirys dos Santos Caramês E, Piacentini KC, Aparecida Almeida N, Lopes Pereira V, Azevedo Lima Pallone J, de Oliveira Rocha L. Rapid assessment of enniatins in barley grains using near infrared spectroscopy and chemometric tools. Food Res Int 2022; 161:111759. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Characterization of Fusarium acuminatum: A Potential Enniatins Producer in Tunisian Wheat. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050458. [PMID: 35628714 PMCID: PMC9144410 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), caused by multiple species of Fusarium in small grain cereals, is a significant and long-standing problem anywhere in the world. Knowing regional Fusarium spp. present on non-symptomatic grains and their potential for mycotoxin production is of concern for identifying novel actions for FHB and mycotoxin management, such as treatments with essential oils. Analyzing the mycotoxin content of grains from non-symptomatic ears of different wheat varieties cultivated in Tunisia, we isolated Fusaria specimens identified as F. culmorum and F. acuminatum using analysis of the partial DNA sequence of the β-tubulin gene and ITS region. Two isolates of the latter species, uncommon in cereal grains in this region until now, were shown to be effective producers of enniatins in vitro, with 1390 and 3089 µg g−1 mycelial biomass (dry) in 11-day-old cultures. The susceptibility of an isolate of F. acuminatum to the fungistatic and antimycotoxin effects of eight essential oils was measured. Essential oils from Ammoides pusilla and Thymus capitatus used at 0.1 µL mL−1 in an agar culture medium, affected the mycelial growth by 55% and 79%, respectively and reduced the accumulation of enniatins per unit of mycelial colony by 26% and 52%, respectively. Finally, F. acuminatum was shown to be a contaminant of wheat grains in Tunisia and it may contribute to the contamination in enniatins. Two essential oils of Tunisian plants could be used for developing a biofungicide limiting both its mycelial growth and its accumulation of mycotoxins in grains.
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Sá SVMD, Monteiro C, Fernandes JO, Pinto E, Faria MA, Cunha SC. Emerging mycotoxins in infant and children foods: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:1707-1721. [PMID: 34486889 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1967282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A proper nutrition is crucial for children's healthy development. Regardless of the usual recommendations to follow a varied diet, some foods can be a source of toxic natural contaminants such as mycotoxins, potent secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi. In addition to the most well-known mycotoxins, many of which are subject to tight regulation regarding the maximum levels allowed in different types of food, there is a large group of mycotoxins, the so-called emerging mycotoxins, about which less knowledge has already been acquired, which have gradually been the target of interest from the scientific community due to their prevalence in most foodstuffs, particularly in cereals and cereal-based products. Alternariol and his metabolite alternariol mono-methyl ether, beauvericin, citrinin, culmorin, enniatins, ergot alkaloids, fusaproliferin, kojic acid, moniliformin, sterigmatocystin, tentoxin and tenuazonic acid are the most representative of them. The current review gathered the information of the last ten years that have been published on the levels of emerging mycotoxins in food products dedicated for infants and children. European Union countries are responsible for most of the reported studies, which showed levels that can reach hundreds of mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia V M de Sá
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carolina Monteiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José O Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Pinto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Miguel A Faria
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Jedidi I, Mateo EM, Marín P, Jiménez M, Said S, González-Jaén MT. Contamination of Wheat, Barley, and Maize Seeds with Toxigenic Fusarium Species and Their Mycotoxins in Tunisia. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:959-967. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Fusarium is a worldwide distributed fungal genus. It includes different species pathogenic to cereals among others crops. Some of these species can also produce toxic compounds toward animals and humans.
Objective
In this work, occurrence of fumonisins B1+B2, zearalenone, type A trichothecenes (T-2 and HT-2 toxins), and type B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol[DON] and nivalenol[NIV]) was studied in 65 samples of stored and freshly harvested wheat, barley, and maize collected in Tunisia.
Methods
Mycotoxins analyses were performed by using gas chromatography for type B trichothecenes and HPLC for other mycotoxins. Obtained results were compared with the presence of mycotoxigenic species considered responsible for their synthesis by using species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Results
Fumonisins occurred in 20.83% of wheat, 40% of barley, and 57.14% of maize samples, at levels exceeding European limits and suggesting a risk in Tunisian cereals, especially maize. Zearalenone, DON, NIV, and T-2+HT-2 toxins were detected at lower values in only wheat and barley samples. PCR protocols showed the predominance of F. verticillioides especially in maize, and occurrence of F. equiseti and F. graminearum in wheat and barley, and F. proliferatum in only two maize samples. A very consistent correlation was found between the detection of F. verticillioides and the contamination by fumonisins, as well as between the presence of F. graminearum and the contamination by zearalenone, DON, and NIV in the analyzed cereals.
Conclusions
Consequently, the detection of Fusarium species with the current PCR assays strategy in wheat, barley, and maize grains may be considered predictive of their potential mycotoxin risk in these matrices.
Highlights
This work is the first to report information on the occurrence of fumonisins, trichothecene, and ZEN, together with their potentially producing Fusarium species in wheat, barley, and maize in Tunisia. The high level of fumonisins in cereals, especially maize, stresses the importance of the control and the regularization of these mycotoxins for food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Jedidi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Av. Mohamed El Karoui, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Eva M Mateo
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Marín
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, José Antonio Novais 12, Madrid, Spain
| | - Misericordia Jiménez
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salem Said
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Av. Mohamed El Karoui, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - María T González-Jaén
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, José Antonio Novais 12, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Urbaniak M, Waśkiewicz A, Stępień Ł. Fusarium Cyclodepsipeptide Mycotoxins: Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Occurrence. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120765. [PMID: 33287253 PMCID: PMC7761704 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the fungi from the Fusarium genus are pathogenic to cereals, vegetables, and fruits and the products of their secondary metabolism mycotoxins may accumulate in foods and feeds. Non-ribosomal cyclodepsipeptides are one of the main mycotoxin groups and include beauvericins (BEAs), enniatins (ENNs), and beauvenniatins (BEAEs). When ingested, even small amounts of these metabolites significantly affect human and animal health. On the other hand, in view of their antimicrobial activities and cytotoxicity, they may be used as components in drug discovery and processing and are considered as suitable candidates for anti-cancer drugs. Therefore, it is crucial to expand the existing knowledge about cyclodepsipeptides and to search for new analogues of these compounds. The present manuscript aimed to highlight the extensive variability of cyclodepsipeptides by describing chemistry, biosynthesis, and occurrence of BEAs, ENNs, and BEAEs in foods and feeds. Moreover, the co-occurrence of Fusarium species was compared to the amounts of toxins in crops, vegetables, and fruits from different regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Urbaniak
- Plant-Pathogen Interaction Team, Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.U.); (Ł.S.); Tel.: +48-616-55-02-34 (M.U.)
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Plant-Pathogen Interaction Team, Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.U.); (Ł.S.); Tel.: +48-616-55-02-34 (M.U.)
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12
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Yapo AE, Strub C, Durand N, Ahoua ARC, Schorr-Galindo S, Bonfoh B, Fontana A, Koussémon M. Mass spectrometry-based detection and risk assessment of mycotoxin contamination of ‘kankankan’ used for roasted meat consumption in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1564-1578. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1784468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Armel Elysée Yapo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Department Research and Development, Centre Suisse De Recherches Scientifiques En Côte d’Ivoire (CSRS), Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Caroline Strub
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ d’Avignon, Univ De La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Noël Durand
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ d’Avignon, Univ De La Réunion, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, Montpellier, France
| | - Angora Rémi Constant Ahoua
- Department Research and Development, Centre Suisse De Recherches Scientifiques En Côte d’Ivoire (CSRS), Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Sabine Schorr-Galindo
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ d’Avignon, Univ De La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Department Research and Development, Centre Suisse De Recherches Scientifiques En Côte d’Ivoire (CSRS), Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Angélique Fontana
- QualiSud, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ d’Avignon, Univ De La Réunion, Montpellier, France
| | - Marina Koussémon
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
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13
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Gautier C, Pinson-Gadais L, Richard-Forget F. Fusarium Mycotoxins Enniatins: An Updated Review of Their Occurrence, the Producing Fusarium Species, and the Abiotic Determinants of Their Accumulation in Crop Harvests. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4788-4798. [PMID: 32243758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cereal grains and their processed food products are frequently contaminated with mycotoxins produced by the Fusarium genus. Enniatins (ENNs), which belong to the so-called "emerging mycotoxins" family, are among the most frequently found in small grain cereals. Health hazards induced by a chronic exposure to ENNs or an association of ENNs with other major mycotoxins is a risk that cannot be excluded given the current toxicological data. Thus, efforts must be pursued to define efficient control strategies to mitigate their presence in cereal grains. A key condition for achieving this aim is to gain deep and comprehensive knowledge of the factors promoting the appearance of ENNs in crop harvests. After an update of ENN occurrence data, this review surveys the scientific literature on the Fusarium species responsible for ENN contamination and covers the recent advances concerning the abiotic determinants and the genetic regulation of ENN biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gautier
- INRAE, UR 1264, Unité MycSA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Laetitia Pinson-Gadais
- INRAE, UR 1264, Unité MycSA, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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14
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Houissa H, Lasram S, Sulyok M, Šarkanj B, Fontana A, Strub C, Krska R, Schorr-Galindo S, Ghorbel A. Multimycotoxin LC-MS/MS analysis in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) from Tunisia. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Arroyo-Manzanares N, Hamed AM, García-Campaña AM, Gámiz-Gracia L. Plant-based milks: unexplored source of emerging mycotoxins. A proposal for the control of enniatins and beauvericin using UHPLC-MS/MS. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2019; 12:296-302. [PMID: 31791225 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2019.1663276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins have become one of the most common contaminants reported worldwide. Current legislation has established maximum levels only for some well-known mycotoxins; however, there are many other "emerging mycotoxins" for which there is no regulation, as enniatins and beauvericin. An analytical method based on salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry is proposed for determination of enniatin A, A1, B, B1, and beauvericin in different plant-based milks, as a possible source of these contaminants, is proposed. The method showed good precision and trueness (RSD <8% and recoveries between 84-97%) with a moderate matrix effect. From a total of 32 samples of plant-based milks of different compositions (including 8 rice milks, 8 oat milks and 16 soy milks), 3 samples were contaminated with the five mycotoxins, while 5 samples were contaminated with four of them, being oat milk the most susceptible for contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares
- Department Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ahmed M Hamed
- Department Dairy Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ana M García-Campaña
- Department Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Laura Gámiz-Gracia
- Department Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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16
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Jajić I, Dudaš T, Krstović S, Krska R, Sulyok M, Bagi F, Savić Z, Guljaš D, Stankov A. Emerging Fusarium Mycotoxins Fusaproliferin, Beauvericin, Enniatins, and Moniliformin in Serbian Maize. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060357. [PMID: 31248156 PMCID: PMC6628450 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging mycotoxins such as moniliformin (MON), enniatins (ENs), beauvericin (BEA), and fusaproliferin (FUS) may contaminate maize and negatively influence the yield and quality of grain. The aim of this study was to determine the content of emerging Fusarium mycotoxins in Serbian maize from the 2016, 2017, and 2018 harvests. A total of 190 samples from commercial maize production operations in Serbia were analyzed for the presence of MON, ENs, BEA, and FUS using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The obtained results were interpreted together with weather data from each year. MON, BEA, and FUS were major contaminants, while other emerging mycotoxins were not detected or were found in fewer samples (<20%). Overall contamination was highest in 2016 when MON and BEA were found in 50–80% of samples. In 2017 and 2018, high levels of MON, FUS, and BEA were detected in regions with high precipitation and warm weather during the silking phase of maize (July and the beginning of August), when the plants are most susceptible to Fusarium infections. Since environmental conditions in Serbia are favorable for the occurrence of mycotoxigenic fungi, monitoring Fusarium toxins is essential for the production of safe food and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Jajić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Tatjana Dudaš
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Saša Krstović
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK.
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Ferenc Bagi
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Zagorka Savić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Darko Guljaš
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
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17
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Sun D, Qiu N, Zhou S, Lyu B, Zhang S, Li J, Zhao Y, Wu Y. Development of Sensitive and Reliable UPLC-MS/MS Methods for Food Analysis of Emerging Mycotoxins in China Total Diet Study. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11030166. [PMID: 30884911 PMCID: PMC6468665 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the climatic changes that have taken place during the last decade, the spectrum of fungal pathogens as well as mycotoxins has considerably changed. As a result, some emerging mycotoxins have been shown to occur frequently in agricultural products. In this study, a sensitive and reliable method for the determination of 10 emerging mycotoxins (beauvericin, enniatin A, enniatin A1, enniatin B, enniatin B1, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, tentoxin, and tenuazonic acid) in 12 different food matrices (cereals, legumes, potatoes, meats, eggs, aquatic foods, dairy products, vegetables, fruits, sugars, beverages, and alcohol beverages) was developed and validated. After a simple extraction, a one-step sample clean-up by a HLB solid phase extraction (SPE) column was sufficient for all 12 food matrices prior to analysis with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Isotope internal standards 13C-TeA, TEN-d₃, and 13C-AFB2 were used for accurate quantification. Validation in terms of linearity, selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision (intra and inter-day variability) were evaluated for the 10 mycotoxins in all selected matrices. The sensitivity varied from 0.0004 to 0.3 ng mL-1 (limits of detection) and from 0.002 to 0.9 ng mL-1 (limits of quantitation). The recoveries of 10 mycotoxins in fortified samples were from 60.6% to 164% including very low spiking levels in all 12 food matrices, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 12%. The proposed methodology was applied to the analysis of 60 samples collected from five provinces within the 6th China Total Diet Study with the results discussed in detail. The advantages of sensitivity, accuracy, and robustness made it a powerful tool for emerging mycotoxin monitoring and dietary exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlei Sun
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Nannan Qiu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Shuang Zhou
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Bing Lyu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Shuo Zhang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Jingguang Li
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Yongning Wu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission, Beijing 100021, China.
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18
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Abstract
A total of 470 edible vegetable oil samples including peanut, soybean, rapeseed, sesame seed, corn, blend, and others collected from eight provinces of China were analyzed for the concentrations of beauvericin (BEA), enniatin A (ENA), A1 (ENA1), B (ENB), and B1 (ENB1) by ultraperformance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-MS/MS). Concentrations of BEA, ENB, and ENB1 (average = 5.59 μg/kg, 5.16 μg/kg, and 4.61 μg/kg) in all positive samples were higher than those for ENA and ENA1 (average = 0.85 μg/kg and 1.88 μg/kg). Frequencies of BEA and ENNs in all analyzed samples were all higher than 50% with the exception of ENA1 (36.6%, 172/470). Levels of BEA and ENNs in all analyzed samples varied based on their sample types and geographical distributions (Kruskal–Wallis test, p < 0.05). The soybean and peanut oil samples were found to be more easily contaminated by BEA and ENNs than other oil samples. Concentrations of BEA and ENNs in samples obtained from Heilongjiang, Shandong and Guizhou were higher than those found in samples from other provinces. Besides, frequencies of mycotoxin co-contaminations were high and their co-contamination types also varied by oil types. BEA-ENA-ENA1-ENB-ENB1 was the most commonly found toxin combination type, almost in one third of the analyzed samples (30%, 141/470). Overall, these results indicate that co-occurrence of BEA and ENNs in analyzed Chinese edible vegetable oil samples is highly common, and it is vital to monitor them, both simultaneously and on a widespread level.
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Tantaoui-Elaraki A, Riba A, Oueslati S, Zinedine A. Toxigenic fungi and mycotoxin occurrence and prevention in food and feed in northern Africa – a review. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
North African countries (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) are surrounded by water bodies, such as the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Their climate is characterised by high temperatures and high relative humidity in some areas, which are environmental conditions favourable to fast fungal growth and toxinogenesis. This paper reports information on the presence of toxigenic fungi, mycotoxins (especially aflatoxins and ochratoxin A) and emerging Fusarium mycotoxins (enniatins, beauvericin and fusaproliferin) in some Northern African commodities that are largely consumed and were investigated thoroughly, especially raw cereals, bread, couscous, pasta, milk, spices, wine, beer, fruit juices, olives and olive oil, dried fruits and nuts, poultry feeds, etc. in the three North African countries. High contamination levels have been reported for some food samples from the three countries. Steps towards better prevention of mycotoxin production in feeds and decrease of intestinal absorption, by means of plant essential oils associated with clay, have been undertaken. Morocco presumably is the country where mycotoxin regulation is the most detailed in comparison with Algeria and Tunisia. Finally, the conclusion section offers some prospects and recommendations for actions by authorities and scientists during the monitoring of mycotoxins in the foods and feeds produced and/or commercialised in the three countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Tantaoui-Elaraki
- FENEX Office, Résidence Al-Khadra, No. 11, Guich Oudayas, 10100 Témara, Morocco
| | - A. Riba
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens (LBSM), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba, Alger & Département de Biologie, Université M’hamed Bougara, Avenue de l’indépendance, 35000 Boumerdès, Algeria
| | - S. Oueslati
- Laboratoire Matériaux, Molécules et Applications, Institut Préparatoire aux Etudes Scientifiques et Techniques, BP 51, La Marsa 2070, Tunisia
| | - A. Zinedine
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, BP 20, El Jadida 24000, Morocco
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Zhao Z, Yang X, Zhao X, Chen L, Bai B, Zhou C, Wang J. Method Development and Validation for the Analysis of Emerging and Traditional Fusarium Mycotoxins in Pepper, Potato, Tomato, and Cucumber by UPLC-MS/MS. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1180-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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21
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Oueslati S, Berrada H, Mañes J, Juan C. Presence of mycotoxins in Tunisian infant foods samples and subsequent risk assessment. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Abdallah MF, Girgin G, Baydar T, Krska R, Sulyok M. Occurrence of multiple mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites in animal feed and maize samples from Egypt using LC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:4419-4428. [PMID: 28244108 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of multiple toxic fungal and bacterial metabolites in 156 animal feed (n = 77) and maize (n = 79) samples collected from three regions in Upper Egypt. The target analytes were quantified using the 'dilute and shoot' approach, followed by a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. RESULTS In total, 115 fungal and bacterial metabolites were detected in both matrices, including the regulated mycotoxins in the European Union, in addition to the modified forms such as deoxynivalenol-3-glucosid. Furthermore, some Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillum metabolites beside other fungal and bacterial metabolites were detected for the first time in Egypt. All of the samples were contaminated with at least four toxins. On average, 26 different metabolites were detected per sample with a trend of more metabolites in feed than in maize. The maximum number of analytes observed per samples was 54 analytes at maximum concentrations ranging from 0.04 µg kg-1 for tentoxin to 25 040 µg kg-1 for kojic acid. CONCLUSION According to the international standards, the contamination rates in the investigated regions were not alarming, except for AFB1 in maize. The necessity of further and continuous monitoring is highly recommended to establish a database for mycotoxin occurrence. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Abdallah
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gözde Girgin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Terken Baydar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
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23
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Juan C, Berrada H, Mañes J, Oueslati S. Multi-mycotoxin determination in barley and derived products from Tunisia and estimation of their dietary intake. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 103:148-156. [PMID: 28249780 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A study on raw barley and derived products (barley soup and beers) was carried out to determine the natural presence of twenty-four mycotoxins by both liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The developed multi-mycotoxin procedure was based on both SLE and QuEChERS extraction steps. 66% of analyzed samples presented mycotoxin contamination and only one sample, which was soup of barley (6 ng/g), exceeded the maximum level (ML) established by EU for OTA (5 ng/g). Raw barley was the most contaminated matrix (62%), which concentrations ranged from 1.70 to 287.13 ng/g) and type of detected mycotoxins (DON, 15AcDON, NEO, NIV, HT2, FB1, OTA, ENA, ENA1, ENB and ENB1). DON was the most detected mycotoxin with an incidence of 56%, 29% and 23% in beer, soup of barley and barley, respectively. However, the highest levels detected were for ENA, in raw barley with 287 ng/g. In beer and soup of barley samples, the mycotoxins with highest level were 15AcDON (15.6 ng/g) and ENB1 (55.1 ng/g), respectively. Furthermore, 80% of positive soup of barley samples showed co-occurrence. No toxicological concern was associated to mycotoxins exposure for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Juan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot-Valencia, Spain.
| | - H Berrada
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
| | - J Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
| | - S Oueslati
- Laboratoire Matériaux, Molécules et applications, Institut Préparatoire aux Etudes Scientifiques et Techniques, BP 51 La Marsa 2070, Tunisia; Regional Field Crop Research Center of Beja (CRRGC), Route Tunis Km 5, 9000 Béja, Tunisia
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24
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Stanciu O, Juan C, Miere D, Loghin F, Mañes J. Analysis of enniatins and beauvericin by LC-MS/MS in wheat-based products. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2017.1288661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oana Stanciu
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Juan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of València, Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Doina Miere
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Felicia Loghin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Jordi Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of València, Burjassot, València, Spain
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25
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Multi-mycotoxin contamination of couscous semolina commercialized in Morocco. Food Chem 2017; 214:440-446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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QuEChERS Purification Combined with Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Simultaneous Quantification of 25 Mycotoxins in Cereals. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8120375. [PMID: 27983693 PMCID: PMC5198569 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8120375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A method based on the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) purification combined with ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS), was optimized for the simultaneous quantification of 25 mycotoxins in cereals. Samples were extracted with a solution containing 80% acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid, and purified with QuEChERS before being separated by a C18 column. The mass spectrometry was conducted by using positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) models. The method gave good linear relations with regression coefficients ranging from 0.9950 to 0.9999. The detection limits ranged from 0.03 to 15.0 µg·kg−1, and the average recovery at three different concentrations ranged from 60.2% to 115.8%, with relative standard deviations (RSD%) varying from 0.7% to 19.6% for the 25 mycotoxins. The method is simple, rapid, accurate, and an improvement compared with the existing methods published so far.
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Bryła M, Waśkiewicz A, Podolska G, Szymczyk K, Jędrzejczak R, Damaziak K, Sułek A. Occurrence of 26 Mycotoxins in the Grain of Cereals Cultivated in Poland. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E160. [PMID: 27231939 PMCID: PMC4926127 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8060160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of 26 mycotoxins were determined in 147 samples of the grain of cereals cultivated in five regions of Poland during the 2014 growing season. The HPLC-HRMS (time-of-flight) analytical technique was used. An analytical procedure to simultaneously determine 26 mycotoxins in grain was developed, tested and verified. Samples from eastern and southern Poland were more contaminated with mycotoxins than the samples from northern and western Poland. Toxins produced by Fusarium fungi were the main contaminants found. Some deoxynivalenol (DON) was found in 100% of the tested samples of wheat (Osiny, Borusowa, Werbkowice), triticale, winter barley and oats, while the maximum permissible DON level (as defined in the EU Commission Regulation No. 1881/2006) was exceeded in 10 samples. Zearalenone (ZEN), DON metabolites and enniatins were also commonly found. The presence of mycotoxins in grain reflected the prevailing weather conditions during the plant flowering/earing stages, which were favorable for the development of blight. Among all investigated wheat genotypes, cv. Fidelius was the least contaminated, while Bamberka, Forkida and Kampana were the most contaminated. However, the single-factor ANOVA analysis of variance did not reveal (at a statistical significance level α = 0.05) any differences between levels of mycotoxins in individual genotypes. Triticale was the most contaminated grain among all of the tested varieties. ZEN, DON and the sum of 3-acetyldexynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3- and 15-ADON) were found in 100% of the tested triticale samples at concentrations within the 4-86, 196-1326 and 36-374 µg·kg(-1) range, respectively. Of particular concern was the fact that some "emerging mycotoxins" (enniatins) (in addition to commonly-known and legally-regulated mycotoxins) were also found in the tested triticale samples (enniatin B (Enn-B), enniatin B1 (Enn-B1), enniatin A-1 (Enn-A1), 100% of samples, and enniatin A (Enn-A), 70% of samples). Depending on the toxin, they were found at levels between 8 and 3328 µg·kg(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bryła
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Grażyna Podolska
- Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute, Department of Cereal Crop Production, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Szymczyk
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Renata Jędrzejczak
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Damaziak
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Alicja Sułek
- Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute, Department of Cereal Crop Production, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
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28
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Ferrigo D, Raiola A, Causin R. Fusarium Toxins in Cereals: Occurrence, Legislation, Factors Promoting the Appearance and Their Management. Molecules 2016; 21:E627. [PMID: 27187340 PMCID: PMC6274039 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium diseases of small grain cereals and maize cause significant yield losses worldwide. Fusarium infections result in reduced grain yield and contamination with mycotoxins, some of which have a notable impact on human and animal health. Regulations on maximum limits have been established in various countries to protect consumers from the harmful effects of these mycotoxins. Several factors are involved in Fusarium disease and mycotoxin occurrence and among them environmental factors and the agronomic practices have been shown to deeply affect mycotoxin contamination in the field. In the present review particular emphasis will be placed on how environmental conditions and stress factors for the crops can affect Fusarium infection and mycotoxin production, with the aim to provide useful knowledge to develop strategies to prevent mycotoxin accumulation in cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrigo
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Raiola
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
| | - Roberto Causin
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padua, Campus of Agripolis, Viale Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy.
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29
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Covarelli L, Beccari G, Prodi A, Generotti S, Etruschi F, Meca G, Juan C, Mañes J. Biosynthesis of beauvericin and enniatins in vitro by wheat Fusarium species and natural grain contamination in an area of central Italy. Food Microbiol 2015; 46:618-626. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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The occurrence of "emerging" mycotoxins in brewing raw materials. KVASNY PRUMYSL 2015. [DOI: 10.18832/kp2015014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Kalayou S, Ndossi D, Frizzell C, Groseth PK, Connolly L, Sørlie M, Verhaegen S, Ropstad E. An investigation of the endocrine disrupting potential of enniatin B using in vitro bioassays. Toxicol Lett 2015; 233:84-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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32
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Bolechová M, Benešová K, Běláková S, Čáslavský J, Pospíchalová M, Mikulíková R. Determination of seventeen mycotoxins in barley and malt in the Czech Republic. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Blesa J, Moltó JC, El Akhdari S, Mañes J, Zinedine A. Simultaneous determination of Fusarium mycotoxins in wheat grain from Morocco by liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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34
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Lee HS, Phat C, Nam WS, Lee C. Optimization of culture conditions of Fusarium solani for the production of neoN-methylsansalvamide. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1421-7. [PMID: 25130748 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.921554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to optimize the culture conditions of Fusarium solani KCCM90040 on cereal grain for the production of neoN-methylsansalvamide, a novel low-molecular-weight cyclic pentadepsipeptide exhibiting cytotoxic and multidrug resistance reversal effects. From the analysis of variance results using response surface methodology, temperature, initial moisture content, and growth time were shown to be important parameters for the production of neoN-methylsansalvamide on cereal grain. A model was established in the present study to describe the relationship between environmental conditions and the production of neoN-methylsansalvamide on rice, the selected cereal grain. The optimal culture conditions were determined at 25.79 °C with the initial moisture content of 40.79%, and 16.19 days of growth time. This report will give important information concerning the optimization of environmental conditions using statistic methodology for the production of a new cyclic pentadepsipeptide from fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Seok Lee
- a School of Food Science and Technology , Chung-Ang University , Anseong , Republic of Korea
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35
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Scientific Opinion on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of beauvericin and enniatins in food and feed. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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36
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37
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Oueslati S, Blesa J, Moltó JC, Ghorbel A, Mañes J. Presence of mycotoxins in sorghum and intake estimation in Tunisia. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:307-18. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.867367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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38
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Tolosa J, Font G, Mañes J, Ferrer E. Nuts and dried fruits: Natural occurrence of emerging Fusarium mycotoxins. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Ficheux A, Sibiril Y, Parent-Massin D. Effects of beauvericin, enniatin b and moniliformin on human dendritic cells and macrophages: An in vitro study. Toxicon 2013; 71:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Comparative assessment of three extraction procedures for determination of emerging Fusarium mycotoxins in pasta by LC–MS/MS. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Stępień Ł. The use ofFusariumsecondary metabolite biosynthetic genes in chemotypic and phylogenetic studies. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 40:176-85. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.770387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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42
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Lu H, Fernández-Franzón M, Font G, Ruiz M. Toxicity evaluation of individual and mixed enniatins using an in vitro method with CHO-K1 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:672-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Prosperini A, Meca G, Font G, Ruiz MJ. Bioaccessibility of enniatins A, A₁, B, and B₁ in different commercial breakfast cereals, cookies, and breads of Spain. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:456-461. [PMID: 23259648 DOI: 10.1021/jf3044023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fusarotoxins enniatins (ENs) can represent a potential risk as natural contaminants of cereal commodities. However, only their bioaccessible fraction can exert a toxicity. The purpose of this study was to determine the ENs A, A₁, B, and B₁ bioaccessibility added in 1.5 and 3.0 μmol/g concentrations in breakfast cereals, cookies, and breads using a simulated in vitro gastrointestinal extraction model. Bioaccessibility values ranged between 40.4 ± 1.9 and 79.9 ± 2.8%. The lower values were 50.1, 40.4, 43.9, and 46.3% in wheat bran with fibers, and the higher values were 79.9, 64.2, 69.8, and 73.6% in white loaf bread for the ENs A, A₁, B, and B₁, respectively. Food composition, compounds structure, and presence of natural adsorbing materials can influence the ENs bioaccessibility. Application of a simulated in vitro gastrointestinal method is a good procedure to assess oral ENs bioaccessibility in cookies, breakfast cereals, and bread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Prosperini
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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44
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Serrano A, Font G, Mañes J, Ferrer E. Emerging Fusarium mycotoxins in organic and conventional pasta collected in Spain. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 51:259-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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45
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Blesa J, Marín R, Lino C, Mañes J. Evaluation of enniatins A, A1, B, B1 and beauvericin in Portuguese cereal-based foods. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1727-35. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.702929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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46
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Serrano A, Meca G, Font G, Ferrer E. Risk assessment associated to the intake of the emerging Fusarium mycotoxins BEA, ENs and FUS present in infant formula of Spanish origin. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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47
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Vaclavikova M, Malachova A, Veprikova Z, Dzuman Z, Zachariasova M, Hajslova J. 'Emerging' mycotoxins in cereals processing chains: changes of enniatins during beer and bread making. Food Chem 2012; 136:750-7. [PMID: 23122123 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Enniatins represent an emerging food safety issue because of their extensive incidence, documented in recent decades, in various small grain cereals. This study was concerned with the fate of these Fusarium mycotoxins within malting, brewing, milling and baking, when employed for the processing of contaminated barley and wheat. Besides enniatins A, A1, B and B1, also deoxynivalenol and its conjugated form (deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside) were determined in almost all tested cereal-based samples. Significant decline of enniatins occurred within all technologies, with the largest drop in their concentrations observed in the brewing process. While enniatins were not detectable in final beers, they were almost quantitatively transferred to spent grains, probably because of their limited water solubility. Regarding bread baking, levels of enniatins decreased down to 30% of their concentration in the initial flour used for baking. In this case, degradation at higher temperatures might be assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vaclavikova
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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48
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Multi-mycotoxin determination in cereals and derived products marketed in Tunisia using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2376-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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49
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Santini A, Meca G, Uhlig S, Ritieni A. Fusaproliferin, beauvericin and enniatins: occurrence in food – a review. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2011.1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The present review summarises data on the prevalence and concentration of fusaproliferin, beauvericin and enniatins in small grains, maize and processed grain-based foods. These fungal secondary metabolites possess interesting biological activities and are presently often referred to as 'emerging mycotoxins'. They have been considered as less important since they are likely not of acute toxicity. However, their high prevalence in foodstuffs, occasionally in higher mg/kg concentrations, warrants an assessment of their true importance for food (and feed) safety. Thorough surveys that determine the contamination of raw and processed foods with fusaproliferin, beauvericin and enniatins are still scarce and are generally limited to Northern Europe and the Mediterranean. The reported data suggest a connection between the observed concentrations and climate. The data further suggest that humans might be exposed continuously to low levels of enniatins as these compounds were of particularly high prevalence in the surveys. The highest concentrations of enniatins were reported from Spain and Northern Africa (maximum concentration of enniatin A1 814 mg/kg in rice from the Spanish market), while concentrations were significantly lower in Northern Europe (maximum concentration of enniatin B 18.3 mg/kg in wheat from Finland). Beauvericin appears to be of low significance in grains from cooler climates while it has been reported to occur at concentrations of tens of mg/ kg in Southern Europe and Morocco (maximum concentration 59 mg/kg in maize from Morocco). Fusaproliferin has been least investigated. Several reports from the Mediterranean show its occasional occurrence up to 19.6 mg/ kg in rice from Morocco, while its natural occurrence in cooler climates seems to be more rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Santini
- Department of Food Science, University of Napoli 'Federico II', via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - G. Meca
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - S. Uhlig
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Section for Chemistry and Toxicology, Ullevålsveien 68, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - A. Ritieni
- Department of Food Science, University of Napoli 'Federico II', via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Napoli, Italy
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50
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Malachova A, Dzuman Z, Veprikova Z, Vaclavikova M, Zachariasova M, Hajslova J. Deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, and enniatins: the major mycotoxins found in cereal-based products on the Czech market. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:12990-12997. [PMID: 22070284 DOI: 10.1021/jf203391x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium toxins, Alternaria toxins, and ergot alkaloids represent common groups of mycotoxins that can be found in cereals grown under temperate climatic conditions. Because most of them are chemically and thermally stable, these toxic fungal secondary metabolites might be transferred from grains into the final products. To get information on the commensurate contamination of various cereal-based products collected from the Czech retail market in 2010, the occurrence of "traditional" mycotoxins such as groups of A and B trichothecenes and zearalenone, less routinely determined Alternaria toxins (alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether and altenuene), ergot alkaloids (ergosine, ergocryptine, ergocristine, and ergocornine) and "emerging" mycotoxins (enniatins A, A1, B, and B1 and beauvericin) were monitored. In a total 116 samples derived from white flour and mixed flour, breakfast cereals, snacks, and flour, only trichothecenes A and B and enniatins were found. Deoxynivalenol was detected in 75% of samples with concentrations ranging from 13 to 594 μg/kg, but its masked form, deoxynivalenol-3-β-d-glucoside, has an even higher incidence of 80% of samples, and concentrations ranging between 5 and 72 μg/kg were detected. Nivalenol was found only in three samples at levels of 30 μg/kg. For enniatins, all of the samples investigated were contaminated with at least one of four target enniatins. Enniatin A was detected in 97% of samples (concentration range of 20-2532 μg/kg) followed by enniatin B with an incidence in 91% of the samples (concentration range of 13-941 μg/kg) and enniatin B1 with an incidence of 80% in the samples tested (concentration range of 8-785 μg/kg). Enniatin A1 was found only in 44% of samples at levels ranging between 8 and 851 μg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Malachova
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technicka 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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