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Fürstenberg R, Langkabel N, Grosse-Kleimann J, Kreienbrock L, Meemken D. Agar Contact Method as a Valuable Tool to Identify Slaughter Hygiene Deficiencies along the Slaughter Process by Longitudinally Sampling Pig Skin Surfaces. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2512. [PMID: 37894170 PMCID: PMC10609102 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Examinations of total viable counts (TVCs) and Salmonella spp. on the skin of individual pigs during the slaughter process are useful to identify abattoir-specific risk factors for (cross-)contamination. At seven process stages (lairage to before chilling), pigs were bacteriologically investigated by repeatedly sampling the same animals using the agar contact method. The mean TVC of all pigs increased significantly at the first three tested process stages (mean count, after delivery: 5.70 log cfu/cm2, after showering: 6.27 log cfu/cm2, after stunning: 6.48 log cfu/cm2). Significant mean TVC reductions occurred after scalding/dehairing (mean count: 3.71 log cfu/cm2), after singeing/flaming (2.70 log cfu/cm2), and after evisceration (2.44 log cfu/cm2) compared with the respective preceding process stages. At the end of the slaughter line and before chilling, the mean TVC was 2.33 log cfu/cm2, showing that the slaughter process reduced contamination significantly. The slaughter process effectively reduced even very high levels of incoming TVCs, since at the individual animal level, at the end of the slaughter process, there was no difference in the TVCs of animals with initially high and initially low TVCs. Additionally, 12 Salmonella spp. isolates were recovered from 12 different pigs, but only until the stage after scalding/dehairing. Overall, the agar contact method used is valuable for detecting hygiene deficiencies at slaughter, and is animal-equitable, practical, and suitable for use on live animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Fürstenberg
- Working Group Meat Hygiene, Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (R.F.)
| | - Nina Langkabel
- Working Group Meat Hygiene, Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (R.F.)
| | - Julia Grosse-Kleimann
- Department for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Meemken
- Working Group Meat Hygiene, Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (R.F.)
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Blanco-Lizarazo CM, Sierra-Cadavid A. Prevalence of Escherichia coli generic and pathogenic in pork meat: systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:247. [PMID: 37428340 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
This research aimed to analyze scientific information regarding the prevalence of generic and pathogenic E. coli in the production and supply chain of pork meat, considering different types of samples, places of sampling, and pathotypes using a systematic review and meta-analysis tools. The meta-analysis for the prevalence of generic and pathogenic E. coli was conducted by estimating the effects within subgroups. Data subsets were analyzed using the DerSimonian-Laird method for binary random effects. The average prevalence of generic E. coli in different types of pork meat samples was determined to be 35.6% (95% CI 19.3-51.8), with no significant differences observed between pork meat and carcasses. Conversely, the average prevalence of E. coli pathotypes in samples related to the supply chain of pork meat was found to be 4.7% (95% CI 3.7-5.7). In conclusion, these findings suggest the possibility of establishing an objective threshold for E. coli prevalence as a benchmark for comparison within the meat industry. By utilizing this data, it becomes possible to propose a standardized limit that can serve as a reference point for evaluating and improving processes in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla María Blanco-Lizarazo
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Cárnico CI+D, Industria de Alimentos Zenú, Carrera 64 C # 104-03, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Andrea Sierra-Cadavid
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Cárnico CI+D, Industria de Alimentos Zenú, Carrera 64 C # 104-03, Medellín, Colombia
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3
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Cê ER, Giombelli A, Kich JD, Moresco KS, Miranda A, Pedrão MR, Johann G, Badaró ACL, Hashimoto EH, Machado-Lunkes A. Monitoring of Pig Slaughter Stages and Correlation in the Prevalence of Pathogens and Levels of Microorganisms That Indicate Microbiological Quality and Hygiene Using a Predictive Model. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100034. [PMID: 36916590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2022.100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pig production is relevant to the Brazilian economy. Different stages of the raising and slaughtering process influence the microbiological quality of pig products and by-products. Microbiological analysis and hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCPs) are tools for monitoring microbiological quality indicator microorganisms. The construction of predictive models can assist the process of monitoring the microbiological quality of pig products. This study aimed to map the slaughter stages and develop a model to predict the absence or presence of Salmonella based on the process variables (distance from the farm to the slaughterhouse and aerobic mesophilic) and analyze their influence on contamination indicator microorganisms. A total of 810 samples were collected at nine stages of the slaughter process (bleeding, scalding, dehairing, singeing, washing, evisceration, inspection, final washing, and chilling). The binary class predictive model was used as a microbiological quality predictor at the slaughter stages. Salmonella was identified at all process stages, with lower contamination levels at the scalding and chilling stages, whereas the highest levels were found at the dehairing and bleeding stages. The predictive model revealed an accuracy of about 85% for Salmonella being a tool to monitor the microbiological quality of pig slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elton Rodrigo Cê
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Audecir Giombelli
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil
| | - Jalusa Deon Kich
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Concórdia-SC, Brazil
| | - Karla Suzana Moresco
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil; Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Realeza-PR, Brazil
| | - Andresa Miranda
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Mayka Reghiany Pedrão
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Gracielle Johann
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Andréa Cátia Leal Badaró
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Brazil
| | - Elisabete Hiromi Hashimoto
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Machado-Lunkes
- Graduate Program of Food Technology, Federal University of Technology-Parana, Francisco Beltrão-PR, Londrina-PR, Brazil.
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Distribution of psychrophilic microorganisms in a beef slaughterhouse in Japan after cleaning. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268411. [PMID: 35921278 PMCID: PMC9348744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the abundance and distribution of psychrophilic microorganisms associated with spoilage in beef slaughterhouse environments after cleaning. The processing lines and equipment used in slaughtering and boning were swabbed, and the microbial count was determined using a TSA and MRS medium and Chromocult® Coliform agar incubated at 15ºC and 37ºC, respectively. As a result, the brisket saw (handle side) and trolley hook were the most heavily contaminated with microorganisms, with each having a microbial adhesion rate of 66.7%. The microbial adhesion rates of the apron and milling cutter (edge side) were 50%, respectively, and those of the foot cutter (edge and handle side), splitting saw (edge side), and knife (handle side) were 33.3%, respectively. Next, four colonies were randomly isolated from the petri dish used for the bacterial count measurement to identify the predominant microbial species of the microorganisms attached to each equipment. As a result of Sanger sequencing analysis, yeasts such as Candida zeylanoides and Rhodotorula sp. and bacteria including Pseudomonas sp. and Rhodococcus sp. were identified from the equipment used in the slaughtering line, and it was assumed that these microorganisms were of environmental origin. In contrast, only Pseudomonas sp. and Candida zeylanoides were isolated from the boning line. Despite the use of cleaning operations, this study identified some equipment was contaminated with microorganisms. Since this equipment frequently comes into direct contact with the carcass, it is critical to thoroughly remove the microorganisms through accurate cleaning to prevent the spread of microbial contamination on the carcasses.
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Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae Count in Abattoir Wastes and Its Receiving Waters in Limbe Municipality, Cameroon: Public Health Implications. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9977371. [PMID: 35402608 PMCID: PMC8989571 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9977371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The release of untreated wastes from abattoirs into the environment and nearby water bodies poses a significant threat to public health. Such litters may contain pathogens, including antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study investigated 80 samples collected from butchering tables, slaughter slabs, meat rinsing points, and abattoir wastes receiving water from two abattoirs (A and B). Total Enterobacteriaceae count (TEC) for each sample was determined, and Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were isolated and identified. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done on all bacterial isolates against nine locally used antibiotics. Overall, 118 bacterial isolates, comprising E. coli (42.5%), Salmonella spp. (27.5%), Shigella spp. (37.5%), and S. aureus (40.0%), were recovered. Of the 118 bacterial isolates, 104 (88.1%) were multidrug-resistant, including 58 (55.8%) from abattoir A and 46 (44.2%) from abattoir B; however, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.6837). Of the 32 S. aureus isolates, 29 (90.6%) were multidrug-resistant. All S. aureus were 100% sensitive to vancomycin, kanamycin, and amikacin. Similarly, 31 (91.2%) of the 34 E. coli isolates recovered in this study were multidrug-resistant. Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. also showed high levels of multidrug resistance corresponding to 81.8% and 86.7%, respectively. All isolates of E. coli, Salmonella, and Shigella were 100% resistant to ampicillin and 100% sensitive to ciprofloxacin. Minimum and maximum mean values for TEC were 3.62-5.83 log CFU/mL for abattoir A and 4.08–5.56 log CFU/mL for abattoir B. The highest and lowest TEC counts were from slaughter slab and upstream water, respectively, in each abattoir. Our results indicate a predominance of multidrug-resistant bacteria in abattoir wastes and their receiving waters in the study sites. Hence, we recommend the treatment of abattoir wastes before disposal and improved hygiene and sanitation practices to enhance public health.
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Wages JA, Dittoe DK, Feye KM, Ricke SC. Consequences of Implementing Neutralizing Buffered Peptone Water in Commercial Poultry Processing on the Microbiota of Whole Bird Carcass Rinses and the Subsequent Microbiological Analyses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:813461. [PMID: 35369495 PMCID: PMC8969756 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.813461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) established guidelines which modified the Buffered Peptone Water (BPW) rinsate material to include additional compounds that would better neutralize residual processing aids and allow for better recovery of sublethal injured Salmonella spp. cells. While the added compounds improved the recovery of Salmonella spp., specific data to understand how the new rinse agent, neutralizing Buffered Peptone Water (nBPW), impacts the recovery of other microorganisms such as Campylobacter spp. and indicator microorganisms are lacking. Therefore, this study evaluated the impact of rinse solutions (BPW or nBPW) used in Whole Bird Carcass rinsate (WBCR) collections on the subsequent microbiome and downstream culturing methodologies. Carcasses exiting a finishing chiller were rinsed in 400 ml of BPW or nBPW. Resulting rinsates were analyzed for Enterobacteriaceae (EB), Salmonella, and Campylobacter spp. prevalence and total aerobic bacteria (APC) and EB load. The 16S rDNA of the rinsates and the matrices collected from applied microbiological analyses were sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq®. Log10-transformed counts were analyzed in JMP 15 using ANOVA with means separated using Tukey’s HSD, and prevalence data were analyzed using Pearson’s χ2 (P ≤ 0.05). Diversity and microbiota compositions (ANCOM) were analyzed in QIIME 2.2019.7 (P ≤ 0.05; Q ≤ 0.05). There was an effect of rinsate type on the APC load and Campylobacter spp. prevalence (P < 0.05), but not the quantity or prevalence of EB or Salmonella spp. prevalence. There were differences between the microbial diversity of the two rinsate types and downstream analyses (P < 0.05). Additionally, several taxa, including Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, Clostridium, Enterococcaceae, Burkholderiaceae, and Staphylococcaceae, were differentially abundant in paired populations. Therefore, the rinse buffer used in a WBCR collection causes proportional shifts in the microbiota, which can lead to differences in results obtained from cultured microbial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Wages
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States.,Tyson Foods, Inc., Springdale, AR, United States
| | - Dana K Dittoe
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Animal and Dairy Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kristina M Feye
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Animal and Dairy Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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7
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8
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Factors affecting the registration of slaughter facilities as formal abattoirs in South Africa. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-021-01337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Method-Related Impacts on Campylobacter coli Recovery From Sampling Materials And Meat. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2021-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A defined Campylobacter coli (C. coli) suspension was inoculated on sterile sampling materials (cotton bud, polyester bud, cellulose sponge) and pieces of lamb meat. Various combinations of diluents (phosphate buffer saline ± Tween®80) and sampling methods (direct homogenization, simulating the excision method for meat, and swabbing) were investigated for the recovery (detachment) of C. coli cells from the inoculated samples. The obtained C. coli bacteria, as quantified by real-time PCR with respect to the dilution factors and the initial inoculum, were used for the calculation of the recovery (%) per sampling material and method. Regarding artificially inoculated sampling materials, the lowest recovery was observed for cotton buds (2.8%) and the highest for cellulose sponge (28.9%), and the differences between the obtained results were statistically significant (P < 0.05). As regards lamb meat, the lowest recovery was observed for swabbing with cotton buds (3.2%) and the highest for direct homogenization (10.7%). The results indicate an overall low rate of bacterial recovery from contaminated samples, with cellulose sponges and polyester buds being significantly superior to cotton buds, and direct homogenization of meat with diluent better than swabbing. The type of sampling materials and methods applied for the quantification of C. coli entails a key impact on determining the actual contamination of the examined samples.
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Blagojevic B, Nesbakken T, Alvseike O, Vågsholm I, Antic D, Johler S, Houf K, Meemken D, Nastasijevic I, Vieira Pinto M, Antunovic B, Georgiev M, Alban L. Drivers, opportunities, and challenges of the European risk-based meat safety assurance system. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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da Silva S, Farag K. The impact of lamb cleanliness and line speed on the effectiveness of steam vacuum and carcass wash as decontamination methods after slaughter. Meat Sci 2020; 171:108276. [PMID: 32827805 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the effectiveness of steam vacuum and carcass wash in decontaminating lamb carcasses by measuring Enterobacteriaceae, total viable counts (TVC), and visible contamination. In addition, different levels of fleece cleanliness and different line speeds were evaluated for each group. The sampling covered four groups: i) control, ii) steam vacuum, iii) carcass wash, and iv) steam vacuum and carcass wash. A total of 660 surface swabs were collected: i) before treatment, ii) after treatment, and iii) 24 h post chilling. The results showed that Enterobacteriaceae and TVC means were significantly lower (P < 0.001) on the steam vacuum group compared to the other groups, both after treatment and after chilling. Conversely, the carcass wash was effective in removing visible contamination but not significant on microbial reduction. There was a significant difference (P < 0.001) between line speeds on TVC means, but not on Enterobacteriaceae means. Cat 3 unshorn lambs yielded carcasses with the lowest Enterobacteriaceae means, but with greatest TVC means and wool contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra da Silva
- Department of Food Technology and Innovation, Harper Adams University, United Kingdom
| | - Karim Farag
- Department of Food Technology and Innovation, Harper Adams University, United Kingdom.
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12
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Kadyan S, Kumar N, Lawaniya R, Sharma PK, Arora B, Tehri N. Rapid and miniaturized method for detection of hygiene indicators,Escherichia coliand coliforms,in dairy products. J Food Saf 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Kadyan
- National Referral Centre for Milk Quality and Safety, Dairy Microbiology Division ICAR‐National Dairy Research Institute Karnal Haryana India
| | - Naresh Kumar
- National Referral Centre for Milk Quality and Safety, Dairy Microbiology Division ICAR‐National Dairy Research Institute Karnal Haryana India
| | - Ramakant Lawaniya
- National Referral Centre for Milk Quality and Safety, Dairy Microbiology Division ICAR‐National Dairy Research Institute Karnal Haryana India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Sharma
- National Referral Centre for Milk Quality and Safety, Dairy Microbiology Division ICAR‐National Dairy Research Institute Karnal Haryana India
| | - Bhawna Arora
- National Referral Centre for Milk Quality and Safety, Dairy Microbiology Division ICAR‐National Dairy Research Institute Karnal Haryana India
| | - Nimisha Tehri
- National Referral Centre for Milk Quality and Safety, Dairy Microbiology Division ICAR‐National Dairy Research Institute Karnal Haryana India
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13
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Visciano P, Schirone M, Olivastri AMA, Verdecchia E, Paparella A. Levels of microbial contamination of swine carcasses along the slaughtering process line. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-020-01276-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Santos RA, Garcia RG, Gandra ERS, Burbarelli MFC, Muchon JL, Caldara FR. Carcass Washing as an Alternative to Trimming - Is It Possible to Use Carcass Washing as an Alternative to Trimming in Commercial Broiler Slaughterhouses in Brazil? BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2019-1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- RA Santos
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Brazil
| | - RG Garcia
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Brazil
| | - ERS Gandra
- Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará, Brasil
| | | | - JL Muchon
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Brazil
| | - FR Caldara
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Brazil
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15
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Najjari M, Karimazar MR, Rezaeian S, Ebrahimipour M, Faridi A. Prevalence and economic impact of cystic echinococcosis and liver fluke infections in slaughtered sheep and goat in north-central Iran, 2008-2018. J Parasit Dis 2019; 44:17-24. [PMID: 32174701 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01156-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) and liver fluke infections as important zoonotic infections impose a large socioeconomic impact on societies. As an endemic region for these infections, slaughterhouse inspections should be more considered in Iran. This study aimed to analyze the 11-year record of offal condemnation due to CE, fascioliasis, dicrocoeliasis infections in sheep and goat and its economic impact at Alborz slaughterhouse, north-central Iran. The prevalence rate was calculated as the infected organs (as nominator) divided by the slaughtered cases (as the denominator) in each year and month. The annual percent changes was used to determine trends of parasitic diseases over time. The relationship between metrological indexes and the prevalence of parasitic diseases was determined by the linear regression model. Statistical analyses were done using STATA software 14. For an estimate, the economic impact, the total numbers of offal condemnation were calculated. The overall prevalence rate of fascioliasis, dicrocoeliasis, and CE was 0.95%, 2.17%, and 12.74%, respectively. There was a declining trend in the prevalence of fascioliasis and dicrocoeliasis, whereas, the prevalence of CE increased from 7.57% in 2008 to 9.53% in 2018, representing an annual change of + 0.02%. The direct economic impact was estimated at US$ 1,670,977 and US$ 25,148 for liver and lung, respectively. The number of condemned organs due to these infections is noticeable in Alborz Province, north-central, Iran. The high economic impact of these infections showed the necessity of implementing a continuously infected animal's trace-back and disease control in the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Najjari
- 1Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M R Karimazar
- 2Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars Iran.,3Savojbolagh Health Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Alborz Iran
| | - S Rezaeian
- 4Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - M Ebrahimipour
- 5Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - A Faridi
- 6Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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16
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Alvseike O, Røssvoll E, Røtterud OJ, Nesbakken T, Skjerve E, Prieto M, Sandberg M, Johannessen G, Økland M, Urdahl AM, Hauge SJ. Slaughter hygiene in European cattle and sheep abattoirs assessed by microbiological testing and Hygiene Performance Rating. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Camargo AC, Cossi MVC, Silva WPD, Bersot LDS, Landgraf M, Baranyi J, Franco BDGDM, Luís Augusto N. Microbiological Testing for the Proper Assessment of the Hygiene Status of Beef Carcasses. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7030086. [PMID: 30893864 PMCID: PMC6462900 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7030086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiological testing is an important quality management tool in the food industry. In this study, the hygiene status of beef carcasses sampled in eight Brazilian slaughterhouses was assessed by enumeration of different hygiene indicator microorganisms, and a model to establish potential associations among these counts was proposed. The carcasses (n = 464) were surface sampled at four slaughtering steps (step 1: Hide after bleeding; step 2: Carcass after hide removal; step 3: Carcass after evisceration; step 4: Carcass after end washing) and subjected to a counting of mesophilic aerobes (MA), Enterobacteriaceae (EB), total coliforms (TC), and Escherichia coli (EC) using Petrifilm™ plates. Among the sampled beef carcasses (step 4), 32 (6.9%) and 71 (15.3%) presented counts above the microbiological criteria established by (EC) No. 1441/2007 for MA and EB, respectively. Thus, indicating that improvements in slaughter hygiene and a review of process controls are demanded in some of the studied slaughterhouses. The log count differences of EC, TC, and EB from MA were considered as response variables as a function of the slaughtering steps. Differential log counts changed consistently with the steps. The measurements, including the patterns in their inherently random variability, were fairly predictable from steps 1 and 4. The results indicated that differential log counts for TC and EC are not relevant, as their concentrations and random pattern can be inferred from counts of MA and EB. The proposed model can be used as a valuable tool for the design and adoption of feasible quality control programs in beef industries. The adoption of such a tool should have a positive contribution on consumers’ health and enhance product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Carlos Camargo
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Campus UFV, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil.
| | - Marcus Vinícius Coutinho Cossi
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia 38400-902, MG, Brazil.
| | - Wladimir Padilha da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas 96001-970, RS, Brazil.
| | - Luciano Dos Santos Bersot
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, Palotina 85950-000, PR, Brazil.
| | - Mariza Landgraf
- Food Research Center, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-080, SP, Brazil.
| | - József Baranyi
- University of Debrecen, Institute of Nutrition, Böszörményi út 138, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Bernadette Dora Gombossy de Melo Franco
- Food Research Center, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Alimentos e Nutrição Experimental, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-080, SP, Brazil.
| | - Nero Luís Augusto
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Campus UFV, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil.
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Lücke FK, Pichner R. Eignung der Untersuchung auf Zoonose-Erreger zur Beurteilung der Sicherheit der Rohwurstherstellung im Rahmen der betriebseigenen Kontrollen. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-018-1190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Novel sensor platform for rapid detection and quantification of coliforms on food contact surfaces. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 153:74-83. [PMID: 30240812 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel sensor platform based on screen printed carbon electrode coated by graphene modified polyacrylamide gel (GR/PAAGC) was developed and implemented for sampling, detection and enumeration of coliform bacteria (coliforms) on food contact surfaces. The optimized formula of polyacrylamide (PAA) and agar-agar increased the adhesive properties of the gel, being crucial for the coliforms recovery, attached to food contact surfaces. The 6-Chloro-3-indoxyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (6-CIGP) was used as a new electrochemical reporter for β-D-galactosidase activity. The released 6,6'-Dichloro-Indigo (6-DI) was directly detected by GR/PAAGC sensor. The presence of Isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and n-Octyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (OBDG) in the gel contributed to reduction of the detection time. The addition of graphene enhanced the voltammetric signal and increased the conductivity of PAA gel. The anodic and cathodic peaks of the released product were directly proportional to the concentration of coliforms. Bacterial cell concentrations ranging from 1.6log10CFU/mL to 6.6log10CFU/mL were detected. Well-shaped, sharp voltammetric curves were generated within 3 h. Redox peaks exhibited good sensitivity with detection limits (LOD) < 0.6log10CFU/mL. After series of optimization experiments, coliforms ranging from 0.6log10CFU/cm2 to 6.610CFU/cm2 on stainless steel surfaces have been detected within 30 min with a LOD of 0.1log10CFU/cm2. The developed rapid, sensitive, reproducible and specific sensor successfully applied for single detection as well as for real-time monitoring of growth of coliform bacteria on stainless steel surfaces during food processing.
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Performance assessment of open-access information about food safety. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-018-1150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Illés CB, Tóth AJ, Dunay A, Lehota J, Bittsánszky A. Evaluation of food safety knowledge and microbial status of food contact surfaces in schools. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Bálint Illés
- Department of Business Economics and Management; Szent István University; Gödöllő Hungary
| | - András J. Tóth
- Department of Business Economics and Management; Szent István University; Gödöllő Hungary
- InDeRe Institute for Food System Research and Innovation Nonprofit Ltd, Budapest; Hungary
| | - Anna Dunay
- Department of Business Economics and Management; Szent István University; Gödöllő Hungary
| | - József Lehota
- Department of Business Economics and Management; Szent István University; Gödöllő Hungary
| | - András Bittsánszky
- InDeRe Institute for Food System Research and Innovation Nonprofit Ltd, Budapest; Hungary
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22
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Jiang Y, Liu X, Dang TC, Huang X, Feng H, Zhang Q, Yu H. A High-Sensitivity Potentiometric 65-nm CMOS ISFET Sensor for Rapid E. coli Screening. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2018; 12:402-415. [PMID: 29570066 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2018.2793861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne bacteria, inducing outbreaks of infection or poisoning, have posed great threats to food safety. Potentiometric sensors can identify bacteria levels in food by measuring medium's pH changes. However, most of these sensors face the limitation of low sensitivity and high cost. In this paper, we developed a high-sensitivity ion-sensitive field-effect transistor sensor. It is small sized, cost-efficient, and can be massively fabricated in a standard 65-nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor process. A subthreshold pH-to-time-to-voltage conversion scheme was proposed to improve the sensitivity. Furthermore, design parameters, such as chemical sensing area, transistor size, and discharging time, were optimized to enhance the performance. The intrinsic sensitivity of passivation membrane was calculated as 33.2 mV/pH. It was amplified to 123.8 mV/pH with a 0.01-pH resolution, which greatly exceeded 6.3 mV/pH observed in a traditional source-follower based readout structure. The sensing system was applied to Escherichia coli (E. coli) detection with densities ranging from 14 to 140 cfu/mL. Compared to the conventional direct plate counting method (24 h), more efficient sixfold smaller screening time (4 h) was achieved to differentiate samples' E. coli levels. The demonstrated portable, time-saving, and low-cost prescreen system has great potential for food safety detection.
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Wambui J, Lamuka P, Karuri E, Matofari J, Njage PMK. Microbial Contamination Level Profiles Attributed to Contamination of Beef Carcasses, Personnel, and Equipment: Case of Small and Medium Enterprise Slaughterhouses. J Food Prot 2018; 81:684-691. [PMID: 29557673 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The microbial contamination level profiles (MCLPs) attributed to contamination of beef carcasses, personnel, and equipment in five Kenyan small and medium enterprise slaughterhouses were determined. Aerobic plate counts, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus, and Salmonella were used to determine contamination at four different slaughter stages, namely, dehiding, evisceration, splitting, and dispatch. Microbiological criteria of the four microorganisms were used to score contamination levels (CLs) as poor (0), poor to average (1), average (2), or good (3). MCLPs were further assigned to carcasses, personnel, and equipment at each stage by summing up the CL scores. The CL score attributed to aerobic plate count contamination was 2 or 3 for carcasses but 0 for personnel and equipment in almost all slaughterhouses. A score of 0 on carcasses was mostly attributed to Enterobacteriaceae at evisceration and to Salmonella at dehiding and evisceration. In addition, a score of 0 was mostly attributed to Staphylococcus contamination of personnel at dehiding. A score of 3 was attributed mostly to Enterobacteriaceae on hands at splitting, whereas a score of 2 was mostly attributed to the clothes at dehiding and evisceration. A CL score of 3 was mostly attributed to Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella contamination of equipment at dehiding and splitting, respectively. Although CLs attributed to contamination of carcasses, personnel, and equipment ranged from 0 to 3, the maximum MCLP score of 9 was only attained in carcasses from two slaughterhouses at dehiding and from one slaughterhouse at dispatch. There is, therefore, a lot of room for small and medium enterprise slaughterhouses to improve their food safety objectives by improving food safety management systems at the points characterized by low CL scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Wambui
- 1 Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6071-5505 [J.W.]).,2 Institute of Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 272, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Lamuka
- 1 Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6071-5505 [J.W.])
| | - Edward Karuri
- 1 Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6071-5505 [J.W.])
| | - Joseph Matofari
- 3 Department of Dairy and Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya; and
| | - Patrick Murigu Kamau Njage
- 1 Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6071-5505 [J.W.]).,4 Division for Epidemiology and Microbial Genomics, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 221, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Njage PMK, Opiyo B, Wangoh J, Wambui J. Scale of production and implementation of food safety programs influence the performance of current food safety management systems: Case of dairy processors. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Janiszewski P, Borzuta K, Lisiak D, Bartodziejska B, Grześkowiak E, Królasik J, Poławska E. The quality of pork and the shelf life of the chosen carcass elements during storage depending on the method of carcass chilling. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Janiszewski
- Department of Meat and Fat Technology; Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology; ul. Głogowska 239, Poznań 60-111 Poland
| | - Karol Borzuta
- Department of Meat and Fat Technology; Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology; ul. Głogowska 239, Poznań 60-111 Poland
| | - Dariusz Lisiak
- Department of Meat and Fat Technology; Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology; ul. Głogowska 239, Poznań 60-111 Poland
| | - Beata Bartodziejska
- Department of Quality of Food; Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology; Al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 84, Łódź 92-202 Poland
| | - Eugenia Grześkowiak
- Department of Meat and Fat Technology; Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology; ul. Głogowska 239, Poznań 60-111 Poland
| | - Joanna Królasik
- Department of Quality of Food; Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology; Al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 84, Łódź 92-202 Poland
| | - Ewa Poławska
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences; Jastrzębiec, Postępu 36A, Wólka Kosowska 05-552 Poland
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26
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Viator CL, Cates SC, Karns SA, Muth MK. Food Safety Practices in the U.S. Meat Slaughter and Processing Industry: Changes from 2005 to 2015. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1384-1392. [PMID: 28722483 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Meat slaughter establishments use a multipronged approach to ensure beef and pork products are safe for human consumption. To determine the approaches most commonly used, we conducted a national survey of federally inspected meat slaughter and processing establishments (376 completed surveys, 66% response rate) in 2015. We compared the results with a survey that was conducted in 2005, albeit of potentially different establishments, by using a similar questionnaire and similar data collection methods, thus allowing for an evaluation of trends in food safety practices over time. The use of some food safety practices has increased over the 10-yr time period, whereas others remained the same or decreased. For example, the use of chemical sanitizers or hot water for food contact surfaces and tools increased from 51 to 93%. As another example, microbiological testing of raw meat after fabrication, in addition to that required by regulation, increased from 50 to 72%. However, the use of organic acid rinse on carcasses in the slaughter area remained the same, at 66% of establishments. Written policies and procedures to control the use of hazardous chemicals decreased from 75 to 65% of establishments. The survey findings can be used to characterize food safety practices and technologies in the meat slaughter and processing industry and identify areas for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Viator
- RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Sheryl C Cates
- RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Shawn A Karns
- RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Mary K Muth
- RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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27
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Dias MR, Dianin KCS, Bersot LS, Nero LA. Self-Monitoring Microbiological Criteria for the Assessment of Hygienic Procedures During Chicken Slaughtering. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MR Dias
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - LS Bersot
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil
| | - LA Nero
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil
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28
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Evaluation of the Sanitary Conditions of Head Meat, Esophagus, Diaphragm Meat, and Boning Scrap Processing. J FOOD QUALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/3230596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, and Escherichia coli counts are important hygiene indicators and may be pathogenic. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine microbiological contamination in head meat, the esophagus, diaphragm, and boning scraps and evaluate the hygienic conditions of the processing of these products. The Petrifilm® (3M) method for determining Enterobacteriaceae, total coliforms, and E. coli was applied for 104 samples. APHA, European Union, PAHO/WHO, and Brazil/MAPA recommendations were followed. Bleeding and skinning knives were contaminated with E. coli (61.5%). Regarding the meat cuts, 30.76% samples from head meat, the esophagus and the boning flap showed the presence of E. coli in counts up to 2 log CFU/g, while 15.3% of the diaphragm samples showed up to 1.85 log CFU/g. The analyzed comminuted meat was, therefore, shown to be contaminated with E. coli during processing, indicating that end-products from this raw material can offer biological risks.
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29
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Nastasijevic I, Tomasevic I, Smigic N, Milicevic D, Petrovic Z, Djekic I. Hygiene assessment of Serbian meat establishments using different scoring systems. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Nyamakwere F, Muchenje V, Mushonga B, Makepe M, Mutero G. Assessment of Salmonella, Escherichia Coli, Enterobacteriaceae
and Aerobic Colony Counts Contamination Levels During the Beef Slaughter Process. J Food Saf 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Nyamakwere
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science; University of Fort Hare; Alice South Africa
| | - V. Muchenje
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science; University of Fort Hare; Alice South Africa
| | - B. Mushonga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Namibia; Windhoek Namibia
| | - M. Makepe
- Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform; Grahamstown South Africa
| | - G. Mutero
- Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform; Grahamstown South Africa
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31
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Trends in the microbial contamination of bovine, ovine and swine carcasses in three small-scale abattoirs in central Italy: A four-year monitoring. Meat Sci 2016; 111:53-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Zweifel C, Althaus D, Stephan R. Effects of slaughter operations on the microbiological contamination of broiler carcasses in three abattoirs. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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33
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Sampaio GS, Pflanzer-Júnior SB, Roça RDO, Casagrande L, Bedeschi EA, Padovani CR, Miguel GZ, Santos CT, Girão LV, Miranda ZB, Franco RM. Effects of polyethylene film wrap on cooler shrink and the microbial status of beef carcasses. Meat Sci 2015; 100:164-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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34
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Microbiological contamination of cattle carcasses at different stages of slaughter in two abattoirs. Meat Sci 2014; 98:198-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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