1
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Bosnar LM, Shindler AE, Wood J, Patch C, Franks AE. Attempts to limit sporulation in the probiotic strain Bacillus subtilis BG01-4 TM through mutation accumulation and selection. Access Microbiol 2023; 5:acmi000419. [PMID: 37323944 PMCID: PMC10267654 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of bacterial spores in probiotics over viable loads of bacteria has many advantages, including the durability of spores, which allows spore-based probiotics to effectively traverse the various biochemical barriers present in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the majority of spore-based probiotics developed currently aim to treat adults, and there is a litany of differences between the adult and infant intestinal systems, including the immaturity and low microbial species diversity observed within the intestines of infants. These differences are only further exacerbated in premature infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and indicates that what may be appropriate for an adult or even a healthy full-term infant may not be suited for an unhealthy premature infant. Complications from using spore-based probiotics for premature infants with NEC may involve the spores remaining dormant and adhering to the intestinal epithelia, the out-competing of commensal bacteria by spores, and most importantly the innate antibiotic resistance of spores. Also, the ability of Bacillus subtilis to produce spores under duress may result in less B. subtilis perishing within the intestines and releasing membrane branched-chain fatty acids. The isolate B. subtilis BG01-4TM is a proprietary strain developed by Vernx Biotechnology through accumulating mutations within the BG01-4TM genome in a serial batch culture. Strain BG01-4TM was provided as a non-spore-forming B. subtilis , but a positive sporulation status for BG01-4TM was confirmed through in vitro testing and suggested that selection for the sporulation defective genes could occur within an environment that would select against sporulation. The durability of key sporulation genes was ratified in this study, as the ability of BG01-4TM to produce spores was not eliminated by the attempts to select against sporulation genes in BG01-4TM by the epigenetic factors of high glucose and low pH. However, a variation in the genes in isolate BG01-4-8 involved in the regulation of sporulation is believed to have occurred during the mutation selection from the parent strain BG01-4TM. An alteration in selected sporulation regulation genes is expected to have occurred from BG01-4TM to BG01-4-8, with BG01-4-8 producing spores within 24 h, ~48 h quicker than BG01-4TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke M. Bosnar
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Anya E. Shindler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Jennifer Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Craig Patch
- School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Vernx Pty Ltd, Level 17, 40 City Road, Southbank, Victoria 3066, Australia
| | - Ashley E. Franks
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
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2
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Yao R, Cools A, Matthijs A, Deyn PPD, Maes D, Janssens GPJ. Peculiarities in the Amino Acid Composition of Sow Colostrum and Milk, and Their Potential Relevance to Piglet Development. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10040298. [PMID: 37104453 PMCID: PMC10141862 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of mother's milk is considered the ideal diet for neonates. This study investigated how conserved or variable the amino acid profile of sow colostrum and milk is throughout lactation, compared with other studies in sows and other species. Twenty-five sows (parity one to seven) from one farm with gestation lengths of 114 to 116 d were sampled on d 0, 3, and 10 after parturition. The total amino acid profile of the samples was analyzed through ion-exchange chromatography, and the results were displayed as the percentage of total amino acid and compared with literature data. Most of the amino acid concentrations in sow milk decreased significantly (p < 0.05) throughout the lactation period, while the amino acid profile generally showed a conserved pattern, especially from d 3 to d 10, and was rather similar across different studies. Glutamine + glutamate was the most abundant amino acid in milk at all sampling moments, accounting for 14-17% of total amino acids. The proportions of proline, valine, and glycine in sow milk nearly accounted for 11%, 7%, and 6% respectively, and were higher compared to human, cow, and goat milk, while the methionine proportion was less than the other three. Compared to the large variations often reported in macronutrient concentrations, the amino acid profile of sow milk in the present study, as well as in others, seems well conserved across the lactation period. Similarities with characteristic differences were also observed between sow milk and piglet body composition, which might reflect the nutrition requirements of preweaning piglets. This study warrants further research exploring the link between the whole amino acid profile and the particular amino acids for suckling piglets and could facilitate insight for optimizing creep feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Yao
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - An Cools
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Anneleen Matthijs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Peter P De Deyn
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behaviour, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geert P J Janssens
- Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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3
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Couvillion SP, Mostoller KE, Williams JE, Pace RM, Stohel IL, Peterson HK, Nicora CD, Nakayasu ES, Webb-Robertson BJM, McGuire MA, McGuire MK, Metz TO. Interrogating the role of the milk microbiome in mastitis in the multi-omics era. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1105675. [PMID: 36819069 PMCID: PMC9932517 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1105675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in a functional understanding of milk-associated microbiota as there is ample evidence that host-associated microbial communities play an active role in host health and phenotype. Mastitis, characterized by painful inflammation of the mammary gland, is prevalent among lactating humans and agricultural animals and is associated with significant clinical and economic consequences. The etiology of mastitis is complex and polymicrobial and correlative studies have indicated alterations in milk microbial community composition. Recent evidence is beginning to suggest that a causal relationship may exist between the milk microbiota and host phenotype in mastitis. Multi-omic approaches can be leveraged to gain a mechanistic, molecular level understanding of how the milk microbiome might modulate host physiology, thereby informing strategies to prevent and ameliorate mastitis. In this paper, we review existing studies that have utilized omics approaches to investigate the role of the milk microbiome in mastitis. We also summarize the strengths and challenges associated with the different omics techniques including metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics, metabolomics and lipidomics and provide perspective on the integration of multiple omics technologies for a better functional understanding of the milk microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha P. Couvillion
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Richland, WA, United States,*Correspondence: Sneha P. Couvillion, ✉
| | - Katie E. Mostoller
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Janet E. Williams
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Ryan M. Pace
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Izabel L. Stohel
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Haley K. Peterson
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Carrie D. Nicora
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Ernesto S. Nakayasu
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Bobbie-Jo M. Webb-Robertson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Mark A. McGuire
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Michelle K. McGuire
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Thomas O. Metz
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Richland, WA, United States,Thomas O. Metz, ✉
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4
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Ren C, Jin J, Zhang Y, Jin Q, Wang X. Triacylglycerol fingerprint of sow milks during different lactation stages and from different breeds. J DAIRY RES 2022; 89:1-10. [PMID: 36128794 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029922000607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sow milk fats not only provide energy but also essential nutrients for piglets. Thus, feeding strategies must be aligned with fat composition, especially triacylglycerols (TAGs) and their isomers. The triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles of sow milk fats from five typical breeds (Landrace × Large White, Landrace, Large White, Duroc, Pietrain) and two lactation stages (colostrum and milk) were systematically studied. A total of 45 major TAG species were identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The most abundant TAG was oleic acid-palmitic acid-linoleic acid (O-P-L) (13.92% and 12.03% in colostrum and milk, respectively), which was not significantly different in colostrum among all breeds. TAG composition of sow milk was affected mainly by the lactation stage rather than sow breed. Furthermore, TAG compositions of sow milk fats were similar to those of human milk fats, but significant differences were observed between commercial piglet formulas and sow milk. Therefore, the results will contribute to the optimization of piglet formulas to improve the growth and wellness of piglets, as well as potentially providing a basis for food usage as a new source of nutrients for human infants in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuirong Ren
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jun Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yanbing Zhang
- HuaNong Lipid Nutrition Technology Co., Ltd in Shandong Province, Binzhou, 256600, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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5
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Metabolomics-based comparative study of breast colostrum and mature breast milk. Food Chem 2022; 384:132491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Li R, Wang S, Zhang J, Miao J, Chen G, Dong J, Wu L, Yue H, Yang J. Untargeted metabolomics allows to discriminate raw camel milk, heated camel milk, and camel milk powder. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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7
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Geng J, Jin W, Hao J, Huo M, Zhang Y, Xie C, Zhao B, Li Y. Effects of Dietary Modified Bazhen on Reproductive Performance, Immunity, Breast Milk Microbes, and Metabolome Characterization of Sows. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:758224. [PMID: 34867885 PMCID: PMC8634670 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.758224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bazhen is a classic prescription used for the prevention of qi and blood deficiency. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with modified Bazhen powder (MBP) on sows during lactation. Forty pure-bred Yorkshire sows on day 100 of gestation were randomly fed a standard diet supplemented with 20 g MBP per sow per day (MBP group) or without (control group) during -14 to 7 days relative to parturition. Results showed that the serum levels of interleukin 2 (IL-2), immunoglobulin A (IgA), and IgG were higher, whereas IL-10 level was lower in sows fed with MBP diet than in controls on day 7 postpartum. A significantly elevated proportion of serum CD4+ T cells and a slight increase in the ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ T cells in the MBP group were also observed. Furthermore, MBP supplementation improved gastrointestinal function of postpartum sows, evidenced by increased levels of motilin, gastrin, and nitric oxide. Ultra high-performance liquid chromatography combined with a quadrupole time of flight and tandem mass spectrometer identified a total of 21 absorbed milk components. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing data revealed that the microbiota diversity of the colostrum and transitional milk in the MBP group was increased. At the genus level, relative abundances of Enterococcus and Anaerostipes were significantly lower in the MBP group on day 0 of lactation. Metabolomic analysis showed that 38 metabolites were upregulated, and 41 metabolites were downregulated in the transitional milk; 31 metabolites were upregulated and 8 metabolites were downregulated in the colostrum in response to MBP. Metabolic pathways, protein digestion and absorption, and biosynthesis of amino acids were enriched in the colostrum and transitional milk. Our findings provide new insights into the beneficial effects of MBP, highlighted by the changes to the microbiota and metabolomic profile of breast milk from sows fed with an MBP-supplemented diet. Thus, MBP should be considered as a potential dietary supplement for lactating sows in pork production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Weicheng Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Jingyou Hao
- Harbin Lvdasheng Animal Medicine Manufacture Co., Ltd., Harbin, China
| | - Mohan Huo
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuefeng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Chunmei Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China
| | - Baokai Zhao
- Liaoning VICA Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Ecological Food Co., Ltd., Xincheng, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, China.,Harbin Herb & Herd Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Harbin, China
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8
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Compositional and Functional Considerations for Bovine-, Caprine- and Plant-Based Infant Formulas. DAIRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy2040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Breastmilk is the optimal source of nutrition for infants. However, in circumstances where breastfeeding is not possible or feasible, infant formula provides an essential alternative to fulfil the nutritional requirements of the developing infant. Traditionally, the manufacture of infant formula has involved utilisation of bovine milk as a base ingredient, formulated with other nutrients and bioactive ingredients to closely match the composition of human breastmilk. While it is the most widely available type of formula on the market, bovine-based infant formula is not suitable for all infants, and therefore alternatives such as those based on caprine milk, soy and rice protein are becoming increasingly available. This review provides a detailed examination of the composition of infant formula prepared from bovine milk, caprine milk, soy, and rice protein sources. Available literature on nutrient bio-accessibility and aspects of protein functionality relevant to infant formula is discussed.
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9
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Zhu D, Kebede B, McComb K, Hayman A, Chen G, Frew R. Milk biomarkers in relation to inherent and external factors based on metabolomics. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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The Metabolomic Analysis of Human Milk Offers Unique Insights into Potential Child Health Benefits. Curr Nutr Rep 2021; 10:12-29. [PMID: 33555534 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-020-00345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Human milk is the gold standard of infant nutrition. The milk changes throughout lactation and is tailored for the infant providing the nutrients, minerals and vitamins necessary for supporting healthy infant growth. Human milk also contains low molecular weight compounds (metabolites) possibly eliciting important bioactivity. Metabolomics is the study of these metabolites. The purpose of this review was to examine recent metabolomics studies and cohort studies on human milk to assess the impact of human milk metabolomic analyses combined with investigations of infant growth and development. RECENT FINDINGS The metabolite profile of human milk varies among other factors according to lactation stage, gestation at birth, and maternal genes, diet and disease state. Few studies investigate how these variations impact infant growth and development. Several time-related factors affecting human milk metabolome are potentially ubiquitous among mothers, although maternal-related factors are heavily confounded, which complicates studies of metabolite abundancies and variabilities and further possibilities of observing cause and effect in infants.
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11
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Wang A, Koleva P, du Toit E, Geddes DT, Munblit D, Prescott SL, Eggesbø M, Johnson CC, Wegienka G, Shimojo N, Campbell D, Kozyrskyj AL, Slupsky CM. The Milk Metabolome of Non-secretor and Lewis Negative Mothers. Front Nutr 2021; 7:576966. [PMID: 33634158 PMCID: PMC7901958 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.576966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The functional role of milk for the developing neonate is an area of great interest, and a significant amount of research has been done. However, a lot of work remains to fully understand the complexities of milk, and the variations imposed through genetics. It has previously been shown that both secretor (Se) and Lewis blood type (Le) status impacts the human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) content of human milk. While some studies have compared the non-HMO milk metabolome of Se+ and Se− women, none have reported on the non-HMO milk metabolome of Se− and Le– mothers. Method and Results: To determine the differences in the non-HMO milk metabolome between Se–Le– mothers and other HMO phenotypes (Se+Le+, Se+Le–, and Se–Le+), 10 milk samples from 10 lactating mothers were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Se or Le HMO phenotypes were assigned based on the presence and absence of 6 HMOs generated by the Se and Le genes. After classification, 58 milk metabolites were compared among the HMO phenotypes. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified clear separation between Se–Le– milk and the other milks. Fold change analysis demonstrated that the Se–Le– milk had major differences in free fatty acids, free amino acids, and metabolites related to energy metabolism. Conclusion: The results of this brief research report suggest that the milk metabolome of mothers with the Se–Le– phenotype differs in its non-HMO metabolite composition from mothers with other HMO phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidong Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States
| | - Petya Koleva
- InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Elloise du Toit
- InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Donna T Geddes
- InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Daniel Munblit
- InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child's Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.,Section of Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan L Prescott
- InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,The ORIGINS Project, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Childrens Hospital, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Merete Eggesbø
- InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine C Johnson
- InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Ganesa Wegienka
- InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Naoki Shimojo
- InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Dianne Campbell
- InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Department of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anita L Kozyrskyj
- InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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12
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Meoni G, Tenori L, Luchinat C. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Based Metabolomic Comparison of Breast Milk and Organic and Traditional Formula Milk Brands for Infants and Toddlers. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2020; 24:424-436. [PMID: 32522087 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, new formula milk (FM) products based on milk from farms that strictly adhere to the "organic farming" practices became available. However, little is known about the differences in nutritional profile of these organic formulae with respect to traditional ones. We comprehensively evaluated the metabolite profiles of FM with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomic analysis. Five commercial brands of organic and nonorganic formula liquid milk for infants (0-12 months) and toddlers (1-3 years) were analyzed, together with human milk (HM) samples. Proton NMR (1H NMR) spectroscopy mapped molecular characteristics of FM linked to different production techniques, and identified differences between FM and HM samples. We performed a metabolic fingerprint analysis using multivariate and univariate statistical techniques. A clear distinction is found among different commercial brands of the FM samples. In addition, several differences in metabolomic profiles of FM have been found in comparison with HM for the first time. Notably, it was possible to identify, both in the formulations for toddlers and for infants, metabolites that vary in concentration between the formulae produced with milk obtained according to organic farming techniques, and those produced using nonorganic milk. In particular, organic and nonorganic formulations are differentiated by the levels of glucose, methionine, o-phosphocholine, butyrate, hippurate, creatine, and dimethyl sulfone. Importantly, the HM appeared to differ from both organic and nonorganic brands in a context of metabolites. These findings inform efforts to design FM in ways that closely mimic HM, and guide research to differentiate organic and traditional FM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo Tenori
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Florence, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Centro Risonanze Magnetiche (CERM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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13
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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics Reveals Qualitative and Quantitative Differences in the Composition of Human Breast Milk and Milk Formulas. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12040921. [PMID: 32230787 PMCID: PMC7230615 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial formula milk (FM) constitutes the best alternative to fulfill the nutritional requirements of infants when breastfeeding is precluded. Here, we present the comparative study of polar metabolite composition of human breast milk (HBM) and seven different brands of FM by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results of the multivariate data analysis exposed qualitative and quantitative differences between HBM and FM composition as well as within FM of various brands and in HBM itself (between individual mothers and lactation period). Several metabolites were found exclusively in HBM and FM. Statistically significant higher levels of isoleucine and methionine in their free form were detected in FM samples based on caprine milk, while FM samples based on bovine milk showed a higher level of glucose and galactose in comparison to HBM. The results suggest that the amelioration of FM formulation is imperative to better mimic the composition of minor nutrients in HBM.
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14
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Li M, Li Q, Zheng Y, Shi X, Zhang J, Ma C, Guan B, Peng Y, Yang M, Yue X. New insights into the alterations of full spectrum amino acids in human colostrum and mature milk between different domains based on metabolomics. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03470-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Ten-Doménech I, Ramos-Garcia V, Piñeiro-Ramos JD, Gormaz M, Parra-Llorca A, Vento M, Kuligowski J, Quintás G. Current Practice in Untargeted Human Milk Metabolomics. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10020043. [PMID: 31979022 PMCID: PMC7074033 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is considered the gold standard for infant nutrition. HM contains macro- and micronutrients, as well as a range of bioactive compounds (hormones, growth factors, cell debris, etc.). The analysis of the complex and dynamic composition of HM has been a permanent challenge for researchers. The use of novel, cutting-edge techniques involving different metabolomics platforms has permitted to expand knowledge on the variable composition of HM. This review aims to present the state-of-the-art in untargeted metabolomic studies of HM, with emphasis on sampling, extraction and analysis steps. Workflows available from the literature have been critically revised and compared, including a comprehensive assessment of the achievable metabolome coverage. Based on the scientific evidence available, recommendations for future untargeted HM metabolomics studies are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ten-Doménech
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (I.T.-D.); (V.R.-G.); (J.D.P.-R.); (M.G.); (A.P.-L.); (M.V.)
| | - Victoria Ramos-Garcia
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (I.T.-D.); (V.R.-G.); (J.D.P.-R.); (M.G.); (A.P.-L.); (M.V.)
| | - José David Piñeiro-Ramos
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (I.T.-D.); (V.R.-G.); (J.D.P.-R.); (M.G.); (A.P.-L.); (M.V.)
| | - María Gormaz
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (I.T.-D.); (V.R.-G.); (J.D.P.-R.); (M.G.); (A.P.-L.); (M.V.)
- Division of Neonatology, University & Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Anna Parra-Llorca
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (I.T.-D.); (V.R.-G.); (J.D.P.-R.); (M.G.); (A.P.-L.); (M.V.)
| | - Máximo Vento
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (I.T.-D.); (V.R.-G.); (J.D.P.-R.); (M.G.); (A.P.-L.); (M.V.)
- Division of Neonatology, University & Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Julia Kuligowski
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (I.T.-D.); (V.R.-G.); (J.D.P.-R.); (M.G.); (A.P.-L.); (M.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-961-246-661
| | - Guillermo Quintás
- Health and Biomedicine, Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació, 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain;
- Unidad Analítica, Health Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
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Bardanzellu F, Peila C, Fanos V, Coscia A. Clinical insights gained through metabolomic analysis of human breast milk. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:909-932. [PMID: 31825672 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1703679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Among the OMICS technologies, that have emerged in recent years, metabolomics has allowed relevant step forwards in clinical research. Several improvements in disease diagnosis and clinical management have been permitted, even in neonatology. Among potentially evaluable biofluids, breast milk (BM) results are highly interesting, representing a fluid of conjunction between mothers newborns, describing their interaction.Areas covered: in this review, updating a previous review article, we discuss research articles and reviews on BM metabolomics and found in MEDLINE using metabolomics, breast milk, neonatal nutrition, breastfeeding, human milk composition, and preterm neonates as keywords.Expert opinion: Our research group has a profound interest in metabolomics research. In 2012, we published the first metabolomic analysis on BM samples, reporting interesting data on its composition and relevant differences with formula milk (FM), useful to improve FM composition. As confirmed by successive studies, such technology can detect the specific BM composition and its dependence on several variables, including lactation stage, gestational age, maternal or environmental conditions. Moreover, since BM contaminants or drug levels can be detected, metabolomics also results useful to determine BM safety. These are only a few practical applications of BM analysis, which will be reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Bardanzellu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Chiara Peila
- Neonatology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, AOU University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Alessandra Coscia
- Neonatology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
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17
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Metabolomics methods to analyze full spectrum of amino acids in different domains of bovine colostrum and mature milk. Eur Food Res Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-019-03385-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Li M, Kang S, Zheng Y, Shao J, Zhao H, An Y, Cao G, Li Q, Yue X, Yang M. Comparative metabolomics analysis of donkey colostrum and mature milk using ultra-high-performance liquid tandem chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:992-1001. [PMID: 31677837 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Donkey milk has been widely shown to be an ideal substitute for human milk because of its similar composition. However, alterations to the composition of donkey milk during lactation have not been well studied. In this study, untargeted metabolomics with ultra-high-performance liquid tandem chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry were used to analyze and compare the metabolites in donkey colostrum (DC) and mature milk (DMM). Two hundred seventy metabolites were characterized in both DC and DMM. Fifty-two of the metabolites in the DC were significantly different from those in the DMM; 8 were downregulated and 44 were upregulated. This demonstrated that the composition of the donkey milk changed with lactation. Additionally, the interactions and metabolic pathways were further analyzed to explore the mechanisms that altered the milk during lactation. Our results provide comprehensive insights into the alterations in donkey milk during lactation. The results will aid in future investigations into the nutrition of donkey milk and provide practical information for the dairy industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China 110866
| | - Shimo Kang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China 110866
| | - Yan Zheng
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China 110866
| | - Junhua Shao
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China 110866
| | - Huiwen Zhao
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China 110866
| | - Yuejia An
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China 110866
| | - Ge Cao
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China 110866
| | - Qilong Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China 110866
| | - Xiqing Yue
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China 110866.
| | - Mei Yang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China 110866.
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Zhu D, Hayman A, Kebede B, Stewart I, Chen G, Frew R. 31P NMR-Based Phospholipid Fingerprinting of Powdered Infant Formula. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10265-10272. [PMID: 31423777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Infant formula (IF), regarded as the optimal substitute for human breast milk, is very important for infant growth and development. Phospholipids (PLs) are ubiquitous components of infant formula as they have good emulsifier properties in addition to their nutritional and biological functions. In this study, the PL contents in four different commercial IF brands (indicated as A, M, O, and W) were characterized and quantified using optimized 31P NMR spectroscopy. PLs (nine) were identified and quantified, and among these, phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin occurred at lower concentrations (5.72 and 8.89 mg/100 g, respectively) in IFs from brand O, whereas phosphatidic acid was higher (2.83 mg/100 g) in IFs from brand W. In summary, 31P NMR spectroscopy, combined with the multivariate data analysis, proved to be an effective analytical toolbox for evaluating the PL contents in IF and the comparative differences between IF brands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) , Beijing 100081 , China
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Garwolińska D, Namieśnik J, Kot-Wasik A, Hewelt-Belka W. State of the art in sample preparation for human breast milk metabolomics—merits and limitations. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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21
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A new dilution-enrichment sample preparation strategy for expanded metabolome monitoring of human breast milk that overcomes the simultaneous presence of low- and high-abundance lipid species. Food Chem 2019; 288:154-161. [PMID: 30902276 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The complex nature of human breast milk (HBM) makes samples difficult to analyze, requiring several extraction techniques and analytical platforms to obtain high metabolome coverage. In this work, we combined liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques to prepare HBM samples to overcome the challenge of low- and high-abundance lipid species, enabling the semiquantitative analysis of total HBM lipids in one liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) run. A nonorganic fraction obtained during the LLE step was used to analyze small polar metabolites. This analytical approach allows extensive metabolome coverage, especially for low-abundance glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids. The method was applied to monitor short-term metabolome changes in HBM composition within individual mothers and the results showed variable metabolite composition patterns. Simultaneous detection of high-abundance glycerolipids and low-abundance but not less significant phospholipids in one LC-MS run saves time, decreases cost, and enables comprehensive insight into the dynamics of HBM composition.
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22
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Caboni P, Murgia A, Porcu A, Manis C, Ibba I, Contu M, Scano P. A metabolomics comparison between sheep's and goat's milk. Food Res Int 2018; 119:869-875. [PMID: 30884727 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the worldwide consumption of bovine milk, dairy products from small ruminants, such as goat's and sheep's milk, are gaining a large interest especially in the Mediterranean area. The aim of this work was to study the metabolite profiles of 30 sheep's and 28 goat's milk using an untargeted metabolomics approach by a gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Results showed several differences in the metabolite profiles: arabitol, citric acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, glyceric acid, myo-inositol, and glycine were more abundant in sheep's milk, while goat's milk had higher levels of mannose-6-phosphate, isomaltulose, valine, pyroglutamic acid, leucine, and fucose. Associations between metabolite profile and milk compositional traits were also found. Predictive capabilities of statistical models indicated a good correlation between the metabolite profile and the protein content in sheep's milk, and with the fat content in goat's milk. This work leads to a better understanding of milk metabolites in small ruminants and their role in the evaluation of milk properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Caboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - A Murgia
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - A Porcu
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - C Manis
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - I Ibba
- Regional Association of Sardinian farmers, Milk Analysis Laboratory, Loc. Palloni, Nuraxinieddu, 09170, Oristano, Italy
| | - M Contu
- Regional Association of Sardinian farmers, Milk Analysis Laboratory, Loc. Palloni, Nuraxinieddu, 09170, Oristano, Italy
| | - P Scano
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SS 554, km 4.5, 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy; Institute for Macromolecular Studies, National Research Council, Via Corti 12, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Tan C, Zhai Z, Ni X, Wang H, Ji Y, Tang T, Ren W, Long H, Deng B, Deng J, Yin Y. Metabolomic Profiles Reveal Potential Factors that Correlate with Lactation Performance in Sow Milk. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10712. [PMID: 30013051 PMCID: PMC6048051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sow milk contains necessary nutrients for piglets; however, the relationship between the levels of metabolites in sow milk and lactation performance has not been thoroughly elucidated to date. In this study, we analysed the metabolites in sow milk from Yorkshire sows with high lactation (HL) or low lactation (LL) performance; these categories were assigned based on the weight gain of piglets during the entire lactation period (D1 to D21). The concentration of milk fat in the colostrum tended to be higher in the HL group (P = 0.05), the level of mannitol was significantly lower in the HL group (P < 0.05) and the level of glucuronic acid lactone was significantly higher in the HL group (P < 0.05) compared to those in LL group. In mature milk, the levels of lactose, creatine, glutamine, glutamate, 4-hydroxyproline, alanine, asparagine, and glycine were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the HL group than those in LL group. The level of fatty acids showed no significant difference between the two groups in both the colostrum and mature milk. This study suggested that lactation performance may be associated with the levels of lactose and several amino acids in sow milk, and these results can be used to develop new feed additives to improve lactation performance in sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengquan Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Zhenya Zhai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Ni
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Yongcheng Ji
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Tianyue Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hongrong Long
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China
| | - Baichuan Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China.
| | - Jinping Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China.
| | - Yulong Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, P.R. China.
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Mung D, Li L. Applying quantitative metabolomics based on chemical isotope labeling LC-MS for detecting potential milk adulterant in human milk. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1001:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Bardanzellu F, Fanos V, Strigini FAL, Artini PG, Peroni DG. Human Breast Milk: Exploring the Linking Ring Among Emerging Components. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:215. [PMID: 30131948 PMCID: PMC6091001 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal breast milk (BM) is a complex and unique fluid that evolution adapted to satisfy neonatal needs; in addition to classical nutrients, it contains several bioactive components. BM characteristically shows inter-individual variability, modifying its composition during different phases of lactation. BM composition, determining important consequences on neonatal gut colonization, influences both short and long-term development. Maternal milk can also shape neonatal microbiota, through its glycobiome rich in Lactobacilli spp. and Bifidobacteria spp. Therefore, neonatal nourishment during the first months of life seems the most important determinant of individual's outcomes. Our manuscript aims to provide new evidence in the characterization of BM metabolome and microbiome, and its comparison to formula milk, allowing the evaluation of each nutrient's influence on neonatal metabolism. This result very interesting since potentially offers an innovative approach to investigate the complex relationship between BM components and infant's health, also providing the chance to intervene in a sartorial way on diet composition, according to the nutritional requests. Future research, integrating metabolomics, microbiomics and stem cells knowledge, could make significant steps forward in understanding BM extraordinary properties and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Bardanzellu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Neonatal Pathology and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Cagliari, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Neonatal Pathology and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Cagliari, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Paolo G Artini
- Gynecology and Obstetrics, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Diego G Peroni
- Section of Pediatric, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Sun HZ, Shi K, Wu XH, Xue MY, Wei ZH, Liu JX, Liu HY. Lactation-related metabolic mechanism investigated based on mammary gland metabolomics and 4 biofluids' metabolomics relationships in dairy cows. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:936. [PMID: 29197344 PMCID: PMC5712200 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lactation is extremely important for dairy cows; however, the understanding of the underlying metabolic mechanisms is very limited. This study was conducted to investigate the inherent metabolic patterns during lactation using the overall biofluid metabolomics and the metabolic differences from non-lactation periods, as determined using partial tissue-metabolomics. We analyzed the metabolomic profiles of four biofluids (rumen fluid, serum, milk and urine) and their relationships in six mid-lactation Holstein cows and compared their mammary gland (MG) metabolomic profiles with those of six non-lactating cows by using gas chromatography-time of flight/mass spectrometry. Results In total, 33 metabolites were shared among the four biofluids, and 274 metabolites were identified in the MG tissues. The sub-clusters of the hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that the rumen fluid and serum metabolomics profiles were grouped together and highly correlated but were separate from those for milk. Urine had the most different profile compared to the other three biofluids. Creatine was identified as the most different metabolite among the four biofluids (VIP = 1.537). Five metabolic pathways, including gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), glycerolipid metabolism, and aspartate metabolism, showed the most functional enrichment among the four biofluids (false discovery rate < 0.05, fold enrichment >2). Clear discriminations were observed in the MG metabolomics profiles between the lactating and non-lactating cows, with 54 metabolites having a significantly higher abundance (P < 0.05, VIP > 1) in the lactation group. Lactobionic acid, citric acid, orotic acid and oxamide were extracted by the S-plot as potential biomarkers of the metabolic difference between lactation and non-lactation. The TCA cycle, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, glutamate metabolism and glycine metabolism were determined to be pathways that were significantly impacted (P < 0.01, impact value >0.1) in the lactation group. Among them, the TCA cycle was the most up-regulated pathway (P < 0.0001), with 7 of the 10 related metabolites increased in the MG tissues of the lactating cows. Conclusions The overall biofluid and MG tissue metabolic mechanisms in the lactating cows were interpreted in this study. Our findings are the first to provide an integrated insight and a better understanding of the metabolic mechanism of lactation, which is beneficial for developing regulated strategies to improve the metabolic status of lactating dairy cows. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4314-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Zeng Sun
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Shi
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Hui Wu
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yuan Xue
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Hai Wei
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Xin Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yun Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Changes in the Profiles of Metabolites Originating from Protein Degradation During Ripening of Dry Cured Ham. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-017-1894-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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29
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Goran MI, Martin AA, Alderete TL, Fujiwara H, Fields DA. Fructose in Breast Milk Is Positively Associated with Infant Body Composition at 6 Months of Age. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9020146. [PMID: 28212335 PMCID: PMC5331577 DOI: 10.3390/nu9020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary sugars have been shown to promote excess adiposity among children and adults; however, no study has examined fructose in human milk and its effects on body composition during infancy. Twenty-five mother–infant dyads attended clinical visits to the Oklahoma Health Sciences Center at 1 and 6 months of infant age. Infants were exclusively breastfed for 6 months and sugars in breast milk (i.e., fructose, glucose, lactose) were measured by Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and glucose oxidase. Infant body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at 1 and 6 months. Multiple linear regression was used to examine associations between breast milk sugars and infant body composition at 6 months of age. Fructose, glucose, and lactose were present in breast milk and stable across visits (means = 6.7 μg/mL, 255.2 μg/mL, and 7.6 g/dL, respectively). Despite its very low concentration, fructose was the only sugar significantly associated with infant body composition. A 1-μg/mL higher breast milk fructose was associated with a 257 g higher body weight (p = 0.02), 170 g higher lean mass (p = 0.01), 131 g higher fat mass (p = 0.05), and 5 g higher bone mineral content (p = 0.03). In conclusion, fructose is detectable in human breast milk and is positively associated with all components of body composition at 6 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Goran
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 200, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Ashley A Martin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 200, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Tanya L Alderete
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC 200, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Hideji Fujiwara
- School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - David A Fields
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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30
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Qian L, Zhao A, Zhang Y, Chen T, Zeisel SH, Jia W, Cai W. Metabolomic Approaches to Explore Chemical Diversity of Human Breast-Milk, Formula Milk and Bovine Milk. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122128. [PMID: 27999311 PMCID: PMC5187928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many studies have been conducted on the components present in human breast milk (HM), research on the differences of chemical metabolites between HM, bovine milk (BM) and formula milk (FM) is limited. This study was to explore the chemical diversity of HM, BM and FM by metabolomic approaches. GC-TOFMS and UPLC-QTOFMS were applied to investigate the metabolic compositions in 30 HM samples, 20 FM samples and 20 BM samples. Metabolite profiling identified that most of the non-esterified fatty acids, which reflected the hydrolysis of triglycerides, were much more abundant in HM than those in FM and BM, except for palmitic acid and stearic acid. The levels of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) intermediates were much higher in FM and BM than those in HM. Each type of milk also showed its unique composition of free amino acids and free carbohydrates. In conclusion, higher levels of non-esterified saturated fatty acids with aliphatic tails <16 carbons, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids and lower levels of TCA intermediates are characteristic of HM, as compared with FM and BM. The content of non-esterified fatty acids may reflect the hydrolysis of triglycerides in different milk types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxi Qian
- Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Aihua Zhao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Six People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Yinan Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Six People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Tianlu Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine, Six People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Steven H Zeisel
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
| | - Wei Jia
- Center for Translational Medicine, Six People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Wei Cai
- Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
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31
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Characterization of donkey milk and metabolite profile comparison with human milk and formula milk. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2016.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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32
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Obermajer T, Pogačić T. Commentary: Relationship between Milk Microbiota, Bacterial Load, Macronutrients, and Human Cells during Lactation. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1281. [PMID: 27581429 PMCID: PMC4987343 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Obermajer
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, Institute of Dairy Science and Probiotics, University of Ljubljana Domžale, Slovenia
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