Obtaining glycosaminoglycans from tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) scales and evaluation of its anticoagulant and cytotoxic activities: Glycosaminoglycans from tilapia scales: anticoagulant and cytotoxic activities

Systematic preparation of animal-derived glycosaminoglycans: Research progress and industrial significance

Impurities and isomerized polysaccharides affect the analytical accuracy of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) structure and bioactivity, hindering their application in food and medicine. Preparing homogeneous GAGs components is essential for exploring structure-potency relationships and facilitating industrial production. This review primarily summarizes research on animal-derived GAGs preparation over the past five years, standardizing the preparation process into four operational units: pre-extraction treatment, extraction of crude polysaccharides, refinement of crude polysaccharides, and separation of GAGs components. Analyzed for scientific research and industrial production, the principles and application conditions of traditional means and novel techniques to preparing GAGs are comprehensively emphasized, exploring the effects of different treatments on biological activity and structure. Current challenges and development trends are illuminated. This review aims to lay a foundation for the in-depth study of GAGs structure, bioactivity, and function, providing theoretical references for the comprehensive utilization of animal raw materials and the development of animal polysaccharide deep-processing industries.

Marine-Derived Polysaccharides and Their Potential Health Benefits in Nutraceutical Applications

Marine-derived polysaccharides have sparked immense interest in the nutraceutical industry as they possess a wide range of bioactivities which are highlighted in this review. These include antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, gut microbiota regulator, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity. Algae, marine invertebrates, vertebrates, and microorganisms are the main sources of marine polysaccharides, such as alginate, fucoidan, laminarin, carrageenan, chitosan, glycosaminoglycans, and exopolysaccharides. The structure and functional groups of these compounds influence their bioactive properties. Moreover, the functional properties of polysaccharides, such as gelling, thickening, and stabilising capabilities, are also crucial in product development, where they can serve as gluten substitutes in bakery goods and stabilisers in icings, sauces, and yoghurts. The potential of commercial products under development, such as marine polysaccharide supplements, is discussed, along with already commercialised products in the nutraceutical market. This review emphasises the enormous potential of marine-derived polysaccharides as bioactive compounds with health benefits and commercial value.

Recent progress in marine chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate hybrid chains as potential functional foods and therapeutic agents

Chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), and CS/DS hybrid chains are natural complex glycosaminoglycans with high structural diversity and widely distributed in marine organisms, such as fish, shrimp, starfish, and sea cucumber. Numerous CS, DS, and CS/DS hybrid chains with various structures and activities have been obtained from marine animals and have received extensive attention. However, only a few of these hybrid chains have been well-characterized and commercially developed. This review presents information on the extraction, purification, structural characterization, biological activities, potential action mechanisms, and structure-activity relationships of marine CS, DS, and CS/DS hybrid chains. We also discuss the challenges and perspectives in the research of CS, DS, and CS/DS hybrid chains. This review may provide a useful reference for the further investigation, development, and application of CS, DS, and CS/DS hybrid chains in the fields of functional foods and therapeutic agents.

The Relationship between Preparation and Biological Activities of Animal-Derived Polysaccharides: A Comprehensive Review

Polysaccharides are biomolecules found in microorganisms, plants, and animals that constitute living organisms. Glycosaminoglycans, unique acidic polysaccharides in animal connective tissue, are often combined with proteins in the form of covalent bonds due to their potent biological activity, low toxicity, and minimal side effects, which have the potential to be utilized as nutrition healthcare and dietary supplements. Existing studies have demonstrated that the bioactivity of polysaccharides is closely dependent on their structure and chain conformation. The characteristic functional groups and primary structure directly determine the strength of activity. However, the relationship between structure and function is still unclear, and the target and mechanism of action are not fully understood, resulting in limited clinical applications. As a result, the clinical applications of these polysaccharides are currently limited. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the extraction methods, structures, and biological activities of animal-derived polysaccharides that have been discovered so far. The aim is to promote developments in animal active polysaccharide science and provide theoretical support for exploring other unknown natural products.

Antiblood Cell Adhesion of Mussel-Inspired Chondroitin Sulfate- and Caffeic Acid-Modified Polycarbonate Membranes

We fabricated a mussel-inspired hemocompatible polycarbonate membrane (PC) modified by the cross-linking of chondroitin sulfate and caffeic acid polymer using CA-CS via a Schiff base and Michael addition reaction and named it CA-CS-PC. The as-fabricated CA-CS-PC membrane shows excellent hydrophilicity with a water contact angle of 0° and a negative surface charge with a zeta potential of -32 mV. The antiadhesion property of the CA-CS-modified PC membrane was investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using human plasma protein fibrinogen adsorption studies, and proved to have excellent antiadhesion properties, because of the lower fibrinogen adsorption. In addition, the CA-CS-PC membrane also shows enhanced hemocompatibility. Finally, blood cell attachment tests of the CA-CS-PC membrane were observed by CLSM and SEM, and the obtained results proved that CA-CS-PC effectively resisted cell adhesion, such as platelets and leucocytes. Therefore, this work disclosed a new way to design a simple and versatile modification of the membrane surface by caffeic acid and chondroitin sulfate and apply it for cell adhesion.

The effect of structure and preparation method on the bioactivity of polysaccharides from plants and fungi

Polysaccharides are not only the main components in the cell walls of plants and fungi, but also a structure that supports and protects cells. In the process of obtaining polysaccharides from raw materials containing cell walls, the polysaccharides on the cell walls are the products and also a factor that affects the extraction rate. Polysaccharides derived from plants and fungi have mild characteristics and exhibit various biological activities. The biological activity of polysaccharides is related to their chemical structure. This review summarizes the effects of the physicochemical properties and structure of polysaccharides, from cell walls in raw materials, that have an impact on their biological activities, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, chain structure, and uronic acid content. Also, the structure of certain natural polysaccharides limits their biological activity. Chemical modification and degradation of these structures can enhance the pharmacological properties of natural polysaccharides to a certain extent. At the same time, the processing method affects the structure and yield of polysaccharides on the cell wall and in the cell. The extraction and purification methods are summarized, and the effects of preparation methods on the structure and physiological effects of polysaccharides from plants and fungi are discussed.

A Concise Review of Extraction and Characterization of Chondroitin Sulphate from Fish and Fish Wastes for Pharmacological Application

Chondroitin sulphate (CS) is one of the most predominant glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) available in the extracellular matrix of tissues. It has many health benefits, including relief from osteoarthritis, antiviral properties, tissue engineering applications, and use in skin care, which have increased its commercial demand in recent years. The quest for CS sources exponentially increased due to several shortcomings of porcine, bovine, and other animal sources. Fish and fish wastes (i.e., fins, scales, skeleton, bone, and cartilage) are suitable sources of CS as they are low cost, easy to handle, and readily available. However, the lack of a standard isolation and characterization technique makes CS production challenging, particularly concerning the yield of pure GAGs. Many studies imply that enzyme-based extraction is more effective than chemical extraction. Critical evaluation of the existing extraction, isolation, and characterization techniques is crucial for establishing an optimized protocol of CS production from fish sources. The current techniques depend on tissue hydrolysis, protein removal, and purification. Therefore, this study critically evaluated and discussed the extraction, isolation, and characterization methods of CS from fish or fish wastes. Biosynthesis and pharmacological applications of CS were also critically reviewed and discussed. Our assessment suggests that CS could be a potential drug candidate; however, clinical studies should be conducted to warrant its effectiveness.

Characteristics of Marine Biomaterials and Their Applications in Biomedicine

Oceans have vast potential to develop high-value bioactive substances and biomaterials. In the past decades, many biomaterials have come from marine organisms, but due to the wide variety of organisms living in the oceans, the great diversity of marine-derived materials remains explored. The marine biomaterials that have been found and studied have excellent biological activity, unique chemical structure, good biocompatibility, low toxicity, and suitable degradation, and can be used as attractive tissue material engineering and regenerative medicine applications. In this review, we give an overview of the extraction and processing methods and chemical and biological characteristics of common marine polysaccharides and proteins. This review also briefly explains their important applications in anticancer, antiviral, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and other fields.