1
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Lee J, Jiang H. Analysis of indole and indazole amides synthetic cannabinoids by differential Raman spectroscopy based on ANN. J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:2242-2252. [PMID: 36069004 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, accurate, and non-destructive method was developed for the determination of cannabinoids, combining principal component analysis and multi-layer perceptron neural network to classify indole and indazole amide synthetic cannabinoids. Under the experimental conditions of this study, 25 experimental samples were successfully classified into two categories as the final classification, which guaranteed 96% correct rate. First, the samples were manually classified and divided into two categories according to the difference in peak position and peak intensity of the differential Raman characteristic peaks at 650-540 cm-1 , etc. Fisher's discriminant method (FDA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to analyze the experimental data. Fisher's discriminant analysis was used to formulate two classification functions to discriminate the results of manual classification, and the overall accuracy rate of classification reached 88%. Principal component analysis was used to reduce the dimensionality of the data, which could reduce the influence of redundant data on the experimental results. The original data, FDA-processed data and PCA-processed data, and artificial neural network algorithm (ANN-MLP/RBF) were combined to build a classification model. In the MLP model, the classification accuracy of the original data, FDA-processed data, and PCA-processed data was 80%, 92%, and 96% respectively, and the overall accuracy of the sample classification was 89.33%. In the RBF model, the accuracy of sample classification was 76%, 84%, and 92% respectively, and the overall accuracy of sample classification was 84%. Differential Raman spectroscopy could be used to distinguish 25 kinds of synthetic cannabinoids, and finally, the samples were divided into two categories. The PCA + MLP model was the best for processing spectral data. Based on the perspective of multivariate data, this study demonstrated that the method could be used for rapid and non-destructive testing of indole and indazole amide synthetic cannabinoids and that an efficient and non-destructive classification model was obtained. This method could be used for rapid detection and inspection of drugs in the field of forensic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lee
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science (China University of Political Science and Law), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Criminal Investigation School, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science (China University of Political Science and Law), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.,Criminal Investigation School, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing, China
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2
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Vincenti F, Gregori A, Flammini M, Di Rosa F, Salomone A. Seizures of New Psychoactive Substances on the Italian territory during the COVID-19 pandemic. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 326:110904. [PMID: 34371393 PMCID: PMC8411784 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the availability and the consequent consumption of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) have proliferated at an unprecedented rate, posing a significant risk to the public health and challenging the law enforcement efforts to tackle the black market. In particular, large availability on Internet and unmonitored shipping have facilitated the diffusion of NPS on national territories. In this scenario, the forensic activity based on the process of drug detection, including investigation, seizure, recognition and analytical identification is crucial to get insights into the drug black market transformation. In this study, we describe the results obtained from the analysis of hundreds of packages seized during the months of year 2020, and suspected to contain NPS because not reacting with standard field test kits. We focused on the analysis by GC-MS and HPLC-HRMS, and NPS in particular, trying to underline the most common molecules present on the Italian territory during the COVID-19 pandemic. NPS were identified in 92.6% of the samples. The most prevalent compounds were synthetic cathinones, and 3-MMC in particular, which alone accounted for 18.6% of the total cases. Other prevalent molecules were 5F-MDMB-PICA, 2-FDCK, 1cp-LSD and 1P-LSD. Fentanyl was never detected. The information obtained from drug seizures is crucial to publish national alerts, which are in turn important to assist the legislative effort to ban new compounds and the update of toxicological and analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Vincenti
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Chemistry, 00185 Rome, Italy; Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Adolfo Gregori
- Carabinieri, Department of Scientific Investigation (RIS), 00191 Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Flammini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Fabiana Di Rosa
- Carabinieri, Department of Scientific Investigation (RIS), 00191 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Salomone
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy.
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3
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Li J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Feng XS. Cannabinoids: Recent Updates on Public Perception, Adverse Reactions, Pharmacokinetics, Pretreatment Methods and Their Analysis Methods. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1197-1222. [PMID: 33557608 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1864718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids (CBDs) have been traditionally used as a folk medicine. Recently, they have been found to exhibit a high pharmacological potential. However, they are addicted and are often abused by drug users, thereby, becoming a threat to public safety. CBDs and their metabolites are usually found in trace levels in plants or in biological matrices and, are therefore not easy to be detected. Advances have been made toward accurately analyzing CBDs in plants or in biological matrices. This review aims at elucidating on the consumption of CBDs as well as its adverse effects and to provide a comprehensive overview of CBD pretreatment and detection methods. Moreover, novel pretreatment methods such as microextraction, Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe and online technology as well as novel analytic methods such as ion-mobility mass spectrometry, application of high resolution mass spectrometry in nontarget screening are summarized. In addition, we discuss and compare the strengths and weaknesses of different methods and suggest their future prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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4
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Longworth M, Reekie TA, Blakey K, Boyd R, Connor M, Kassiou M. New-generation azaindole-adamantyl-derived synthetic cannabinoids. Forensic Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-019-00466-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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5
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Sensitive quantification of 5F-NNEI and characterization of its several metabolites in authentic urine and/or serum specimens obtained from three individuals by LC–QTRAP-MS/MS and high-resolution LC–Orbitrap-MS/MS. Forensic Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-018-0429-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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6
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Banister SD, Connor M. The Chemistry and Pharmacology of Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist New Psychoactive Substances: Evolution. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 252:191-226. [PMID: 30105473 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are the largest and most structurally diverse class of new psychoactive substances (NPS). Although the earliest SCRA NPS were simply repurposed from historical academic manuscripts or pharmaceutical patents describing cannabinoid ligands, recent examples bear hallmarks of rational design. SCRA NPS manufacturers have applied traditional medicinal chemistry strategies (such as molecular hybridization, bioisosteric replacement, and scaffold hopping) to existing cannabinoid templates in order to generate new molecules that circumvent structure-based legislation. Most SCRAs potently activate cannabinoid type 1 and type 2 receptors (CB1 and CB2, respectively), with the former contributing to the psychoactivity of these substances. SCRAs are generally more toxic than the Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) found in cannabis, and this may be due to ligand bias, metabolism, or off-target activity. This chapter will chart the evolution of recently identified SCRA NPS chemotypes, as well as their putative manufacturing by-products and thermolytic degradants, and describe structure-activity relationships within each class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Banister
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Mark Connor
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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7
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Yeter O. Identification of the Synthetic Cannabinoid 1-(4-cyanobutyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (CUMYL-4CN-BINACA) in Plant Material and Quantification in Post-Mortem Blood Samples. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:720-728. [PMID: 28977413 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In May 2016, a new type of synthetic indazole-3-carboxamide cannabinoid (CUMYL-4CN-BINACA) was detected in seized plant material submitted to the Istanbul Council of Forensic Medicine by the National Police Office. The major ingredient in this material was purified using preparative liquid chromatography, and its structure was identified using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HR/MS), gas chromatography-electron ionization/mass spectrometry (GC-EI/MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Using HR-MS, the molecular formula of the compound was determined to be C22H24N4O (MW = 360.1950). The 1H and 13C-NMR and FT-IR spectrometric data revealed that the structure of compound was 1-(4-cyanobutyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (CUMYL-4CN-BINACA). After identification, it was quickly added to our generic drug list, and an ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS) method was developed to determine its presence in blood samples. This study reports on the identification of CUMYL-4CN-BINACA in plant material using LC-HR/MS, GC-EI/MS, NMR and FT-IR as well as a validated method for quantification of CUMYL-4CN-BINACA in post-mortem blood samples by UPLC-MS-MS analysis. The quantification method has been validated in terms of linearity (0.1-50 ng/mL), selectivity, intra- and inter-assay accuracy and precision (CV < 15%), recovery (94-99%), limit of detection (0.07 ng/mL) and limit of quantification (0.1 ng/mL). Matrix effects, stability and process efficiency were also assessed. The method has been applied to 2,350 post-mortem blood samples from the autopsy cases in the Morgue Department of the Council of Forensic Medicine (Istanbul, Turkey) between 1 July 2016 and 31 December 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oya Yeter
- Department of Chemistry, Council of Forensic Medicine, 34196 Bahcelievler, Istanbul, Turkey
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8
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Špánik I, Machyňáková A. Recent applications of gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:163-179. [PMID: 29111584 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical method that combines excellent separation power of gas chromatography with improved identification based on an accurate mass measurement. These features designate gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry as the first choice for identification and structure elucidation of unknown volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds. Gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry quantitative analyses was previously focused on the determination of dioxins and related compounds using magnetic sector type analyzers, a standing requirement of many international standards. The introduction of a quadrupole high-resolution time-of-flight mass analyzer broadened interest in this method and novel applications were developed, especially for multi-target screening purposes. This review is focused on the development and the most interesting applications of gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry towards analysis of environmental matrices, biological fluids, and food safety since 2010. The main attention is paid to various approaches and applications of gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry for non-target screening to identify contaminants and to characterize the chemical composition of environmental, food, and biological samples. The most interesting quantitative applications, where a significant contribution of gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry over the currently used methods is expected, will be discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Špánik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Machyňáková
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
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9
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Application of high-performance liquid chromatography with charged aerosol detection (LC–CAD) for unified quantification of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal blends and comparison with quantitative NMR results. Forensic Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-017-0392-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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10
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Tang AS, Loh SW, Koh HB, Tan S, Yap AT, Zhang SH. Differentiation and identification of 5F-PB-22 and its isomers. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 279:53-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Smolianitski-Fabian E, Cohen E, Dronova M, Voloshenko-Rossin A, Lev O. Discrimination between closely related synthetic cannabinoids by GC-Cold-EI-MS. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:474-487. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Smolianitski-Fabian
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
| | - Etia Cohen
- Analytical Laboratory, Division of Identification and Forensic Science (DIFS), Israel Police, National HQ; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Marina Dronova
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
| | - Anna Voloshenko-Rossin
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
| | - Ovadia Lev
- Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Israel
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12
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Liu C, Jia W, Hua Z, Qian Z. Identification and analytical characterization of six synthetic cannabinoids NNL-3, 5F-NPB-22-7N
, 5F-AKB-48-7N
, 5F-EDMB-PINACA, EMB-FUBINACA, and EG-018. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1251-1261. [PMID: 28063270 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuimei Liu
- National Narcotics Laboratory; Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center of the Ministry of Public Security; 100193 No. 18 Dongbeiwang West Road, Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Wei Jia
- National Narcotics Laboratory; Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center of the Ministry of Public Security; 100193 No. 18 Dongbeiwang West Road, Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Zhendong Hua
- National Narcotics Laboratory; Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center of the Ministry of Public Security; 100193 No. 18 Dongbeiwang West Road, Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Zhenhua Qian
- National Narcotics Laboratory; Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center of the Ministry of Public Security; 100193 No. 18 Dongbeiwang West Road, Haidian District Beijing China
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13
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Thomas BF, Lefever TW, Cortes RA, Grabenauer M, Kovach AL, Cox AO, Patel PR, Pollard GT, Marusich JA, Kevin RC, Gamage TF, Wiley JL. Thermolytic Degradation of Synthetic Cannabinoids: Chemical Exposures and Pharmacological Consequences. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 361:162-171. [PMID: 28087785 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.238717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids are manufactured clandestinely with little quality control and are distributed as herbal "spice" for smoking or as bulk compound for mixing with a solvent and inhalation via electronic vaporizers. Intoxication with synthetic cannabinoids has been associated with seizure, excited delirium, coma, kidney damage, and other disorders. The chemical alterations produced by heating these structurally novel compounds for consumption are largely unknown. Here, we show that heating synthetic cannabinoids containing tetramethylcyclopropyl-ring substituents produced thermal degradants with pharmacological activity that varied considerably from their parent compounds. Moreover, these degradants were formed under conditions simulating smoking. Some products of combustion retained high affinity at the cannabinoid 1 (CB1) and CB2 receptors, were more efficacious than (-)-cis-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]-trans-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol (CP55,940) in stimulating CB1 receptor-mediated guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTPγS) binding, and were potent in producing Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-like effects in laboratory animals, whereas other compounds had low affinity and efficacy and were devoid of cannabimimetic activity. Degradants that retained affinity and efficacy also substituted in drug discrimination tests for the prototypical synthetic cannabinoid 1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-018), and are likely to produce psychotropic effects in humans. Hence, it is important to take into consideration the actual chemical exposures that occur during use of synthetic cannabinoid formulations to better comprehend the relationships between dose and effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian F Thomas
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.F.T., T.W.L., R.A.C., M.G., A.L.K., A.O.C, P.R.P, J.A.M, T.F.G, J.L.W.); Howard Associates, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (G.T.P.); and School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia (R.C.K.)
| | - Timothy W Lefever
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.F.T., T.W.L., R.A.C., M.G., A.L.K., A.O.C, P.R.P, J.A.M, T.F.G, J.L.W.); Howard Associates, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (G.T.P.); and School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia (R.C.K.)
| | - Ricardo A Cortes
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.F.T., T.W.L., R.A.C., M.G., A.L.K., A.O.C, P.R.P, J.A.M, T.F.G, J.L.W.); Howard Associates, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (G.T.P.); and School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia (R.C.K.)
| | - Megan Grabenauer
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.F.T., T.W.L., R.A.C., M.G., A.L.K., A.O.C, P.R.P, J.A.M, T.F.G, J.L.W.); Howard Associates, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (G.T.P.); and School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia (R.C.K.)
| | - Alexander L Kovach
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.F.T., T.W.L., R.A.C., M.G., A.L.K., A.O.C, P.R.P, J.A.M, T.F.G, J.L.W.); Howard Associates, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (G.T.P.); and School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia (R.C.K.)
| | - Anderson O Cox
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.F.T., T.W.L., R.A.C., M.G., A.L.K., A.O.C, P.R.P, J.A.M, T.F.G, J.L.W.); Howard Associates, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (G.T.P.); and School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia (R.C.K.)
| | - Purvi R Patel
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.F.T., T.W.L., R.A.C., M.G., A.L.K., A.O.C, P.R.P, J.A.M, T.F.G, J.L.W.); Howard Associates, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (G.T.P.); and School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia (R.C.K.)
| | - Gerald T Pollard
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.F.T., T.W.L., R.A.C., M.G., A.L.K., A.O.C, P.R.P, J.A.M, T.F.G, J.L.W.); Howard Associates, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (G.T.P.); and School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia (R.C.K.)
| | - Julie A Marusich
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.F.T., T.W.L., R.A.C., M.G., A.L.K., A.O.C, P.R.P, J.A.M, T.F.G, J.L.W.); Howard Associates, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (G.T.P.); and School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia (R.C.K.)
| | - Richard C Kevin
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.F.T., T.W.L., R.A.C., M.G., A.L.K., A.O.C, P.R.P, J.A.M, T.F.G, J.L.W.); Howard Associates, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (G.T.P.); and School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia (R.C.K.)
| | - Thomas F Gamage
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.F.T., T.W.L., R.A.C., M.G., A.L.K., A.O.C, P.R.P, J.A.M, T.F.G, J.L.W.); Howard Associates, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (G.T.P.); and School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia (R.C.K.)
| | - Jenny L Wiley
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.F.T., T.W.L., R.A.C., M.G., A.L.K., A.O.C, P.R.P, J.A.M, T.F.G, J.L.W.); Howard Associates, LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (G.T.P.); and School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia (R.C.K.)
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14
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Kong TY, Kim JH, Choi WG, Lee JY, Kim HS, Kim JY, In MK, Lee HS. Metabolic characterization of (1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)(4-methyl-1-naphthalenyl)-methanone (MAM-2201) using human liver microsomes and cDNA-overexpressed cytochrome P450 enzymes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:1667-1680. [PMID: 27924364 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MAM-2201 is a synthetic cannabinoid that is increasingly found in recreational drug abusers and cases of severe intoxication. Thus, characterization of the metabolic pathways of MAM-2201 is necessary to predict individual pharmacokinetics and toxicity differences, and to avoid toxic drug-drug interactions. Collectively, 19 phase 1 metabolites of MAM-2201 were identified using liquid chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry following human liver microsomal incubations in the presence of NADPH: 7 hydroxy-MAM-2201 (M1-M7), 4 dihydroxy-MAM-2201 (M8-M11), dihydrodiol-MAM-2201 (M12), N-(5-hydroxypentyl)-MAM-2201 (M13), hydroxy-M13 (M14), N-dealkyl-MAM-2201 (M15), 2 hydroxy-M15 (M16, M17), MAM-2201 N-pentanoic acid (M18), and hydroxy-M18 (M19). On the basis of intrinsic clearance values in human liver microsomes, hydroxy-MAM-2201 (M1), N-(5-hydroxypentyl)-MAM-2201 (M13), and hydroxy-M13 (M14) were the major metabolites. Based on an enzyme kinetics study using human cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and an immunoinhibition study using selective CYP antibodies in human liver microsomes, CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 enzymes were responsible for MAM-2201 metabolism. The CYP3A4 enzyme played a prominent role in MAM-2201 metabolism, and CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, and CYP2C9 enzymes played major roles in the formation of some metabolites. MAM-2201 is extensively metabolized by multiple CYP enzymes, indicating that MAM-2201 and its metabolites should be used as markers of MAM-2201 abuse and toxicity. Graphical abstract In vitro metabolic pathways of MAM-2201 were characterized in human liver microsomes and recombinant CYPs using LC-HRMS analysis. Total 19 phase I metabolites were identified with predominant contribution of CYP3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yeon Kong
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Gu Choi
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Seung Kim
- Forensic Chemistry Laboratory, Forensic Science Division, Supreme Prosecutor's Office, 157 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Forensic Chemistry Laboratory, Forensic Science Division, Supreme Prosecutor's Office, 157 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kyo In
- Forensic Chemistry Laboratory, Forensic Science Division, Supreme Prosecutor's Office, 157 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Shevyrin V, Melkozerov V, Endres GW, Shafran Y, Morzherin Y. On a New Cannabinoid Classification System: A Sight on the Illegal Market of Novel Psychoactive Substances. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1089/can.2016.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Shevyrin
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Melkozerov
- Expert and Criminalistic Center, Main Agency of the Ministry of the Interior of the Russian Federation, Sverdlovsk Region Branch, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | | | - Yuri Shafran
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri Morzherin
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
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16
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Kohyama E, Chikumoto T, Tada H, Kitaichi K, Ito T. Analytical differentiation of quinolinyl- and isoquinolinyl-substituted 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1 H-indole-3-carboxylates: 5F-PB-22 and its ten isomers. Forensic Toxicol 2016; 35:56-65. [PMID: 28127408 PMCID: PMC5215287 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-016-0334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation among regioisomers of synthetic cannabinoids in forensic drug analysis is a crucial issue, since all isomers are not regulated by law. New equivalent analogs obtained via minor modification of their preexisting molecules keep on emerging. Isomers formed via substitutional exchange are also a cause for concern. This study is focused on the isomeric molecules that stem from minor modifications of 5F-PB-22. The analytical properties of these molecules and methods of differentiation are reported. Scan mode analysis using gas chromatography-electron ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) was performed using the authentic 5F-PB-22 standard, five regioisomeric quinolinyl ester indoles, and five regioisomeric isoquinolinyl ester indoles. Because it was not possible to separate 5F-PB-22 from the 5-hydroxyquinoline isomer using GC and all analytes showed similar EI mass spectra, liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry analysis was performed. Using LC, a successful separation of 5F-PB-22 from all isomers could be achieved. Based on the electrospray ionization-mass spectra, the protonated molecular ion at m/z 377.2 was selected as the precursor ion for the regioisomeric and structural isomeric differentiation. Collision-induced dissociation provides relative intensity differences in the product ions among the isomers, enabling mass spectrometric differentiation of the isomers. To our knowledge, this is the first report on mass spectrometric differentiation of 5F-PB-22 and its ten isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Kohyama
- Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1-1 Naka-fudogaoka, Kakamigahara, Gifu, 504-0838 Japan
| | - Takao Chikumoto
- Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1-1 Naka-fudogaoka, Kakamigahara, Gifu, 504-0838 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tada
- Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1-1 Naka-fudogaoka, Kakamigahara, Gifu, 504-0838 Japan
| | - Kiyoyuki Kitaichi
- Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196 Japan
| | - Tetsuro Ito
- Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1-1 Naka-fudogaoka, Kakamigahara, Gifu, 504-0838 Japan ; Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, 501-1196 Japan
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17
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Qian Z, Jia W, Li T, Hua Z, Liu C. Identification and analytical characterization of four synthetic cannabinoids ADB-BICA, NNL-1, NNL-2, and PPA(N)-2201. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:51-60. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Qian
- National Narcotics Laboratory; Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center of the Ministry of Public Security; Beijing China
| | - Wei Jia
- National Narcotics Laboratory; Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center of the Ministry of Public Security; Beijing China
| | - Tao Li
- National Narcotics Laboratory; Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center of the Ministry of Public Security; Beijing China
| | - Zhendong Hua
- National Narcotics Laboratory; Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center of the Ministry of Public Security; Beijing China
| | - Cuimei Liu
- National Narcotics Laboratory; Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center of the Ministry of Public Security; Beijing China
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18
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Human urinary metabolite pattern of a new synthetic cannabimimetic, methyl 2-(1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate. Forensic Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-016-0319-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Identification of the novel synthetic cannabimimetic 8-quinolinyl 4-methyl-3-(1-piperidinylsulfonyl)benzoate (QMPSB) and other designer drugs in herbal incense. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 260:40-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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20
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21
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Shevyrin V, Melkozerov V, Eltsov O, Shafran Y, Morzherin Y. Synthetic cannabinoid 3-benzyl-5-[1-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazole. The first detection in illicit market of new psychoactive substances. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 259:95-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Smith JP, Sutcliffe OB, Banks CE. An overview of recent developments in the analytical detection of new psychoactive substances (NPSs). Analyst 2016; 140:4932-48. [PMID: 26031385 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00797f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
New psychoactive substances (NPSs), sometimes referred to as "legal highs" in more colloquial environments/the media, are a class of compounds that have been recently made available for abuse (not necessarily recently discovered) which provide similar effects to the traditional well studied illegal drugs but are not always controlled under existing local, regional or international drug legislation. Following an unprecedented increase in the number of NPSs in the last 5 years (with 101 substances discovered for the first time in 2014 alone) its, occasionally fatal, consequences have been extensively reported in the media. Such NPSs are typically marketed as 'not for human consumption' and are instead labelled and sold as plant food, bath salts as well as a whole host of other equally nondescript aliases in order to bypass legislative controls. NPSs are a new multi-disciplinary research field with the main emphasis in terms of forensic identification due to their adverse health effects, which can range from minimal to life threatening and even fatalities. In this mini-review we overview this recent emerging research area of NPSs and the analytical approaches reported to provide detection strategies as well as detailing recent reports towards providing point-of-care/in-the-field NPS ("legal high") sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie P Smith
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Science and the Environment, Division of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.
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23
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Kim JH, Kim HS, Kong TY, Lee JY, Kim JY, In MK, Lee HS. In vitro metabolism of a novel synthetic cannabinoid, EAM-2201, in human liver microsomes and human recombinant cytochrome P450s. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 119:50-8. [PMID: 26641707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro metabolism of a new synthetic cannabinoid, EAM-2201, has been investigated with human liver microsomes and major cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Incubation of EAM-2201 with human liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH resulted in the formation of 37 metabolites, including nine hydroxy-EAM-2201 (M1-M9), five dihydroxy-EAM-2201 (M10-M14), dihydrodiol-EAM-2201 (M15), oxidative defluorinated EAM-2201 (M16), two hydroxy-M16 (M17 and M18), three dihydroxy-M16 (M19-M21), N-dealkyl-EAM-2201 (M22), two hydroxy-M22 (M23 and M24), dihydroxy-M22 (M25), EAM-2201 N-pentanoic acid (M26), hydroxy-M26 (M27), dehydro-EAM-2201 (M28), hydroxy-M28 (M29), seven dihydroxy-M28 (M30-M36), and oxidative defluorinated hydroxy-M28 (M37). Multiple CYPs, including CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2J2, 3A4, and 3A5, were involved in the metabolism of EAM-2201. In conclusion, EAM-2201 is extensively metabolized by CYPs and its metabolites can be used as an indicator of EAM-2201 abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Seung Kim
- Forensic Chemistry Laboratory, Forensic Science Division, Supreme Prosecutor's Office, 157 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-730, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yeon Kong
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Forensic Chemistry Laboratory, Forensic Science Division, Supreme Prosecutor's Office, 157 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-730, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kyo In
- Forensic Chemistry Laboratory, Forensic Science Division, Supreme Prosecutor's Office, 157 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-730, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 420-743, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Bora T, Aksoy Ç, Tunay Z, Aydın F. Determination of trace elements in illicit spice samples by using ICP-MS. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Identification and quantification of synthetic cannabinoids in “spice-like” herbal mixtures: update of the German situation for the spring of 2015. Forensic Toxicol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-015-0292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Kondrasenko AA, Goncharov EV, Dugaev KP, Rubaylo AI. CBL-2201. Report on a new designer drug: Napht-1-yl 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylate. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 257:209-213. [PMID: 26386336 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The (1)H, (13)C and (15)N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identification of a synthetic cannabinoid compound has been conducted. It was shown that this compound cannot be reliably distinguished from the closely related quinolin-8-yl indole-3-carboxylic acid derivative by an automatic search in MS library. Structural difference of the studied compound and known illicit compounds has been determined using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Analytical data for the identification of this compound were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Kondrasenko
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 50, bld. 24 Akademgorodok, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation.
| | - E V Goncharov
- Expert and Criminalistics Branch of the Department of the FDCS of Russia in Krasnoyarsk Territory, 84 Mira pr., 660049 Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - K P Dugaev
- Expert and Criminalistics Branch of the Department of the FDCS of Russia in Krasnoyarsk Territory, 84 Mira pr., 660049 Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
| | - A I Rubaylo
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 50, bld. 24 Akademgorodok, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation; Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny pr., 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation; Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 50 Akademgorodok, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation
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27
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Banister SD, Stuart J, Kevin RC, Edington A, Longworth M, Wilkinson SM, Beinat C, Buchanan AS, Hibbs DE, Glass M, Connor M, McGregor IS, Kassiou M. Effects of bioisosteric fluorine in synthetic cannabinoid designer drugs JWH-018, AM-2201, UR-144, XLR-11, PB-22, 5F-PB-22, APICA, and STS-135. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1445-58. [PMID: 25921407 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid (SC) designer drugs featuring bioisosteric fluorine substitution are identified by forensic chemists and toxicologists with increasing frequency. Although terminal fluorination of N-pentyl indole SCs is sometimes known to improve cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor binding affinity, little is known of the effects of fluorination on functional activity of SCs. This study explores the in vitro functional activities of SC designer drugs JWH-018, UR-144, PB-22, and APICA, and their respective terminally fluorinated analogues AM-2201, XLR-11, 5F-PB-22, and STS-135 at human CB1 and CB2 receptors using a FLIPR membrane potential assay. All compounds demonstrated agonist activity at CB1 (EC50 = 2.8-1959 nM) and CB2 (EC50 = 6.5-206 nM) receptors, with the fluorinated analogues generally showing increased CB1 receptor potency (∼2-5 times). Additionally, the cannabimimetic activities and relative potencies of JWH-018, AM-2201, UR-144, XLR-11, PB-22, 5F-PB-22, APICA, and STS-135 in vivo were evaluated in rats using biotelemetry. All SCs dose-dependently induced hypothermia and reduced heart rate at doses of 0.3-10 mg/kg. There was no consistent trend for increased potency of fluorinated SCs over the corresponding des-fluoro SCs in vivo. Based on magnitude and duration of hypothermia, the SCs were ranked for potency (PB-22 > 5F-PB-22 = JWH-018 > AM-2201 > APICA = STS-135 = XLR-11 > UR-144).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D. Banister
- Department
of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jordyn Stuart
- Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Richard C. Kevin
- School
of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Amelia Edington
- Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Mitchell Longworth
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Shane M. Wilkinson
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Corinne Beinat
- Department
of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Alexandra S. Buchanan
- Center
for Immersive and Simulation-based Learning, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Anaesthesia, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - David E. Hibbs
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Michelle Glass
- School
of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Mark Connor
- Faculty
of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Iain S. McGregor
- School
of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Discipline
of Medical Radiation Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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28
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Identification and analytical characteristics of synthetic cannabinoids with an indazole-3-carboxamide structure bearing a N-1-methoxycarbonylalkyl group. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6301-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8612-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Marginean I, Rowe WF, Lurie IS. The role of ultra high performance liquid chromatography with time of flight detection for the identification of synthetic cannabinoids in seized drugs. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 249:83-91. [PMID: 25679986 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Separation and mass spectrometric techniques are integral parts of forensic drug analysis for both screening and confirmation. The Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG), which is responsible for setting standards for drug analysis, requires for drug identification a Category A test such as mass spectrometry with an additional test from either Category B or C. If a Category A method is not used at least two uncorrelated tests from Category B must be included, for which separation techniques such as gas chromatography and liquid chromatography would qualify. The utility and validity of using ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) for the analysis of synthetic cannabinoids is presented. The separation of 32 solutes, including 23 controlled substances and nine non-controlled positional isomers of JWH-018, are compared using UHPLC with TOF detection and capillary GC with electron ionization (EI). For these solutes, the reversed phase UHPLC separation on three different 2.1 mm × 150 mm × 2.7 μm superficially porous (SPP) columns (C18, Phenyl-Hexyl and Dimethylpentafluorophenylpropyl (PFP)) compared favorably with the capillary gas chromatography (GC) separation using an Elite-5MS column 0.25 mm × 30 m × 0.25 μm. Principal component analysis revealed that all three UHPLC separations for the separation of the controlled substances are orthogonal to the capillary GC separation. It was also revealed by principal component analysis that the separation of JWH-018 and the nine non-controlled positional isomers for the various techniques were significantly more correlated than the separation of the controlled substances. Although most of the controlled synthetic cannabinoids gave unique TOF in-source collision-induced dissociation MS spectra and EI spectra, it was not possible to discriminate among the geometric isomers (CP47, 497, Epi CP47, 497; Cp47, 497 C8 homologue, Epi CP47, 497 C8 homologue). JWH-018 could be distinguished from the non-controlled isomers based on its EI spectra. In contrast, several of the non-controlled JWH-018 isomers give identical TOF in-source collision-induced dissociation MS spectra to JWH-018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Marginean
- Department of Forensic Sciences, The George Washington University, 2100 Foxhall Road, NW, Somers Hall, Washington, DC 20007, United States
| | - Walter F Rowe
- Department of Forensic Sciences, The George Washington University, 2100 Foxhall Road, NW, Somers Hall, Washington, DC 20007, United States
| | - Ira S Lurie
- Department of Forensic Sciences, The George Washington University, 2100 Foxhall Road, NW, Somers Hall, Washington, DC 20007, United States.
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30
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Znaleziona J, Ginterová P, Petr J, Ondra P, Válka I, Ševčík J, Chrastina J, Maier V. Determination and identification of synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites in different matrices by modern analytical techniques - a review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 874:11-25. [PMID: 25910441 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids have gained popularity due to their easy accessibility and psychoactive effects. Furthermore, they cannot be detected in urine by routine drug monitoring. The wide range of active ingredients in analyzed matrices hinders the development of a standard analytical method for their determination. Moreover, their possible side effects are not well known which increases the danger. This review is focused on the sample preparation and the determination of synthetic cannabinoids in different matrices (serum, urine, herbal blends, oral fluid, hair) published since 2004. The review includes separation and identification techniques, such as thin layer chromatography, gas and liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis, mostly coupled with mass spectrometry. The review also includes results by spectral methods like infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance or direct-injection mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Znaleziona
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Ginterová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petr
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Ondra
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Medical Law Faculty Hospital, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Válka
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Medical Law Faculty Hospital, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Ševčík
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Chrastina
- Institute of Special Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Palacký University, Žižkovo náměsti 5, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Maier
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic.
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31
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Synthetic cannabinoids as designer drugs: New representatives of indol-3-carboxylates series and indazole-3-carboxylates as novel group of cannabinoids. Identification and analytical data. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 244:263-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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A case of death caused by abuse of a synthetic cannabinoid N-1-naphthalenyl-1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxamide. Forensic Toxicol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-014-0246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Temerdashev AZ, Grigor’ev IM, Rybal’chenko IV. Evolution of new narcotic substances and methods of their determination. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934814090111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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34
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Shevyrin V, Melkozerov V, Nevero A, Eltsov O, Morzherin Y, Shafran Y. 3-Naphthoylindazoles and 2-naphthoylbenzoimidazoles as novel chemical groups of synthetic cannabinoids: chemical structure elucidation, analytical characteristics and identification of the first representatives in smoke mixtures. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 242:72-80. [PMID: 25036783 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
By means of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (GC-MS), including high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) together with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography in combination with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), structure of novel synthetic cannabinoids, namely, 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl(naphthalen-1-yl)methanone, naphthalen-1-yl(1-pentyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methanone and 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl(naphthalen-1-yl)methanone was established. Analytical data obtained in the paper enable reliable identification of these compounds during qualitative analysis of seizures, including smoke mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Shevyrin
- Ural Federal University, Institute of Chemistry and Technology, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation.
| | - Vladimir Melkozerov
- Expert and Criminalistic Center, Main Agency of the Ministry of the Interior of the Russian Federation, Sverdlovsk Region Branch, 17 Lenina Avenue, 620014 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander Nevero
- State Committee of Forensic Expertises of Republic of Belarus, 43 Kalvariyskaya Str., 220073 Minsk, Belarus.
| | - Oleg Eltsov
- Ural Federal University, Institute of Chemistry and Technology, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation.
| | - Yuri Morzherin
- Ural Federal University, Institute of Chemistry and Technology, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation.
| | - Yuri Shafran
- Ural Federal University, Institute of Chemistry and Technology, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation; TOSLab. Ltd., Bldg. 1, 5 Initsiativnaia Str., 121357 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Shevyrin VA, Morzherin YY, Melkozerov VP, Nevero AS. New Synthetic Cannabinoid – Methyl 2-{[1-(5-Fluoro-Pentyl)-3-Methyl-1H-Indol-3-Ylcarbonyl]-Amino}Butyrate – as a Designer Drug. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-014-1511-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Uchiyama N, Matsuda S, Kawamura M, Shimokawa Y, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Aritake K, Urade Y, Goda Y. Characterization of four new designer drugs, 5-chloro-NNEI, NNEI indazole analog, α-PHPP and α-POP, with 11 newly distributed designer drugs in illegal products. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 243:1-13. [PMID: 24769262 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Our continuous survey of illegal products in Japan revealed the new distribution of 15 designer drugs. We identified four synthetic cannabinoids, i.e., NNEI (1), 5-fluoro-NNEI (2), 5-chloro-NNEI (3) and NNEI indazole analog (4), and seven cathinone derivatives, i.e., MPHP (5), α-PHPP (6), α-POP (7), 3,4-dimethoxy-α-PVP (8), 4-fluoro-α-PVP (9), α-ethylaminopentiophenone (10) and N-ethyl-4-methylpentedrone (11). We also determined LY-2183240 (12) and its 2'-isomer (13), which were reported to inhibit endocannabinoid uptake, a methylphenidate analog, 3,4-dichloromethylphenidate (14), and an MDA analog, 5-APDB (15). No chemical and pharmaceutical data for compounds 3, 4, 6 and 7 had been reported, making this the first report on these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahoko Uchiyama
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan.
| | - Satoru Matsuda
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Maiko Kawamura
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Shimokawa
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Kosuke Aritake
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, 6-2-4 Furuedai, Suita-City, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Urade
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, 6-2-4 Furuedai, Suita-City, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Goda
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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Thermal degradation of a new synthetic cannabinoid QUPIC during analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-013-0221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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