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Olatunji LA, Badmus OO, Abdullahi KO, Usman TO, ologe M, Adejare A. Depletion of hepatic glutathione and adenosine by glucocorticoid exposure in Wistar rats is pregnancy-independent. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:485-491. [PMID: 38741615 PMCID: PMC11090063 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases have gained increasing attention due to their substantial impact on health, independently as well as in association with cardio-metabolic disorders. Studies have suggested that glutathione and adenosine assist in providing protection against oxidative stress and inflammation while glucocorticoid (GC) therapy has been associated with chronic inflammatory disorders, even in pregnancy. The implications of Glucocorticoid exposure on maternal health and fetal growth is a concern, however, the possible role of glutathione and adenosine has not been thoroughly investigated. The study therefore hypothesize that exposure to glucocorticoids leads to depletion of hepatic glutathione and adenosine levels, contributing to oxidative stress and tissue injury. Additionally, we aim to investigate whether the effects of glucocorticoids on hepatic health are pregnancy dependent in female rats. Twelve Pregnant and twelve age-matched non-pregnant rats were used for this study; an exogenous administration of glucocorticoid (Dex: 0.2 mg/kg) or vehicle (po) was administered to six pregnant and six non-pregnant rats from gestational day 14 to 19 or for a period of 6 days respectively. Data obtained showed that GC exposure led to a decrease in hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione peroxidase, GSH/GSSG ratio and adenosine content in both pregnant and non-pregnant rats. In addition, increased activities of adenosine deaminase and xanthine oxidase, along with increased production of uric acid and increased levels of lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transferase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transferase were observed. In summary, the study indicates that GC-induced liver damage is underlined by depleted hepatic adenosine and glutathione levels as well as elevated markers of tissue inflammation and/or injury. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the effects of GC exposure on hepatic health are pregnancy independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A. Olatunji
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team and Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Olufunto O. Badmus
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team and Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiorenal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Kamaldeen O. Abdullahi
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team and Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Taofeek O. Usman
- HOPE Cardiometabolic Research Team and Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburg, PA, USA
| | - Mary ologe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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Yao D, Ranadheera CS, Shen C, Wei W, Cheong LZ. Milk fat globule membrane: composition, production and its potential as encapsulant for bioactives and probiotics. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37632418 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2249992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a complex trilayer structure present in mammalian milk and is mainly composed of phospholipids and proteins (>90%). Many studies revealed MFGM has positive effects on the immune system, brain development, and cognitive function of infants. Probiotics are live microorganisms that have been found to improve mental health and insulin sensitivity, regulate immunity, and prevent allergies. Probiotics are unstable and prone to degradation by environmental, processing, and storage conditions. In this review, the processes used for encapsulation of probiotics particularly the potential of MFGM and its constituents as encapsulating materials for probiotics are described. This study analyzes the importance of MFGM in encapsulating bioactive substances and emphasizes the interaction with probiotics and the gut as well as its resistance to adverse environmental factors in the digestive system when used as a probiotic embedding material. MFGM can enhance the gastric acid resistance and bile resistance of probiotics, mainly manifested in the survival rate of probiotics. Due to the role of digestion, MFGM-coated probiotics can be released in the intestine, and due to the biocompatibility of the membrane, it can promote the binding of probiotics to intestinal epithelial cells, and promote the colonization of some probiotics in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yao
- Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chaminda Senaka Ranadheera
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cai Shen
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- China Beacons Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ling-Zhi Cheong
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Sato K, Naganuma A, Nagashima T, Arai Y, Mikami Y, Nakajima Y, Kanayama Y, Murakami T, Uehara S, Uehara D, Yamazaki Y, Murase T, Nakamura T, Uraoka T. A Newly Developed Method-Based Xanthine Oxidoreductase Activities in Various Human Liver Diseases. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051445. [PMID: 37239117 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies evaluating xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activities in comprehensive liver diseases are scarce, and different etiologies have previously been combined in groups for comparison. To accurately evaluate XOR activities in liver diseases, the plasma XOR activities in etiology-based comprehensive liver diseases were measured using a novel, sensitive, and accurate assay that is a combination of liquid chromatography and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry to detect [13C2, 15N2]uric acid using [13C2, 15N2]xanthine as a substrate. We also mainly evaluated the association between the plasma XOR activities and parameters of liver tests, purine metabolism-associated markers, oxidative stress markers, and an inflammation marker. In total, 329 patients and 32 controls were enrolled in our study. Plasma XOR activities were generally increased in liver diseases, especially in the active phase, such as in patients with hepatitis C virus RNA positivity, those with abnormal alanine transaminase (ALT) levels in autoimmune liver diseases, and uncured hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Plasma XOR activities were numerically highest in patients with acute hepatitis B. Plasma XOR activities were closely correlated with parameters of liver tests, especially serum ALT levels, regardless of etiology and plasma xanthine levels. Our results indicated that plasma XOR activity might reflect the active phase in various liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
- Department of Hepatology, Heisei Hidaka Clinic, Takasaki 371-0001, Japan
- Department of Healthcare Informatics, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki 370-0033, Japan
| | - Atsushi Naganuma
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Takasaki General Medical Center, Takasaki 370-0829, Japan
| | - Tamon Nagashima
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Shibukawa Medical Center, Shibukawa 377-0204, Japan
| | - Yosuke Arai
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Shibukawa Medical Center, Shibukawa 377-0204, Japan
| | - Yuka Mikami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yuka Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yuki Kanayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tatsuma Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Takasaki General Medical Center, Takasaki 370-0829, Japan
| | - Sanae Uehara
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Takasaki General Medical Center, Takasaki 370-0829, Japan
| | - Daisuke Uehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yamazaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takayo Murase
- Mie Research Park, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Inabe 511-0406, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Mie Research Park, Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, Inabe 511-0406, Japan
| | - Toshio Uraoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
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Al-Shehri SS, Duley JA, Bansal N. Xanthine oxidase-lactoperoxidase system and innate immunity: Biochemical actions and physiological roles. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101524. [PMID: 32334145 PMCID: PMC7183230 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system in mammals is the first-line defense that plays an important protective role against a wide spectrum of pathogens, especially during early life before the adaptive immune system develops. The enzymes xanthine oxidase (XO) and lactoperoxidase (LPO) are widely distributed in mammalian tissues and secretions, and have a variety of biological functions including in innate immunity, provoking much interest for both in vitro and in vivo applications. The enzymes are characterized by their generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, including hydrogen peroxide, hypothiocyanite, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite. XO is a major generator of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide that subsequently trigger a cascade of oxidative radical pathways, including those produced by LPO, which have bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects against pathogens including opportunistic bacteria. In addition to their role in host microbial defense, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species play important physiological roles as second messenger cell signaling molecules, including cellular proliferation, differentiation and gene expression. There are several indications that the reactive species generated by peroxide have positive effects on human health, particularly in neonates; however, some important in vivo aspects of this system remain obscure. The primary dependence of the system on hydrogen peroxide has led us to propose it is particularly relevant to neonate mammals during milk feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad S Al-Shehri
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
| | - John A Duley
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4102, Australia
| | - Nidhi Bansal
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4102, Australia; School of Agriculture and Food Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4102, Australia
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Sun Q, Zhang Z, Lu Y, Liu Q, Xu X, Xu J, Liu Y, Yu H, Yu D, Sun B. Loss of Xanthine Oxidoreductase Potentiates Propagation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Stem Cells. Hepatology 2020; 71:2033-2049. [PMID: 31578733 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Liver cancer stem cells (CSCs) exist in the tumor environment and are critically involved in the initiation and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of self-renewal and maintenance of liver CSCs remain poorly understood. APPROACH AND RESULTS We identified that xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), which was expressed at low levels in human HCC samples and liver CSCs, restrained HCC formation and chemoresistance by attenuating liver CSC propagation. Mechanistically, XOR physically interacts with ubiquitin-specific peptidase 15 (USP15), thereby promoting deubiquitination of Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1) to stabilize its expression, which leads to degradation of Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) through ubiquitination and subsequently reactive oxygen species accumulation in liver CSCs. Finally, our data reveal that XOR promotes USP15-mediated Nrf2-KEAP1 signaling to block liver CSCs and tumor propagation. CONCLUSION We identified that XOR may represent a potential therapeutic target for clinical intervention in HCC driven by liver CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qikai Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zechuan Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijun Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiaoyu Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoliang Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianbo Xu
- Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hailong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Decai Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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6
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Johnson TA, Jinnah HA, Kamatani N. Shortage of Cellular ATP as a Cause of Diseases and Strategies to Enhance ATP. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:98. [PMID: 30837873 PMCID: PMC6390775 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline mutations in cellular-energy associated genes have been shown to lead to various monogenic disorders. Notably, mitochondrial disorders often impact skeletal muscle, brain, liver, heart, and kidneys, which are the body’s top energy-consuming organs. However, energy-related dysfunctions have not been widely seen as causes of common diseases, although evidence points to such a link for certain disorders. During acute energy consumption, like extreme exercise, cells increase the favorability of the adenylate kinase reaction 2-ADP -> ATP+AMP by AMP deaminase degrading AMP to IMP, which further degrades to inosine and then to purines hypoxanthine -> xanthine -> urate. Thus, increased blood urate levels may act as a barometer of extreme energy consumption. AMP deaminase deficient subjects experience some negative effects like decreased muscle power output, but also positive effects such as decreased diabetes and improved prognosis for chronic heart failure patients. That may reflect decreased energy consumption from maintaining the pool of IMP for salvage to AMP and then ATP, since de novo IMP synthesis requires burning seven ATPs. Similarly, beneficial effects have been seen in heart, skeletal muscle, or brain after treatment with allopurinol or febuxostat to inhibit xanthine oxidoreductase, which catalyzes hypoxanthine -> xanthine and xanthine -> urate reactions. Some disorders of those organs may reflect dysfunction in energy-consumption/production, and the observed beneficial effects related to reinforcement of ATP re-synthesis due to increased hypoxanthine levels in the blood and tissues. Recent clinical studies indicated that treatment with xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitors plus inosine had the strongest impact for increasing the pool of salvageable purines and leading to increased ATP levels in humans, thereby suggesting that this combination is more beneficial than a xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor alone to treat disorders with ATP deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H A Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Kumar R, Joshi G, Kler H, Kalra S, Kaur M, Arya R. Toward an Understanding of Structural Insights of Xanthine and Aldehyde Oxidases: An Overview of their Inhibitors and Role in Various Diseases. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:1073-1125. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda 151001 India
| | - Gaurav Joshi
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda 151001 India
| | - Harveen Kler
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda 151001 India
| | - Sourav Kalra
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda 151001 India
- Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda 151001 India
| | - Ramandeep Arya
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda 151001 India
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8
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The Antioxidant Properties of Pectin Fractions Isolated from Vegetables Using a Simulated Gastric Fluid. J CHEM-NY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/5898594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant properties of vegetable pectin fractions against intraluminal reactive oxygen species were elucidated in vitro in conjunction with their structural features. The pectin fractions were isolated using a simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.5, pepsin 0.5 g/L, 37°C, 4 h) from fresh white cabbage, carrot, onion, and sweet pepper. The fraction from onion was found to inhibit the production of superoxide radicals by inhibiting the xanthine oxidase. The high molecular weight of onion pectin and a large number of galactose residues in its side chains appeared to participate in interaction with xanthine oxidase. All the isolated pectic polysaccharides were found to be associated with protein (2–9%) and phenolics (0.5–0.7%) as contaminants; these contaminants were shown to be responsible for the antioxidant effect of vegetable pectin fractions against the hydroxyl and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals.
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9
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Role of Uric Acid Metabolism-Related Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Syndrome Components Such as Atherosclerosis and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8603164. [PMID: 28070145 PMCID: PMC5192336 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8603164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine metabolism and can reportedly act as an antioxidant. However, recently, numerous clinical and basic research approaches have revealed close associations of hyperuricemia with several disorders, particularly those comprising the metabolic syndrome. In this review, we first outline the two molecular mechanisms underlying inflammation occurrence in relation to UA metabolism; one is inflammasome activation by UA crystallization and the other involves superoxide free radicals generated by xanthine oxidase (XO). Importantly, recent studies have demonstrated the therapeutic or preventive effects of XO inhibitors against atherosclerosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, which were not previously considered to be related, at least not directly, to hyperuricemia. Such beneficial effects of XO inhibitors have been reported for other organs including the kidneys and the heart. Thus, a major portion of this review focuses on the relationships between UA metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and related disorders. Although further studies are necessary, XO inhibitors are a potentially novel strategy for reducing the risk of many forms of organ failure characteristic of the metabolic syndrome.
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10
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Shepherd AI, Wilkerson DP, Fulford J, Winyard PG, Benjamin N, Shore AC, Gilchrist M. Effect of nitrate supplementation on hepatic blood flow and glucose homeostasis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized control trial. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G356-64. [PMID: 27418682 PMCID: PMC5076007 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00203.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide alters gastric blood flow, improves vascular function, and mediates glucose uptake within the intestines and skeletal muscle. Dietary nitrate, acting as a source of nitric oxide, appears to be a potential low-cost therapy that may help maintain glucose homeostasis. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 31 young and older adult participants had a standardized breakfast, supplemented with either nitrate-rich beetroot juice (11.91 mmol nitrate) or nitrate-depleted beetroot juice as placebo (0.01 mmol nitrate). MRI was used to assess apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), portal vein flux, and velocity. Plasma glucose, incretin, and C-peptide concentrations and blood pressure were assessed. Outcome variables were measured at baseline and hourly for 3 h. Compared with a placebo, beetroot juice resulted in a significant elevation in plasma nitrate and plasma nitrite concentration. No differences were seen for the young or older adult cohorts between placebo and beetroot juice for ADC, or portal vein flux. There was an interaction effect in the young adults between visits for portal vein velocity. Nitrate supplementation did not reduce plasma glucose, active GLP-1, total GLP-1, or plasma C-peptide concentrations for the young or older adult cohorts. Despite a significant elevation in plasma nitrite concentration following an acute dose of (11.91 mmol) nitrate, there was no effect on hepatic blood flow, plasma glucose, C-peptide, or incretin concentration in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony I. Shepherd
- 1College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom; ,2University of Exeter Medical School and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom; ,4Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Daryl P. Wilkerson
- 1College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom;
| | - Jon Fulford
- 2University of Exeter Medical School and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom;
| | - Paul G. Winyard
- 2University of Exeter Medical School and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom;
| | - Nigel Benjamin
- 2University of Exeter Medical School and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom; ,3Torbay Hospital, Heart and Lung Unit, Torquay, Devon, United Kingdom; and
| | - Angela C. Shore
- 2University of Exeter Medical School and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom;
| | - Mark Gilchrist
- 2University of Exeter Medical School and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, Devon, United Kingdom;
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11
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Farkaš R. Apocrine secretion: New insights into an old phenomenon. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1740-50. [PMID: 25960390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While apocrine secretion was among the earliest secretory mechanisms to be identified, its underlying basis remains poorly understood. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review reappraises our understanding of apocrine secretion using insights about apocrine secretion from the salivary glands of Drosophila, in which molecular genetic analyses have provided a glimmer of hope for elucidating the mechanistic aspects of this fundamental process. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In contrast to the well-defined process of exocytosis, apocrine secretion is non-vesicular transport and secretory pathway that entails the loss of part of the cytoplasm. It often involves apical protrusions and generates cytoplasmic fragments inside a secretory lumen. In its most intense phase this process is accompanied by the release of large fragments of cellular structures and entire organelles that include mitochondria, Golgi, and portions of the endoplasmic reticulum, among others. Proteomic analyses revealed that the secretion is composed of hundreds to thousands of membranous, cytoskeletal, microsomal, mitochondrial, ribosomal, and even nuclear as well as nucleolar proteins. Strikingly, although many nuclear proteins are released, the nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid itself remains intact. In spite of this complexity, it appears that several protein components of apocrine secretion are identical, regardless of the location of the apocrine gland. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This type of secretion appears to be common to many, if not all, barrier epithelial tissues including skin derivatives and the epididymis, and is implicated also in lung/bronchi and intestinal epithelium. Apocrine secretion is a mechanism that provides the en masse delivery of a very complex proteinaceous mixture from polarized epithelial tissues to allow for communication at exterior interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Farkaš
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlárska 3, 83306 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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12
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Popov SV, Ovodova RG, Golovchenko VV, Khramova DS, Markov PA, Smirnov VV, Shashkov AS, Ovodov YS. Pectic polysaccharides of the fresh plum Prunus domestica L. isolated with a simulated gastric fluid and their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Food Chem 2013; 143:106-13. [PMID: 24054219 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A pectic polysaccharide, designated as PD, was extracted from fresh plums (Prunus domestica L.) with a simulated gastric fluid. Galacturonan, which was partially substituted with methyl and O-acetyl ester groups, and rhamnogalacturonan were the main constituents of the linear regions of the sugar chains of PD. The ramified region contained mainly 1,4-linked β-d-galactopyranose residues and, to a lesser extent, 1,5-linked α-l-arabinofuranose residues. The separation of PD, by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, yielded two pectic fractions: PD-1 and PD-2, eluted with 0.1 and 0.2 M NaCl, respectively. Enzymatic digestion of PD with 1,4-α-d-polygalacturonase yielded the fraction PD-E. The parent pectin PD and the PD-1 fraction were found to diminish the adhesion of peritoneal leukocytes at the concentrations of 0.05-1.0mg/ml. However, the PD-E fraction failed to have an effect on cell adhesion at the concentrations of 0.05-0.1mg/ml. PD, PD-1 and PD-E were found to inhibit the production of superoxide anion radicals by reducing xanthine oxidase activity by 38%, 97% and 47%, respectively. Therefore, the PD-1 fraction appeared to be an active fragment of pectic macromolecule isolated from fresh plum with a simulated gastric fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Popov
- Institute of Physiology, Komi Science Centre, The Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 50, Pervomaiskaya Str., Syktyvkar 167982, Russia.
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Ghosh SM, Kapil V, Fuentes-Calvo I, Bubb KJ, Pearl V, Milsom AB, Khambata R, Maleki-Toyserkani S, Yousuf M, Benjamin N, Webb AJ, Caulfield MJ, Hobbs AJ, Ahluwalia A. Enhanced Vasodilator Activity of Nitrite in Hypertension. Hypertension 2013; 61:1091-102. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suborno M. Ghosh
- From the William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (S.M.G., V.K., I.F.-C., K.J.B., V.P., A.B.M., R.K., S.M-T., M.Y., M.J.C., A.J.H., A.A.); IBSAL-Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain (I.F.-C.); University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom (N.B.); and Clinical Pharmacology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom (A.J.W.)
| | - Vikas Kapil
- From the William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (S.M.G., V.K., I.F.-C., K.J.B., V.P., A.B.M., R.K., S.M-T., M.Y., M.J.C., A.J.H., A.A.); IBSAL-Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain (I.F.-C.); University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom (N.B.); and Clinical Pharmacology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom (A.J.W.)
| | - Isabel Fuentes-Calvo
- From the William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (S.M.G., V.K., I.F.-C., K.J.B., V.P., A.B.M., R.K., S.M-T., M.Y., M.J.C., A.J.H., A.A.); IBSAL-Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain (I.F.-C.); University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom (N.B.); and Clinical Pharmacology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom (A.J.W.)
| | - Kristen J. Bubb
- From the William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (S.M.G., V.K., I.F.-C., K.J.B., V.P., A.B.M., R.K., S.M-T., M.Y., M.J.C., A.J.H., A.A.); IBSAL-Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain (I.F.-C.); University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom (N.B.); and Clinical Pharmacology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom (A.J.W.)
| | - Vanessa Pearl
- From the William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (S.M.G., V.K., I.F.-C., K.J.B., V.P., A.B.M., R.K., S.M-T., M.Y., M.J.C., A.J.H., A.A.); IBSAL-Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain (I.F.-C.); University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom (N.B.); and Clinical Pharmacology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom (A.J.W.)
| | - Alexandra B. Milsom
- From the William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (S.M.G., V.K., I.F.-C., K.J.B., V.P., A.B.M., R.K., S.M-T., M.Y., M.J.C., A.J.H., A.A.); IBSAL-Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain (I.F.-C.); University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom (N.B.); and Clinical Pharmacology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom (A.J.W.)
| | - Rayomand Khambata
- From the William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (S.M.G., V.K., I.F.-C., K.J.B., V.P., A.B.M., R.K., S.M-T., M.Y., M.J.C., A.J.H., A.A.); IBSAL-Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain (I.F.-C.); University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom (N.B.); and Clinical Pharmacology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom (A.J.W.)
| | - Sheiva Maleki-Toyserkani
- From the William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (S.M.G., V.K., I.F.-C., K.J.B., V.P., A.B.M., R.K., S.M-T., M.Y., M.J.C., A.J.H., A.A.); IBSAL-Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain (I.F.-C.); University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom (N.B.); and Clinical Pharmacology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom (A.J.W.)
| | - Mubeen Yousuf
- From the William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (S.M.G., V.K., I.F.-C., K.J.B., V.P., A.B.M., R.K., S.M-T., M.Y., M.J.C., A.J.H., A.A.); IBSAL-Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain (I.F.-C.); University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom (N.B.); and Clinical Pharmacology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom (A.J.W.)
| | - Nigel Benjamin
- From the William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (S.M.G., V.K., I.F.-C., K.J.B., V.P., A.B.M., R.K., S.M-T., M.Y., M.J.C., A.J.H., A.A.); IBSAL-Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain (I.F.-C.); University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom (N.B.); and Clinical Pharmacology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom (A.J.W.)
| | - Andrew J. Webb
- From the William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (S.M.G., V.K., I.F.-C., K.J.B., V.P., A.B.M., R.K., S.M-T., M.Y., M.J.C., A.J.H., A.A.); IBSAL-Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain (I.F.-C.); University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom (N.B.); and Clinical Pharmacology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom (A.J.W.)
| | - Mark J. Caulfield
- From the William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (S.M.G., V.K., I.F.-C., K.J.B., V.P., A.B.M., R.K., S.M-T., M.Y., M.J.C., A.J.H., A.A.); IBSAL-Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain (I.F.-C.); University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom (N.B.); and Clinical Pharmacology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom (A.J.W.)
| | - Adrian J. Hobbs
- From the William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (S.M.G., V.K., I.F.-C., K.J.B., V.P., A.B.M., R.K., S.M-T., M.Y., M.J.C., A.J.H., A.A.); IBSAL-Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain (I.F.-C.); University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom (N.B.); and Clinical Pharmacology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom (A.J.W.)
| | - Amrita Ahluwalia
- From the William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (S.M.G., V.K., I.F.-C., K.J.B., V.P., A.B.M., R.K., S.M-T., M.Y., M.J.C., A.J.H., A.A.); IBSAL-Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain (I.F.-C.); University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom (N.B.); and Clinical Pharmacology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom (A.J.W.)
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Agarwal A, Banerjee A, Banerjee UC. Xanthine oxidoreductase: a journey from purine metabolism to cardiovascular excitation-contraction coupling. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2011; 31:264-80. [PMID: 21774633 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2010.527823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a ubiquitous complex cytosolic molybdoflavoprotein which controls the rate limiting step of purine catabolism by converting xanthine to uric acid. It is known that optimum concentrations of uric acid (UA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are necessary for normal functioning of the body. The ability of XOR to perform detoxification reactions, and to synthesize UA and reactive oxygen species (ROS) makes it a versatile intra- and extra-cellular protective "housekeeping enzyme". It is also an important component of the innate immune system. The enzyme is a target of drugs against gout and hyperuricemia and the protein is of major interest as it is associated with ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury, vascular disorders in diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, adipogenesis, metabolic syndrome, cancer, and many other disease conditions. Xanthine oxidoreductase in conjugation with antibodies has been shown to have an anti-tumor effect due to its ability to produce ROS, which in turn reduces the growth of cancer tissues. Apart from this, XOR in association with nitric oxide synthase also participates in myocardial excitation-contraction coupling. Although XOR was discovered over 100 years ago, its physiological and pathophysiological roles are still not clearly elucidated. In this review, various physiological and pathophysiological functional aspects of XOR and its association with various forms of cancer are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Punjab, India
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Webb AJ, Milsom AB, Rathod KS, Chu WL, Qureshi S, Lovell MJ, Lecomte FMJ, Perrett D, Raimondo C, Khoshbin E, Ahmed Z, Uppal R, Benjamin N, Hobbs AJ, Ahluwalia A. Mechanisms underlying erythrocyte and endothelial nitrite reduction to nitric oxide in hypoxia: role for xanthine oxidoreductase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circ Res 2008; 103:957-64. [PMID: 18818408 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.175810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of nitrite (NO(2)(-)) provides a major source of nitric oxide (NO) in the circulation, especially in hypoxemic conditions. Our previous studies suggest that xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is an important nitrite reductase in the heart and kidney. Herein, we have demonstrated that conversion of nitrite to NO by blood vessels and RBCs was enhanced in the presence of the XOR substrate xanthine (10 micromol/L) and attenuated by the XOR inhibitor allopurinol (100 micromol/L) in acidic and hypoxic conditions only. Whereas endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibition had no effect on vascular nitrite reductase activity, in RBCs L-NAME, L-NMMA, and L-arginine inhibited nitrite-derived NO production by >50% (P<0.01) at pH 7.4 and 6.8 under hypoxic conditions. Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis of RBC membranes confirmed the presence of eNOS and abundant XOR on whole RBCs. Thus, XOR and eNOS are ideally situated on the membranes of RBCs and blood vessels to generate intravascular vasodilator NO from nitrite during ischemic episodes. In addition to the proposed role of deoxyhemoglobin, our findings suggest that the nitrite reductase activity within the circulation, under hypoxic conditions (at physiological pH), is mediated by eNOS; however, as acidosis develops, a substantial role for XOR becomes evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Webb
- William Harvey Research Institute, Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Barts and the London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
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Osborne PG, Hashimoto M. Brain ECF antioxidant interactions in hamsters during arousal from hibernation. Behav Brain Res 2007; 178:115-22. [PMID: 17207864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Warming from hibernation to cenothermia involves intense metabolic activity and large fluxes in regional blood flow and volume. During this transition, levels of the antioxidants, ascorbate (AA), urate and glutathione (GSH) in brain tissue, extracellular fluid (ECF) and plasma change substantially. Striatal ECF was sampled and manipulated using very slow perfusion microdialysis to examine the mechanisms that influence the changing profile of striatal ECF AA, urate and GSH levels during arousal from hibernation to cenothermia in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). Omission of glucose from the perfusate had no effect upon the respective decrease, increase and transient increase in striatal ECF levels of AA, GSH and urate observed during arousal from hibernation to cenothermia. In contrast, inhibition of xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase (XOR) activity by reverse dialysis with oxypurinol, itself a free radical scavenger, decreased ECF urate and preserved ECF AA levels. This suggests that some ECF AA is oxidized by free radical products of XOR flux and/or by other free radical producing processes activated during the transition from hibernation to cenothermia. Local supplementation of ECF AA, GSH and cystiene had no effect upon the profile of transient increase of ECF urate observed during arousal from hibernation. The production of free radicals by XOR and the disappearance of AA from the ECF continues for at least 2h immediately after the hamster has attained cenothermia. The hamster, immediately after arousal from hibernation, can be utilized as a natural model to study free radical production and effective scavenging at cenothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Osborne
- Institute of Life Sciences, National Taitung University, Taitung 950, Taiwan.
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Godber B, Schwarz G, Mendel R, Lowe D, Bray R, Eisenthal R, Harrison R. Molecular characterization of human xanthine oxidoreductase: the enzyme is grossly deficient in molybdenum and substantially deficient in iron-sulphur centres. Biochem J 2005; 388:501-8. [PMID: 15679468 PMCID: PMC1138957 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
XOR (xanthine oxidoreductase) purified from human milk was shown to contain 0.04 atom of Mo and 0.09 molecule of molybdopterin/subunit. On the basis of UV/visible and CD spectra, the human enzyme was approx. 30% deficient in iron-sulphur centres. Mo(V) EPR showed the presence of a weak rapid signal corresponding to the enzyme of low xanthine oxidase activity and a slow signal indicating a significant content of desulpho-form. Resulphuration experiments, together with calculations based on enzymic activity and Mo content, led to an estimate of 50-60% desulpho-form. Fe/S EPR showed, in addition to the well-known Fe/S I and Fe/S II species, the presence of a third Fe/S signal, named Fe/S III, which appears to replace partially Fe/S I. Comparison is made with similarly prepared bovine milk XOR, which has approx. 15-fold higher enzymic activity and Mo content. Taken along with evidence of low Mo content in the milk of other mammals, these findings add further support to the idea that XOR protein plays a physiological role in milk (e.g. in secretion) equal in importance to its catalytic function as an enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guenter Schwarz
- †Botanical Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ralf R. Mendel
- †Botanical Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig, 38023 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - David J. Lowe
- ‡Biological Chemistry Department, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K
| | | | - Robert Eisenthal
- *Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Roger Harrison
- *Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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