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Senturk A, Alver A, Karkucak M, Küçük M, Ahmadi Rendi T. Oxidative modification of carbonic anhydrase by peroxynitrite trigger immune response in mice and rheumatic disease patients. Am J Med Sci 2023; 366:438-448. [PMID: 37678670 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbonic anhydrases (CA) are metalloenzymes with wide tissue distribution, involved in many important physiological processes, and in some rheumatic diseases, autoantibodies are formed against these enzymes. Recent studies have suggested that oxidative stress triggers anti-CA antibody formation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of modification with oxidative/nitrosative stress end products on CA antigenicity in mice and the relationship between the modified CA autoantibodies and oxidant-antioxidant status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Sjögren's syndrome (SjS). METHODS CA I and CA II isoenzymes were isolated from human erythrocytes and modified with 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), malondialdehyde (MDA), and peroxynitrite (PN). Balb-c mice were immunized with these agents to determine the effects of modification on CA antigenicity. The autoantibody titers of modified CA isoenzymes were detected in patients. In addition MDA, 4-HNE, 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were measured to assess the oxidant-antioxidant status in patients. RESULTS Modifications of carbonic anhydrase with oxidative stress end products, HNE, MDA and PN, lead to alterations in the immune response to these enzymes in mice. It was found that HNE and MDA decreased the antigenicity while PN increased. In addition, PN-modified CA autoantibody levels were found to be significantly different in both RA and SjS patients compared to their controls (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS PN modifications can also trigger an immune response against CA isoenzymes in mice, and PN-modified CA I and CA II autoantibody titers were found at a significantly high level in both RA and SjS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Senturk
- Macka Vocational School, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61750, Türkiye.
| | - Ahmet Alver
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Türkiye
| | - Murat Karkucak
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Türkiye
| | - Murat Küçük
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Türkiye
| | - Taghi Ahmadi Rendi
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Türkiye; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Israel A, Schäffer AA, Berkovitch M, Ozeri DJ, Merzon E, Green I, Golan-Cohen A, Ruppin E, Vinker S, Magen E. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and long-term risk of immune-related disorders. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1232560. [PMID: 37753082 PMCID: PMC10518697 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1232560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an X-linked enzymatic disorder that is particularly prevalent in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. This study aimed to assess the long-term health risks associated with G6PD deficiency. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from a national healthcare provider in Israel (Leumit Health Services). A total of 7,473 G6PD-deficient individuals were matched with 29,892 control subjects in a 1:4 ratio, based on age, gender, socioeconomic status, and ethnic groups. The exposure of interest was recorded G6PD diagnosis or positive G6PD diagnostic test. The main outcomes and measures included rates of infectious diseases, allergic conditions, and autoimmune disorders between 2002 and 2022. Results Significantly increased rates were observed for autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, and allergic conditions in G6PD-deficient individuals compared to the control group. Specifically, notable increases were observed for rheumatoid arthritis (odds ratio [OR] 2.41, p<0.001), systemic lupus erythematosus (OR 4.56, p<0.001), scleroderma (OR 6.87, p<0.001), pernicious anemia (OR 18.70, p<0.001), fibromyalgia (OR 1.98, p<0.001), Graves' disease (OR 1.46, p=0.001), and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (OR 1.26, p=0.001). These findings were supported by elevated rates of positive autoimmune serology and higher utilization of medications commonly used to treat autoimmune conditions in the G6PD-deficient group. Discussion In conclusion, individuals with G6PD deficiency are at a higher risk of developing autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, and allergic conditions. This large-scale observational study provides valuable insights into the comprehensive association between G6PD deficiency and infectious and immune-related diseases. The findings emphasize the importance of considering G6PD deficiency as a potential risk factor in clinical practice and further research is warranted to better understand the underlying mechanisms of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Israel
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Alejandro A. Schäffer
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Matitiahu Berkovitch
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - David J. Ozeri
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- Division of Rheumatology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Eugene Merzon
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Ilan Green
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Avivit Golan-Cohen
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shlomo Vinker
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Eli Magen
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- Medicine A Department, Assuta Ashdod University Hospital Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheba, Israel
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Huang J, Xu Y. Autoimmunity: A New Focus on Nasal Polyps. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098444. [PMID: 37176151 PMCID: PMC10179643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) has long been considered a benign, chronic inflammatory, and hyperplastic disease. Recent studies have shown that autoimmune-related mechanisms are involved in the pathology of nasal polyps. Activated plasma cells, eosinophils, basophils, innate type 2 lymphocytes, mast cells, and proinflammatory cytokine in polyp tissue indicate the mobilization of innate and adaptive immune pathways during polyp formation. The discovery of a series of autoantibodies further supports the autoimmune nature of nasal polyps. Local homeostasis dysregulation, infection, and chronic inflammation may trigger autoimmunity through several mechanisms, including autoantigens overproduction, microbial translocation, molecular mimicry, superantigens, activation or inhibition of receptors, bystander activation, dysregulation of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), epitope spreading, autoantigens complementarity. In this paper, we elaborated on the microbiome-mediated mechanism, abnormal host immunity, and genetic changes to update the role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
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Israel A, Schäffer AA, Berkovitch M, Ozeri DJ, Merzon E, Green I, Golan-Cohen A, Ruppin E, Vinker S, Magen E. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency and Long-Term Risk of Immune-Related diseases. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.03.23.23287616. [PMID: 37090544 PMCID: PMC10120794 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.23.23287616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an X-linked recessive enzymatic disorder, particularly prevalent in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. In the US, about 14% of black men are affected. Individuals with G6PD deficiency are often asymptomatic but may develop hemolysis following an infection or upon consumption of specific medications. Despite some evidence that G6PD deficiency affects the immune system, the long- term health risks associated with G6PD deficiency had not been studied in a large population. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, health records from G6PD deficient individuals were compared to matched controls in a national healthcare provider in Israel (Leumit Health Services). Rates of infectious diseases, allergic conditions and autoimmune disorders were compared between groups. RESULTS The cohort included 7,473 G6PD deficient subjects (68.7% men) matched with 29,892 control subjects (4:1 ratio) of the same age, gender, socioeconomic status and ethnic group, followed during 14.3±6.2 years.Significantly increased rates for autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases and allergic conditions were observed throughout this period. Notable increases were observed for rheumatoid arthritis (OR 2.41, p<0.001), systemic lupus erythematosus (OR 4.56, p<0.001), scleroderma (OR 6.87, p<0.001), pernicious anemia (OR=18.70, P<0.001), fibromyalgia (OR 1.98, p<0.001), Graves' disease (OR 1.46, P=0.001), and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (OR 1.26, P=0.001). These findings were corroborated with elevated rates of positive autoimmune serology and higher rates of treatment with medications commonly used to treat autoimmune conditions in the G6PD deficient group. CONCLUSION G6PD deficient individuals suffer from higher rates of autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, and allergic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Israel
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6473817, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6997801 Israel
| | - Alejandro A Schäffer
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - David J. Ozeri
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6473817, Israel
- Division of Rheumatology, Sheba Medical Center
| | - Eugene Merzon
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6473817, Israel
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 4070000, Israel
| | - Ilan Green
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6473817, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6997801 Israel
| | - Avivit Golan-Cohen
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6473817, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6997801 Israel
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shlomo Vinker
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6473817, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6997801 Israel
| | - Eli Magen
- Leumit Research Institute, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo 6473817, Israel
- Medicine A Department, Assuta Ashdod University Hospital Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheba 8410501, Israel
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Protein Susceptibility to Peroxidation by 4-Hydroxynonenal in Hereditary Hemochromatosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032922. [PMID: 36769239 PMCID: PMC9917916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron overload caused by hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) increases free reactive oxygen species that, in turn, induce lipid peroxidation. Its 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) by-product is a well-established marker of lipid peroxidation since it reacts with accessible proteins with deleterious consequences. Indeed, elevated levels of HNE are often detected in a wide variety of human diseases related to oxidative stress. Here, we evaluated HNE-modified proteins in the membrane of erythrocytes from HH patients and in organs of Hfe-/- male and female mice, a mouse model of HH. For this purpose, we used one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting and MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis. We identified cytoskeletal membrane proteins and membrane receptors of erythrocytes bound to HNE exclusively in HH patients. Furthermore, kidney and brain of Hfe-/- mice contained more HNE-adducted protein than healthy controls. Our results identified main HNE-modified proteins suggesting that HH favours preferred protein targets for oxidation by HNE.
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Patrick DM, de la Visitación N, Krishnan J, Chen W, Ormseth MJ, Stein CM, Davies SS, Amarnath V, Crofford LJ, Williams JM, Zhao S, Smart CD, Dikalov S, Dikalova A, Xiao L, Van Beusecum JP, Ao M, Fogo AB, Kirabo A, Harrison DG. Isolevuglandins disrupt PU.1-mediated C1q expression and promote autoimmunity and hypertension in systemic lupus erythematosus. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e136678. [PMID: 35608913 PMCID: PMC9310530 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a mechanism responsible for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In humans with SLE and in 2 SLE murine models, there was marked enrichment of isolevuglandin-adducted proteins (isoLG adducts) in monocytes and dendritic cells. We found that antibodies formed against isoLG adducts in both SLE-prone mice and humans with SLE. In addition, isoLG ligation of the transcription factor PU.1 at a critical DNA binding site markedly reduced transcription of all C1q subunits. Treatment of SLE-prone mice with the specific isoLG scavenger 2-hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA) ameliorated parameters of autoimmunity, including plasma cell expansion, circulating IgG levels, and anti-dsDNA antibody titers. 2-HOBA also lowered blood pressure, attenuated renal injury, and reduced inflammatory gene expression uniquely in C1q-expressing dendritic cells. Thus, isoLG adducts play an essential role in the genesis and maintenance of systemic autoimmunity and hypertension in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Patrick
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Néstor de la Visitación
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Wei Chen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and
| | - Michelle J. Ormseth
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - C. Michael Stein
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | | | | | | | - Shilin Zhao
- Vanderbilt Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Charles D. Smart
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics
| | | | | | | | - Justin P. Van Beusecum
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center and
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Agnes B. Fogo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - David G. Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Analyzing the Systems Biology Effects of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines to Assess Their Safety and Putative Side Effects. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070743. [PMID: 35889989 PMCID: PMC9320269 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines have been instrumental tools in reducing the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infections around the world by preventing 80% to 90% of hospitalizations and deaths from reinfection, in addition to preventing 40% to 65% of symptomatic illnesses. However, the simultaneous large-scale vaccination of the global population will indubitably unveil heterogeneity in immune responses as well as in the propensity to developing post-vaccine adverse events, especially in vulnerable individuals. Herein, we applied a systems biology workflow, integrating vaccine transcriptional signatures with chemogenomics, to study the pharmacological effects of mRNA vaccines. First, we derived transcriptional signatures and predicted their biological effects using pathway enrichment and network approaches. Second, we queried the Connectivity Map (CMap) to prioritize adverse events hypotheses. Finally, we accepted higher-confidence hypotheses that have been predicted by independent approaches. Our results reveal that the mRNA-based BNT162b2 vaccine affects immune response pathways related to interferon and cytokine signaling, which should lead to vaccine success, but may also result in some adverse events. Our results emphasize the effects of BNT162b2 on calcium homeostasis, which could be contributing to some frequently encountered adverse events related to mRNA vaccines. Notably, cardiac side effects were signaled in the CMap query results. In summary, our approach has identified mechanisms underlying both the expected protective effects of vaccination as well as possible post-vaccine adverse effects. Our study illustrates the power of systems biology approaches in improving our understanding of the comprehensive biological response to vaccination against COVID-19.
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Micheli C, Parma A, Tani C, Di Bello D, Falaschi A, Chiaramonte A, Testi S, Mosca M, Scarpato R. UCTD and SLE patients show increased levels of oxidative and DNA damage together with an altered kinetics of DSB repair. Mutagenesis 2021; 36:429-436. [PMID: 34559237 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological tolerance is a critical feature of the immune system; its loss might lead to an abnormal response of lymphocytes causing autoimmune diseases. One of the most important groups belonging to autoimmune disorders is the connective tissue diseases (CTD). CTD are classified among systemic rheumatic diseases and include pathologies such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and undifferentiated CTD (UCTD). In this study, we evaluated oxidative and genome damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with SLE and UCTD, further classified on the basis of disease activity and the presence/absence of a serological profile. Oxidative damage was evaluated in cell membrane using the fluorescent fatty acid analogue BODIPY 581/591 C11. The percentage of oxidised lymphocytes in both SLE and UCTD patients was higher than in the control group, and the oxidative stress correlated positively with both disease activity and autoantibody profile. The γH2AX focus assay was used to quantify the presence of spontaneous double strand breaks (DSBs), and to assess the abilities of DSBs repair system after T cells were treated with mitomycin C (MMC). Subjects with these autoimmune disorders showed a higher number of γH2AX foci than healthy controls, but no correlation with diseases activity and presence of serological profile was observed. In addition, patients displayed an altered response to MMC-induced DSBs, which led their peripheral cells to greatly increase apoptosis. Taken together our results confirmed an interplay among oxidative stress, DNA damage and impaired DNA repair, which are directly correlated to the aggressiveness and clinical progression of the diseases. We propose the evaluation of these molecular markers to better characterize SLE and UCTD, aiming to improve the treatment plan and the quality of the patients' life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Micheli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità di Genetica, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alice Parma
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Tani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Domenica Di Bello
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità di Genetica, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Aurora Falaschi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità di Genetica, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Chiaramonte
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità di Genetica, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Serena Testi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità di Genetica, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marta Mosca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Scarpato
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità di Genetica, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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Berndt N, Bippes CC, Michalk I, Bartsch T, Arndt C, Puentes-Cala E, Soto JA, Loureiro LR, Kegler A, Bachmann D, Gross JK, Gross T, Kurien BT, Scofield RH, Farris AD, James JA, Bergmann R, Schmitz M, Feldmann A, Bachmann MP. And Yet It Moves: Oxidation of the Nuclear Autoantigen La/SS-B Is the Driving Force for Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Shuttling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9699. [PMID: 34575862 PMCID: PMC8470643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Decades ago, we and many other groups showed a nucleo-cytoplasmic translocation of La protein in cultured cells. This shuttling of La protein was seen after UV irradiation, virus infections, hydrogen peroxide exposure and the Fenton reaction based on iron or copper ions. All of these conditions are somehow related to oxidative stress. Unfortunately, these harsh conditions could also cause an artificial release of La protein. Even until today, the shuttling and the cytoplasmic function of La/SS-B is controversially discussed. Moreover, the driving mechanism for the shuttling of La protein remains unclear. Recently, we showed that La protein undergoes redox-dependent conformational changes. Moreover, we developed anti-La monoclonal antibodies (anti-La mAbs), which are specific for either the reduced form of La protein or the oxidized form. Using these tools, here we show that redox-dependent conformational changes are the driving force for the shuttling of La protein. Moreover, we show that translocation of La protein to the cytoplasm can be triggered in a ligand/receptor-dependent manner under physiological conditions. We show that ligands of toll-like receptors lead to a redox-dependent shuttling of La protein. The shuttling of La protein depends on the redox status of the respective cell type. Endothelial cells are usually resistant to the shuttling of La protein, while dendritic cells are highly sensitive. However, the deprivation of intracellular reducing agents in endothelial cells makes endothelial cells sensitive to a redox-dependent shuttling of La protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Berndt
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (E.P.-C.); (J.A.S.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Claudia C. Bippes
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (C.C.B.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Irene Michalk
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (C.C.B.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Tabea Bartsch
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (E.P.-C.); (J.A.S.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Claudia Arndt
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (E.P.-C.); (J.A.S.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Edinson Puentes-Cala
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (E.P.-C.); (J.A.S.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.)
- Corporación para la Investigación de la Corrosión (CIC), Piedecuesta 681011, Colombia
| | - Javier Andrés Soto
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (E.P.-C.); (J.A.S.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.)
- Instituto de Investigación Masira, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y de la Salud, Universidad de Santander, Cúcuta 540001, Colombia
| | - Liliana R. Loureiro
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (E.P.-C.); (J.A.S.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Alexandra Kegler
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (E.P.-C.); (J.A.S.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Dominik Bachmann
- Tumor Immunology, University Cancer Center (UCC), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Joanne K. Gross
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.K.G.); (T.G.); (B.T.K.); (R.H.S.); (A.D.F.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Tim Gross
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.K.G.); (T.G.); (B.T.K.); (R.H.S.); (A.D.F.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Biji T. Kurien
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.K.G.); (T.G.); (B.T.K.); (R.H.S.); (A.D.F.); (J.A.J.)
| | - R. Hal Scofield
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.K.G.); (T.G.); (B.T.K.); (R.H.S.); (A.D.F.); (J.A.J.)
| | - A. Darise Farris
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.K.G.); (T.G.); (B.T.K.); (R.H.S.); (A.D.F.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Judith A. James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.K.G.); (T.G.); (B.T.K.); (R.H.S.); (A.D.F.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (E.P.-C.); (J.A.S.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.)
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marc Schmitz
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (C.C.B.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 03128 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Feldmann
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (E.P.-C.); (J.A.S.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.)
| | - Michael P. Bachmann
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (T.B.); (C.A.); (E.P.-C.); (J.A.S.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.)
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (C.C.B.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 03128 Dresden, Germany
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10
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Berndt N, Bippes CC, Michalk I, Bachmann D, Bachmann J, Puentes-Cala E, Bartsch T, Loureiro LR, Kegler A, Bergmann R, Gross JK, Gross T, Kurien BT, Scofield RH, Farris AD, James JA, Schmitz M, Fahmy K, Feldmann A, Arndt C, Bachmann MP. Two Be or Not Two Be: The Nuclear Autoantigen La/SS-B Is Able to Form Dimers and Oligomers in a Redox Dependent Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3377. [PMID: 33806091 PMCID: PMC8036718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the literature, the autoantigen La is involved in Cap-independent translation. It was proposed that one prerequisite for this function is the formation of a protein dimer. However, structural analyses argue against La protein dimers. Noteworthy to mention, these structural analyses were performed under reducing conditions. Here we describe that La protein can undergo redox-dependent structural changes. The oxidized form of La protein can form dimers, oligomers and even polymers stabilized by disulfide bridges. The primary sequence of La protein contains three cysteine residues. Only after mutation of all three cysteine residues to alanine La protein becomes insensitive to oxidation, indicating that all three cysteines are involved in redox-dependent structural changes. Biophysical analyses of the secondary structure of La protein support the redox-dependent conformational changes. Moreover, we identified monoclonal anti-La antibodies (anti-La mAbs) that react with either the reduced or oxidized form of La protein. Differential reactivities to the reduced and oxidized form of La protein were also found in anti-La sera of autoimmune patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Berndt
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (E.P.-C.); (T.B.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Claudia C. Bippes
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (C.C.B.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Irene Michalk
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (C.C.B.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Dominik Bachmann
- University Cancer Center (UCC), Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (D.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Jennifer Bachmann
- University Cancer Center (UCC), Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (D.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Edinson Puentes-Cala
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (E.P.-C.); (T.B.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.); (C.A.)
- Corporación para la Investigación de la Corrosión (CIC), Piedecuesta 681011, Colombia
| | - Tabea Bartsch
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (E.P.-C.); (T.B.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Liliana R. Loureiro
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (E.P.-C.); (T.B.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Alexandra Kegler
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (E.P.-C.); (T.B.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (E.P.-C.); (T.B.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.); (C.A.)
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Joanne K. Gross
- The Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.K.G.); (T.G.); (B.T.K.); (R.H.S.); (A.D.F.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Tim Gross
- The Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.K.G.); (T.G.); (B.T.K.); (R.H.S.); (A.D.F.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Biji T. Kurien
- The Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.K.G.); (T.G.); (B.T.K.); (R.H.S.); (A.D.F.); (J.A.J.)
| | - R. Hal Scofield
- The Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.K.G.); (T.G.); (B.T.K.); (R.H.S.); (A.D.F.); (J.A.J.)
| | - A. Darise Farris
- The Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.K.G.); (T.G.); (B.T.K.); (R.H.S.); (A.D.F.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Judith A. James
- The Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.K.G.); (T.G.); (B.T.K.); (R.H.S.); (A.D.F.); (J.A.J.)
| | - Marc Schmitz
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (C.C.B.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Karim Fahmy
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Anja Feldmann
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (E.P.-C.); (T.B.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Claudia Arndt
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (E.P.-C.); (T.B.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Michael P. Bachmann
- Department of Radioimmunology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), 01328 Dresden, Germany; (N.B.); (E.P.-C.); (T.B.); (L.R.L.); (A.K.); (R.B.); (A.F.); (C.A.)
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (C.C.B.); (I.M.); (M.S.)
- University Cancer Center (UCC), Tumor Immunology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (D.B.); (J.B.)
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11
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Pisoschi AM, Pop A, Iordache F, Stanca L, Predoi G, Serban AI. Oxidative stress mitigation by antioxidants - An overview on their chemistry and influences on health status. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112891. [PMID: 33032084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present review paper focuses on the chemistry of oxidative stress mitigation by antioxidants. Oxidative stress is understood as a lack of balance between the pro-oxidant and the antioxidant species. Reactive oxygen species in limited amounts are necessary for cell homeostasis and redox signaling. Excessive reactive oxygenated/nitrogenated species production, which counteracts the organism's defense systems, is known as oxidative stress. Sustained attack of endogenous and exogenous ROS results in conformational and oxidative alterations in key biomolecules. Chronic oxidative stress is associated with oxidative modifications occurring in key biomolecules: lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, carbonyl (aldehyde/ketone) adduct formation, nitration, sulfoxidation, DNA impairment such strand breaks or nucleobase oxidation. Oxidative stress is tightly linked to the development of cancer, diabetes, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, kidney disease, eye disease. The deleterious action of reactive oxygenated species and their role in the onset and progression of pathologies are discussed. The results of oxidative attack become themselves sources of oxidative stress, becoming part of a vicious cycle that amplifies oxidative impairment. The term antioxidant refers to a compound that is able to impede or retard oxidation, acting at a lower concentration compared to that of the protected substrate. Antioxidant intervention against the radicalic lipid peroxidation can involve different mechanisms. Chain breaking antioxidants are called primary antioxidants, acting by scavenging radical species, converting them into more stable radicals or non-radical species. Secondary antioxidants quench singlet oxygen, decompose peroxides, chelate prooxidative metal ions, inhibit oxidative enzymes. Moreover, four reactivity-based lines of defense have been identified: preventative antioxidants, radical scavengers, repair antioxidants, and those relying on adaptation mechanisms. The specific mechanism of a series of endogenous and exogenous antioxidants in particular aspects of oxidative stress, is detailed. The final section resumes critical conclusions regarding antioxidant supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Magdalena Pisoschi
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Aneta Pop
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Iordache
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Loredana Stanca
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriel Predoi
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Iren Serban
- University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097, Bucharest, Romania
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12
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Sotler R, Poljšak B, Dahmane R, Jukić T, Pavan Jukić D, Rotim C, Trebše P, Starc A. PROOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF ANTIOXIDANTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON HEALTH. Acta Clin Croat 2019; 58:726-736. [PMID: 32595258 PMCID: PMC7314298 DOI: 10.20471/acc.2019.58.04.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article is focused on the impact of antioxidants and prooxidants on health with emphasis on the type of antioxidants that should be taken. Medical researchers suggest that diet may be the solution for the control of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular complications, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and different cancers. In this survey, we found scientific evidence that the use of antioxidants should be limited only to the cases where oxidative stress has been identified. This is often the case of specific population groups such as postmenopausal women, the elderly, infants, workers exposed to environmental pollutants, and the obese. Before starting any supplementation, it is necessary to measure oxidative stress and to identify and eliminate the possible sources of free radicals and thus increased oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Borut Poljšak
- 1Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Nursing, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 2Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Health Ecology and Control, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 3Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Biomedicine in Health Care, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 4Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Internal Medicine, Family Medicine and History of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 5Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Osijek, Croatia; 6Dr Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 7Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Raja Dahmane
- 1Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Nursing, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 2Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Health Ecology and Control, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 3Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Biomedicine in Health Care, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 4Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Internal Medicine, Family Medicine and History of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 5Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Osijek, Croatia; 6Dr Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 7Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomislav Jukić
- 1Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Nursing, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 2Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Health Ecology and Control, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 3Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Biomedicine in Health Care, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 4Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Internal Medicine, Family Medicine and History of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 5Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Osijek, Croatia; 6Dr Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 7Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Doroteja Pavan Jukić
- 1Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Nursing, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 2Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Health Ecology and Control, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 3Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Biomedicine in Health Care, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 4Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Internal Medicine, Family Medicine and History of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 5Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Osijek, Croatia; 6Dr Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 7Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Cecilija Rotim
- 1Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Nursing, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 2Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Health Ecology and Control, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 3Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Biomedicine in Health Care, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 4Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Internal Medicine, Family Medicine and History of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 5Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Osijek, Croatia; 6Dr Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 7Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polonca Trebše
- 1Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Nursing, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 2Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Health Ecology and Control, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 3Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Biomedicine in Health Care, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 4Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Internal Medicine, Family Medicine and History of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 5Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Osijek, Croatia; 6Dr Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 7Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Starc
- 1Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Nursing, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 2Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Health Ecology and Control, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 3Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Biomedicine in Health Care, Ljubljana, Slovenia; 4Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Internal Medicine, Family Medicine and History of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 5Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Osijek, Croatia; 6Dr Andrija Štampar Teaching Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia; 7Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Department of Public Health, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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13
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Coliva G, Duarte S, Pérez-Sala D, Fedorova M. Impact of inhibition of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway on biomolecules carbonylation and proteome regulation in rat cardiac cells. Redox Biol 2019; 23:101123. [PMID: 30737170 PMCID: PMC6859560 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells employ multiple defence mechanisms to sustain a wide range of stress conditions associated with accumulation of modified self-biomolecules leading to lipo- and proteotoxicity. One of such mechanisms involves activation of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway for removal and degradation of modified lipids, proteins and even organelles. Biomolecules carbonylation, an irreversible oxidative modification, occurs in a variety of pathological conditions and is generally viewed as a marker of oxidative stress. Here, we used a model of rat primary cardiac cells to elucidate the role of autophagy-lysosomal pathway in the turnover of carbonylated biomolecules. Cells treated with inhibitors of autophagy-lysosomal degradation and primed with a short pulse of mild nitroxidative stress were studied using fluorescent microscopy and accumulation of carbonylated biomolecules in droplets- or vesicle-like structures was observed. Furthermore, systems-wide analysis of proteome regulation using relative label free quantification approach revealed the most significant alterations in cells treated with protease inhibitors. Interestingly, down-regulation of insulin signalling was among the most enriched pathway, as revealed by functional annotation of regulated proteins. Starvation induced autophagy promotes cellular carbonylation. Inhibition of autophagy-lysosomal flux leads to carbonyls accumulation. Cellular carbonyls coincide with Nile Red positive structures. Inhibition of autophagy-lysosomal flux induces proteome alterations. Impairment of autophagy-lysosomal flux results in changes in metabolic and nutrient sensing pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Coliva
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sofia Duarte
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, C.S.I.C., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, C.S.I.C., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Fedorova
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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14
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Hoffmann MH, Griffiths HR. The dual role of Reactive Oxygen Species in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases: evidence from preclinical models. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 125:62-71. [PMID: 29550327 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are created in cells during oxidative phosphorylation by the respiratory chain in the mitochondria or by the family of NADPH oxidase (NOX) complexes. The first discovered and most studied of these complexes, NOX2, mediates the oxidative burst in phagocytes. ROS generated by NOX2 are dreadful weapons: while being essential to kill ingested pathogens they can also cause degenerative changes on tissue if production and release are not balanced by sufficient detoxification. In the last fifteen years evidence has been accumulating that ROS are also integral signaling molecules and are important for regulating autoimmunity and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. It seems that an accurate redox balance is necessary to sustain an immune state that both prevents the development of overt autoimmunity (the bright side of ROS) and minimizes collateral tissue damage (the dark side of ROS). Herein, we review studies from rodent models of arthritis, lupus, and neurodegenerative diseases that show that low NOX2-derived ROS production is linked to disease and elaborate on the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms and the translation of these results to disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus H Hoffmann
- Department of Medicine 3, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Germany.
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15
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Smallwood MJ, Nissim A, Knight AR, Whiteman M, Haigh R, Winyard PG. Oxidative stress in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 125:3-14. [PMID: 29859343 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The management of patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains a significant challenge. Often the rheumatologist is restricted to treating and relieving the symptoms and consequences and not the underlying cause of the disease. Oxidative stress occurs in many autoimmune diseases, along with the excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). The sources of such reactive species include NADPH oxidases (NOXs), the mitochondrial electron transport chain, nitric oxide synthases, nitrite reductases, and the hydrogen sulfide producing enzymes cystathionine-β synthase and cystathionine-γ lyase. Superoxide undergoes a dismutation reaction to generate hydrogen peroxide which, in the presence of transition metal ions (e.g. ferrous ions), forms the hydroxyl radical. The enzyme myeloperoxidase, present in inflammatory cells, produces hypochlorous acid, and in healthy individuals ROS and RNS production by phagocytic cells is important in microbial killing. Both low molecular weight antioxidant molecules and antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and peroxiredoxin remove ROS. However, when ROS production exceeds the antioxidant protection, oxidative stress occurs. Oxidative post-translational modifications of proteins then occur. Sometimes protein modifications may give rise to neoepitopes that are recognized by the immune system as 'non-self' and result in the formation of autoantibodies. The detection of autoantibodies against specific antigens, might improve both early diagnosis and monitoring of disease activity. Promising diagnostic autoantibodies include anti-carbamylated proteins and anti-oxidized type II collagen antibodies. Some of the most promising future strategies for redox-based therapeutic compounds are the activation of endogenous cellular antioxidant systems (e.g. Nrf2-dependent pathways), inhibition of disease-relevant sources of ROS/RNS (e.g. isoform-specific NOX inhibitors), or perhaps specifically scavenging disease-related ROS/RNS via site-specific antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Smallwood
- University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Ahuva Nissim
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Annie R Knight
- University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Matthew Whiteman
- University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Richard Haigh
- University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK; Department of Rheumatology, Princess Elizabeth Orthopaedic Centre, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust (Wonford), Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Paul G Winyard
- University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK.
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16
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Arif Z, Neelofar K, Tarannum A, Arfat MY, Ahmad S, Zaman A, Khan MA, Badar A, Islam SN, Iqubal MA. SLE autoantibodies are well recognized by peroxynitrite-modified-HSA: Its implications in the pathogenesis of SLE. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 106:1240-1249. [PMID: 28851636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder where the role of inflammatory processes in the etiopathogenesis is well documented. Despite extensive research, the trigger for initiation of the disease has not been identified. Peroxynitrite, a strong nitrating/oxidizing agent has been reported in SLE and other autoimmune diseases. In this study, human serum albumin (HSA) was exposed to peroxynitrite for 30min at 37°C. The structure of HSA was grossly perturbed when examined by various physico-chemical techniques. Peroxynitrite mediated nitration of HSA was confirmed by LCMS/MS. Furthermore, increase in hydrodynamic radius of peroxynitrite-modified-HSA suggests the attachment of nitro group(s). Aggregation in peroxynitrite-modified-HSA was evident in a TEM scan. Nitration, oxidation, cross linking, aggregation etc conferred immunogenicity on peroxynitrite-modified-HSA. High titre antibodies were elicited in rabbits immunized with peroxynitrite-modified-HSA. Induced antibodies were highly specific for peroxynitrite-modified-HSA but showed considerable binding with other nitrated molecules. Direct binding/inhibition ELISA carried out with autoantibodies in SLE sera showed preferential binding with peroxynitrite-modified-HSA. Anti-nDNA positive IgG from SLE sera showed preference for peroxynitrite-modified-HSA when subjected to immunoassay (direct binding and inhibition) and mobility shift assay. Our results reinforce the role of augmented inflammation in SLE progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarina Arif
- Dept. of Biochemistry, JN Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
| | - Km Neelofar
- Dept. of Biochemistry, JN Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Akhlas Tarannum
- Dept. of Biochemistry, JN Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Mir Yasir Arfat
- Department of Biotechnology, Islamia College of Science and Commerce, Srinagar (J & K), 190002, India
| | - Shafeeque Ahmad
- Dept. of Biochemistry, JN Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Asif Zaman
- Dept. of Biochemistry, JN Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Mohd Adnan Khan
- Dept. of Biochemistry, JN Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Asim Badar
- Dept. of Biochemistry, JN Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Shireen Naaz Islam
- Dept. of Biochemistry, JN Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Mohammad Arif Iqubal
- Dept. of Biochemistry, JN Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
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17
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Gentile F, Arcaro A, Pizzimenti S, Daga M, Cetrangolo GP, Dianzani C, Lepore A, Graf M, Ames PRJ, Barrera G. DNA damage by lipid peroxidation products: implications in cancer, inflammation and autoimmunity. AIMS GENETICS 2017; 4:103-137. [PMID: 31435505 PMCID: PMC6690246 DOI: 10.3934/genet.2017.2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation (LPO) induced by inflammation, excess metal storage and excess caloric intake cause generalized DNA damage, producing genotoxic and mutagenic effects. The consequent deregulation of cell homeostasis is implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of malignancies and degenerative diseases. Reactive aldehydes produced by LPO, such as malondialdehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, react with DNA bases, generating promutagenic exocyclic DNA adducts, which likely contribute to the mutagenic and carcinogenic effects associated with oxidative stress-induced LPO. However, reactive aldehydes, when added to tumor cells, can exert an anticancerous effect. They act, analogously to other chemotherapeutic drugs, by forming DNA adducts and, in this way, they drive the tumor cells toward apoptosis. The aldehyde-DNA adducts, which can be observed during inflammation, play an important role by inducing epigenetic changes which, in turn, can modulate the inflammatory process. The pathogenic role of the adducts formed by the products of LPO with biological macromolecules in the breaking of immunological tolerance to self antigens and in the development of autoimmunity has been supported by a wealth of evidence. The instrumental role of the adducts of reactive LPO products with self protein antigens in the sensitization of autoreactive cells to the respective unmodified proteins and in the intermolecular spreading of the autoimmune responses to aldehyde-modified and native DNA is well documented. In contrast, further investigation is required in order to establish whether the formation of adducts of LPO products with DNA might incite substantial immune responsivity and might be instrumental for the spreading of the immunological responses from aldehyde-modified DNA to native DNA and similarly modified, unmodified and/or structurally analogous self protein antigens, thus leading to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Gentile
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Alessia Arcaro
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Stefania Pizzimenti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Martina Daga
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Dianzani
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessio Lepore
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Graf
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paul R. J. Ames
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, and Department of Haematology, Dumfries Royal Infirmary, Dumfries, Scotland, UK
| | - Giuseppina Barrera
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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18
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Otsuki N, Konno T, Kurahashi T, Suzuki S, Lee J, Okada F, Iuchi Y, Homma T, Fujii J. The SOD1 transgene expressed in erythroid cells alleviates fatal phenotype in congenic NZB/NZW-F1 mice. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:793-800. [PMID: 27080108 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2016.1178388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress due to a superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) deficiency causes anemia and autoimmune responses, which are phenotypically similar to autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in C57BL/6 mice and aggravates AIHA pathogenesis in New Zealand black (NZB) mice. We report herein on an evaluation of the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a model mouse with inherited SLE, that is, F1 mice of the NZB × New Zealand white (NZW) strain. The ROS levels within red blood cells (RBCs) of the F1 mice were similar to the NZW mice but lower compared to the NZB mice throughout adult period. Regarding SLE pathogenesis, we examined the effects of an SOD1 deficiency or the overexpression of human SOD1 in erythroid cells by establishing corresponding congenic F1 mice. A SOD1 deficiency caused an elevation in ROS production, methemoglobin content, and hyperoxidation of peroxiredoxin in RBC of the F1 mice, which were all consistent with elevated oxidative stress. However, while the overexpression of human SOD1 in erythroid cells extended the life span of the congenic F1 mice, the SOD1 deficiency had no effect on life span compared to wild-type F1 mice. It is generally recognized that NZW mice possess a larval defect in the immune system and that NZB mice trigger an autoimmune reaction in the F1 mice. Our results suggest that the oxidative insult originated from the NZB mouse background has a functional role in triggering an aberrant immune reaction, leading to fatal responses in F1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Takujiro Homma
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University , Yamagata , Japan
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19
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Ding M, Zhang J. Epitope spreading induced by immunization with synthetic SSB peptides. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:147-150. [PMID: 27347030 PMCID: PMC4906616 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjogren's syndrome type B (SSB)/La antibody is an autoantibody generally observed in connective tissue diseases whereas double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) antibodies are the most characteristic autoantibodies found in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. The relationship of these autoantibodies remains unclear. The aim of the study was to determine the profile of antibody production in rabbits immunized with synthetic SSB peptides alone or with dsDNA. For this purpose, 214–225aa peptide of SSB antigen was synthesized based on the organic chemistry solid-phase peptide synthesis. Rabbits were immunized with the following antigens: i) synthetic SSB peptides linked with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH); ii) dsDNA; iii) SSB plus dsDNA; iv) KLH; and v) phosphate-buffered saline. SSB peptide antibody was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay while extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) antibody and dsDNA antibody were measured by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence, respectively. The results showed that a specific anti-SSB peptide antibody was produced following immunization with SSB epitope alone or with dsDNA. The SSB peptide antibody titer in the coimmunization group was higher than that of the SSB alone group. In addition, antibodies against ribonucleoprotein (RNP), Smith and/or dsDNA were detected in rabbits of the coimmunization group. The presence of anti-dsDNA antibodies in the rabbits immunized with SSB peptide suggested the induction of epitope spreading. In conclusions, SSB antibodies were produced in rabbits immunized with SSB peptide or SSB+dsDNA, whereas SSB antibody titers were higher in the coimmunization group. Furthermore, coimmunization was associated with epitope spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China; Department of Dermatology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
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20
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Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR, also known as mammalian target of rapamycin) is a ubiquitous serine/threonine kinase that regulates cell growth, proliferation and survival. These effects are cell-type-specific, and are elicited in response to stimulation by growth factors, hormones and cytokines, as well as to internal and external metabolic cues. Rapamycin was initially developed as an inhibitor of T-cell proliferation and allograft rejection in the organ transplant setting. Subsequently, its molecular target (mTOR) was identified as a component of two interacting complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, that regulate T-cell lineage specification and macrophage differentiation. mTORC1 drives the proinflammatory expansion of T helper (TH) type 1, TH17, and CD4(-)CD8(-) (double-negative, DN) T cells. Both mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibit the development of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T regulatory (TREG) cells and, indirectly, mTORC2 favours the expansion of T follicular helper (TFH) cells which, similarly to DN T cells, promote B-cell activation and autoantibody production. In contrast to this proinflammatory effect of mTORC2, mTORC1 favours, to some extent, an anti-inflammatory macrophage polarization that is protective against infections and tissue inflammation. Outside the immune system, mTORC1 controls fibroblast proliferation and chondrocyte survival, with implications for tissue fibrosis and osteoarthritis, respectively. Rapamycin (which primarily inhibits mTORC1), ATP-competitive, dual mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitors and upstream regulators of the mTOR pathway are being developed to treat autoimmune, hyperproliferative and degenerative diseases. In this regard, mTOR blockade promises to increase life expectancy through treatment and prevention of rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Perl
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, College of Medicine, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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21
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Buonora JE, Mousseau M, Jacobowitz DM, Lazarus RC, Yarnell AM, Olsen CH, Pollard HB, Diaz-Arrastia R, Latour L, Mueller GP. Autoimmune Profiling Reveals Peroxiredoxin 6 as a Candidate Traumatic Brain Injury Biomarker. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:1805-14. [PMID: 25938937 PMCID: PMC4651056 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune profiling in rats revealed the antioxidant enzyme, peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6), as a target for autoantibodies evoked in response to traumatic brain injury (TBI). Consistent with this proposal, immunohistochemical analysis of rat cerebral cortex demonstrated that PRDX6 is highly expressed in the perivascular space, presumably contained within astrocytic foot processes. Accordingly, an immunosorbent electrochemiluminescence assay was developed for investigating PRDX6 in human samples. PRDX6 was found to be measurable in human blood and highly expressed in human cerebral cortex and platelets. Circulating levels of PRDX6 were elevated fourfold over control values 4 to 24 h following mild-to-moderate TBI. These findings suggest that PRDX6 may serve as a biomarker for TBI and that autoimmune profiling is a viable strategy for the discovery of novel TBI biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Buonora
- 1 Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland.,2 Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael Mousseau
- 1 Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland.,3 Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David M Jacobowitz
- 2 Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland.,3 Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rachel C Lazarus
- 2 Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Angela M Yarnell
- 2 Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cara H Olsen
- 4 Biostatistics Consulting Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Harvey B Pollard
- 1 Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland.,2 Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland.,3 Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
- 1 Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland.,2 Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland.,5 Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lawrence Latour
- 6 Section on Stroke Diagnostics and Therapeutics, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gregory P Mueller
- 1 Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland.,2 Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland.,3 Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
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22
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Kurien BT, Harris VM, Quadri SMS, Coutinho-de Souza P, Cavett J, Moyer A, Ittiq B, Metcalf A, Ramji HF, Truong D, Kumar R, Koelsch KA, Centola M, Payne A, Danda D, Scofield RH. Significantly reduced lymphadenopathy, salivary gland infiltrates and proteinuria in MRL-lpr/lpr mice treated with ultrasoluble curcumin/turmeric: increased survival with curcumin treatment. Lupus Sci Med 2015; 2:e000114. [PMID: 26380101 PMCID: PMC4567741 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2015-000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Commercial curcumin (CU), derived from food spice turmeric (TU), has been widely studied as a potential therapeutic for a variety of oncological and inflammatory conditions. Lack of solubility/bioavailability has hindered curcumin's therapeutic efficacy in human diseases. We have solubilised curcumin in water applying heat/pressure, obtaining up to 35-fold increase in solubility (ultrasoluble curcumin (UsC)). We hypothesised that UsC or ultrasoluble turmeric (UsT) will ameliorate systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren's syndrome (SS)-like disease in MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Methods Eighteen female MRL-lpr/lpr (6 weeks old) and 18 female MRL-MpJ mice (6 weeks old) were used. Female MRL-lpr/lpr mice develop lupus-like disease at the 10th week and die at an average age of 17 weeks. MRL-MpJ mice develop lupus-like disease around 47 weeks and typically die at 73 weeks. Six mice of each strain received autoclaved water only (lpr-water or MpJ-water group), UsC (lpr-CU or MpJ-CU group) or UsT (lpr-TU or MpJ-TU group) in the water bottle. Results UsC or UsT ameliorates SLE in the MRL-lpr/lpr mice by significantly reducing lymphoproliferation, proteinuria, lesions (tail) and autoantibodies. lpr-CU group had a 20% survival advantage over lpr-water group. However, lpr-TU group lived an average of 16 days shorter than lpr-water group due to complications unrelated to lupus-like illness. CU/TU treatment inhibited lymphadenopathy significantly compared with lpr-water group (p=0.03 and p=0.02, respectively) by induction of apoptosis. Average lymph node weights were 2606±1147, 742±331 and 385±68 mg, respectively, for lpr-water, lpr-CU and lpr-TU mice. Transferase dUTP nick end labelling assay showed that lymphocytes in lymph nodes of lpr-CU and lpr-TU mice underwent apoptosis. Significantly reduced cellular infiltration of the salivary glands in the lpr-TU group compared with the lpr-water group, and a trend towards reduced kidney damage was observed in the lpr-CU and lpr-TU groups. Conclusions These studies show that UsC/UsT could prove useful as a therapeutic intervention in SLE/SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biji T Kurien
- Department of Medicine , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma , USA ; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation , Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma , USA ; Department Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Valerie M Harris
- Department of Medicine , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma , USA ; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation , Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma , USA
| | - Syed M S Quadri
- Department of Medicine , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma , USA ; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation , Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma , USA
| | - Patricia Coutinho-de Souza
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation , Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma , USA
| | - Joshua Cavett
- Department of Medicine , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma , USA ; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation , Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma , USA
| | - Amanda Moyer
- Department of Medicine , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma , USA
| | - Bilal Ittiq
- Department of Medicine , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma , USA
| | - Angela Metcalf
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation , Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma , USA
| | - Husayn F Ramji
- Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA ; University of Oklahoma , Norman, Oklahoma , USA
| | - Dat Truong
- Oklahoma School of Science and Mathematics, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation , Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma , USA
| | - Kristi A Koelsch
- Department of Medicine , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma , USA ; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation , Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma , USA ; Department Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Mike Centola
- Haus Bioceuticals , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma , USA
| | - Adam Payne
- Haus Bioceuticals , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma , USA
| | | | - R Hal Scofield
- Department of Medicine , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma , USA ; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation , Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program , Oklahoma City, Oklahoma , USA ; Department Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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23
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Barrera G, Pizzimenti S, Ciamporcero ES, Daga M, Ullio C, Arcaro A, Cetrangolo GP, Ferretti C, Dianzani C, Lepore A, Gentile F. Role of 4-hydroxynonenal-protein adducts in human diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:1681-702. [PMID: 25365742 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress provokes the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cellular membranes, leading to the formation of aldheydes that, due to their high chemical reactivity, are considered to act as second messengers of oxidative stress. Among the aldehydes formed during lipid peroxidation (LPO), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is produced at a high level and easily reacts with both low-molecular-weight compounds and macromolecules, such as proteins and DNA. In particular, HNE-protein adducts have been extensively investigated in diseases characterized by the pathogenic contribution of oxidative stress, such as cancer, neurodegenerative, chronic inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases. RECENT ADVANCES In this review, we describe and discuss recent insights regarding the role played by covalent adducts of HNE with proteins in the development and evolution of those among the earlier mentioned disease conditions in which the functional consequences of their formation have been characterized. CRITICAL ISSUES Results obtained in recent years have shown that the generation of HNE-protein adducts can play important pathogenic roles in several diseases. However, in some cases, the generation of HNE-protein adducts can represent a contrast to the progression of disease or can promote adaptive cell responses, demonstrating that HNE is not only a toxic product of LPO but also a regulatory molecule that is involved in several biochemical pathways. FUTURE DIRECTIONS In the next few years, the refinement of proteomical techniques, allowing the individuation of novel cellular targets of HNE, will lead to a better understanding the role of HNE in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Barrera
- 1Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Pizzimenti
- 1Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Martina Daga
- 1Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Ullio
- 1Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessia Arcaro
- 2Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute, Università del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Ferretti
- 4Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Dianzani
- 4Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessio Lepore
- 5Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gentile
- 2Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute, Università del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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24
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Fujii J, Kurahashi T, Konno T, Homma T, Iuchi Y. Oxidative stress as a potential causal factor for autoimmune hemolytic anemia and systemic lupus erythematosus. World J Nephrol 2015; 4:213-222. [PMID: 25949934 PMCID: PMC4419130 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v4.i2.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidneys and the blood system mutually exert influence in maintaining homeostasis in the body. Because the kidneys control erythropoiesis by producing erythropoietin and by supporting hematopoiesis, anemia is associated with kidney diseases. Anemia is the most prevalent genetic disorder, and it is caused by a deficiency of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), for which sulfhydryl oxidation due to an insufficient supply of NADPH is a likely direct cause. Elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) result in the sulfhydryl oxidation and hence are another potential cause for anemia. ROS are elevated in red blood cells (RBCs) under superoxide dismutase (SOD1) deficiency in C57BL/6 mice. SOD1 deficient mice exhibit characteristics similar to autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) at the gerontic stage. An examination of AIHA-prone New Zealand Black (NZB) mice, which have normal SOD1 and G6PD genes, indicated that ROS levels in RBCs are originally high and further elevated during aging. Transgenic overexpression of human SOD1 in erythroid cells effectively suppresses ROS elevation and ameliorates AIHA symptoms such as elevated anti-RBC antibodies and premature death in NZB mice. These results support the hypothesis that names oxidative stress as a risk factor for AIHA and other autoimmune diseases such as SLE. Herein we discuss the association between oxidative stress and SLE pathogenesis based mainly on the genetic and phenotypic characteristics of NZB and New Zealand white mice and provide insight into the mechanism of SLE pathogenesis.
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25
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B cell epitope spreading: mechanisms and contribution to autoimmune diseases. Immunol Lett 2014; 163:56-68. [PMID: 25445494 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
While a variety of factors act to trigger or initiate autoimmune diseases, the process of epitope spreading is an important contributor in their development. Epitope spreading is a diversification of the epitopes recognized by the immune system. This process happens to both T and B cells, with this review focusing on B cells. Such spreading can progress among multiple epitopes on a single antigen, or from one antigenic molecule to another. Systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid and other autoimmune diseases, are all influenced by intermolecular and intramolecular B cell epitope spreading. Endocytic processing, antigen presentation, and somatic hypermutation act as molecular mechanisms that assist in driving epitope spreading and broadening the immune response in autoimmune diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current understanding of B cell epitope spreading with regard to autoimmunity, how it contributes during the progression of various autoimmune diseases, and treatment options available.
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26
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Giannakopoulos B, Mirarabshahi P, Qi M, Weatherall C, Qi JC, Tanaka K, Millar E, Vonthethoff L, Gatto D, Spielman D, Krilis SA. Deletion of the antiphospholipid syndrome autoantigen β2 -glycoprotein I potentiates the lupus autoimmune phenotype in a Toll-like receptor 7-mediated murine model. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:2270-80. [PMID: 24692206 DOI: 10.1002/art.38646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The BXSB.Yaa mouse strain is a model of systemic lupus erythematosus that is dependent on duplication of the Toll-like receptor 7 gene. The objective of this study was to systematically describe the amplified autoimmune phenotype observed when the soluble plasma protein β2 -glycoprotein I (β2 GPI) gene was deleted in male BXSB.Yaa mice. METHODS We generated BXSB.Yaa and NZW mouse strains in which the β2 GPI gene had been knocked out by backcrossing the wild-type strains with C57BL/6 β2 GPI(-/-) mice for 10 generations. Sex- and age-matched mice of the various strains were housed under identical conditions and were killed at fixed time intervals. Serum and tissue specimens were collected at various time points. Lupus-associated autoantibodies, inflammatory cytokines, and the type I interferon (IFN) gene signature were measured. Flow cytometric analyses of lymphocyte populations were performed. The severity of glomerulonephritis was graded by 2 independent renal histopathologists. RESULTS Male BXSB.Yaa β2 GPI(-/-) mice developed significant lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly compared with age-matched controls. Male BXSB.Yaa β2 GPI(-/-) mice also had significantly higher levels of autoantibodies, increased levels of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6, and BAFF, and more severe glomerulonephritis. The type I IFN gene signature in male BXSB.Yaa β2 GPI(-/-) mice was significantly higher than that in control mice. Male BXSB.Yaa β2 GPI(-/-) mice also had marked dysregulation of various B cell and T cell populations in the spleens and lymph nodes and a disturbance in apoptotic cell clearance. CONCLUSION Deletion of β2 GPI accelerates and potentiates the autoimmune phenotype in male BXSB.Yaa mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Giannakopoulos
- St. George Hospital and University of New South Wales, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia
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Ryan BJ, Nissim A, Winyard PG. Oxidative post-translational modifications and their involvement in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Redox Biol 2014; 2:715-24. [PMID: 24955328 PMCID: PMC4062766 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue inflammation results in the production of numerous reactive oxygen, nitrogen and chlorine species, in addition to the products of lipid and sugar oxidation. Some of these products are capable of chemically modifying amino acids. This in turn results in changes to the structure and function of proteins. Increasing evidence demonstrates that such oxidative post-translational modifications result in the generation of neo-epitopes capable of eliciting both innate and adaptive immune responses. In this paper, we focus on how free radicals and related chemical species generated in inflammatory environments modulate the antigenicity of self-proteins, resulting in immune responses which involve the generation of autoantibodies against key autoantigens in autoimmune diseases. As examples, we will focus on Ro-60 and C1q in systemic lupus erythematosus, along with type-II collagen in rheumatoid arthritis. This review also covers some of the emerging literature which demonstrates that neo-epitopes generated by oxidation are conserved, as exemplified by the evolutionarily conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). We discuss how these observations relate to the pathogenesis of both human autoimmune diseases and inflammatory disease, such as atherosclerosis. The potential for these neo-epitopes and the immune responses against them to act as biomarkers or therapeutic targets is also discussed. Oxidants can generate stable post-translational modifications (PTMs) on proteins. Oxidative PTMs are recognised in evolutionarily-conserved innate immune responses. These PTMs can represent neo-epitopes that break tolerance in autoimmune disease. Antibodies targeting these PTMs in diseases e.g. RA and SLE, can be biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent J. Ryan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Ahuva Nissim
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Paul G. Winyard
- University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK
- Corresponding author.
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Alzolibani AA, Rasheed Z, Al Robaee AA. Acquired immunogenicity of DNA after modification with malondialdehyde in patients with alopecia areata. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2014; 74:312-21. [DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2014.889322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by increased platelet destruction or decreased platelet production. The mechanism of the disease has been extensively studied so that we now have a much improved understanding of the pathophysiology; however, the trigger of the autoimmunity remains unclear. More recently, oxidative stress was identified to be involved in the pathogenesis of ITP and provides a new hypothesis for the initiation of autoimmunity in patients with ITP. In this review, oxidative stress and its impact on autoimmunity, particularly ITP, will be covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Oxidative stress, prooxidants, and antioxidants: the interplay. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:761264. [PMID: 24587990 PMCID: PMC3920909 DOI: 10.1155/2014/761264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 884] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a normal phenomenon in the body. Under normal conditions, the physiologically important intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are maintained at low levels by various enzyme systems participating in the in vivo redox homeostasis. Therefore, oxidative stress can also be viewed as an imbalance between the prooxidants and antioxidants in the body. For the last two decades, oxidative stress has been one of the most burning topics among the biological researchers all over the world. Several reasons can be assigned to justify its importance: knowledge about reactive oxygen and nitrogen species production and metabolism; identification of biomarkers for oxidative damage; evidence relating manifestation of chronic and some acute health problems to oxidative stress; identification of various dietary antioxidants present in plant foods as bioactive molecules; and so on. This review discusses the importance of oxidative stress in the body growth and development as well as proteomic and genomic evidences of its relationship with disease development, incidence of malignancies and autoimmune disorders, increased susceptibility to bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases, and an interplay with prooxidants and antioxidants for maintaining a sound health, which would be helpful in enhancing the knowledge of any biochemist, pathophysiologist, or medical personnel regarding this important issue.
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is increased in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and it contributes to immune system dysregulation, abnormal activation and processing of cell-death signals, autoantibody production and fatal comorbidities. Mitochondrial dysfunction in T cells promotes the release of highly diffusible inflammatory lipid hydroperoxides, which spread oxidative stress to other intracellular organelles and through the bloodstream. Oxidative modification of self antigens triggers autoimmunity, and the degree of such modification of serum proteins shows striking correlation with disease activity and organ damage in SLE. In T cells from patients with SLE and animal models of the disease, glutathione, the main intracellular antioxidant, is depleted and serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR undergoes redox-dependent activation. In turn, reversal of glutathione depletion by application of its amino acid precursor, N-acetylcysteine, improves disease activity in lupus-prone mice; pilot studies in patients with SLE have yielded positive results that warrant further research. Blocking mTOR activation in T cells could conceivably provide a well-tolerated and inexpensive alternative approach to B-cell blockade and traditional immunosuppressive treatments. Nevertheless, compartmentalized oxidative stress in self-reactive T cells, B cells and phagocytic cells might serve to limit autoimmunity and its inhibition could be detrimental. Antioxidant therapy might also be useful in ameliorating damage caused by other treatments. This Review thus seeks to critically evaluate the complexity of oxidative stress and its relevance to the pathogenesis and treatment of SLE.
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Pizzimenti S, Ciamporcero E, Daga M, Pettazzoni P, Arcaro A, Cetrangolo G, Minelli R, Dianzani C, Lepore A, Gentile F, Barrera G. Interaction of aldehydes derived from lipid peroxidation and membrane proteins. Front Physiol 2013; 4:242. [PMID: 24027536 PMCID: PMC3761222 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A great variety of compounds are formed during lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids of membrane phospholipids. Among them, bioactive aldehydes, such as 4-hydroxyalkenals, malondialdehyde (MDA) and acrolein, have received particular attention since they have been considered as toxic messengers that can propagate and amplify oxidative injury. In the 4-hydroxyalkenal class, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is the most intensively studied aldehyde, in relation not only to its toxic function, but also to its physiological role. Indeed, HNE can be found at low concentrations in human tissues and plasma and participates in the control of biological processes, such as signal transduction, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Moreover, at low doses, HNE exerts an anti-cancer effect, by inhibiting cell proliferation, angiogenesis, cell adhesion and by inducing differentiation and/or apoptosis in various tumor cell lines. It is very likely that a substantial fraction of the effects observed in cellular responses, induced by HNE and related aldehydes, be mediated by their interaction with proteins, resulting in the formation of covalent adducts or in the modulation of their expression and/or activity. In this review we focus on membrane proteins affected by lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes, under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pizzimenti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Università di Torino Torino, Italy
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Alzolibani AA, Al Robaee AA, Al-Shobaili HA, Rasheed Z. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal modified histone-H2A: a possible antigenic stimulus for systemic lupus erythematosus autoantibodies. Cell Immunol 2013; 284:154-62. [PMID: 23973878 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein modifications by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenals (HNE) are involved in various diseases. Histones are DNA protective nucleoprotein, which adopt different structures under oxidative stress. This study was undertaken to test the role of HNE-modified-histone-H2A (HNE-H2A) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Our data revealed that HNE-mediated-lipid peroxidation in histone-H2A caused alteration in histidine, lysine and cystein residues. In addition, protein carbonyl contents were also high in HNE-H2A. HNE-specific quencher, L-carnosine further reiterates HNE-modifications. Specificity of autoantibodies from SLE patients (n=48) were analyzed towards HNE-H2A and their results were compared with sex- and age-matched controls (n=36). SLE autoantibodies show preferential binding to HNE-H2A in comparison with histone-H2A (p<0.0001). Furthermore, HNE-H2A was also detected in SLE peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate the role of HNE-modified-histone in SLE. Preferential binding of HNE-H2A by affinity purified SLE-IgG pointed out the likely role of HNE-H2A in the initiation/progression of SLE.
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Eggleton P, Nissim A, Ryan BJ, Whiteman M, Winyard PG. Detection and isolation of human serum autoantibodies that recognize oxidatively modified autoantigens. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 57:79-91. [PMID: 23246567 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The breakdown of human immune tolerance to self-proteins occurs by a number of mechanisms, including posttranslational modifications of host molecules by reactive oxygen, nitrogen, or chlorine species. This has led to great interest in detecting serum autoantibodies raised against small quantities of oxidatively modified host proteins in patients with autoimmune inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Here, we provide protocols for the preparation and chemical characterization of oxidatively modified protein antigens and procedures for their use in immunoblotting and ELISAs that detect autoantibodies against these antigens in clinical samples. These gel electrophoresis- and plate reader-based immunochemical methods sometimes suffer from low analytical specificity and/or sensitivity when used for serum autoantibody detection. This is often because a single solid-phase protein (antigen) is exposed to a complex mixture of serum proteins that undergo nonspecific binding. Therefore more sensitive/specific techniques are required to detect autoantibodies specifically directed against oxidatively modified proteins. To address this, we describe novel affinity chromatography protocols by which purified autoantibodies are isolated from small volumes (<1 ml) of serum. We have also developed strategies to conjugate submilligram amounts of isolated immunoglobulins and other proteins to fluorophores. This set of methods will help facilitate the discovery of novel diagnostic autoantibodies in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Eggleton
- University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Exeter, Devon EX1 2LU, UK
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Al-Shobaili HA, Al Robaee AA, Alzolibani AA, Rasheed Z. Immunological studies of reactive oxygen species damaged catalase in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: correlation with disease activity index. Immunol Invest 2013; 42:191-203. [PMID: 23461612 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2012.751396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was undertaken to investigate the status and contribution of oxidized catalase in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to explore whether oxidized catalase has a role in disease progression. METHODS Catalase (CAT) was modified by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sera from 50 SLE patients with varying levels of disease activity according to SLE Disease-Activity-Index (SLEDAI) and 45 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were evaluated for antibodies against oxidized CAT. RESULTS Serum analysis showed significantly higher level of anti-oxidized-CAT-antibodies in SLE patients compared with controls. Interestingly, not only was there an increased number of subjects positive for anti-oxidized-CAT-antibodies, but also the levels of these antibodies were significantly higher among SLE patients, whose SLEDAI scores were ≥ 10 as compared with lower SLEDAI scores (<10). In addition, significant correlation was observed between the levels of anti-oxidized-CAT-antibodies and SLEDAI score (r = 0.796). Furthermore, sera from SLE patients had lower levels of CAT activity compared with control sera. CONCLUSIONS These findings support an association between oxidized CAT and SLE. The stronger response observed in serum samples from patients with higher SLEDAI scores suggests that oxidized CAT may be a useful biomarker in evaluating the progression of SLE and in elucidating the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani A Al-Shobaili
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Wang G, Li H, Firoze Khan M. Differential oxidative modification of proteins in MRL+/+ and MRL/lpr mice: Increased formation of lipid peroxidation-derived aldehyde-protein adducts may contribute to accelerated onset of autoimmune response. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:1472-81. [PMID: 22950782 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.727209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Even though reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in SLE pathogenesis, the contributory role of ROS, especially the consequences of oxidative modification of proteins by lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes (LPDAs) such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) in eliciting an autoimmune response and disease pathogenesis remains largely unexplored. MRL/lpr mice, a widely used model for SLE, spontaneously develop a condition similar to human SLE, whereas MRL+/+ mice with the same MRL background, show much slower onset of SLE. To assess if the differences in the onset of SLE in the two substrains could partly be due to differential expression of LPDAs and to provide evidence for the role of LPDA-modified proteins in SLE pathogenesis, we determined the serum levels of MDA-/HNE-protein adducts, anti-MDA-/HNE-protein adduct antibodies, MDA-/HNE-protein adduct specific immune complexes, and various autoantibodies in 6-, 12- and 18-week old mice of both substrains. The results show age-related increases in the formation of MDA-/HNE-protein adducts, their corresponding antibodies and MDA-/HNE-specific immune complexes, but MRL/lpr mice showed greater and more accelerated response. Interestingly, a highly positive correlation between increased anti-MDA-/HNE-protein adduct antibodies and autoantibodies was observed. More importantly, we further observed that HNE-MSA caused significant inhibition in antinuclear antibodies (ANA) binding to nuclear antigens. These findings suggest that LPDA-modified proteins could be important sources of autoantibodies and CICs in these mice, and thus contribute to autoimmune disease pathogenesis. The observed differential responses to LPDAs in MRL/lpr and MRL+/+ mice may, in part, be responsible for accelerated and delayed onset of the disease, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangduo Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77555, USA
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Khatoon F, Moinuddin, Alam K, Ali A. Physicochemical and immunological studies on 4-hydroxynonenal modified HSA: implications of protein damage by lipid peroxidation products in the etiopathogenesis of SLE. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:1132-9. [PMID: 22917540 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE) is the most abundant and toxic aldehyde generated by the oxidation of plasma membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a chronic autoimmune disease, is primarily characterized by increased levels of autoantibodies, predominantly against ds-DNA. However, the initial antigenic stimulus for the disease etiopathogenesis has remained elusive. HNE has been extensively used as a biomarker of oxidative stress. It can form adduct with proteins, making them highly immunogenic. Increased levels of such aldehyde-protein adducts have been reported in various pathological states, including autoimmune disorders like SLE and arthritis. In the present study, HNE-mediated structural changes in human serum albumin (HSA) were characterized by UV, fluorescence, CD and FT-IR spectroscopy as well as by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, immunogenicity of native and HNE-modified HSA was probed in female rabbits. The HNE-modified HSA was highly immunogenic eliciting high titre immunogen specific antibodies. Binding of SLE anti-DNA antibodies was analyzed by direct binding and competition ELISA. The data show preferential binding of SLE autoantibodies to HNE-modified HSA as compared to native HSA or native DNA. Our results suggest that HNE modification generates neoepitopes on HSA causing enhanced autoantibodies production. The results point towards the possible role of HNE-modified HSA in SLE etiopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Khatoon
- Department of Biochemistry, JN Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, AMU, Aligarh, India
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Kurien BT, D'Souza A, Terzyan S, Scofield RH. Putative sequences on Ro60 three-dimensional structure accessible for 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) modification compared to in vitro HNE modification of Ro60 sequences. Mol Immunol 2012; 50:185-92. [PMID: 22336572 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported accelerated acquisition of new autoreactivity upon immunization with 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE)-modified Ro60, as well as differential induction of lupus or Sjögren's syndrome by immunization with Ro60 containing varying amounts of HNE. Since the number of HNE molecules on Ro60 appears to be important, we hypothesized that specific sequences on Ro60 are targets for HNE-modification. Using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) we have also shown intramolecular protein-protein interaction between Ro60 and Ro multiple antigenic peptides (MAPs). We also hypothesized that intramolecular protein-protein interaction would be abolished by HNE-modification. To test this hypotheses we investigated (a) the epitopes of Ro60, using 19 Ro MAPs in an in vitro assay (involving HNE-modification of MAPs following immobilization on ELISA plates) to identify targets of HNE modification on Ro60 and (b) the protein-protein interaction between unmodified Ro60 MAPs, immobilized on the sensor surface of BIAcore, and unmodified Ro60 or HNE-modified Ro60 using SPR. New data obtained with SPR strengthens our earlier observation that immunization with HNE-Ro60 induces a stronger response. Unmodified Ro60 bound to several Ro60 MAPs through protein-protein interaction analyzed using SPR. This interaction was totally abrogated using HNE-modified Ro60 suggesting that sequences on Ro had become modified with HNE. When 19 Ro60 MAPs were modified in vitro with HNE, it was found that 10/19 MAPs significantly bound HNE covalently (p<0.001 compared to MAPs binding HNE poorly). The amino acid sequences 126-137, 166-272 and 401-495 on Ro60 were strongly HNE modified. Using computational model system based on the recently published crystal structure for Ro60 enabled us to identify regions on the Ro60 molecule represented by the HNE-modified Ro MAPs, which are part of the exposed tertiary structure of the Ro60 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biji T Kurien
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
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Measurement and meaning of markers of reactive species of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur in healthy human subjects and patients with inflammatory joint disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2012; 39:1226-32. [PMID: 21936794 DOI: 10.1042/bst0391226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactive species of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur play cell signalling roles in human health, e.g. recent studies have shown that increased dietary nitrate, which is a source of RNS (reactive nitrogen species), lowers resting blood pressure and the oxygen cost of exercise. In such studies, plasma nitrite and nitrate are readily determined by chemiluminescence. At sites of inflammation, such as the joints of RA (rheumatoid arthritis) patients, the generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and RNS overwhelms antioxidant defences and one consequence is oxidative/nitrative damage to proteins. For example, in the inflamed joint, increased RNS-mediated protein damage has been detected in the form of a biomarker, 3-nitrotyrosine, by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, ELISAs and MS. In addition to NO•, another cell-signalling gas produced in the inflamed joint is H2S (hydrogen sulfide), an RSS (reactive sulfur species). This gas is generated by inflammatory induction of H2S-synthesizing enzymes. Using zinc-trap spectrophotometry, we detected high (micromolar) concentrations of H2S in RA synovial fluid and levels correlated with clinical scores of inflammation and disease activity. What might be the consequences of the inflammatory generation of reactive species? Effects on inflammatory cell-signalling pathways certainly appear to be crucial, but in the current review we highlight the concept that ROS/RNS-mediated protein damage creates neoepitopes, resulting in autoantibody formation against proteins, e.g. type-II collagen and the complement component, C1q. These autoantibodies have been detected in inflammatory autoimmune diseases.
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Sim S, Wolin SL. Emerging roles for the Ro 60-kDa autoantigen in noncoding RNA metabolism. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2011; 2:686-99. [PMID: 21823229 PMCID: PMC3154076 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
All cells contain an enormous variety of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes that function in diverse processes. Although the mechanisms by which many of these RNPs contribute to cell metabolism are well understood, the roles of others are only now beginning to be revealed. A member of this latter category, the Ro 60-kDa protein and its associated noncoding Y RNAs, was discovered because the protein component is a frequent target of the autoimmune response in patients with the rheumatic diseases systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome. Recent studies have shown that Ro is ring shaped, binds the single-stranded ends of misfolded noncoding RNAs in its central cavity, and may function in noncoding RNA quality control. Although Ro is not present in yeast, many bacterial genomes contain potential Ro orthologs. In the radiation-resistant eubacterium Deinococcus radiodurans, the Ro ortholog functions with exoribonucleases during stress-induced changes in RNA metabolism. Moreover, in both D. radiodurans and animal cells, Ro is involved in the response to multiple types of environmental stress. Finally, Y RNAs can influence the subcellular location of Ro, inhibit access of the central cavity to other RNAs, and may also act as binding sites for proteins that influence Ro function. WIREs RNA 2011 2 686-699 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.85 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/chemistry
- Autoantigens/genetics
- Autoantigens/metabolism
- Deinococcus/genetics
- Deinococcus/metabolism
- Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Oocytes/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- RNA Stability
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 5S/metabolism
- RNA, Small Cytoplasmic/chemistry
- RNA, Small Cytoplasmic/genetics
- RNA, Small Cytoplasmic/metabolism
- RNA, Small Nuclear/metabolism
- RNA, Untranslated/genetics
- RNA, Untranslated/metabolism
- Ribonucleoproteins/chemistry
- Ribonucleoproteins/genetics
- Ribonucleoproteins/metabolism
- Stress, Physiological
- Xenopus laevis
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeong Sim
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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The complexity of Sjögren's syndrome: novel aspects on pathogenesis. Immunol Lett 2011; 141:1-9. [PMID: 21777618 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In Sjögren's syndrome, like in most other autoimmune diseases, the enigma leading to a pathogenic attack against self has not yet been solved. By definition, the disease must be mediated by specific immune reactions against endogenous tissues to qualify as an autoimmune disease. In Sjögren's syndrome the autoimmune response is directed against the exocrine glands, which, as histopathological hallmark of the disease, display persistent and progressive focal mononuclear cell infiltrates. Clinically, the disease in most patients is manifested by two severe symptoms: dryness of the mouth (xerostomia) and the eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca). A number of systemic features have also been described and the presence of autoantibodies against the ubiquitously expressed ribonucleoprotein particles Ro (Sjögren's-syndrome-related antigen A - SSA) and La (SSB) further underline the systemic nature of Sjögren's syndrome. The original explanatory concept for the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome proposed a specific, self-perpetuating, immune mediated loss of acinar and ductal cells as the principal cause of salivary gland hypofunction. Although straightforward and plausible, the hypothesis, however, falls short of accommodating several Sjögren's syndrome-related phenomena and experimental findings. Consequently, researchers considered immune-mediated salivary gland dysfunction prior to glandular destruction and atrophy as potential molecular mechanisms underlying the symptoms of dryness in Sjögren's syndrome. Accordingly, apoptosis, fibrosis and atrophy of the salivary glands would represent consequences of salivary gland hypofunction. The emergence of advanced bio-analytical platforms further enabled the identification of potential biomarkers with the intent to improve Sjögren's syndrome diagnosis, promote the development of prognostic tools for Sjögren's syndrome and the long-term goal to identify possible processes for therapeutic treatment interventions. In addition, such approaches allowed us to glimpse at the apparent complexity of Sjögren's syndrome.
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Moghaddam AE, Gartlan KH, Kong L, Sattentau QJ. Reactive carbonyls are a major Th2-inducing damage-associated molecular pattern generated by oxidative stress. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:1626-33. [PMID: 21742965 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is widespread and entwined with pathological processes, yet its linkage to adaptive immunity remains elusive. Reactive carbonyl (RC) adduction, a common feature of oxidative stress, has been shown to target proteins to the adaptive immune system. Because aldehydes are important mediators of carbonylation, we explored the immunomodulatory properties of model Ags modified by common bioactive aldehyde by-products of oxidative stress: 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, malondialdehyde, and glycolaldehyde. Ag modification with all three aldehydes resulted in Ag-specific IgG1-dominated responses in adjuvant-free murine immunizations in an RC-dependent manner. The central role of RCs was confirmed, as their reduction into nonreactive groups abrogated all adaptive responses, despite the presence of other well-known aldehyde-driven adducts such as N(ε)-carboxymethyllysine and glycolaldehyde-pyridine. Moreover, Ag-specific Ab responses robustly correlated with the extent of RC adduction, regardless of the means of their generation. T cell responses mirrored the Th2-biased Ab isotypes by Ag-specific splenocyte production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, but not IFN-γ. The RC-induced Th2 response was in sharp contrast to that induced by Th1/Th2 balanced or Th1-biasing adjuvants and was maintained in a range of mouse strains. In vitro studies revealed that RC adduction enhanced Ag presentation with Th2 polarization in the absence of conventional dendritic cell activation. Taken together, these data implicate commonly occurring RC as an important oxidation-derived Th2 immunomodulatory damage-associated molecular pattern with potentially important roles in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin E Moghaddam
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom.
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Kurien BT, Porter A, Dorri Y, Iqbal S, D'Souza A, Singh A, Asfa S, Cartellieri M, Mathias K, Matsumoto H, Bachmann M, Hensley K, Scofield RH. Degree of modification of Ro60 by the lipid peroxidation by-product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal may differentially induce Sjögren syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus in BALB/c mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:1222-33. [PMID: 20946951 PMCID: PMC3591494 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.10.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Our previous work showed that immunization of rabbits with 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified Ro60 (HNE-Ro60) accelerates autoimmunity. We extended this model into mice, hypothesizing that the severity of autoimmunity would be dependent on the degree of HNE modification of Ro60. Five groups of BALB/c mice (10/group) were used. Group I was immunized with Ro60. Groups II to IV were immunized with Ro60 modified with 0.4 mM (low), 2 mM (medium), and 10 mM (high) HNE, respectively. Group V controls received Freund's adjuvant. A rapid abrogation of tolerance to Ro60/La antigens occurred in mice immunized with HNE-modified Ro60, especially in the low and medium HNE-Ro60 groups. Lymphocytic infiltration and significantly high decrement in salivary flow (37%) compared to controls was observed only in the high HNE-Ro60 group, suggesting induction of a Sjögren syndrome-like condition in this group. Anti-dsDNA occurred only in mice immunized with medium HNE-Ro60. This group did not have a significant decrement in salivary flow, suggesting induction of a systemic lupus erythematosus-like manifestation in this group. Significantly high antibodies to Ro60 were found in saliva of mice in the low and medium HNE-Ro60 and the Ro60 groups, as well as anti-HNE Ro60 in the low and medium HNE-Ro60 groups. Understanding the mechanism of this differential induction may help discriminate between these two autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biji T Kurien
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Al-Shobaili HA, Al Robaee AA, Alzolibani A, Khan MI, Rasheed Z. Hydroxyl radical modification of immunoglobulin g generated cross-reactive antibodies: its potential role in systemic lupus erythematosus. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ARTHRITIS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS 2011; 4:11-9. [PMID: 21487454 PMCID: PMC3072208 DOI: 10.4137/cmamd.s6793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) modified human Immunoglobulin G (IgG) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been investigated. Methods: Human IgG was modified by hydroxyl-radicals. Immunogenicity of native and modified human IgG was probed by inducing polyclonal antibodies in rabbits. Cross-reactions of induced antibodies with nucleic acid, chromatin, different blood proteins and their ROS modified conformers were determined by competitive inhibition ELISA. The binding characteristics of circulating autoantibodies in SLE patients (n = 72) against native and modified IgG were screened by direct binding and competition ELISA and the results were compared with healthy age-matched controls (n = 39). Results: Induced antibodies against ROS-modified human IgG exhibited diverse antigen binding characteristics. Native DNA, native chromatin and their ROS-modified conformers were found to be effective inhibitors of induced antibody-immunogen interaction. Induced antibodies against native human IgG showed negligible binding to the above mentioned nucleic acid antigens. SLE sera (48.6%) showed strong binding to ROS-human IgG in comparison with its native analogue (P < 0.01). Normal human sera (NHS) showed negligible binding with either antigen (P > 0.05). Conclusion: ROS-induced modifications in human IgG present neo-epitopes, and make it a potential immunogen. The induced antibodies against ROS-modified human IgG resembled the diverse antigen-binding characteristics of naturally occurring SLE anti-DNA autoantibodies. ROS-modified IgG may be one of the factors for the induction of circulating SLE autoantibodies.
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Kurien BT, D'Souza A, Scofield RH. Heat-solubilized curry spice curcumin inhibits antibody-antigen interaction in in vitro studies: a possible therapy to alleviate autoimmune disorders. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:1202-9. [PMID: 20146265 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic and complex autoimmune diseases, currently treated palliatively with immunosuppressives, require multi-targeted therapy for greater effectiveness. The naturally occurring polyphenol curcumin has emerged as a powerful "nutraceutical" that interacts with multiple targets to regress diseases safely and inexpensively. Up to 8 g/day of curcumin for 18 months was non-toxic to humans. However, curcumin's utility is limited by its aqueous insolubility. We have demonstrated a heat-mediated 12-fold increase in curcumin's aqueous solubility. Here, we show by SDS-PAGE and surface plasmon resonance that heat-solubilized curcumin binds to proteins. Based on this binding we hypothesized that heat-solubilized curcumin or turmeric would prevent autoantibody targeting of cognate autoantigens. Heat-solubilized curcumin/turmeric significantly decreased binding of autoantibodies from Sjögren's syndrome (up to 43/70%, respectively) and systemic lupus erythematosus (up to 52/70%, respectively) patients as well as an animal model of Sjögren's syndrome (up to 50/60%, respectively) to their cognate antigens. However, inhibition was not specific to autoimmunity. Heat-solubilized curcumin/turmeric also inhibited binding of commercial polyclonal anti-spectrin to spectrin (50/56%, respectively). Thus, we suggest that the multifaceted heat-solubilized curcumin can ameliorate autoimmune disorders. In addition, the non-toxic curcumin could serve as a new protein stain in SDS-PAGE even though it is less sensitive than the Coomassie system which involves toxic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biji T Kurien
- Arthritis and Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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Ben Mansour R, Lassoued S, Elgaied A, Haddouk S, Marzouk S, Bahloul Z, Masmoudi H, Attia H, Aïfa MS, Fakhfakh F. Enhanced reactivity to malondialdehyde-modified proteins by systemic lupus erythematosus autoantibodies. Scand J Rheumatol 2010; 39:247-53. [PMID: 20429675 DOI: 10.3109/03009740903362511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluation of the reactivity of autoantibodies of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients directed against malondialdehyde (MDA)-modified catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and different Hep2 protein fractions (hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and nuclear). METHOD Thiol groups and MDA-protein adducts were first assessed among 65 SLE patients and 60 healthy controls. Then, the reactivities of SLE immunoglobulin (Ig)G autoantibodies towards MDA-modified and unmodified proteins were compared using a standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS An increase in the levels of MDA-modified proteins and a decrease in the concentration of thiol groups among SLE patients (p < 0.05) were observed. IgG circulating autoantibodies in the sera of SLE patients exhibited a significant enhanced reactivity (p < 0.05) against catalase and SOD-modified proteins. The same data were observed in the different protein fractions extracted from cultured cells (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These data reinforce the role of oxidative stress and especially lipid peroxidation products in the progression of SLE disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ben Mansour
- Unit of Biotechnology and Pathology, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax, Tunisia.
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Rauniyar N, Prokai L. Detection and identification of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal Schiff-base adducts along with products of Michael addition using data-dependent neutral loss-driven MS3 acquisition: method evaluation through an in vitro study on cytochrome c oxidase modifications. Proteomics 2010; 9:5188-93. [PMID: 19771555 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We report a data-dependent neutral-loss-driven MS(3) acquisition to enhance, in addition to abundant Michael adducts, the detection of Schiff-base adducts of proteins and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, a reactive end product of lipid peroxidation. In vitro modification of cytochrome c oxidase, a mitochondrial protein complex, was used as a model to evaluate the method. The technique allowed for a confident validation of modification sites and also identified a Schiff-base adduct in subunit Vb of the protein complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Rauniyar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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Rescue of anaemia and autoimmune responses in SOD1-deficient mice by transgenic expression of human SOD1 in erythrocytes. Biochem J 2009; 422:313-20. [PMID: 19515016 DOI: 10.1042/bj20090176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated as a cause of various diseases such as anaemia. We found that the SOD1 [Cu,Zn-SOD (superoxide dismutase)] gene deficiency causes anaemia, the production of autoantibodies against RBCs (red blood cells) and renal damage. In the present study, to further understand the role of oxidative stress in the autoimmune response triggered by SOD1 deficiency, we generated mice that had the hSOD1 (human SOD1) transgene under regulation of the GATA-1 promoter, and bred the transgene onto the SOD1(-/-) background (SOD1(-/-);hSOD1(tg/+)). The lifespan of RBCs, levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species, and RBC content in SOD1(-/-);hSOD1(tg/+) mice, were approximately equivalent to those of SOD1(+/+) mice. The production of antibodies against lipid peroxidation products, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and acrolein, as well as autoantibodies against RBCs and carbonic anhydrase II were elevated in the SOD1(-/-) mice, but were suppressed in the SOD1(-/-);hSOD1(tg/+) mice. Renal function, as judged by blood urea nitrogen, was improved in the transgenic mice. These results rule out the involvement of a defective immune system in the autoimmune response of SOD1-deficient mice, because SOD1(-/-);hSOD1(tg/+) mice carry the hSOD1 protein only in RBCs. Metabolomic analysis indicated a shift in glucose metabolism to the pentose phosphate pathway and a decrease in the energy charge potential of RBCs in SOD1-deficient mice. We conclude that the increase in reactive oxygen species due to SOD1 deficiency accelerates RBC destruction by affecting carbon metabolism and increasing oxidative modification of lipids and proteins. The resulting oxidation products are antigenic and, consequently, trigger autoantibody production, leading to autoimmune responses.
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Rasheed Z, Khan MWA, Ali R. Hydroxyl radical modification of human serum albumin generated cross reactive antibodies. Autoimmunity 2009; 39:479-88. [PMID: 17060027 DOI: 10.1080/08916930600918472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyl radical-mediated in vitro modification of human serum albumin (HSA) showed 59.2% hyperchromicity at lambdamax, 30% loss of alpha helical structure and 71.4% loss of tryptophan fluorescence. The reactive oxygen species (ROS)-modified HSA was highly immunogenic in rabbits as compare to native HSA. The antibody binding was inhibited to the extent of 97% with the immunogen as inhibitor, indicating the induction of immunogen specific antibodies. Experimentally induced antibodies against modified HSA exhibited diverse antigen binding characteristics. Native plasmid DNA, ROS-modified plasmid DNA and ROS-chromatin were found to be an effective inhibitor of induced antibody-immunogen interaction. Induced antibodies against native HSA showed negligible binding to the above mentioned nucleic acid antigens. Band shift assay reiterated the recognition towards nucleic acid antigens. Thus, the induced antibodies against *OH modified HSA resembled the diverse antigen-binding characteristics of naturally occurring systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) anti-DNA autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Rasheed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, A.M.U., Aligarh, 202002, India.
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Robert-Pachot M, Desbos A, Moreira A, Becchi M, Tebib J, Bonnin M, Aitsiselmi T, Bienvenu J, Fabien N. Carbonic anhydrase III: A new target for autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity 2009; 40:380-9. [PMID: 17612900 DOI: 10.1080/08916930701417473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify new autoantibodies that could be useful for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using immunoblotting on synovial membrane proteins which represent the best source of candidate RA autoantigens. A new target protein with a molecular weight of 26 kDa was found to be recognized by autoantibodies in RA sera and was identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and second-dimension electrophoresis as carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII). Three similar protein spots at 26 kDa were recognized by both human sera and monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against CAIII on immunoblotting using the human recombinant CAIII. Interestingly, CAIII expression within the synovial membrane was not observed in non-RA patients and was differentially expressed among RA patients. The sensitivity of these new autoantibodies for RA, using an immunoenzymatic technique, was 17%. Specificity was high when comparing non-autoimmune diseases (100%), while it was found to be weak (67%) when comparing some other autoimmune diseases, and particularly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that these new autoantibodies against CAIII are not restricted to RA. However the expression of CAIII in the synovial membrane of RA warrants further investigation of the pathophysiological relevance of this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Robert-Pachot
- Department of Autoimmunity, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre Bénite, France
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