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Reiterer M, Bruce L, Milton S. Differential Responses of Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases A and B to Anoxia and Oxidative Stress in the Freshwater Turtle Trachemys scripta. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11070458. [PMID: 34357352 PMCID: PMC8304764 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been acknowledged as a major factor in aging, senescence and neurodegenerative conditions. Mammalian models are susceptible to these stresses following the restoration of oxygen after anoxia; however, some organisms including the freshwater turtle Trachemys scripta can withstand repeated anoxia and reoxygenation without apparent pathology. T. scripta thus provides us with an alternate vertebrate model to investigate physiological mechanisms of neuroprotection. The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant methionine sulfoxide reductase system (Msr) in turtle neuronal tissue. We examined brain transcript and protein levels of MsrA and MsrB and examined the potential for the transcription factor FOXO3a to regulate the oxygen-responsive changes in Msr in vitro. We found that Msr mRNA and protein levels are differentially upregulated during anoxia and reoxygenation, and when cells were exposed to chemical oxidative stress. However, while MsrA and MsrB3 levels increased when cell cultures were exposed to chemical oxidative stress, this induction was not enhanced by treatment with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which has previously been shown to enhance FOXO3a levels in the turtle. These results suggest that FOXO3a and Msr protect the cells from oxidative stress through different molecular pathways, and that both the Msr pathway and EGCG may be therapeutic targets to treat diseases related to oxidative damage.
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Indhu MS, Nanjundappa S, Muttu R, Vikramaditya U, Mahawar M, Sarkar M, Guttula TS, Bhure S. Molecular Expression of Bioactive Recombinant Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase A (MsrA). Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:11-17. [PMID: 32586239 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666200625201628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during cryopreservation of semen, leads to oxidation of biomolecules affecting the functionality of spermatozoa. Methionine residues in proteins are highly prone to oxidation and get converted into methionine sulfoxide (MetO). Methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) can improve the functionality of spermatozoa by reducing the MetO to methionine restoring the lost functionality of the affected proteins. OBJECTIVE The expression of catalytically active recombinant MsrA (rMsrA). METHODS The msrA gene was PCR amplified, cloned and sequenced. Further, the recombinant clone was used for protein expression and purification. The protein was getting precipitated during dialysis in Tris-buffer. Hence, the purified rMsrA was dialyzed at 4°C against the Tris-buffer pH 7.5 containing MgCl2, KCl, NaCl, urea and triton X-100. During dialysis, changes of buffer were done at every 12 h interval with stepwise reduction in the concentrations of NaCl, urea and triton X-100. The final dialysis was done with buffer containing 10 mM MgCl2, 30 mM KCl, and 150 mM NaCl, 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5. The activity of the rMsrA was checked spectrophotometrically. RESULTS The protein BLAST of buffalo MsrA with bovine sequence showed 14 amino acid mismatches. The rMsrA has been purified under denaturing conditions as it was forming inclusion bodies consistently during protein expression. After renaturation, the purified 33 kDa rMsrA was catalytically active by biochemical assay. CONCLUSION The rMsrA expressed in prokaryotic system is catalytically active and can be used for supplementation to semen extender to repair the oxidatively damaged seminal plasma proteins that occur during cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Indhu
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Bareilly, U.P., India
| | - Shruthi Nanjundappa
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Bareilly, U.P., India
| | - Ramamoorthy Muttu
- Division of Animal Reproduction, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Bareilly, U.P., India
| | - Upmanyu Vikramaditya
- Division of Biological Standardization, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Bareilly, U.P., India
| | - Manish Mahawar
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Bareilly, U.P., India
| | - Mihir Sarkar
- Division of Physiology and Climatology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Bareilly, U.P., India
| | - Taru Sharma Guttula
- Division of Physiology and Climatology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Bareilly, U.P., India
| | - Sanjeevkumar Bhure
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243122, Bareilly, U.P., India
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S-methyl-L-cysteine Protects against Antimycin A-induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neural Cells via Mimicking Endogenous Methionine-centered Redox Cycle. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:422-433. [PMID: 32681247 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial superoxide overproduction is believed to be responsible for the neurotoxicity associated with neurodegeneration. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, such as MitoQ, have emerged as potentially effective antioxidant therapies. Methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) is a key mitochondrial-localized endogenous antioxidative enzyme and it can scavenge oxidizing species by catalyzing the methionine (Met)-centered redox cycle (MCRC). In this study, we observed that the natural L-Met acted as a good scavenger for antimycin A-induced mitochondrial superoxide overproduction in PC12 cells. This antioxidation was largely dependent on the Met oxidase activity of MsrA. S-methyl-L-cysteine (SMLC), a natural analogue of Met that is abundantly found in garlic and cabbage, could activate the Met oxidase activity of MsrA to scavenge free radicals. Furthermore, SMLC protected against antimycin A-induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization and alleviated 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced neurotoxicity. Thus, our data highlighted the possibility for SMLC supplement in the detoxication of mitochondrial damage by activating the Met oxidase activity of MsrA.
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Kang MG, Lee HS, Tantisira KG, Park HW. Genetic Signatures of Acute Asthma Exacerbation Related With Ineffective Response to Corticosteroid. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2020; 12:626-640. [PMID: 32400129 PMCID: PMC7224997 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2020.12.4.626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Acute exacerbation (AE) is an important domain of asthma management and may be related with ineffective response to corticosteroid. This study aimed to find mechanisms of AE using genome-wide gene expression profiles of blood cells from asthmatics and its perturbation by in vitro dexamethasone (Dex)-treatment. Methods We utilized lymphoblastoid B cells from 107 childhood asthmatics and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 29 adult asthmatics who were treated with inhaled corticosteroids. We searched for a preserved co-expression gene module significantly associated with the AE rate in both cohorts and measured expression changes of genes belong to this module after Dex-treatment. Results We identified a preserved module composed of 77 genes. Among them, expressions of 2 genes (EIF2AK2 and NOL11) decreased significantly after Dex-treatment in both cohorts. EIF2AK2, a key gene acting antiviral defense mechanism, showed significantly higher expressions in asthmatics with AE. The protein repair pathway was enriched significantly in 64 genes which belong to the preserved module but showed no expression differences after Dex-treatment in both cohorts. Among them, MSRA and MSRB2 may play key roles by controlling oxidative stress. Conclusions Many genes belong to the AE rate-associated and preserved module identified in blood cells from childhood and adults asthmatics showed no expression changes after in vitro Dex-treatment. These findings suggest that we may need alternative treatment options to corticosteroids to prevent AE. EIF2AK2, MSRA and MSRB2 expressions on blood cells may help us select AE-susceptible asthmatics and adjust treatments to prevent AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gyu Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hyun Seung Lee
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kelan G Tantisira
- The Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heung Woo Park
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea.,The Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Reiterer M, Schmidt-Kastner R, Milton SL. Methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) dysfunction in human brain disease. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:1144-1154. [PMID: 31775527 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1662899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research has shown that oxidative stress is strongly associated with aging, senescence and several diseases, including neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Oxidative stress is caused by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can be counteracted by both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. One of these antioxidant mechanisms is the widely studied methionine sulfoxide reductase system (Msr). Methionine is one of the most easily oxidized amino acids and Msr can reverse this oxidation and restore protein function, with MsrA and MsrB reducing different stereoisomers. This article focuses on experimental and genetic research performed on Msr and its link to brain diseases. Studies on several model systems as well as genome-wide association studies are compiled to highlight the role of MSRA in schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Genetic variation of MSRA may also contribute to the risk of psychosis, personality traits, and metabolic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Reiterer
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | | | - Sarah L Milton
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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Xiang XJ, Song L, Deng XJ, Tang Y, Min Z, Luo B, Wen QX, Li KY, Chen J, Ma YL, Zhu BL, Yan Z, Chen GJ. Mitochondrial methionine sulfoxide reductase B2 links oxidative stress to Alzheimer's disease-like pathology. Exp Neurol 2019; 318:145-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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The Oxidized Protein Repair Enzymes Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases and Their Roles in Protecting against Oxidative Stress, in Ageing and in Regulating Protein Function. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7120191. [PMID: 30545068 PMCID: PMC6316033 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7120191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine and methionine residues are the amino acids most sensitive to oxidation by reactive oxygen species. However, in contrast to other amino acids, certain cysteine and methionine oxidation products can be reduced within proteins by dedicated enzymatic repair systems. Oxidation of cysteine first results in either the formation of a disulfide bridge or a sulfenic acid. Sulfenic acid can be converted to disulfide or sulfenamide or further oxidized to sulfinic acid. Disulfide can be easily reversed by different enzymatic systems such as the thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase and the glutaredoxin/glutathione/glutathione reductase systems. Methionine side chains can also be oxidized by reactive oxygen species. Methionine oxidation, by the addition of an extra oxygen atom, leads to the generation of methionine sulfoxide. Enzymatically catalyzed reduction of methionine sulfoxide is achieved by either methionine sulfoxide reductase A or methionine sulfoxide reductase B, also referred as to the methionine sulfoxide reductases system. This oxidized protein repair system is further described in this review article in terms of its discovery and biologically relevant characteristics, and its important physiological roles in protecting against oxidative stress, in ageing and in regulating protein function.
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Tang JY, He AH, Jia G, Liu GM, Chen XL, Cai JY, Shang HY, Liao JQ, Zhao H. Protective Effect of Selenoprotein X Against Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Apoptosis in Human Hepatocyte (LO2) Cells via the p38 Pathway. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 181:44-53. [PMID: 28429287 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, as mediated by ROS (reactive oxygen species), is a significant factor in initiating the cells damaged by affecting cellular macromolecules and impairing their biological functions; SelX, a selenoprotein also known as MsrB1 belonging to the methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) family, is the redox repairing enzyme and involved in redox-related functions. In order to more precisely analyze the relationship between oxidative stress, cell oxidative damage, and SelX, we stably overexpressed porcine Selx full-length cDNA in human normal hepatocyte (LO2) cells. Cell viability, cell apoptosis rate, intracellular ROS, and the expression levels of mRNA or protein of apoptosis-related genes under H2O2-induced oxidative stress were detected. We found that overexpression of SelX can prevent the oxidative damage caused by H2O2 and propose that the main mechanism underlying the protective effects of SelX is the inhibition of LO2 cell apoptosis. The results revealed that overexpressed SelX reduced the H2O2-induced intracellular ROS generation, inhibited the H2O2-induced upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2, and increased the mRNA and protein ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. Furthermore, it inhibited H2O2-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Taken together, our findings suggested that SelX played important roles in protecting LO2 cells against oxidative damage and that its protective effect is partly via the p38 pathway by acting as a ROS scavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yong Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Trace Element Research Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, No 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Ai-Hua He
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Gang Jia
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Guang-Mang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jing-Yi Cai
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Hai-Ying Shang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jin-Qiu Liao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
- Trace Element Research Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, No 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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Jiang G, Xiao L, Yan H, Zhang D, Wu F, Liu X, Su X, Dong X, Wang J, Duan X, Jiang Y. Redox regulation of methionine in calmodulin affects the activity levels of senescence-related transcription factors in litchi. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:1140-1151. [PMID: 28188859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a role in aging and senescence in organisms. The oxidation of methionine (Met) residues in proteins to Met sulfoxide by ROS can cause conformational alteration and functional impairments. Met oxidation is reversed by Met sulfoxide reductase (Msr) A and B. Currently, the repair of oxidized proteins by Msr and Msr-mediated physiological functions are not well understood, especially in higher plants. The down-regulated expression of LcMsrA1/B1 may be involved in the senescence of litchi (Litchi chinensis) fruit. We verified that LcCaM1 is a substrate of LcMsrA1 and LcMsrB1 in vitro and in vivo, and oxidized LcCaM1 could be repaired by LcMsrA1 in combination with LcMsrB1. Moreover, LcMsrA1 and LcMsrB1 play important roles in repairing oxidized Met110 and Met125 residues, respectively, in LcCaM1. Furthermore, the Met oxidation in LcCaM1 did not affect its physical interactions with two LcCaM1-binding senescence-related transcription factors LcNAC13 and LcWRKY1, but enhanced their DNA-binding activities. Therefore, we hypothesized that the down-regulated expression of LcMsrA1/B1 results in the accelerated oxidation of LcCaM1, which enhanced the DNA-binding activities of LcNAC13 and LcWRKY1, thereby activating or repressing the expression of senescence-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany/Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Lu Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany/Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huiling Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany/Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany/Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Fuwang Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany/Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xuncheng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany/Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xinguo Su
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Xinhong Dong
- College of Chemistry and Biology Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Gulin 541004, China
| | - Jiasheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Xuewu Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany/Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany/Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Vanhooren V, Navarrete Santos A, Voutetakis K, Petropoulos I, Libert C, Simm A, Gonos ES, Friguet B. Protein modification and maintenance systems as biomarkers of ageing. Mech Ageing Dev 2015; 151:71-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Multifactorial processes to slowing the biological clock: Insights from a comparative approach. Exp Gerontol 2015; 71:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Achilli C, Ciana A, Minetti G. The discovery of methionine sulfoxide reductase enzymes: An historical account and future perspectives. Biofactors 2015; 41:135-52. [PMID: 25963551 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
L-Methionine (L-Met) is the only sulphur-containing proteinogenic amino acid together with cysteine. Its importance is highlighted by it being the initiator amino acid for protein synthesis in all known living organisms. L-Met, free or inserted into proteins, is sensitive to oxidation of its sulfide moiety, with formation of L-Met sulfoxide. The sulfoxide could not be inserted into proteins, and the oxidation of L-Met in proteins often leads to the loss of biological activity of the affected molecule. Key discoveries revealed the existence, in rats, of a metabolic pathway for the reduction of free L-Met sulfoxide and, later, in Escherichia coli, of the enzymatic reduction of L-Met sulfoxide inserted in proteins. Upon oxidation, the sulphur atom becomes a new stereogenic center, and two stable diastereoisomers of L-Met sulfoxide exist. A fundamental discovery revealed the existence of two unrelated families of enzymes, MsrA and MsrB, whose members display opposite stereospecificity of reduction for the two sulfoxides. The importance of Msrs is additionally emphasized by the discovery that one of the only 25 selenoproteins expressed in humans is a Msr. The milestones on the road that led to the discovery and characterization of this group of antioxidant enzymes are recounted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Achilli
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Annarita Ciana
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Minetti
- Laboratories of Biochemistry, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Sticozzi C, Cervellati F, Muresan XM, Cervellati C, Valacchi G. Resveratrol prevents cigarette smoke-induced keratinocytes damage. Food Funct 2015; 5:2348-56. [PMID: 25088477 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00407h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The plant polyphenol, resveratrol (Resv, 3,4,5-trihydroxystilbene), naturally occurring in a number of fruits and other food products, has been extensively studied over the last two decades for its beneficial properties. Recently, its possible topical use in ameliorating skin conditions has also been proposed; however, its role in preventing cigarette smoke (CS)-induced keratinocyte damage has not been investigated yet. Because of its peculiar location, cutaneous tissue is constantly exposed to several environmental stressors, such as CS. Many compounds presented in CS, have been shown to induce, directly or indirectly, cellular oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation via the production of ROS and lipid peroxidation compounds, among which 4HNE has been shown to be one of the most reactive. In this study, we have shown that resveratrol (at a dose of 10 μM) can decrease CS-induced ROS and carbonyl formation in human keratinocytes. In addition, pre-treatment with resveratrol prevented the induction of TRPA1 expression (mRNA and protein levels), a known receptor involved in cellular differentiation and inflammation, which has been recently shown to be activated by 4HNE. Finally, in keratinocytes, resveratrol could increase the expression of MsrA, enzyme involved in cell defence against oxidative protein damage. The present study further confirms the idea that the topical use of resveratrol can provide a good defence against CS-induced skin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sticozzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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Yin C, Zheng L, Zhu J, Chen L, Ma A. Enhancing stress tolerance by overexpression of a methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) gene in Pleurotus ostreatus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:3115-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6365-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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15
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Ugarte N, Ladouce R, Radjei S, Gareil M, Friguet B, Petropoulos I. Proteome alteration in oxidative stress-sensitive methionine sulfoxide reductase-silenced HEK293 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1023-1036. [PMID: 23988788 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msr's) are key enzymes proficient in catalyzing the reduction of oxidized methionines. This reductive trait is essential to maintaining cellular redox homeostasis from bacteria to mammals and is also regarded as a potential mechanism to regulate protein activities and signaling pathways, considering the inactivating effects that can be induced by methionine oxidation. In this study, we have generated stable human embryonic kidney HEK293 clones with an altered Msr system by silencing the expression of the main Msr elements-MsrA, MsrB1, or MsrB2. The isolated clones--the single mutants MsrA, MsrB1, and MsrB2 and double mutant MsrA/B1-show a reduced Msr activity and an exacerbated sensitivity toward oxidative stress. A two-dimensional difference in-gel electrophoresis analysis was performed on the Msr-silenced cells grown under basal conditions or submitted to oxidative stress. This proteomic analysis revealed that the disruption of the Msr system mainly affects proteins with redox, cytoskeletal or protein synthesis, and maintenance roles. Interestingly, most of the proteins found altered in the Msr mutants were also identified as potential Msr substrates and have been associated with redox or aging processes in previous studies. This study, through an extensive analysis of Msr-inhibited mutants, offers valuable input on the cellular network of a crucial maintenance system such as methionine sulfoxide reductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ugarte
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, UR4, IFR83, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Romain Ladouce
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, UR4, IFR83, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Radjei
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, UR4, IFR83, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Monique Gareil
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, UR4, IFR83, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Friguet
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, UR4, IFR83, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Petropoulos
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, UR4, IFR83, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France.
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Tarrago L, Gladyshev VN. Recharging oxidative protein repair: catalysis by methionine sulfoxide reductases towards their amino acid, protein, and model substrates. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 77:1097-107. [PMID: 23157290 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The sulfur-containing amino acid methionine (Met) in its free and amino acid residue forms can be readily oxidized to the R and S diastereomers of methionine sulfoxide (MetO). Methionine sulfoxide reductases A (MSRA) and B (MSRB) reduce MetO back to Met in a stereospecific manner, acting on the S and R forms, respectively. A third MSR type, fRMSR, reduces the R form of free MetO. MSRA and MSRB are spread across the three domains of life, whereas fRMSR is restricted to bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes. These enzymes protect against abiotic and biotic stresses and regulate lifespan. MSRs are thiol oxidoreductases containing catalytic redox-active cysteine or selenocysteine residues, which become oxidized by the substrate, requiring regeneration for the next catalytic cycle. These enzymes can be classified according to the number of redox-active cysteines (selenocysteines) and the strategies to regenerate their active forms by thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems. For each MSR type, we review catalytic parameters for the reduction of free MetO, low molecular weight MetO-containing compounds, and oxidized proteins. Analysis of these data reinforces the concept that MSRAs reduce various types of MetO-containing substrates with similar efficiency, whereas MSRBs are specialized for the reduction of MetO in proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tarrago
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave. Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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17
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Jo H, Cho YW, Ji SY, Kang GY, Lim CJ. Protective roles of methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase against stresses inSchizosaccharomyces pombe. J Basic Microbiol 2013; 54:72-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201200397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Jo
- Department of Biochemistry; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon Korea
| | - Young-Wook Cho
- Korea Basic Science Institute Chuncheon Center; Chuncheon Korea
| | - Sun-Young Ji
- Department of Biochemistry; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon Korea
| | - Ga-Young Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Ewha Womans University; Seoul Korea
| | - Chang-Jin Lim
- Department of Biochemistry; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon Korea
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18
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Baraibar MA, Friguet B. Oxidative proteome modifications target specific cellular pathways during oxidative stress, cellular senescence and aging. Exp Gerontol 2012; 48:620-5. [PMID: 23127722 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidatively modified proteins build-up with age results, at least in part, from the increase of reactive oxygen species and other toxic compounds originating from both cellular metabolism and external factors. Experimental evidence has also indicated that failure of protein maintenance is a major contributor to the age-associated accumulation of damaged proteins. We have previously shown that oxidized proteins as well as proteins modified by lipid peroxidation and glycoxidation adducts are accumulating in senescent human WI-38 fibroblasts and reported that proteins targeted by these modifications are mainly involved in protein maintenance, energy metabolism and cytoskeleton. Alterations in the proteome of human muscle adult stem cells upon oxidative stress have also been recently analyzed. The carbonylated proteins identified were also found to be involved in key cellular functions, such as carbohydrate metabolism, protein maintenance, cellular motility and protein homeostasis. More recently, we have built a database of proteins modified by carbonylation, glycation and lipid peroxidation products during aging and age-related diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases. Common pathways evidenced by enzymes involved in intermediate metabolism were found targeted by these modifications, although different tissues have been examined. These results underscore the implication of potential deleterious effects of protein irreversible oxidative modifications in key cellular pathways during aging and in the pathogenesis of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Baraibar
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, UR4-IFR83, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Chondrogianni N, Petropoulos I, Grimm S, Georgila K, Catalgol B, Friguet B, Grune T, Gonos ES. Protein damage, repair and proteolysis. Mol Aspects Med 2012; 35:1-71. [PMID: 23107776 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are continuously affected by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Damaged proteins influence several intracellular pathways and result in different disorders and diseases. Aggregation of damaged proteins depends on the balance between their generation and their reversal or elimination by protein repair systems and degradation, respectively. With regard to protein repair, only few repair mechanisms have been evidenced including the reduction of methionine sulfoxide residues by the methionine sulfoxide reductases, the conversion of isoaspartyl residues to L-aspartate by L-isoaspartate methyl transferase and deglycation by phosphorylation of protein-bound fructosamine by fructosamine-3-kinase. Protein degradation is orchestrated by two major proteolytic systems, namely the lysosome and the proteasome. Alteration of the function for both systems has been involved in all aspects of cellular metabolic networks linked to either normal or pathological processes. Given the importance of protein repair and degradation, great effort has recently been made regarding the modulation of these systems in various physiological conditions such as aging, as well as in diseases. Genetic modulation has produced promising results in the area of protein repair enzymes but there are not yet any identified potent inhibitors, and, to our knowledge, only one activating compound has been reported so far. In contrast, different drugs as well as natural compounds that interfere with proteolysis have been identified and/or developed resulting in homeostatic maintenance and/or the delay of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Chondrogianni
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Helenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece.
| | - Isabelle Petropoulos
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, UR4-UPMC, IFR 83, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stefanie Grimm
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller University, Dornburger Straße 24, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Konstantina Georgila
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Helenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Betul Catalgol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research Center (GEMHAM), Marmara University, Haydarpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bertrand Friguet
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, UR4-UPMC, IFR 83, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tilman Grune
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller University, Dornburger Straße 24, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Efstathios S Gonos
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Helenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece.
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Kim JY, Choi SH, Lee E, Kang YJ, Kim HY. Methionine sulfoxide reductase A attenuates heme oxygenase-1 induction through inhibition of Nrf2 activation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 528:134-40. [PMID: 23036869 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) functions as a protein repair enzyme by catalyzing the stereospecific reduction of methionine-S-sulfoxide to methionine. We previously identified that MsrA deficiency inhibits normal cell growth via activation of the p53-p21 pathway. In this study, we report a critical role of MsrA in expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a highly inducible enzyme that has an anti-proliferative effect mediated by up-regulation of p21. Down-regulation of MsrA induced HO-1 expression in mammalian cells with increased p21 levels, but MsrA overexpression did not affect HO-1 expression. MsrA depletion activated Nrf2 by increasing its expression and nuclear translocation. Nrf2 activation was associated with increased reactive oxygen species production. MsrA overexpression in MsrA-depleted cells led to the reduction of increased HO-1 expression, and suppressed nuclear accumulation of Nrf2. Taken together, the data suggest that MsrA attenuates HO-1 induction by inhibiting Nrf2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yeon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu 705-717, Republic of Korea
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21
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Wu PF, Xie N, Zhang JJ, Guan XL, Zhou J, Long LH, Li YL, Xiong QJ, Zeng JH, Wang F, Chen JG. Resveratrol preconditioning increases methionine sulfoxide reductases A expression and enhances resistance of human neuroblastoma cells to neurotoxins. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 24:1070-7. [PMID: 23022493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Methionine sulfoxide reductases A (MsrA) has been postulated to act as a catalytic antioxidant system involved in the protection of oxidative stress-induced cell injury. Recently, attention has turned to MsrA in coupling with the pathology of Parkinson's disease, which is closely related to neurotoxins that cause dopaminergic neuron degeneration. Here, we firstly provided evidence that pretreatment with a natural polyphenol resveratrol (RSV) up-regulated the expression of MsrA in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. It was also observed that the expression and nuclear translocation of forkhead box group O 3a (FOXO3a), a transcription factor that activates the human MsrA promoter, increased after RSV pretreatment. Nicotinamide , an inhibitor of silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), prevented RSV-induced elevation of FOXO3a and MsrA expression, indicating that the effect of RSV was mediated by a SIRT1-dependent pathway. RSV preconditioning increased methionine sulfoxide(MetO)-reducing activity in SH-SY5Y cells and enhanced their resistance to neurotoxins, including chloramine-T and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium. In addition, the enhancement of cell resistance to neurotoxins caused by RSV preconditioning can be largely prevented by MsrA inhibitor dimethyl sulfoxide. Our findings suggest that treatment with polyphenols such as RSV can be used as a potential regulatory strategy for MsrA expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
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22
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Turnbull WB, Stalford SA. Methylthioxylose--a jewel in the mycobacterial crown? Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:5698-706. [PMID: 22575989 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25630d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ten years ago an unusual sugar was discovered in a cell wall polysaccharide of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Structural elucidation revealed the presence of the first thiosugar in a bacterial polysaccharide. Synthetic studies have helped to define its relative and absolute configuration as α-D-methylthioxylofuranosyl. While its biosynthetic origins remain the subject of speculation, work has begun to define its possible biological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bruce Turnbull
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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23
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Methionine sulfoxide reductase A regulates cell growth through the p53–p21 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 416:70-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.10.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sreekumar PG, Hinton DR, Kannan R. Methionine sulfoxide reductase A: Structure, function and role in ocular pathology. World J Biol Chem 2011; 2:184-92. [PMID: 21909460 PMCID: PMC3163237 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v2.i8.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Methionine is a highly susceptible amino acid that can be oxidized to S and R diastereomeric forms of methionine sulfoxide by many of the reactive oxygen species generated in biological systems. Methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msrs) are thioredoxin-linked enzymes involved in the enzymatic conversion of methionine sulfoxide to methionine. Although MsrA and MsrB have the same function of methionine reduction, they differ in substrate specificity, active site composition, subcellular localization, and evolution. MsrA has been localized in different ocular regions and is abundantly expressed in the retina and in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. MsrA protects cells from oxidative stress. Overexpression of MsrA increases resistance to cell death, while silencing or knocking down MsrA decreases cell survival; events that are mediated by mitochondria. MsrA participates in protein-protein interaction with several other cellular proteins. The interaction of MsrA with α-crystallins is of utmost importance given the known functions of the latter in protein folding, neuroprotection, and cell survival. Oxidation of methionine residues in α-crystallins results in loss of chaperone function and possibly its antiapoptotic properties. Recent work from our laboratory has shown that MsrA is co-localized with αA and αB crystallins in the retinal samples of patients with age-related macular degeneration. We have also found that chemically induced hypoxia regulates the expression of MsrA and MsrB2 in human RPE cells. Thus, MsrA is a critical enzyme that participates in cell and tissue protection, and its interaction with other proteins/growth factors may provide a target for therapeutic strategies to prevent degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parameswaran G Sreekumar
- Parameswaran G Sreekumar, David R Hinton, Ram Kannan, Arnold and Mabel Beckman Macular Research Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
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25
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Kwak GH, Choi SH, Kim HY. Dimethyl sulfoxide elevates hydrogen peroxide-mediated cell death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by inhibiting the antioxidant function of methionine sulfoxide reductase A. BMB Rep 2010; 43:622-8. [PMID: 20846495 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2010.43.9.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) can be reduced to dimethyl sulfide by MsrA, which stereospecifically catalyzes the reduction of methionine-S-sulfoxide to methionine. Our previous study showed that DMSO can competitively inhibit methionine sulfoxide reduction ability of yeast and mammalian MsrA in both in vitro and in vivo, and also act as a non-competitive inhibitor for mammalian MsrB2, specific for the reduction of methionine-R-sulfoxide, with lower inhibition effects. The present study investigated the effects of DMSO on the physiological antioxidant functions of methionine sulfoxide reductases. DMSO elevated hydrogen peroxide-mediated Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell death, whereas it protected human SK-Hep1 cells against oxidative stress. DMSO reduced the protein-carbonyl content in yeast cells in normal conditions, but markedly increased protein-carbonyl accumulation under oxidative stress. Using Msr deletion mutant yeast cells, we demonstrated the DMSO's selective inhibition of the antioxidant function of MsrA in S. cerevisiae, resulting in an increase in oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Hee Kwak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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26
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Brennan LA, Lee W, Kantorow M. TXNL6 is a novel oxidative stress-induced reducing system for methionine sulfoxide reductase a repair of α-crystallin and cytochrome C in the eye lens. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15421. [PMID: 21079812 PMCID: PMC2973970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A key feature of many age-related diseases is the oxidative stress-induced accumulation of protein methionine sulfoxide (PMSO) which causes lost protein function and cell death. Proteins whose functions are lost upon PMSO formation can be repaired by the enzyme methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) which is a key regulator of longevity. One disease intimately associated with PMSO formation and loss of MsrA activity is age-related human cataract. PMSO levels increase in the eye lens upon aging and in age-related human cataract as much as 70% of total lens protein is converted to PMSO. MsrA is required for lens cell maintenance, defense against oxidative stress damage, mitochondrial function and prevention of lens cataract formation. Essential for MsrA action in the lens and other tissues is the availability of a reducing system sufficient to catalytically regenerate active MsrA. To date, the lens reducing system(s) required for MsrA activity has not been defined. Here, we provide evidence that a novel thioredoxin-like protein called thioredoxin-like 6 (TXNL6) can serve as a reducing system for MsrA repair of the essential lens chaperone α-crystallin/sHSP and mitochondrial cytochrome c. We also show that TXNL6 is induced at high levels in human lens epithelial cells exposed to H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress. Collectively, these data suggest a critical role for TXNL6 in MsrA repair of essential lens proteins under oxidative stress conditions and that TXNL6 is important for MsrA defense protection against cataract. They also suggest that MsrA uses multiple reducing systems for its repair activity that may augment its function under different cellular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Brennan
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
| | - Wanda Lee
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
| | - Marc Kantorow
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ugarte N, Petropoulos I, Friguet B. Oxidized mitochondrial protein degradation and repair in aging and oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:539-49. [PMID: 19958171 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are main targets for oxidative damage that occurs during aging and in oxidative stress situations. Since the mitochondria is a major source of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial proteins are especially exposed to oxidative modification, and elimination of oxidized proteins is crucial for maintaining the integrity of this organelle. Hence, enzymatic reversal of protein oxidation and protein degradation is critical for protein homeostasis while protein maintenance failure has been implicated in the age-related accumulation of oxidized proteins. Within the mitochondrial matrix, the ATP-stimulated mitochondrial Lon protease is believed to play an important role in the degradation of oxidized protein, and age-associated impairment of Lon-like protease activity has been suggested to contribute to oxidized protein buildup in the mitochondria. Oxidized protein repair is limited to certain oxidation products of the sulfur-containing amino acids cysteine and methionine. Oxidized protein repair systems, thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase or glutaredoxin/glutathione/glutathione reductase that catalytically reduce disulfide bridges or sulfenic acids, and methionine sulfoxide reductase that reverses methionine sulfoxide back to methionine within proteins, are present in the mitochondrial matrix. Thus, the role of the mitochondrial Lon protease and the oxidized protein repair system methionine sulfoxide reductase is further addressed in the context of oxidative stress and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ugarte
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, Université Pierre et Marie Paris, France
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28
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Zhang XH. Article Commentary: Regulation of Protein Function by Residue Oxidation. PROTEOMICS INSIGHTS 2010. [DOI: 10.4137/pri.s3327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A majority of extant life forms require O2 to survive and thrive. Oxidation is inevitably one of the most active cellular processes and one constant challenge that living organisms must face. Generation of oxidants including reactive oxygen species is a natural consequence of cellular metabolism of all biological systems during normal life cycle under different environments. These oxidants oxidize many biological macromolecules such as proteins and affect their functions. Oxidation of specific amino acids in proteins may cause damage to protein structure and impair function, or may also activate protein activities and promote cellular metabolism. As an example, the reversible oxidation of cysteine and methionine residues has a profound impact on protein function and cellular process. A recent study that examines the effect of Met oxidation on Ser phosphorylation in a mitochondrial enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase, provides another demonstration that protein oxidation is an important regulatory mechanism for organisms to deal with developmental and environmental challenges throughout life processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Hai Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, USA
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29
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Chondrogianni N, Gonos ES. Proteasome Function Determines Cellular Homeostasis and the Rate of Aging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 694:38-46. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7002-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Methionine sulfoxide reductase B2 is highly expressed in the retina and protects retinal pigmented epithelium cells from oxidative damage. Exp Eye Res 2009; 90:420-8. [PMID: 20026324 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Methionine sulfoxide reductase B2 (MSRB2) is a mitochondrial enzyme that converts methionine sulfoxide (R) enantiomer back to methionine. This enzyme is suspected of functioning to protect mitochondrial proteins from oxidative damage. In this study we report that the retina is one of the human tissues with highest levels of MSRB2 mRNA expression. Other tissues with high expression were heart, kidney and skeletal muscle. Overexpression of an MSRB2-GFP fusion protein increased the MSR enzymatic activity three-fold in stably transfected cultured RPE cells. This overexpression augmented the resistance of these cells to the toxicity induced by 7-ketocholesterol, tert-butyl hydroperoxide and all-trans retinoic acid. By contrast, knockdown of MSRB2 by a miRNA in stably transfected cells did not convey increased sensitivity to the oxidative stress. In the monkey retina MSRB2 localized to the ganglion cell layer (GLC), the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). MSRB2 expression is most pronounced in the OPL of the macula and foveal regions suggesting an association with the cone synaptic mitochondria. Our data suggests that MSRB2 plays an important function in protecting cones from multiple type of oxidative stress and may be critical in preserving central vision.
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Minniti AN, Cataldo R, Trigo C, Vasquez L, Mujica P, Leighton F, Inestrosa NC, Aldunate R. Methionine sulfoxide reductase A expression is regulated by the DAF-16/FOXO pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. Aging Cell 2009; 8:690-705. [PMID: 19747232 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The methionine sulfoxide reductase system has been implicated in aging and protection against oxidative stress. This conserved system reverses the oxidation of methionine residues within proteins. We analyzed one of the components of this system, the methionine sulfoxide reductase A gene, in Caenorhabditis elegans. We found that the msra-1 gene is expressed in most tissues, particularly in the intestine and the nervous system. Worms carrying a deletion of the msra-1 gene are more sensitive to oxidative stress, show chemotaxis and locomotory defects, and a 30% decrease in median survival. We established that msra-1 expression decreases during aging and is regulated by the DAF-16/FOXO3a transcription factor. The absence of this enzyme decreases median survival and affects oxidative stress resistance of long lived daf-2 worms. A similar effect of MSRA-1 absence in wild-type and daf-2 (where most antioxidant enzymes are activated) backgrounds, suggests that the lack of this member of the methionine repair system cannot be compensated by the general antioxidant response. Moreover, FOXO3a directly activates the human MsrA promoter in a cell culture system, implying that this could be a conserved mechanism of MsrA regulation. Our results suggest that repair of oxidative damage in proteins influences the rate at which tissues age. This repair mechanism, rather than the general decreased of radical oxygen species levels, could be one of the main determinants of organisms' lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia N Minniti
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología Joaquin V. Luco, Santiago, Chile
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32
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Le HT, Chaffotte AF, Demey-Thomas E, Vinh J, Friguet B, Mary J. Impact of Hydrogen Peroxide on the Activity, Structure, and Conformational Stability of the Oxidized Protein Repair Enzyme Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase A. J Mol Biol 2009; 393:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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33
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Catalgol B, Ziaja I, Breusing N, Jung T, Höhn A, Alpertunga B, Schroeder P, Chondrogianni N, Gonos ES, Petropoulos I, Friguet B, Klotz LO, Krutmann J, Grune T. The proteasome is an integral part of solar ultraviolet a radiation-induced gene expression. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:30076-86. [PMID: 19690165 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.044503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet (UV) A radiation is a well known trigger of signaling responses in human skin fibroblasts. One important consequence of this stress response is the increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), which causes extracellular protein degradation and thereby contributes to photoaging of human skin. In the present study we identify the proteasome as an integral part of the UVA-induced, intracellular signaling cascade in human dermal fibroblasts. UVA-induced singlet oxygen formation was accompanied by protein oxidation, the cross-linking of oxidized proteins, and an inhibition of the proteasomal system. This proteasomal inhibition subsequently led to an accumulation of c-Jun and phosphorylated c-Jun and activation of activator protein-1, i.e. transcription factors known to control MMP-1 expression. Increased transcription factor activation was also observed if the proteasome was inhibited by cross-linked proteins or lactacystin, indicating a general mechanism. Most importantly, inhibition of the proteasome was of functional relevance for UVA-induced MMP-1 expression, because overexpression of the proteasome or the protein repair enzyme methionine sulfoxide reductase prevented the UVA-induced induction of MMP-1. These studies show that an environmentally relevant stimulus can trigger a signaling pathway, which links intracellular and extracellular protein degradation. They also identify the proteasome as an integral part of the UVA stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Catalgol
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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Salmon AB, Pérez VI, Bokov A, Jernigan A, Kim G, Zhao H, Levine RL, Richardson A. Lack of methionine sulfoxide reductase A in mice increases sensitivity to oxidative stress but does not diminish life span. FASEB J 2009; 23:3601-8. [PMID: 19487311 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-127415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) repairs oxidized methionine residues within proteins and may also function as a general antioxidant. Previous reports have suggested that modulation of MsrA in mice and mammalian cell culture can affect the accumulation of oxidized proteins and may regulate resistance to oxidative stress. Thus, under the oxidative stress theory of aging, these results would predict that MsrA regulates the aging process in mammals. We show here that MsrA(-/-) mice are more susceptible to oxidative stress induced by paraquat. Skin-derived fibroblasts do not express MsrA, but fibroblasts cultured from MsrA(-/-) mice were, nevertheless, also more susceptible to killing by various oxidative stresses. In contrast to previous reports, we find no evidence for neuromuscular dysfunction in MsrA(-/-) mice in either young adult or in older animals. Most important, we found no difference between MsrA(-/-) and control mice in either their median or maximum life span. Thus, our results show that MsrA regulates sensitivity to oxidative stress in mice but has no effect on aging, as determined by life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Salmon
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Dr., San Antonio, TX 78245-3207, USA
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Functional characterization of the Aspergillus nidulans methionine sulfoxide reductases (msrA and msrB). Fungal Genet Biol 2009; 46:410-7. [PMID: 19373970 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are subject to modification by reactive oxygen species (ROS), and oxidation of specific amino acid residues can impair their biological function, leading to an alteration in cellular homeostasis. Sulfur-containing amino acids as methionine are the most vulnerable to oxidation by ROS, resulting in the formation of methionine sulfoxide [Met(O)] residues. This modification can be repaired by methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msr). Two distinct classes of these enzymes, MsrA and MsrB, which selectively reduce the two methionine sulfoxide epimers, methionine-S-sulfoxide and methionine-R-sulfoxide, respectively, are found in virtually all organisms. Here, we describe the homologs of methionine sulfoxide reductases, msrA and msrB, in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Both single and double inactivation mutants were viable, but more sensitive to oxidative stress agents as hydrogen peroxide, paraquat, and ultraviolet light. These strains also accumulated more carbonylated proteins when exposed to hydrogen peroxide indicating that MsrA and MsrB are active players in the protection of the cellular proteins from oxidative stress damage.
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Zhou Z, Li CY, Li K, Wang T, Zhang B, Gao TW. Decreased methionine sulphoxide reductase A expression renders melanocytes more sensitive to oxidative stress: a possible cause for melanocyte loss in vitiligo. Br J Dermatol 2009; 161:504-9. [PMID: 19558554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methionine is one of the major targets of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It is readily oxidized to methionine-S-sulphoxide and methionine-R-sulphoxide, which can be reduced by methionine sulphoxide reductase (MSR) A and B, respectively. MSR represents a unique repair mechanism in the skin antioxidant network. It functions both as a protein repairer and as a ROS scavenger. However, the expression and activity of MSR are significantly reduced in vitiligo. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether the decreased expression of MSRA is one of the reasons why melanocytes are especially vulnerable to oxidative stress in vitiligo. Methods We downregulated MSRA expression in immortalized human epidermal melanocyte cell line PIG1 by using the short interfering RNA (siRNA)-targeted gene silencing method. We checked the changes in MSRA transcript and protein level by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. Then we monitored the viability of MSRA-silenced melanocytes under oxidative stress. All statistical analysis was performed by unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test. RESULTS The siRNA specific for MSRA successfully suppressed MSRA expression in melanocytes. The lower MSRA expression in melanocytes led to an increased sensitivity to oxidative stress, resulting in more cell death. Furthermore, a remarkable loss of viable cells was found in MSRA-silenced melanocytes even in the absence of exogenously added oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS MSRA is crucial for melanocytes to fight against oxidative stress in vitiligo. In addition, it is also important for normal cell survival. Any means to enhance MSRA appears to have therapeutic potential for the treatment of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Kwak GH, Kim JR, Kim HY. Expression, subcellular localization, and antioxidant role of mammalian methionine sulfoxide reductases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMB Rep 2009; 42:113-8. [PMID: 19250613 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2009.42.2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the growing body of evidence suggesting a role for MsrA in antioxidant defense, little is currently known regarding the function of MsrB in cellular protection against oxidative stress. In this study, we overexpressed the mammalian MsrB and MsrA genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and assessed their subcellular localization and antioxidant functions. We found that the mitochondrial MsrB3 protein (MsrB3B) was localized to the cytosol, but not to the mitochondria, of the yeast cells. The mitochondrial MsrB2 protein was detected in the mitochondria and, to a lesser extent, the cytosol of the yeast cells. In this study, we report the first evidence that MsrB3 overexpression in yeast cells protected them against H(2)O(2)-mediated cell death. Additionally, MsrB2 overexpression also provided yeast cells with resistance to oxidative stress, as did MsrA overexpression. Our results show that mammalian MsrB and MsrA proteins perform crucial functions in protection against oxidative stress in lower eukaryotic yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun-Hee Kwak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Aging-associated Vascular Disease Research Center, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu 705-717, Korea
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Haenold R, Wassef R, Brot N, Neugebauer S, Leipold E, Heinemann SH, Hoshi T. Protection of vascular smooth muscle cells by over-expressed methionine sulphoxide reductase A: role of intracellular localization and substrate availability. Free Radic Res 2009; 42:978-88. [PMID: 19085252 DOI: 10.1080/10715760802566541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Methionine sulphoxide reductase A (MSRA) that reduces methionine-S-sulphoxide back to methionine constitutes a catalytic antioxidant mechanism to prevent oxidative damage at multiple sub-cellular loci. This study examined the relative importance of protection of the cytoplasm and mitochondria by MSRA using A-10 vascular smooth muscle cells, a cell type that requires a low level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for normal function but is readily damaged by higher concentrations of ROS. Adenoviral over-expression of human MSRA variants, targeted to either mitochondria or the cytoplasm, did not change basal viability of non-stressed cells. Oxidative stress caused by treatment with the methionine-preferring oxidizing reagent chloramine-T decreased cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Cytoplasmic MSRA preserved cell viability more effectively than mitochondrial MSRA and co-application of S-methyl-L-cysteine, an amino acid that acts as a substrate for MSRA when oxidized, further increased the extent of protection. This suggests an important role for an MSRA catalytic antioxidant cycle for protection of the cytoplasmic compartment against oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Haenold
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
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39
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Cabreiro F, Picot CR, Perichon M, Friguet B, Petropoulos I. Overexpression of methionine sulfoxide reductases A and B2 protects MOLT-4 cells against zinc-induced oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:215-25. [PMID: 18715149 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Among the amino acids, methionine is the most susceptible to oxidation, and methionine sulfoxide can be catalytically reduced within proteins by methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) and B (MsrB). As one of the very few repair systems for oxidized proteins, MsrA and MsrB enzymes play a major role in protein homeostasis during aging and have also been involved in cellular defenses against oxidative stress, by scavenging reactive oxygen species. To elucidate the role of zinc on the Msr system, the effects of zinc treatment on control and stably overexpressing MsrA and MsrB2 MOLT-4 leukemia cells have been analyzed. Here we show that zinc treatment has a pro-antioxidant effect in MOLT-4 cells by inducing the transcription of metallothioneins and positively modulating the activity of the Msr enzymes. In contrast, due to its pro-oxidant effect, zinc also led to increased cell death, reactive oxygen species production, and protein damage. Our results indicate that overexpression of the Msr enzymes, due to their antioxidant properties, counteracts the pro-oxidant effects of zinc treatment, which lead to a cellular protection against protein oxidative damage and cell death, by reducing the production of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Cabreiro
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Biochimie Cellulaire du vieillissement, Université Paris-Diderot-Paris, Paris, France
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40
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Le DT, Lee BC, Marino SM, Zhang Y, Fomenko DE, Kaya A, Hacioglu E, Kwak GH, Koc A, Kim HY, Gladyshev VN. Functional analysis of free methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:4354-64. [PMID: 19049972 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805891200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msrs) are oxidoreductases that catalyze thiol-dependent reduction of oxidized methionines. MsrA and MsrB are the best known Msrs that repair methionine-S-sulfoxide (Met-S-SO) and methionine-R-sulfoxide (Met-R-SO) residues in proteins, respectively. In addition, an Escherichia coli enzyme specific for free Met-R-SO, designated fRMsr, was recently discovered. In this work, we carried out comparative genomic and experimental analyses to examine occurrence, evolution, and function of fRMsr. This protein is present in single copies and two mutually exclusive subtypes in about half of prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes but is missing in higher plants and animals. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae fRMsr homolog was found to reduce free Met-R-SO but not free Met-S-SO or dabsyl-Met-R-SO. fRMsr was responsible for growth of yeast cells on Met-R-SO, and the double fRMsr/MsrA mutant could not grow on a mixture of methionine sulfoxides. However, in the presence of methionine, even the triple fRMsr/MsrA/MsrB mutant was viable. In addition, fRMsr deletion strain showed an increased sensitivity to oxidative stress and a decreased life span, whereas overexpression of fRMsr conferred higher resistance to oxidants. Molecular modeling and cysteine residue targeting by thioredoxin pointed to Cys(101) as catalytic and Cys(125) as resolving residues in yeast fRMsr. These residues as well as a third Cys, resolving Cys(91), clustered in the structure, and each was required for the catalytic activity of the enzyme. The data show that fRMsr is the main enzyme responsible for the reduction of free Met-R-SO in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Tien Le
- Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
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41
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Stalford SA, Fascione MA, Sasindran SJ, Chatterjee D, Dhandayuthapani S, Turnbull WB. A natural carbohydrate substrate for Mycobacterium tuberculosis methionine sulfoxide reductase A. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:110-2. [PMID: 19082015 DOI: 10.1039/b817483k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic reduction of the methylsulfinylxylofuranosyl (MSX) groups in lipoarabinomannan provides proof of the absolute configuration of MSX and a possible biochemical mechanism for oxidative protection in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne A Stalford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UKLS2 9JT
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42
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Pascual I, Larrayoz IM, Rodriguez IR. Retinoic acid regulates the human methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MSRA) gene via two distinct promoters. Genomics 2008; 93:62-71. [PMID: 18845237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
MSRAs (methionine sulfoxide reductases A) are enzymes that reverse the effects of oxidative damage by reducing methionine sulfoxide back to methionine and recovering protein function. In this study we demonstrate that the transcriptional regulation of the human MSRA gene is complex and driven by two distinct promoters. Both promoters demonstrate high expression in human brain and kidney tissues. The upstream (promoter 1) regulates the msrA1 transcript that codes for the mitochondrial form of MSRA and is highly active in a broad range of cell lines. The downstream promoter (promoter 2) regulates the msrA2/3 transcripts that code for the cytosolic/nuclear forms of MSRA and is generally less active. Promoter 2 contains a 65 bp putative enhancer region that is very active in the retinal pigment epithelium-derived D407 cell line. Both promoters are partially regulated by all-trans retinoic acid via RARA and other RARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iranzu Pascual
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, Mechanisms of Retinal Diseases Section, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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43
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Liu F, Hindupur J, Nguyen JL, Ruf KJ, Zhu J, Schieler JL, Bonham CC, Wood KV, Davisson VJ, Rochet JC. Methionine sulfoxide reductase A protects dopaminergic cells from Parkinson's disease-related insults. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:242-55. [PMID: 18456002 PMCID: PMC2518045 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurologic disorder characterized by dopaminergic cell death in the substantia nigra. PD pathogenesis involves mitochondrial dysfunction, proteasome impairment, and alpha-synuclein aggregation, insults that may be especially toxic to oxidatively stressed cells including dopaminergic neurons. The enzyme methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) plays a critical role in the antioxidant response by repairing methionine-oxidized proteins and by participating in cycles of methionine oxidation and reduction that have the net effect of consuming reactive oxygen species. Here, we show that MsrA suppresses dopaminergic cell death and protein aggregation induced by the complex I inhibitor rotenone or mutant alpha-synuclein, but not by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. By comparing the effects of MsrA and the small-molecule antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and vitamin E, we provide evidence that MsrA protects against PD-related stresses primarily via methionine sulfoxide repair rather than by scavenging reactive oxygen species. We also demonstrate that MsrA efficiently reduces oxidized methionine residues in recombinant alpha-synuclein. These findings suggest that enhancing MsrA function may be a reasonable therapeutic strategy in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907
| | - Jagadish Hindupur
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907
| | - Jamie L. Nguyen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907
| | - Katie J. Ruf
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907
| | - Junyi Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907
| | - Jeremy L. Schieler
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907
| | - Connie C. Bonham
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907
| | - Karl V. Wood
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907
| | - V. Jo Davisson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907
| | - Jean-Christophe Rochet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907
- *Corresponding author. Address: Jean-Christophe Rochet, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, RHPH 410A, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907-2091. Fax: 765-494-1414. E-mail:
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44
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Brennan LA, Kantorow M. Mitochondrial function and redox control in the aging eye: role of MsrA and other repair systems in cataract and macular degenerations. Exp Eye Res 2008; 88:195-203. [PMID: 18588875 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress occurs when the level of prooxidants exceeds the level of antioxidants in cells resulting in oxidation of cellular components and consequent loss of cellular function. Oxidative stress is implicated in wide range of age-related disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease and the aging process itself. In the anterior segment of the eye, oxidative stress has been linked to lens cataract and glaucoma while in the posterior segment of the eye oxidative stress has been associated with macular degeneration. Key to many oxidative stress conditions are alterations in the efficiency of mitochondrial respiration resulting in superoxide (O(2)(-)) production. Superoxide production precedes subsequent reactions that form potentially more dangerous reactive oxygen species (ROS) species such as the hydroxyl radical (OH), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and peroxynitrite (OONO(-)). The major source of ROS in the mitochondria, and in the cell overall, is leakage of electrons from complexes I and III of the electron transport chain. It is estimated that 0.2-2% of oxygen taken up by cells is converted to ROS, through mitochondrial superoxide generation, by the mitochondria. Generation of superoxide at complexes I and III has been shown to occur at both the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane and the cytosolic side of the membrane. While exogenous sources of ROS such as UV light, visible light, ionizing radiation, chemotherapeutics, and environmental toxins may contribute to the oxidative milieu, mitochondria are perhaps the most significant contribution to ROS production affecting the aging process. In addition to producing ROS, mitochondria are also a target for ROS which in turn reduces mitochondrial efficiency and leads to the generation of more ROS in a vicious self-destructive cycle. Consequently, the mitochondria have evolved a number of antioxidant and key repair systems to limit the damaging potential of free oxygen radicals and to repair damaged proteins (Fig. 1). The aging eye appears to be at considerable risk from oxidative stress. This review will outline the potential role of mitochondrial function and redox balance in age-related eye diseases, and detail how the methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) protein repair system and other redox systems play key roles in the function and maintenance of the aging eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Brennan
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Charles E. Schmidt College of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA.
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45
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Friguet B, Bulteau AL, Petropoulos I. Mitochondrial protein quality control: Implications in ageing. Biotechnol J 2008; 3:757-64. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200800041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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46
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Cabreiro F, Picot CR, Perichon M, Castel J, Friguet B, Petropoulos I. Overexpression of mitochondrial methionine sulfoxide reductase B2 protects leukemia cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death and protein damage. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:16673-81. [PMID: 18424444 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708580200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the mitochondrial theory of aging, mitochondrial dysfunction increases intracellular reactive oxidative species production, leading to the oxidation of macromolecules and ultimately to cell death. In this study, we investigated the role of the mitochondrial methionine sulfoxide reductase B2 in the protection against oxidative stress. We report, for the first time, that overexpression of methionine sulfoxide reductase B2 in mitochondria of acute T-lymphoblastic leukemia MOLT-4 cell line, in which methionine sulfoxide reductase A is missing, markedly protects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species. The addition of hydrogen peroxide provoked a time-gradual increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species, leading to a loss in mitochondrial membrane potential and to protein carbonyl accumulation, whereas in methionine sulfoxide reductase B2-overexpressing cells, intracellular reactive oxygen species and protein oxidation remained low with the mitochondrial membrane potential highly maintained. Moreover, in these cells, delayed apoptosis was shown by a decrease in the cleavage of the apoptotic marker poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and by the lower percentage of Annexin-V-positive cells in the late and early apoptotic stages. We also provide evidence for the protective mechanism of methionine sulfoxide reductase B2 against protein oxidative damages. Our results emphasize that upon oxidative stress, the overexpression of methionine sulfoxide reductase B2 leads to the preservation of mitochondrial integrity by decreasing the intracellular reactive oxygen species build-up through its scavenging role, hence contributing to cell survival and protein maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Cabreiro
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Biochimie Cellulaire du Vieillissement, EA 3106, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, 2 Place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Haenold R, Wassef R, Hansel A, Heinemann SH, Hoshi T. Identification of a new functional splice variant of the enzyme methionine sulphoxide reductase A (MSRA) expressed in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Free Radic Res 2008; 41:1233-45. [PMID: 17907003 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701642096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species contribute to ageing of the vascular system and development of cardiovascular disease. Methionine-S-sulphoxide, an oxidized form of methionine, is repaired by the enzyme methionine sulphoxide reductase A (MSRA). The enzyme, targeted to mitochondria or the cytosol by alternative splicing, is vital for oxidative stress resistance. This study was designed to examine the endogenous expression and intracellular localization of MSRA in rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We detected robust MSRA immunoreactivity exclusively in mitochondria. Sequence analysis of msrA transcripts revealed the presence of a novel mitochondrial splice variant, msrA2a, in cultured rat VSMCs as well as in aortic tissue preparations. The enzymatic activity of a recombinant MSRA2a protein was confirmed by the reduction of methionine sulphoxide in a model substrate peptide. We conclude that multiple MSRA variants participate in the repair of oxidized proteins in VSMC mitochondria, but that other protective mechanisms may exist in the cytoplasmic compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronny Haenold
- Department of Physiology, Richards D100, 3700 Hamilton Walk, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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48
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Ralf Paus L, Berneburg M, Trelles M, Friguet B, Ogden S, Esrefoglu M, Kaya G, Goldberg DJ, Mordon S, Calderhead RG, Griffiths CEM, Saurat JH, Thappa DM. How best to halt and/or revert UV-induced skin ageing: strategies, facts and fiction. Exp Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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49
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Friguet B. Viewpoint 4. Exp Dermatol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00665_4.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Hoerter JD, Ward CS, Bale KD, Gizachew AN, Graham R, Reynolds J, Ward ME, Choi C, Kagabo JL, Sauer M, Kuipers T, Hotchkiss T, Banner N, Chellson RA, Ohaeri T, Gant L, Vanderhill L. Effect of UVA fluence rate on indicators of oxidative stress in human dermal fibroblasts. Int J Biol Sci 2008; 4:63-70. [PMID: 18311331 PMCID: PMC2253953 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.4.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During the course of a day human skin is exposed to solar UV radiation that fluctuates in fluence rate within the UVA (290-315 nm) and UVB (315-400 nm) spectrum. Variables affecting the fluence rate reaching skin cells include differences in UVA and UVB penetrating ability, presence or absence of sunscreens, atmospheric conditions, and season and geographical location where the exposure occurs. Our study determined the effect of UVA fluence rate in solar-simulated (SSR) and tanning-bed radiation (TBR) on four indicators of oxidative stress---protein oxidation, glutathione, heme oxygenase-1, and reactive oxygen species--in human dermal fibroblasts after receiving equivalent UVA and UVB doses. Our results show that the higher UVA fluence rate in TBR increases the level of all four indicators of oxidative stress. In sequential exposures when cells are exposed first to SSR, the lower UVA fluence rate in SSR induces a protective response that protects against oxidative stress following a second exposure to a higher UVA fluence rate. Our studies underscore the important role of UVA fluence rate in determining how human skin cells respond to a given dose of radiation containing both UVA and UVB radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Hoerter
- Ferris State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Big Rapids, MI 49307 USA.
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