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Pehlivan Ö, Waliczek M, Kijewska M, Stefanowicz P. Selenium in Peptide Chemistry. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073198. [PMID: 37049961 PMCID: PMC10096412 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, researchers have been exploring the potential of incorporating selenium into peptides, as this element possesses unique properties that can enhance the reactivity of these compounds. Selenium is a non-metallic element that has a similar electronic configuration to sulfur. However, due to its larger atomic size and lower electronegativity, it is more nucleophilic than sulfur. This property makes selenium more reactive toward electrophiles. One of the most significant differences between selenium and sulfur is the dissociation of the Se-H bond. The Se-H bond is more easily dissociated than the S-H bond, leading to higher acidity of selenocysteine (Sec) compared to cysteine (Cys). This difference in acidity can be exploited to selectively modify the reactivity of peptides containing Sec. Furthermore, Se-H bonds in selenium-containing peptides are more susceptible to oxidation than their sulfur analogs. This property can be used to selectively modify the peptides by introducing new functional groups, such as disulfide bonds, which are important for protein folding and stability. These unique properties of selenium-containing peptides have found numerous applications in the field of chemical biology. For instance, selenium-containing peptides have been used in native chemical ligation (NCL). In addition, the reactivity of Sec can be harnessed to create cyclic and stapled peptides. Other chemical modifications, such as oxidation, reduction, and photochemical reactions, have also been applied to selenium-containing peptides to create novel molecules with unique biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Pehlivan
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mateusz Waliczek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Monika Kijewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Stefanowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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2
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Schwarz M, Löser A, Cheng Q, Wichmann-Costaganna M, Schädel P, Werz O, Arnér ESJ, Kipp AP. Side-by-side comparison of recombinant human glutathione peroxidases identifies overlapping substrate specificities for soluble hydroperoxides. Redox Biol 2023; 59:102593. [PMID: 36608588 PMCID: PMC9827380 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Five out of eight human glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) are selenoproteins, representing proteins that contain selenium as part of the amino acid selenocysteine. The GPXs are important for reducing hydroperoxides in a glutathione-consuming manner and thus regulate cellular redox homeostasis. GPX1, GPX2, and GPX4 represent the three main cytosolic GPXs, but they differ in their expression patterns with GPX1 and GPX4 being expressed ubiquitously, whereas GPX2 is mainly expressed in epithelial cells. GPX1 and GPX2 have been described to reduce soluble hydroperoxides, while GPX4 reduces complex lipid hydroperoxides, thus protecting cells from lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. But most of these data are derived from cells that are devoid of one of the isoforms and thus, compensation or other cellular effects might affect the conclusions. So far, the use of isolated recombinant human selenoprotein glutathione peroxidases in pure enzyme assays has not been employed to study their substrate specificities side by side. Using recombinant GPX1, GPX2, and GPX4 produced in E. coli we here assessed their GPX activities by a NADPH-consuming glutathione reductase-coupled assay with 17 different peroxides (all at 50 μM) as substrates. GPX4 was clearly the only isoform able to reduce phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide. In contrast, small soluble hydroperoxides such as H2O2, cumene hydroperoxide, and tert-butyl hydroperoxide were reduced by all three isoforms, but with approximately 10-fold higher efficiency for GPX1 in comparison to GPX2 and GPX4. Also, several fatty acid-derived hydroperoxides were reduced by all three isoforms and again GPX1 had the highest activity. Interestingly, the stereoisomerism of the fatty acid-derived hydroperoxides clearly affected the activity of the GPX enzymes. Overall, distinct substrate specificity is obvious for GPX4, but not so when comparing GPX1 and GPX2. Clearly GPX1 was the most potent isoform of the three GPXs in terms of turnover in reduction of soluble and fatty-acid derived hydroperoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Schwarz
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany,TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena, Germany
| | - Alina Löser
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany,TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena, Germany
| | - Qing Cheng
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mareike Wichmann-Costaganna
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Patrick Schädel
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Elias SJ. Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Selenoprotein Research, National Institute of Oncology, 1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna P. Kipp
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany,TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena, Germany,Corresponding author. Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 24, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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Polaka S, Katare P, Pawar B, Vasdev N, Gupta T, Rajpoot K, Sengupta P, Tekade RK. Emerging ROS-Modulating Technologies for Augmentation of the Wound Healing Process. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:30657-30672. [PMID: 36092613 PMCID: PMC9453976 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) is considered a double-edged sword. The slightly elevated level of ROS helps in wound healing by inhibiting microbial infection. In contrast, excessive ROS levels in the wound site show deleterious effects on wound healing by extending the inflammation phase. Understanding the ROS-mediated molecular and biomolecular mechanisms and their effect on cellular homeostasis and inflammation thus substantially improves the possibility of exogenously augmenting and manipulating wound healing with the emerging antioxidant therapeutics. This review comprehensively delves into the relationship between ROS and critical phases of wound healing and the processes underpinning antioxidant therapies. The manuscript also discusses cutting-edge antioxidant therapeutics that act via ROS scavenging to enhance chronic wound healing.
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Hu Y, Wang C, Wu W, Qu Y, Zhang W, Li D, Zhu L, Gao F, Wu B, Zhang L, Cui X, Li T, Geng Y, Luo X. Organic zinc with moderate chelation strength enhances zinc absorption in the small intestine and expression of related transporters in the duodenum of broilers. Front Physiol 2022; 13:952941. [PMID: 35936908 PMCID: PMC9355254 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.952941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that the absorption of zinc (Zn) from the organic Zn proteinate with moderate chelation strength was significantly higher than that of Zn from the inorganic Zn sulfate in the in situ ligated duodenal segment of broilers, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. The present study aimed to determine the effect of organic Zn with moderate chelation strength and inorganic Zn on the Zn absorption in the small intestine and the expression of related transporters in the duodenum of broilers. The Zn-deficient broilers (13 days old) were fed with the Zn-unsupplemented basal diets (control) containing 25.72 and 25.64 mg Zn/kg by analysis or the basal diets supplemented with 60 mg Zn/kg as the Zn sulfate or the Zn proteinate with moderate chelation strength (Zn-Prot M) for 26 days. The results showed that the plasma Zn contents from the hepatic portal vein of broilers at 28 days and 39 days of age were increased (p < 0.05) by Zn addition and greater (p < 0.05) in the Zn-Prot M than in the Zn sulfate. On d 28, Zn addition upregulated (p < 0.05) mRNA expression of zinc transporter 1 (ZnT1), Zrt-irt-like protein 5 (ZIP5), y + L-type amino transporter 2 (y + LAT2) and b0,+-type amino acid transporter (rBAT), zinc transporter 4 (ZnT4) protein expression, and zinc transporter 9 (ZnT9) mRNA and protein expression in the duodenum. Moreover, ZnT9 mRNA expression, ZnT4, ZIP5, and rBAT protein expression, zinc transporter 7 (ZnT7), and y + LAT2 mRNA and protein expression in the duodenum of broilers on 28 days were higher (p < 0.05) in the Zn-Prot M than in the Zn sulfate. On d 39, supplemental Zn increased (p < 0.05) peptide-transporter 1 (PepT1) mRNA expression and y + LAT2 protein expression, while the mRNA expression of ZnT7 and Zrt-irt-like protein 3 (ZIP3) were higher (p < 0.05) for the Zn-Prot M than for the Zn sulfate in the duodenum. It was concluded that the Zn-Prot M enhanced the Zn absorption in the small intestine partially via upregulating the expression of ZnT4, ZnT7, ZnT9, ZIP3, ZIP5, y + LAT2, and rBAT in the duodenum of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hu
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chuanlong Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yicheng Qu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiyun Zhang
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ding Li
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Feiyu Gao
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bingxin Wu
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanqiang Geng
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xugang Luo
- Poultry Mineral Nutrition Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xugang Luo,
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Nogara PA, Madabeni A, Bortoli M, Teixeira Rocha JB, Orian L. Methylmercury Can Facilitate the Formation of Dehydroalanine in Selenoenzymes: Insight from DFT Molecular Modeling. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1655-1663. [PMID: 34077192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies have indicated that electrophilic mercury forms (e.g., methylmercury, MeHg+) can accelerate the breakage of selenocysteine in vitro. Particularly, in 2009, Khan et al. (Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2009, 28, 1567-1577) proposed a mechanism for the degradation of a free methylmercury selenocysteinate complex that was theoretically supported by Asaduzzaman et al. (Inorg. Chem. 2010, 50, 2366-2372). However, little is known about the fate of methylmercury selenocysteinate complexes embedded in an enzyme, especially in conditions of oxidative stress in which methylmercury target enzymes operate. Here, an accurate computational study on molecular models (level of theory: COSMO-ZORA-BLYP-D3(BJ)/TZ2P) was carried out to investigate the formation of dehydroalanine (Dha) in selenoenzymes, which irreversibly impairs their function. Methylselenocysteine as well as methylcysteine and methyltellurocysteine were included to gain insight on the peculiar behavior of selenium. Dha forms in a two-step process, i.e., the oxidation of the chalcogen nucleus followed by a syn-elimination leading to the alkene and the chalcogenic acid. The effect of an excess of hydrogen peroxide, which may lead to the formation of chalcogenones before the elimination, and of MeHg+, a severe toxicant targeting selenoproteins, which leads to the formation of methylmercury selenocysteinate, are also studied with the aim of assessing whether these pathological conditions facilitate the formation of Dha. Indeed, elimination occurs after chalcogen oxidation and MeHg+ facilitates the process. These results indicate a possible mechanism of toxicity of MeHg+ in selenoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Andrei Nogara
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Madabeni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Bortoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - João Batista Teixeira Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura Orian
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Lai KY, Galan SRG, Zeng Y, Zhou TH, He C, Raj R, Riedl J, Liu S, Chooi KP, Garg N, Zeng M, Jones LH, Hutchings GJ, Mohammed S, Nair SK, Chen J, Davis BG, van der Donk WA. LanCLs add glutathione to dehydroamino acids generated at phosphorylated sites in the proteome. Cell 2021; 184:2680-2695.e26. [PMID: 33932340 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-mediated damage repair or mitigation, while common for nucleic acids, is rare for proteins. Examples of protein damage are elimination of phosphorylated Ser/Thr to dehydroalanine/dehydrobutyrine (Dha/Dhb) in pathogenesis and aging. Bacterial LanC enzymes use Dha/Dhb to form carbon-sulfur linkages in antimicrobial peptides, but the functions of eukaryotic LanC-like (LanCL) counterparts are unknown. We show that LanCLs catalyze the addition of glutathione to Dha/Dhb in proteins, driving irreversible C-glutathionylation. Chemo-enzymatic methods were developed to site-selectively incorporate Dha/Dhb at phospho-regulated sites in kinases. In human MAPK-MEK1, such "elimination damage" generated aberrantly activated kinases, which were deactivated by LanCL-mediated C-glutathionylation. Surveys of endogenous proteins bearing damage from elimination (the eliminylome) also suggest it is a source of electrophilic reactivity. LanCLs thus remove these reactive electrophiles and their potentially dysregulatory effects from the proteome. As knockout of LanCL in mice can result in premature death, repair of this kind of protein damage appears important physiologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yu Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sébastien R G Galan
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Yibo Zeng
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK; UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Oxford OX11 0FA, UK; The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Tianhui Hina Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Chang He
- Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ritu Raj
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jitka Riedl
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Shi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - K Phin Chooi
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Neha Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Min Zeng
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Lyn H Jones
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 360 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Graham J Hutchings
- UK Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell, Oxford OX11 0FA, UK; Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK; The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Satish K Nair
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Benjamin G Davis
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK; The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, UK.
| | - Wilfred A van der Donk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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7
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Common modifications of selenocysteine in selenoproteins. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:45-53. [PMID: 31867620 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Selenocysteine (Sec), the sulfur-to-selenium substituted variant of cysteine (Cys), is the defining entity of selenoproteins. These are naturally expressed in many diverse organisms and constitute a unique class of proteins. As a result of the physicochemical characteristics of selenium when compared with sulfur, Sec is typically more reactive than Cys while participating in similar reactions, and there are also some qualitative differences in the reactivities between the two amino acids. This minireview discusses the types of modifications of Sec in selenoproteins that have thus far been experimentally validated. These modifications include direct covalent binding through the Se atom of Sec to other chalcogen atoms (S, O and Se) as present in redox active molecular motifs, derivatization of Sec via the direct covalent binding to non-chalcogen elements (Ni, Mb, N, Au and C), and the loss of Se from Sec resulting in formation of dehydroalanine. To understand the nature of these Sec modifications is crucial for an understanding of selenoprotein reactivities in biological, physiological and pathophysiological contexts.
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Xu H, Jia C, Cheng W, Zhang T, Tao R, Ma Y, Si L, Xu Y, Li J. The Effect of L-Carnitine Additive During In Vitro Maturation on the Vitrification of Pig Oocytes. Cell Reprogram 2020; 22:198-207. [PMID: 32673085 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2020.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation of oocytes/embryos is an important technique for genetic resources; however, the success of vitrification in pig oocytes remained at a relatively lower level due to the high content of lipid droplets (LDs). Considering the positive effect of L-carnitine on the function of LDs, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of the addition of L-carnitine on the vitrification of porcine cumulus cells of complexes (cumulus/oocyte complexes [COCs]). First, COCs were randomly divided into two groups: one group of COCs were commonly in vitro maturation (IVM) for 42-46 hours (nonvitrification [NV]), while another group of COCs were IVM with 10 mM L-carnitine (NVL [nonvitrification with L-carnitine addition in IVM]). In addition, random parts of COCs with L-carnitine addition were vitrified (VL [vitrification with L-carnitine addition in IVM]), while vitrification was performed on COCs without L-carnitine used as control group (V). Results showed that the maturation rate of pig oocytes reduced significantly when the vitrification was performed at 16 hours during IVM (VL vs. NVL, 40.09 ± 2.85 vs. 90.76 ± 1.16; V vs. NV, 34.41 ± 2.55 vs. 89.71 ± 1.33, p < 0.01). With the addition of L-carnitine, intracellular LDs were decreased significantly (p < 0.01). However, no difference was observed on the efficiency of vitrification in pig oocytes (VL vs. V, 40.09 ± 2.85 vs. 34.41 ± 2.55, p > 0.05). In addition, not only the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in pig oocytes with the L-carnitine addition group reduced significantly (p < 0.01), but also the expression of SOD1 gene was improved (p < 0.05). In conclusion, results demonstrated that although no difference could be observed on pig COC vitrification, the LDs and ROS level in pig oocytes could be modified by the addition of L-carnitine, which might be helpful for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, and Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, and Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxiu Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, and Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, and Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruixin Tao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, and Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuehua Ma
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linan Si
- College of Animal Science and Technology, and Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinxue Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, and Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, and Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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9
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Ursini F, Maiorino M. Lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis: The role of GSH and GPx4. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:175-185. [PMID: 32165281 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 675] [Impact Index Per Article: 168.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis (FPT) is a form of cell death due to missed control of membrane lipid peroxidation (LPO). According to the axiomatic definition of non-accidental cell death, LPO takes place in a scenario of altered homeostasis. FPT, differently from apoptosis, occurs in the absence of any known specific genetically encoded death pathway or specific agonist, and thus must be rated as a regulated, although not "programmed", death pathway. It follows that LPO is under a homeostatic metabolic control and is only permitted when indispensable constraints are satisfied and the antiperoxidant machinery collapses. The activity of the selenoperoxidase Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPx4) is the cornerstone of the antiperoxidant defence. Converging evidence on both mechanism of LPO and GPx4 enzymology indicates that LPO is initiated by alkoxyl radicals produced by ferrous iron from the hydroperoxide derivatives of lipids (LOOH), traces of which are the unavoidable drawback of aerobic metabolism. FPT takes place when a threshold has been exceeded. This occurs when the major conditions are satisfied: i) oxygen metabolism leading to the continuous formation of traces of LOOH from phospholipid-containing polyunsaturated fatty acids; ii) missed enzymatic reduction of LOOH; iii) availability of ferrous iron from the labile iron pool. Although the effectors impacting on homeostasis and leading to FPT in physiological conditions are not known, from the available knowledge on LPO and GPx4 enzymology we propose that it is aerobic life itself that, while supporting bioenergetics, is also a critical requisite of FPT. Yet, when the homeostatic control of the steady state between LOOH formation and reduction is lost, LPO is activated and FPT is executed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Ursini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo, 3, I-35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Matilde Maiorino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo, 3, I-35131, Padova, Italy.
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10
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Conrad M, Proneth B. Selenium: Tracing Another Essential Element of Ferroptotic Cell Death. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:409-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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11
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Goda K, Muta K, Yasui Y, Oshida SI, Kitatani K, Takekoshi S. Selenium and Glutathione-Depleted Rats as a Sensitive Animal Model to Predict Drug-Induced Liver Injury in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133141. [PMID: 31252607 PMCID: PMC6652140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the most serious and frequent drug-related adverse events in humans. Selenium (Se) and glutathione (GSH) have a crucial role for the hepatoprotective effect against reactive metabolites or oxidative damage leading to DILI. The hepatoprotective capacity related to Se and GSH in rodents is considered to be superior compared to the capacity in humans. Therefore, we hypothesize that Se/GSH-depleted rats could be a sensitive animal model to predict DILI in humans. In this study, Se-deficiency is induced by feeding a Se-deficient diet and GSH-deficiency is induced by l-buthionine-S,R-sulfoxinine treatment via drinking water. The usefulness of this animal model is validated using flutamide, which is known to cause DILI in humans but not in intact rats. In the Se/GSH-depleted rats from the present study, decreases in glutathione peroxidase-1 protein expression and GSH levels and an increase in malondialdehyde levels in the liver are observed without any increase in plasma liver function parameters. Five-day repeated dosing of flutamide at 150 mg/kg causes hepatotoxicity in the Se/GSH-depleted rats but not in normal rats. In conclusion, Se/GSH-depleted rats are the most sensitive for detecting flutamide-induced hepatotoxicity in all the reported animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Goda
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC., 1-13-2 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan.
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
| | - Kyotaka Muta
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC., 1-13-2 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yuzo Yasui
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC., 1-13-2 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Oshida
- Toxicology Research Lab., Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, JAPAN TOBACCO INC., 1-13-2 Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Kanae Kitatani
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Susumu Takekoshi
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Host Defense Mechanism, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
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Mai HN, Jung TW, Kim DJ, Sharma G, Sharma N, Shin EJ, Jang CG, Nah SY, Lee SH, Chung YH, Lei XG, Jeong JH, Kim HC. Protective potential of glutathione peroxidase-1 gene against cocaine-induced acute hepatotoxic consequences in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1502-1520. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huynh Nhu Mai
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woo Jung
- Research Administration Team; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital; Seongnam 13620 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Joong Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical School; Kangwon National University; Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Garima Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine; Konkuk University; Seoul 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Chung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine; Chung-Ang University; Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Xin Gen Lei
- Department of Animal Science; Cornell University; Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine; Chung-Ang University; Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy; Kangwon National University; Chunchon 24341 Republic of Korea
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14
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Rubino FM. Toxicity of Glutathione-Binding Metals: A Review of Targets and Mechanisms. TOXICS 2015; 3:20-62. [PMID: 29056650 PMCID: PMC5634692 DOI: 10.3390/toxics3010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mercury, cadmium, arsenic and lead are among priority metals for toxicological studies due to the frequent human exposure and to the significant burden of disease following acute and chronic intoxication. Among their common characteristics is chemical affinity to proteins and non-protein thiols and their ability to generate cellular oxidative stress by the best-known Fenton mechanism. Their health effects are however diverse: kidney and liver damage, cancer at specific sites, irreversible neurological damages with metal-specific features. Mechanisms for the induction of oxidative stress by interaction with the cell thiolome will be presented, based on literature evidence and of experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Maria Rubino
- LaTMA Laboratory for Analytical Toxicology and Metabonomics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano at "Ospedale San Paolo" v. A. di Rudinì 8, I-20142 Milano, Italy.
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15
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Li F, Liu J, Rozovsky S. Glutathione peroxidase's reaction intermediate selenenic acid is stabilized by the protein microenvironment. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 76:127-35. [PMID: 25124921 PMCID: PMC4253559 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Selenenic acids are highly reactive intermediates of selenoproteins' enzymatic reactions. Knowledge of how the protein environment protects and stabilizes them is fundamental not only to descriptions of selenoproteins' reactivity but also potentially for proteomics and therapeutics. However, selenenic acids are considered particularly short-lived and are not yet identified in wild-type selenoproteins. Here, we report trapping the selenenic acid in glutathione peroxidase, an antioxidant enzyme that efficiently eliminates hydroperoxides. It has long been thought that selenium-containing glutathione peroxidases form a selenenic acid intermediate. However, this putative species has eluded detection. Here, we report its identification. The selenenic acid in bovine glutathione peroxidase 1 was chemically trapped using dimedone, an alkylating agent specific to sulfenic and selenenic acids. The alkylation of the catalytic selenocysteine was verified by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. In the presence of glutathione, the selenocysteine was not alkylated because the selenenic acid condenses faster with glutathione than the alkylation reaction. In the absence of thiols, the selenenic acid was surprisingly long-lived with 95% of the protein still able to react with dimedone 10 min after hydrogen peroxide was removed, indicating that the protein environment stabilizes the selenenic acid by shielding it from reactive groups in the protein. After 30 min, the selenocysteine was no longer modified but became accessible once the protein was exposed to reducing agents. This suggests that the selenenic acid reacted with a protein's amide or amine to form a selenylamide bond. Such a modification may play a role in protecting glutathione peroxidase׳' reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Sharon Rozovsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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Watanabe K, Shibuya S, Ozawa Y, Nojiri H, Izuo N, Yokote K, Shimizu T. Superoxide dismutase 1 loss disturbs intracellular redox signaling, resulting in global age-related pathological changes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:140165. [PMID: 25276767 PMCID: PMC4170698 DOI: 10.1155/2014/140165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by increased oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and organ dysfunction, which occur in a progressive and irreversible manner. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) serves as a major antioxidant and neutralizes superoxide radicals throughout the body. In vivo studies have demonstrated that copper/zinc superoxide dismutase-deficient (Sod1(-/-)) mice show various aging-like pathologies, accompanied by augmentation of oxidative damage in organs. We found that antioxidant treatment significantly attenuated the age-related tissue changes and oxidative damage-associated p53 upregulation in Sod1(-/-) mice. This review will focus on various age-related pathologies caused by the loss of Sod1 and will discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis in Sod1(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Advanced Aging Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shuichi Shibuya
- Department of Advanced Aging Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ozawa
- Department of Advanced Aging Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Nojiri
- Department of Orthopaedics, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naotaka Izuo
- Department of Advanced Aging Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takahiko Shimizu
- Department of Advanced Aging Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Nishida H, Kurahashi T, Saito Y, Otsuki N, Kwon M, Ohtake H, Yamakawa M, Yamada KI, Miyata S, Tomita Y, Fujii J. Kidney fibrosis is independent of the amount of ascorbic acid in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:1115-24. [PMID: 24735064 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.915031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In response to sustained damage to a kidney, fibrosis that can be characterized as the deposition of a collagenous matrix occurs and consequently causes chronic kidney failure. Because most animals used in experiments synthesize ascorbic acid (AsA) from glucose, the roles of AsA in fibrotic kidney diseases are largely unknown. Unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) mimics the complex pathophysiology of chronic obstructive nephropathy and is an ideal model for the investigation of the roles of AsA in kidney failure. We examined the impact of a deficiency of Akr1a, a gene that encodes aldehyde reductase and is responsible for the production of AsA, on fibrotic damage caused by UUO in mice. Oxidatively modified DNA was elevated in wild-type and Akr1a-deficient kidneys as a result of UUO to a similar extent, and was only slightly suppressed by the administration of AsA. Even though Akrla-deficient mice could produce only about 10% of the AsA produced by wild-type mice, no difference was observed in collagen I synthesis under pathological conditions. The data implied either a low demand for AsA or the presence of another electron donor for collagen I production in the mouse kidney. Next, we attempted to elucidate the potential causes for oxidative damage in kidney cells during the fibrotic change. We found decreases in mitochondrial proteins, particularly in electron transport complexes, at the initial stage of the kidney fibrosis. The data imply that a dysfunction of the mitochondria leads to an elevation of ROS, which results in kidney fibrosis by stimulating cellular transformation to myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yamagata University School of Medicine , Yamagata , Japan
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18
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Konno T, Otsuki N, Kurahashi T, Kibe N, Tsunoda S, Iuchi Y, Fujii J. Reactive oxygen species exacerbate autoimmune hemolytic anemia in New Zealand Black mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1378-1384. [PMID: 24095725 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative damage occur in the red blood cells (RBCs) of SOD1-deficient C57BL/6 mice. This leads to autoimmune responses against RBCs in aged mice that are similar to autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). We examined whether a SOD1 deficiency and/or the human SOD1 transgene (hSOD1) would affect phenotypes of AIHA-prone New Zealand Black (NZB) mice by establishing three congenic strains: those lacking SOD1, those expressing hSOD1 under a GATA-1 promoter, and those lacking mouse SOD1 but expressing hSOD1. Levels of intracellular ROS and oxidative stress markers increased, and the severity of the AIHA phenotype was aggravated by a SOD1 deficiency. In contrast, the transgenic expression of hSOD1 in an erythroid cell-specific manner averted most of the AIHA phenotype evident in the SOD1-deficient mice and also ameliorated the AIHA phenotype in the mice possessing intrinsic SOD1. These data suggest that oxidative stress in RBCs may be an underlying mechanism for autoimmune responses in NZB mice. These results were consistent with the hypothetical role of reactive oxygen species in triggering the autoimmune reaction in RBCs and may provide a novel approach to mitigating the progression of AIHA by reducing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Konno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Otsuki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kurahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Noriko Kibe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsunoda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Iuchi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Junichi Fujii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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Handy DE, Loscalzo J. Redox regulation of mitochondrial function. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:1323-67. [PMID: 22146081 PMCID: PMC3324814 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Redox-dependent processes influence most cellular functions, such as differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Mitochondria are at the center of these processes, as mitochondria both generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that drive redox-sensitive events and respond to ROS-mediated changes in the cellular redox state. In this review, we examine the regulation of cellular ROS, their modes of production and removal, and the redox-sensitive targets that are modified by their flux. In particular, we focus on the actions of redox-sensitive targets that alter mitochondrial function and the role of these redox modifications on metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis, receptor-mediated signaling, and apoptotic pathways. We also consider the role of mitochondria in modulating these pathways, and discuss how redox-dependent events may contribute to pathobiology by altering mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Handy
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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