1
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Real-time monitoring of subcellular states with genetically encoded redox biosensor system (RBS) in yeast cell factories. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 222:114988. [PMID: 36521204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During industrial fermentation, microbial cell factories are usually confronted with environmental or metabolic stresses, leading to the imbalance of intracellular redox and the reduction of cell metabolic capacity. Here, we constructed the genetically encoded redox biosensor system (RBS) based on redox-sensitive fluorescent proteins to detect redox metabolites, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidized glutathione, NADH, and NADPH in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The functional biosensors were quantitatively characterized and the orthogonal redox biosensor system (oRBS) was designed for detecting multiple redox metabolites. Furthermore, the compartment targeted redox biosensor system (ctRBS) was constructed to detect ROS and NADPH, revealing the distribution and spatiotemporal dynamics of ROS in yeast under various stress conditions. As a proof-of-concept, RBS was applied to evaluate the redox states of engineered yeast with stress resistance and heterogenous triterpene synthesis in vivo, elucidating the redox balance significantly affecting the growth and production phenotypes. The RBS in this study allowed the exploration of the diversity of compartmental redox state and real-time monitoring of the production process of yeast, providing a reliable and effective approach for accurate and in-depth profiling of bottlenecks of yeast cell factories.
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2
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Generation and Characterization of Stable Redox-Reporter Mammalian Cell Lines of Biotechnological Relevance. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22041324. [PMID: 35214226 PMCID: PMC8963081 DOI: 10.3390/s22041324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellular functions such as DNA replication and protein translation are influenced by changes in the intracellular redox milieu. Exogenous (i.e., nutrients, deterioration of media components, xenobiotics) and endogenous factors (i.e., metabolism, growth) may alter the redox homeostasis of cells. Thus, monitoring redox changes in real time and in situ is deemed essential for optimizing the production of recombinant proteins. Recently, different redox-sensitive variants of green fluorescent proteins (e.g., rxYFP, roGFP2, and rxmRuby2) have been engineered and proved suitable to detect, in a non-invasive manner, perturbations in the pool of reduced and oxidized glutathione, the major low molecular mass thiol in mammals. In this study, we validate the use of cytosolic rxYFP on two cell lines widely used in biomanufacturing processes, namely, CHO-K1 cells expressing the human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) and HEK-293. Flow cytometry was selected as the read-out technique for rxYFP signal given its high-throughput and statistical robustness. Growth kinetics and cellular metabolism (glucose consumption, lactate and ammonia production) of the redox reporter cells were comparable to those of the parental cell lines. The hGM-CSF production was not affected by the expression of the biosensor. The redox reporter cell lines showed a sensitive and reversible response to different redox stimuli (reducing and oxidant reagents). Under batch culture conditions, a significant and progressive oxidation of the biosensor occurred when CHO-K1-hGM-CSF cells entered the late-log phase. Medium replenishment restored, albeit partially, the intracellular redox homeostasis. Our study highlights the utility of genetically encoded redox biosensors to guide metabolic engineering or intervention strategies aimed at optimizing cell viability, growth, and productivity.
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3
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Fu N, Sugiura K, Kondo K, Nakamura S, Wakabayashi KI, Hisabori T. Monitoring cellular redox dynamics using newly developed BRET-based redox sensor proteins. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101186. [PMID: 34517006 PMCID: PMC8487062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are key factors that strongly affect the cellular redox state and regulate various physiological and cellular phenomena. To monitor changes in the redox state, we previously developed fluorescent redox sensors named Re-Q, the emissions of which are quenched under reduced conditions. However, such fluorescent probes are unsuitable for use in the cells of photosynthetic organisms because they require photoexcitation that may change intracellular conditions and induce autofluorescence, primarily in chlorophylls. In addition, the presence of various chromophore pigments may interfere with fluorescence-based measurements because of their strong absorbance. To overcome these problems, we adopted the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) mechanism for the sensor and developed two BRET-based redox sensors by fusing cyan fluorescent protein–based or yellow fluorescent protein–based Re-Q with the luminescent protein Nluc. We named the resulting redox-sensitive BRET-based indicator probes “ROBINc” and “ROBINy.” ROBINc is pH insensitive, which is especially vital for observation in photosynthetic organisms. By using these sensors, we successfully observed dynamic redox changes caused by an anticancer agent in HeLa cells and light/dark-dependent redox changes in the cells of photosynthetic cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Since the newly developed sensors do not require excitation light, they should be especially useful for visualizing intracellular phenomena caused by redox changes in cells containing colored pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nae Fu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sugiura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kondo
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shungo Nakamura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Wakabayashi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan; Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toru Hisabori
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan; Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.
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4
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Piattoni CV, Sardi F, Klein F, Pantano S, Bollati-Fogolin M, Comini M. New red-shifted fluorescent biosensor for monitoring intracellular redox changes. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:545-554. [PMID: 30735840 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of intracellular redox homeostasis is critical for cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and signaling. In this regard, major changes in the intracellular redox milieu may lead to cell death whereas subtle increases in the level of certain oxidizing species may act as signals that regulate a plethora of cellular processes. Redox-sensitive variants of green fluorescent proteins (roGFP2 and rxYFP) were developed and proved useful to monitor intracellular redox changes in a non-invasive and online manner. With the aim to extend the spectral range of the fluorescent redox biosensors, we here describe the generation, biochemical characterization and biological validation of a new redox reporter based on the red-shifted mRuby2 protein (rxmRuby2). Spectrofluorimetric analysis performed with the recombinant biosensor shows a reversible redox response produced by two redox-active cysteine residues predicted by molecular modeling. rxmRuby2 is highly selective for the couple glutathione/glutathione disulfide in the presence of the oxidoreductase glutaredoxin. The estimated redox potential of rxmRuby2 (E° -265 ± 22 mV) makes it suitable for its use in reducing subcellular compartments. Titration assays demonstrated the capacity of rxmRuby2 to monitor redox changes within a physiological pH range. rxmRuby2 responded sensitively and reversibly to different redox stimuli applied to HeLa and HEK293 cells expressing transiently and/or stable the biosensor. Fusing rxmRuby2 to the Clover fluorescent protein allowed normalization of the redox signal to the expression level of the reporter protein and/or to other factors that may affect fluorescence. The new red-shifted redox biosensor show promises for deep-tissue and in vivo imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Vanesa Piattoni
- Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Sardi
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Klein
- BioMolecular Simulation Group, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sergio Pantano
- BioMolecular Simulation Group, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mariela Bollati-Fogolin
- Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcelo Comini
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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5
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Kostyuk AI, Panova AS, Bilan DS, Belousov VV. Redox biosensors in a context of multiparameter imaging. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 128:23-39. [PMID: 29630928 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors are available to date. Some of them have already contributed significantly to our understanding of biological processes occurring at cellular and organismal levels. Using such an approach, outstanding success has been achieved in the field of redox biology. The probes allowed researchers to observe, for the first time, the dynamics of important redox parameters in vivo during embryogenesis, aging, the inflammatory response, the pathogenesis of various diseases, and many other processes. Given the differences in the readout and spectra of the probes, they can be used in multiparameter imaging in which several processes are monitored simultaneously in the cell. Intracellular processes form an extensive network of interactions. For example, redox changes are often accompanied by changes in many other biochemical reactions related to cellular metabolism and signaling. Therefore, multiparameter imaging can provide important information concerning the temporal and spatial relationship of various signaling and metabolic processes. In this review, we will describe the main types of genetically encoded biosensors, the most frequently used readout, and their use in multiplexed imaging mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I Kostyuk
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Anastasiya S Panova
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Bilan
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Vsevolod V Belousov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia; Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Georg August University Göttingen, Göttingen D-37073, Germany.
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6
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von Morze C, Ohliger MA, Marco-Rius I, Wilson DM, Flavell RR, Pearce D, Vigneron DB, Kurhanewicz J, Wang ZJ. Direct assessment of renal mitochondrial redox state using hyperpolarized 13 C-acetoacetate. Magn Reson Med 2018; 79:1862-1869. [PMID: 29314217 PMCID: PMC5815327 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the hyperpolarized ketone body 13 C-acetoacetate (AcAc) and its conversion to 13 C-β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) in vivo, catalyzed by β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH), as a novel direct marker of mitochondrial redox state. METHODS [1,3-13 C2 ]AcAc was synthesized by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester, and hyperpolarized via dissolution DNP. Cold storage under basic conditions resulted in sufficient chemical stability for use in hyperpolarized (HP) MRI studies. Polarizations and relaxation times of HP [1,3-13 C2 ]AcAc were measured in a clinical 3T MRI scanner, and 8 rats were scanned by dynamic HP 13 C MR spectroscopy of a slab through the kidneys. Four rats were scanned after acute treatment with high dose metformin (125 mg/kg, intravenous), which is known to modulate mitochondrial redox via inhibition of mitochondrial complex I. An additional metformin-treated rat was scanned by abdominal 2D CSI (8 mm × 8 mm). RESULTS Polarizations of 7 ± 1% and 7 ± 3%, and T1 relaxation times of 58 ± 5 s and 52 ± 3 s, were attained at the C1 and C3 positions, respectively. Rapid conversion of HP AcAc to βOHB was detected in rat kidney in vivo, via the C1 label. The product HP βOHB was resolved from closely resonating acetate. Conversion to βOHB was also detected via 2D CSI, in both kidney as well as liver regions. Metformin treatment resulted in a significant increase (40%, P = 0.01) of conversion of HP AcAc to βOHB. CONCLUSION Rapid conversion of HP AcAc to βOHB was observed in rat kidney in vivo and is a promising new non-invasive marker of mitochondrial redox state. Magn Reson Med 79:1862-1869, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius von Morze
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Michael A. Ohliger
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Irene Marco-Rius
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco
| | - David M. Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Robert R. Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco
| | - David Pearce
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Daniel B. Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Zhen J. Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco
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7
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Erard M, Dupré-Crochet S, Nüße O. Biosensors for spatiotemporal detection of reactive oxygen species in cells and tissues. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 314:R667-R683. [PMID: 29341828 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00140.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Redox biology has become a major issue in numerous areas of physiology. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have a broad range of roles from signal transduction to growth control and cell death. To understand the nature of these roles, accurate measurement of the reactive compounds is required. An increasing number of tools for ROS detection is available; however, the specificity and sensitivity of these tools are often insufficient. Furthermore, their specificity has been rarely evaluated in complex physiological conditions. Many ROS probes are sensitive to environmental conditions in particular pH, which may interfere with ROS detection and cause misleading results. Accurate detection of ROS in physiology and pathophysiology faces additional challenges concerning the precise localization of the ROS and the timing of their production and disappearance. Certain ROS are membrane permeable, and certain ROS probes move across cells and organelles. Targetable ROS probes such as fluorescent protein-based biosensors are required for accurate localization. Here we analyze these challenges in more detail, provide indications on the strength and weakness of current tools for ROS detection, and point out developments that will provide improved ROS detection methods in the future. There is no universal method that fits all situations in physiology and cell biology. A detailed knowledge of the ROS probes is required to choose the appropriate method for a given biological problem. The knowledge of the shortcomings of these probes should also guide the development of new sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Erard
- Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Orsay , France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique , Orsay , France
| | - Sophie Dupré-Crochet
- Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Orsay , France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique , Orsay , France
| | - Oliver Nüße
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique , Orsay , France
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8
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Bilan DS, Belousov VV. New tools for redox biology: From imaging to manipulation. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 109:167-188. [PMID: 27939954 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Redox reactions play a key role in maintaining essential biological processes. Deviations in redox pathways result in the development of various pathologies at cellular and organismal levels. Until recently, studies on transformations in the intracellular redox state have been significantly hampered in living systems. The genetically encoded indicators, based on fluorescent proteins, have provided new opportunities in biomedical research. The existing indicators already enable monitoring of cellular redox parameters in different processes including embryogenesis, aging, inflammation, tissue regeneration, and pathogenesis of various diseases. In this review, we summarize information about all genetically encoded redox indicators developed to date. We provide the description of each indicator and discuss its advantages and limitations, as well as points that need to be considered when choosing an indicator for a particular experiment. One chapter is devoted to the important discoveries that have been made by using genetically encoded redox indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S Bilan
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Abstract
The balance of oxidants and antioxidants within the cell is crucial for maintaining health, and regulating physiological processes such as signalling. Consequently, imbalances between oxidants and antioxidants are now understood to lead to oxidative stress, a physiological feature that underlies many diseases. These processes have spurred the field of chemical biology to develop a plethora of sensors, both small-molecule and fluorescent protein-based, for the detection of specific oxidizing species and general redox balances within cells. The mitochondrion, in particular, is the site of many vital redox reactions. There is therefore a need to target redox sensors to this particular organelle. It has been well established that targeting mitochondria can be achieved by the use of a lipophilic cation-targeting group, or by utilizing natural peptidic mitochondrial localization sequences. Here, we review how these two approaches have been used by a number of researchers to develop mitochondrially localized fluorescent redox sensors that are already proving useful in providing insights into the roles of reactive oxygen species in the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth J. New
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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10
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Abstract
Genetically encoded fluorescent sensors are essential tools in modern biological research, and recent advances in fluorescent proteins (FPs) have expanded the scope of sensor design and implementation. In this review we compare different sensor platforms, including Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensors, fluorescence-modulated single FP-based sensors, translocation sensors, complementation sensors, and dimerization-based sensors. We discuss elements of sensor design and engineering for each platform, including the incorporation of new types of FPs and sensor screening techniques. Finally, we summarize the wide range of sensors in the literature, exploring creative new sensor architectures suitable for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Sanford
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Amy Palmer
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States.
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11
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Lu SC, Mato JM, Espinosa-Diez C, Lamas S. MicroRNA-mediated regulation of glutathione and methionine metabolism and its relevance for liver disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 100:66-72. [PMID: 27033954 PMCID: PMC5749629 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the microRNA (miRNA) family of small RNAs as fundamental regulators of post-transcriptional gene expression has fostered research on their importance in every area of biology and clinical medicine. In the particular area of liver metabolism and disease, miRNAs are gaining increasing importance. By focusing on two fundamental hepatic biosynthetic pathways, glutathione and methionine, we review recent advances on the comprehension of the role of miRNAs in liver pathophysiology and more specifically of models of hepatic cholestasis/fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly C Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - José M Mato
- CIC bioGUNE, (CIBERehd), Parque Tecnológico de Bizcaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Cristina Espinosa-Diez
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Santiago Lamas
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Bellapadrona G, Elbaum M. Design of a Redox-Sensitive Supramolecular Protein Assembly System Operating in Live Cells. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:6231-6235. [PMID: 27569065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A fusion construct between Citrine (a YFP variant) and human ferritin (H-chain) was recently shown to form supramolecular assemblies of micrometer size when expressed in mammalian cells. The assembly process is driven by weak hydrophobic interactions leading to dimerization of YFP. Protein assembly could be suppressed at the gene level by mutation in the primary sequence of the construct. In this work, we describe the engineering of a self-assembly interface sensitive to redox state in the cell. Key hydrophobic residues of YFP were mutated systematically to cysteines. Supramolecular assembly of the Citrine-ferritin construct was in some cases preserved by formation of disulfide bonds in place of hydrophobic interactions. In others cases, assembly was abolished, resulting in a diffuse distribution of the expressed protein. A specific variant that remained diffuse under normally reducing intracellular conditions was found to self-assemble rapidly upon exposure to a thiol-specific oxidizing reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Bellapadrona
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michael Elbaum
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
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13
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Wages PA, Cheng WY, Gibbs-Flournoy E, Samet JM. Live-cell imaging approaches for the investigation of xenobiotic-induced oxidant stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2802-15. [PMID: 27208426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidant stress is arguably a universal feature in toxicology. Research studies on the role of oxidant stress induced by xenobiotic exposures have typically relied on the identification of damaged biomolecules using a variety of conventional biochemical and molecular techniques. However, there is increasing evidence that low-level exposure to a variety of toxicants dysregulates cellular physiology by interfering with redox-dependent processes. SCOPE OF REVIEW The study of events involved in redox toxicology requires methodology capable of detecting transient modifications at relatively low signal strength. This article reviews the advantages of live-cell imaging for redox toxicology studies. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Toxicological studies with xenobiotics of supra-physiological reactivity require careful consideration when using fluorogenic sensors in order to avoid potential artifacts and false negatives. Fortunately, experiments conducted for the purpose of validating the use of these sensors in toxicological applications often yield unexpected insights into the mechanisms through which xenobiotic exposure induces oxidant stress. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Live-cell imaging using a new generation of small molecule and genetically encoded fluorophores with excellent sensitivity and specificity affords unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution that is optimal for redox toxicology studies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Air Pollution, edited by Wenjun Ding, Andrew J. Ghio and Weidong Wu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip A Wages
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wan-Yun Cheng
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Eugene Gibbs-Flournoy
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA; Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - James M Samet
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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14
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Schwarzländer M, Dick TP, Meyer AJ, Morgan B. Dissecting Redox Biology Using Fluorescent Protein Sensors. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:680-712. [PMID: 25867539 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Fluorescent protein sensors have revitalized the field of redox biology by revolutionizing the study of redox processes in living cells and organisms. RECENT ADVANCES Within one decade, a set of fundamental new insights has been gained, driven by the rapid technical development of in vivo redox sensing. Redox-sensitive yellow and green fluorescent protein variants (rxYFP and roGFPs) have been the central players. CRITICAL ISSUES Although widely used as an established standard tool, important questions remain surrounding their meaningful use in vivo. We review the growing range of thiol redox sensor variants and their application in different cells, tissues, and organisms. We highlight five key findings where in vivo sensing has been instrumental in changing our understanding of redox biology, critically assess the interpretation of in vivo redox data, and discuss technical and biological limitations of current redox sensors and sensing approaches. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We explore how novel sensor variants may further add to the current momentum toward a novel mechanistic and integrated understanding of redox biology in vivo. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 24, 680-712.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schwarzländer
- 1 Plant Energy Biology Lab, Department Chemical Signalling, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias P Dick
- 2 Division of Redox Regulation, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- 3 Department Chemical Signalling, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Bruce Morgan
- 2 Division of Redox Regulation, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany .,4 Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern , Kaiserslautern, Germany
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15
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Guo S, Popowicz GM, Li D, Yuan D, Wang Y. Lid mobility in lipase SMG1 validated using a thiol/disulfide redox potential probe. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:477-83. [PMID: 27419053 PMCID: PMC4856426 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Most lipases possess a lid domain above the catalytic site that is responsible for their activation. Lipase SMG1 from Malassezia globose CBS 7966 (Malassezia globosa LIP1), is a mono‐ and diacylglycerol lipase with an atypical loop‐like lid domain. Activation of SMG1 was proposed to be solely through a gating mechanism involving two residues (F278 and N102). However, through disulfide bond cross‐linking of the lid, this study shows that full activation also requires mobility of the lid domain, contrary to a previous proposal. The newly introduced disulfide bond makes lipase SMG1 eligible as a ratiometric thiol/disulfide redox potential probe, when it is coupled with chromogenic substrates. This redox‐switch lipase could also be of potential use in cascade biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Guo
- School of Light Industry and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Grzegorz Maria Popowicz
- Institute of Structural Biology Helmholtz Zentrum München Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH) Neuherberg Germany
| | - Daoming Li
- School of Light Industry and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Dongjuan Yuan
- School of Light Industry and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Light Industry and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
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Delorme-Hinoux V, Bangash SAK, Meyer AJ, Reichheld JP. Nuclear thiol redox systems in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 243:84-95. [PMID: 26795153 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Thiol-disulfide redox regulation is essential for many cellular functions in plants. It has major roles in defense mechanisms, maintains the redox status of the cell and plays structural, with regulatory roles for many proteins. Although thiol-based redox regulation has been extensively studied in subcellular organelles such as chloroplasts, it has been much less studied in the nucleus. Thiol-disulfide redox regulation is dependent on the conserved redox proteins, glutathione/glutaredoxin (GRX) and thioredoxin (TRX) systems. We first focus on the functions of glutathione in the nucleus and discuss recent data concerning accumulation of glutathione in the nucleus. We also provide evidence that glutathione reduction is potentially active in the nucleus. Recent data suggests that the nucleus is enriched in specific GRX and TRX isoforms. We discuss the biochemical and molecular characteristics of these isoforms and focus on genetic evidences for their potential nuclear functions. Finally, we make an overview of the different thiol-based redox regulated proteins in the nucleus. These proteins are involved in various pathways including transcriptional regulation, metabolism and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Delorme-Hinoux
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France; Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
| | - Sajid A K Bangash
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, F-66860 Perpignan, France; Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, F-66860 Perpignan, France.
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17
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Yin B, Barrionuevo G, Weber SG. Optimized real-time monitoring of glutathione redox status in single pyramidal neurons in organotypic hippocampal slices during oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1838-48. [PMID: 26291433 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A redox-sensitive Grx1-roGFP2 fusion protein was introduced by transfection into single pyramidal neurons in the CA1 subfield of organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs). We assessed changes in the GSH system in neuronal cytoplasm and mitochondria during oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/RP), an in vitro model of stroke. Pyramidal cells in a narrow range of depths below the surface of the OHSC were transfected by gene gun or single-cell electroporation with cyto- or mito-Grx1-roGFP2. To mimic the conditions of acute stroke, we developed an optimized superfusion system with the capability of rapid and reproducible exchange of the solution bathing the OHSCs. Measurements of pO2 as a function of tissue depth show that in the region containing the transfected cells, the pO2 is well-controlled. We also found that the pO2 changes on the same time scale as changes in intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow, and pO2 during acute stroke. Determining the reduction potential, EGSH, from the ratiometric fluorescence signal requires an absolute intensity measurement during calibration of the Grx1-roGFP2. Using the signal from cotransfected tdTomato as an internal standard during calibration improves quantitative measurements of Grx1-roGFP2 redox status and allows EGSH to be determined. EGSH becomes more reducing during OGD and more oxidizing during RP in mitochondria while changes in cytoplasm are not significant compared with controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bocheng Yin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Germán Barrionuevo
- Department
of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Stephen G. Weber
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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18
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Meigh L, Cook D, Zhang J, Dale N. Rational design of new NO and redox sensitivity into connexin26 hemichannels. Open Biol 2015; 5:140208. [PMID: 25673329 PMCID: PMC4345282 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.140208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CO2 directly opens hemichannels of connexin26 (Cx26) by carbamylating K125, thereby allowing salt bridge formation with R104 of the neighbouring subunit in the connexin hexamer. The formation of the inter-subunit carbamate bridges within the hexameric hemichannel traps it in the open state. Here, we use insights derived from this model to test whether the range of agonists capable of opening Cx26 can be extended by promoting the formation of analogous inter-subunit bridges via different mechanisms. The mutation K125C gives potential for nitrosylation on Cys125 and formation of an SNO bridge to R104 of the neighbouring subunit. Unlike wild-type Cx26 hemichannels, which are insensitive to NO and NO2−, hemichannels comprising Cx26K125C can be opened by NO2− and NO donors. However, NO2− was unable to modulate the doubly mutated (K125C, R104A) hemichannels, indicating that an inter-subunit bridge between C125 and R104 is required for the opening action of NO2−. In a further test, we introduced two mutations into Cx26, K125C and R104C, to allow disulfide bridge formation across the inter-subunit boundary. These doubly mutated hemichannels open in response to changes in intracellular redox potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Meigh
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Daniel Cook
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Nicholas Dale
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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NADPH oxidase DUOX1 promotes long-term persistence of oxidative stress after an exposure to irradiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:5051-6. [PMID: 25848056 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1420707112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) causes not only acute tissue damage, but also late effects in several cell generations after the initial exposure. The thyroid gland is one of the most sensitive organs to the carcinogenic effects of IR, and we have recently highlighted that an oxidative stress is responsible for the chromosomal rearrangements found in radio-induced papillary thyroid carcinoma. Using both a human thyroid cell line and primary thyrocytes, we investigated the mechanism by which IR induces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) several days after irradiation. We focused on NADPH oxidases, which are specialized ROS-generating enzymes known as NOX/DUOX. Our results show that IR induces delayed NADPH oxidase DUOX1-dependent H2O2 production in a dose-dependent manner, which is sustained for several days. We report that p38 MAPK, activated after IR, increased DUOX1 via IL-13 expression, leading to persistent DNA damage and growth arrest. Pretreatment of cells with catalase, a scavenger of H2O2, or DUOX1 down-regulation by siRNA abrogated IR-induced DNA damage. Analysis of human thyroid tissues showed that DUOX1 is elevated not only in human radio-induced thyroid tumors, but also in sporadic thyroid tumors. Taken together, our data reveal a key role of DUOX1-dependent H2O2 production in long-term persistent radio-induced DNA damage. Our data also show that DUOX1-dependent H2O2 production, which induces DNA double-strand breaks, can cause genomic instability and promote the generation of neoplastic cells through its mutagenic effect.
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20
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Perkins A, Poole L, Karplus PA. Tuning of peroxiredoxin catalysis for various physiological roles. Biochemistry 2014; 53:7693-705. [PMID: 25403613 PMCID: PMC4270387 DOI: 10.1021/bi5013222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) make up an ancient family of enzymes that are the predominant peroxidases for nearly all organisms and play essential roles in reducing hydrogen peroxide, organic hydroperoxides, and peroxynitrite. Even between distantly related organisms, the core protein fold and key catalytic residues related to its cysteine-based catalytic mechanism have been retained. Given that these enzymes appeared early in biology, Prxs have experienced more than 1 billion years of optimization for specific ecological niches. Although their basic enzymatic function remains the same, Prxs have diversified and are involved in roles such as protecting DNA against mutation, defending pathogens against host immune responses, suppressing tumor formation, and--for eukaryotes--helping regulate peroxide signaling via hyperoxidation of their catalytic Cys residues. Here, we review the current understanding of the physiological roles of Prxs by analyzing knockout and knockdown studies from ∼25 different species. We also review what is known about the structural basis for the sensitivity of some eukaryotic Prxs to inactivation by hyperoxidation. In considering the physiological relevance of hyperoxidation, we explore the distribution across species of sulfiredoxin (Srx), the enzyme responsible for rescuing hyperoxidized Prxs. We unexpectedly find that among eukaryotes appearing to have a "sensitive" Prx isoform, some do not contain Srx. Also, as Prxs are suggested to be promising targets for drug design, we discuss the rationale behind recently proposed strategies for their selective inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arden Perkins
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United
States
| | - Leslie
B. Poole
- Department
of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - P. Andrew Karplus
- Department
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United
States
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22
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Kaludercic N, Deshwal S, Di Lisa F. Reactive oxygen species and redox compartmentalization. Front Physiol 2014; 5:285. [PMID: 25161621 PMCID: PMC4130307 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and signaling are of major importance and regulate a number of processes in physiological conditions. A disruption in redox status regulation, however, has been associated with numerous pathological conditions. In recent years it has become increasingly clear that oxidative and reductive modifications are confined in a spatio-temporal manner. This makes ROS signaling similar to that of Ca(2+) or other second messengers. Some subcellular compartments are more oxidizing (such as lysosomes or peroxisomes) whereas others are more reducing (mitochondria, nuclei). Moreover, although more reducing, mitochondria are especially susceptible to oxidation, most likely due to the high number of exposed thiols present in that compartment. Recent advances in the development of redox probes allow specific measurement of defined ROS in different cellular compartments in intact living cells or organisms. The availability of these tools now allows simultaneous spatio-temporal measurements and correlation between ROS generation and organelle and/or cellular function. The study of ROS compartmentalization and microdomains will help elucidate their role in physiology and disease. Here we will examine redox probes currently available and how ROS generation may vary between subcellular compartments. Furthermore, we will discuss ROS compartmentalization in physiological and pathological conditions focusing our attention on mitochondria, since their vulnerability to oxidative stress is likely at the basis of several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kaludercic
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Padova, Italy
| | - Soni Deshwal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Lisa
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Padova, Italy ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova Padova, Italy
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24
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Real-time monitoring of oxidative stress in live mouse skin. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:1701-1709. [PMID: 24129062 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in many age-associated diseases, as well as in the aging process itself. The development of interventions to reduce oxidative stress is hampered by the absence of sensitive detection methods that can be used in live animals. We generated transgenic mice expressing ratiometric redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein (roGFP) in the cytosol or mitochondria of several tissues, including skin epidermal keratinocytes. Crossbreeding into hairless albino mice allowed noninvasive optical measurement of skin oxidative state. Topical application of hydrogen peroxide emulsion shifted the keratinocyte redox state toward oxidation within minutes and could be observed in real time by fluorescence ratio imaging. Exposing skin to 365 nm UVA radiation oxidized roGFP localized in keratinocyte mitochondria, but not when roGFP was localized in the cytosol. This suggests that significant amounts of the endogenous photosensitizers that mediate UVA-induced oxidative stress are located in the mitochondria. UVR is the major environmental cause of skin aging and UVA-mediated oxidative stress has been associated with the development of wrinkles in humans. Direct measurements of redox state in defined cell compartments of live animals should be a powerful and convenient tool for evaluating treatments that aim to modulate oxidative stress.
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