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Casella AC, Prolo C, Pereyra J, Ríos N, Piacenza L, Radi R, Álvarez MN. Superoxide, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite production by macrophages under different physiological oxygen tensions. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 212:330-335. [PMID: 38141888 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages count on two O2-consuming enzymes to form reactive radical species: NAPDH oxidase 2 (Nox2) and nitric oxide synthase 2 (inducible isoform, iNOS) that produce superoxide radical (O2•-) and nitric oxide (•NO), respectively. If formed simultaneously, the diffusion-controlled reaction of O2•- and •NO yields peroxynitrite, a potent cytotoxic oxidant. In human tissues and cells, the oxygen partial pressure (pO2) normally ranges within 2-14 %, with a typical average pO2 value for most tissues ca. 5 %. Given that O2 is a substrate for both Nox2 and iNOS, its tissue and cellular concentration can affect O2•- and •NO production. Also, O2 is a modulator of the macrophage adaptative response and may influence iNOS expression in a hypoxia inducible factor 1-α (HIF1α-)-dependent manner. However, most of the reported experiments in cellula, analyzing the formation and effects of O2•- and •NO during macrophage activation and cytotoxicity towards pathogens, have been performed in cells exposed to atmospheric air supplemented with 5 % CO2; under these conditions, most cells are exposed to supraphysiologic oxygen tensions (ca. 20 % O2) which are far from the physiological pO2. Here, the role of O2 as substrate in the oxidative response of J774A.1 macrophages was explored upon exposure to different pO2 and O2•- and •NO formation rates were measured, obtaining a KM of 26 and 42 μM O2 for Nox2 and iNOS, respectively. Consequently, peroxynitrite formation was influenced by pO2, reaching a maximum at ≥ 10 % O2, but even at levels as low as 2 % O2, a substantial formation rate of this oxidant was detected. Indeed, the cytotoxic capacity of immunostimulated macrophages against the intracellular parasite T. cruzi was significant, even at low pO2 values, confirming the role of peroxynitrite as a potent oxidizing cytotoxin within a wide range of physiological oxygen tensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Casella
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carolina Prolo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Josefina Pereyra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Ríos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucía Piacenza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - María Noel Álvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Educación Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Chettouh-Hammas N, Fasani F, Boileau A, Gosset D, Busco G, Grillon C. Improvement of Antioxidant Defences in Keratinocytes Grown in Physioxia: Comparison of 2D and 3D Models. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2023; 2023:6829931. [PMID: 37360501 PMCID: PMC10290565 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6829931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Keratinocytes prevent skin photoaging by ensuring the defence against oxidative stress, an excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). They are localized within the epidermis where the oxygen level (1-3% O2), named physioxia, is low compared to other organs. Oxygen is essential for life but also generates ROS. Most of the in vitro studies on keratinocyte antioxidant capacities are performed under atmospheric oxygen, named normoxia, which is very far from the physiological microenvironment, thus submitting cells to an overoxygenation. The present study is aimed at investigating the antioxidant status of keratinocyte grown under physioxia in both 2D and 3D models. First, we show that the basal antioxidant profiles of keratinocytes display important differences when comparing the HaCaT cell line, primary keratinocytes (NHEK), reconstructed epidermis (RHE), and skin explants. Physioxia was shown to promote a strong proliferation of keratinocytes in monolayers and in RHE, resulting in a thinner epidermis likely due to a slowdown in cell differentiation. Interestingly, cells in physioxia exhibited a lower ROS production upon stress, suggesting a better protection against oxidative stress. To understand this effect, we studied the antioxidant enzymes and reported a lower or equivalent level of mRNA for all enzymes in physioxia conditions compared to normoxia, but a higher activity for catalase and superoxide dismutases, whatever the culture model. The unchanged catalase amount, in NHEK and RHE, suggests an overactivation of the enzyme in physioxia, whereas the higher amount of SOD2 can explain the strong activity. Taken together, our results demonstrate the role of oxygen in the regulation of the antioxidant defences in keratinocytes, topic of particular importance for studying skin aging. Additionally, the present work points out the interest of the choice of both the keratinocyte culture model and the oxygen level to be as close as possible to the in situ skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadira Chettouh-Hammas
- Center for Molecular Biophysics UPR4301 CNRS, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Fabienne Fasani
- Center for Molecular Biophysics UPR4301 CNRS, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Amandine Boileau
- Center for Molecular Biophysics UPR4301 CNRS, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - David Gosset
- Center for Molecular Biophysics UPR4301 CNRS, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Giovanni Busco
- Center for Molecular Biophysics UPR4301 CNRS, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Catherine Grillon
- Center for Molecular Biophysics UPR4301 CNRS, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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Yang F, Smith MJ, Griffiths A, Morrell A, Chapple SJ, Siow RCM, Stewart T, Maret W, Mann GE. Vascular protection afforded by zinc supplementation in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells mediated by NRF2 signaling under hypoxia/reoxygenation. Redox Biol 2023; 64:102777. [PMID: 37315344 PMCID: PMC10363453 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative actions, with Zn dysregulation associated with coronary ischemia/reperfusion injury and smooth muscle cell dysfunction. As the majority of studies concerning Zn have been conducted under non-physiological hyperoxic conditions, we compare the effects of Zn chelation or supplementation on total intracellular Zn content, antioxidant NRF2 targeted gene transcription and hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced reactive oxygen species generation in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMC) pre-adapted to hyperoxia (18 kPa O2) or normoxia (5 kPa O2). Expression of the smooth muscle marker SM22-α was unaffected by lowering pericellular O2, whereas calponin-1 was significantly upregulated in cells under 5 kPa O2, indicating a more physiological contractile phenotype under 5 kPa O2. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry established that Zn supplementation (10 μM ZnCl2 + 0.5 μM pyrithione) significantly increased total Zn content in HCASMC under 18 but not 5 kPa O2. Zn supplementation increased metallothionein mRNA expression and NRF2 nuclear accumulation in cells under 18 or 5 kPa O2. Notably, NRF2 regulated HO-1 and NQO1 mRNA expression in response to Zn supplementation was only upregulated in cells under 18 but not 5 kPa. Furthermore, whilst hypoxia increased intracellular glutathione (GSH) in cells pre-adapted to 18 but not 5 kPa O2, reoxygenation had negligible effects on GSH or total Zn content. Reoxygenation-induced superoxide generation in cells under 18 kPa O2 was abrogated by PEG-superoxide dismutase but not by PEG-catalase, and Zn supplementation, but not Zn chelation, attenuated reoxygenation-induced superoxide generation in cells under 18 but not 5kPaO2, consistent with a lower redox stress under physiological normoxia. Our findings highlight that culture of HCASMC under physiological normoxia recapitulates an in vivo contractile phenotype and that effects of Zn on NRF2 signaling are altered by oxygen tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Matthew J Smith
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Alexander Griffiths
- London Metallomics Facility, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Alexander Morrell
- London Metallomics Facility, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Sarah J Chapple
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Richard C M Siow
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Theodora Stewart
- Research Management & Innovation Directorate (RMID), King's College London, UK
| | - Wolfgang Maret
- Departments of Biochemistry and Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course & Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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Smith MJ, Yang F, Griffiths A, Morrell A, Chapple SJ, Siow RCM, Stewart T, Maret W, Mann GE. Redox and metal profiles in human coronary endothelial and smooth muscle cells under hyperoxia, physiological normoxia and hypoxia: Effects of NRF2 signaling on intracellular zinc. Redox Biol 2023; 62:102712. [PMID: 37116256 PMCID: PMC10165141 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an important component of cellular antioxidant defenses and dysregulation of zinc homeostasis is a risk factor for coronary heart disease and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Intracellular homeostasis of metals, such as zinc, iron and calcium are interrelated with cellular responses to oxidative stress. Most cells experience significantly lower oxygen levels in vivo (2-10 kPa O2) compared to standard in vitro cell culture (18kPa O2). We report the first evidence that total intracellular zinc content decreases significantly in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC), but not in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMC), after lowering of O2 levels from hyperoxia (18 kPa O2) to physiological normoxia (5 kPa O2) and hypoxia (1 kPa O2). This was paralleled by O2-dependent differences in redox phenotype based on measurements of glutathione, ATP and NRF2-targeted protein expression in HCAEC and HCASMC. NRF2-induced NQO1 expression was attenuated in both HCAEC and HCASMC under 5 kPa O2 compared to 18 kPa O2. Expression of the zinc efflux transporter ZnT1 increased in HCAEC under 5 kPa O2, whilst expression of the zinc-binding protein metallothionine (MT) decreased as O2 levels were lowered from 18 to 1 kPa O2. Negligible changes in ZnT1 and MT expression were observed in HCASMC. Silencing NRF2 transcription reduced total intracellular zinc under 18 kPa O2 in HCAEC with negligible changes in HCASMC, whilst NRF2 activation or overexpression increased zinc content in HCAEC, but not HCASMC, under 5 kPa O2. This study has identified cell type specific changes in the redox phenotype and metal profile in human coronary artery cells under physiological O2 levels. Our findings provide novel insights into the effect of NRF2 signaling on Zn content and may inform targeted therapies for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Smith
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Fan Yang
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Alexander Griffiths
- London Metallomics Facility, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Alexander Morrell
- London Metallomics Facility, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Sarah J Chapple
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Richard C M Siow
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Theodora Stewart
- Research Management & Innovation Directorate (RMID), King's College London, UK
| | - Wolfgang Maret
- Departments of Biochemistry and Nutritional Sciences, School of Life Course & Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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Luo H, Sun Y, Wang L, Zhao R, James B. Cellular proteomic profiling of esophageal epithelial cells cultured under physioxia or normoxia reveals high correlation of radiation response. Radiation Medicine and Protection 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
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Moran-Alvarez A, Gonzalez-Menendez P, Mayo JC, Sainz RM. Reflections on the Biology of Cell Culture Models: Living on the Edge of Oxidative Metabolism in Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24. [PMID: 36769044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the study of cell metabolism is a hot topic in cancer research. Many studies have used 2D conventional cell cultures for their simplicity and the facility to infer mechanisms. However, the limitations of bidimensional cell cultures to recreate architecture, mechanics, and cell communication between tumor cells and their environment, have forced the development of other more realistic in vitro methodologies. Therefore, the explosion of 3D culture techniques and the necessity to reduce animal experimentation to a minimum has attracted the attention of researchers in the field of cancer metabolism. Here, we revise the limitations of actual culture models and discuss the utility of several 3D culture techniques to resolve those limitations.
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Adebayo AK, Nakshatri H. Modeling Preclinical Cancer Studies under Physioxia to Enhance Clinical Translation. Cancer Res 2022; 82:4313-4321. [PMID: 36169928 PMCID: PMC9722631 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-2311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen (O2) plays a key role in cellular homeostasis. O2 levels are tightly regulated in vivo such that each tissue receives an optimal amount to maintain physiologic status. Physiologic O2 levels in various organs range between 2% and 9% in vivo, with the highest levels of 9% in the kidneys and the lowest of 0.5% in parts of the brain. This physiologic range of O2 tensions is disrupted in pathologic conditions such as cancer, where it can reach as low as 0.5%. Regardless of the state, O2 tension in vivo is maintained at significantly lower levels than ambient O2, which is approximately 21%. Yet, routine in vitro cellular manipulations are carried out in ambient air, regardless of whether or not they are eventually transferred to hypoxic conditions for subsequent studies. Even brief exposure of hematopoietic stem cells to ambient air can cause detrimental effects through a mechanism termed extraphysiologic oxygen shock/stress (EPHOSS), leading to reduced engraftment capabilities. Here, we provide an overview of the effects of ambient air exposure on stem and non-stem cell subtypes, with a focus on recent findings that reveal the impact of EPHOSS on cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adedeji K. Adebayo
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Harikrishna Nakshatri
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Alva R, Moradi F, Liang P, Stuart JA. Culture of Cancer Cells at Physiological Oxygen Levels Affects Gene Expression in a Cell-Type Specific Manner. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1684. [PMID: 36421698 PMCID: PMC9688152 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Standard cell culture is routinely performed at supraphysiological oxygen levels (~18% O2). Conversely, O2 levels in most mammalian tissues range from 1-6% (physioxia). Such hyperoxic conditions in cell culture can alter reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, metabolism, mitochondrial networks, and response to drugs and hormones. The aim of this study was to investigate the transcriptional response to different O2 levels and determine whether it is similar across cell lines, or cell line-specific. Using RNA-seq, we performed differential gene expression and functional enrichment analyses in four human cancer cell lines, LNCaP, Huh-7, PC-3, and SH-SY5Y cultured at either 5% or 18% O2 for 14 days. We found that O2 levels affected transcript abundance of thousands of genes, with the affected genes having little overlap between cell lines. Functional enrichment analysis also revealed different processes and pathways being affected by O2 in each cell line. Interestingly, most of the top differentially expressed genes are involved in cancer biology, which highlights the importance of O2 levels in cancer cell research. Further, we observed several hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) targets, HIF-2α targets particularly, upregulated at 5% O2, consistent with a role for HIFs in physioxia. O2 levels also differentially induced the transcription of mitochondria-encoded genes in most cell lines. Finally, by comparing our transcriptomic data from LNCaP and PC-3 with datasets from the Prostate Cancer Transcriptome Atlas, a correlation between genes upregulated at 5% O2 in LNCaP cells and the in vivo prostate cancer transcriptome was found. We conclude that the transcriptional response to O2 over the range from 5-18% is robust and highly cell-type specific. This latter finding indicates that the effects of O2 levels are difficult to predict and thus highlights the importance of regulating O2 in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Alva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Fereshteh Moradi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
- Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A. Stuart
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
- Centre for Biotechnology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Sies H, Belousov VV, Chandel NS, Davies MJ, Jones DP, Mann GE, Murphy MP, Yamamoto M, Winterbourn C. Defining roles of specific reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell biology and physiology. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:499-515. [PMID: 35190722 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 202.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
'Reactive oxygen species' (ROS) is a generic term that defines a wide variety of oxidant molecules with vastly different properties and biological functions that range from signalling to causing cell damage. Consequently, the description of oxidants needs to be chemically precise to translate research on their biological effects into therapeutic benefit in redox medicine. This Expert Recommendation article pinpoints key issues associated with identifying the physiological roles of oxidants, focusing on H2O2 and O2.-. The generic term ROS should not be used to describe specific molecular agents. We also advocate for greater precision in measurement of H2O2, O2.- and other oxidants, along with more specific identification of their signalling targets. Future work should also consider inter-organellar communication and the interactions of redox-sensitive signalling targets within organs and whole organisms, including the contribution of environmental exposures. To achieve these goals, development of tools that enable site-specific and real-time detection and quantification of individual oxidants in cells and model organisms are needed. We also stress that physiological O2 levels should be maintained in cell culture to better mimic in vivo redox reactions associated with specific cell types. Use of precise definitions and analytical tools will help harmonize research among the many scientific disciplines working on the common goal of understanding redox biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Sies
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Vsevolod V Belousov
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Christine Winterbourn
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Ferreri C, Sansone A, Krokidis MG, Masi A, Pascucci B, D’Errico M, Chatgilialoglu C. Effects of Oxygen Tension for Membrane Lipidome Remodeling of Cockayne Syndrome Cell Models. Cells 2022; 11:1286. [PMID: 35455966 PMCID: PMC9032135 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is important for lipid metabolism, being involved in both enzymatic transformations and oxidative reactivity, and is particularly influent when genetic diseases impair the repair machinery of the cells, such as described for Cockayne syndrome (CS). We used two cellular models of transformed fibroblasts defective for CSA and CSB genes and their normal counterparts, grown for 24 h under various oxygen tensions (hyperoxic 21%, physioxic 5% and hypoxic 1%) to examine the fatty acid-based membrane remodeling by GC analysis of fatty acid methyl esters derived from membrane phospholipids. Overall, we first distinguished differences due to oxygen tensions: (a) hyperoxia induced a general boost of desaturase enzymatic activity in both normal and defective CSA and CSB cell lines, increasing monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) did not undergo oxidative consumption; (b) hypoxia slowed down desaturase activities, mostly in CSA cell lines and defective CSB, causing saturated fatty acids (SFA) to increase, whereas PUFA levels diminished, suggesting their involvement in hypoxia-related signaling. CSB-deprived cells are the most sensitive to oxidation and CSA-deprived cells are the most sensitive to the radical-based formation of trans fatty acids (TFA). The results point to the need to finely differentiate biological targets connected to genetic impairments and, consequently, suggest the better definition of cell protection and treatments through accurate molecular profiling that includes membrane lipidomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ferreri
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (C.F.); (A.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Anna Sansone
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (C.F.); (A.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Marios G. Krokidis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, N.C.S.R. “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens 15310, Greece;
| | - Annalisa Masi
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (C.F.); (A.S.); (A.M.)
- Institute of Crystallography, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo Stazione, 00015 Rome, Italy;
| | - Barbara Pascucci
- Institute of Crystallography, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo Stazione, 00015 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mariarosaria D’Errico
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (C.F.); (A.S.); (A.M.)
- Center for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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11
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Gao Y, Ji Y, Wang F, Li W, Zhang X, Niu Z, Wang Z. Optimization the extraction of anthocyanins from blueberry residue by dual-aqueous phase method and cell damage protection study. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:1709-19. [PMID: 34925945 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-00994-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Blueberry residue is usually discarded as waste, but has a high anthocyanins content. The extraction method of anthocyanins from blueberry residue with ultrasonic assisted dual-aqueous phase system was optimized. In terms of the principle of central group and design (CCD) experimental design, three-factor and five-level response surface analysis was adopted to optimize the extraction conditions with the extraction rate of anthocyanins. The optimum extraction rate of anthocyanin was 12.372 ± 0.078 mg/g. Anthocyanin extract could protect the pBR322 DNA oxidative damage induced by Fenton reagent, increase the superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzyme activities, and decrease the H2O2-induced cell apoptosis of human normal liver cell (LO2 cell). The study indicates that the extraction rate of anthocyanin was increased by optimized ultrasonic assisted dual-aqueous phase system. The anthocyanin extract could protect DNA and LO2 cell from oxidative damage.
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12
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Tong Y, Cheng LQ, Li X, Yu XP, Shu RH, Zhang JH, Meng Q, Qin QL, Tang K, Xu JX, Zhang H. Establishment of an immortalized cell line derived from the pupal ovary of Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and identification of the cell source. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:661-77. [PMID: 34599689 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Determining the source of primary cells is conductive to enriching sufficient cells with immortal potential thereby improving the success rate of establishing cell lines. However, most of the existing insect cell lines are established by mixing and fragmentation of explants. At present, the origin of cell lines can only be determined according to the cultured tissues, so it is impossible to determine which cell types they come from. In this study, a new cell line designated IOZCAS-Myse-1 was generated from pupal ovaries of the migratory pest Mythimna separata by explant tissues to derive adherent cultures. This paper mainly shows the further descriptive information on the origin of primary cells in the process of ovarian tissue isolation and culture. Phospho-histone H3 antibody-labeled cells with mitotic activity showed that the rapidly developing somatic cells in vivo gradually stopped proliferation when cultured ex vivo. The primary cells dissociated outside the tissue originated from the lumen cells, rather than the germ cells or the follicular epithelium cells. The results suggest that the newly established cell line IOZCAS-Myse-1 had two possible sources. One is the mutation of lumen cells in the vitellarium, and the other is the stem cells with differentiation potential in the germarium of the ovarioles. Moreover, the newly established cell line is sensitive to the infection of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus, responds to 20-hydroxyecdysone and has weak encapsulation ability. Therefore, the new cell line can be a useful platform for replication of viral insecticides, screening of hormone-based insecticides and immunology research.
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13
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Skovdahl HK, Gopalakrishnan S, Svendsen TD, Granlund AVB, Bakke I, Ginbot ZG, Thorsvik S, Flatberg A, Sporsheim B, Ostrop J, Mollnes TE, Sandvik AK, Bruland T. Patient Derived Colonoids as Drug Testing Platforms-Critical Importance of Oxygen Concentration. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:679741. [PMID: 34054553 PMCID: PMC8156408 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.679741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is challenging, with a series of available drugs each helping only a fraction of patients. Patients may face time-consuming drug trials while the disease is active, thus there is an unmet need for biomarkers and assays to predict drug effect. It is well known that the intestinal epithelium is an important factor in disease pathogenesis, exhibiting physical, biochemical and immunologic driven barrier dysfunctions. One promising test system to study effects of existing or emerging IBD treatments targeting intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is intestinal organoids (“mini-guts”). However, the fact that healthy intestinal epithelium is in a physiologically hypoxic state has largely been neglected, and studies with intestinal organoids are mainly performed at oxygen concentration of 20%. We hypothesized that lowering the incubator oxygen level from 20% to 2% would recapitulate better the in vivo physiological environment of colonic epithelial cells and enhance the translational value of intestinal organoids as a drug testing platform. In the present study we examine the effects of the key IBD cytokines and drug targets TNF/IL17 on human colonic organoids (colonoids) under atmospheric (20%) or reduced (2%) O2. We show that colonoids derived from both healthy controls and IBD-patients are viable and responsive to IBD-relevant cytokines at 2% oxygen. Because chemokine release is one of the important immunoregulatory traits of the epithelium that may be fine-tuned by IBD-drugs, we also examined chemokine expression and release at different oxygen concentrations. We show that chemokine responses to TNF/IL17 in organoids display similarities to inflamed epithelium in IBD-patients. However, inflammation-associated genes induced by TNF/IL17 were attenuated at low oxygen concentration. We detected substantial oxygen-dependent differences in gene expression in untreated as well as TNF/IL17 treated colonoids in all donors. Further, for some of the IBD-relevant cytokines differences between colonoids from healthy controls and IBD patients were more pronounced in 2% O2 than 20% O2. Our results strongly indicate that an oxygen concentration similar to the in vivo epithelial cell environment is of essence in experimental pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Kolstad Skovdahl
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Shreya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tarjei Dahl Svendsen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Atle van Beelen Granlund
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingunn Bakke
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Laboratory Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Zekarias G Ginbot
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Silje Thorsvik
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arnar Flatberg
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Central Administration, St Olavs Hospital, The University Hospital in Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Sporsheim
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Central Administration, St Olavs Hospital, The University Hospital in Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jenny Ostrop
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, Bodø, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arne Kristian Sandvik
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torunn Bruland
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Medicine, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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14
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Yang M, Dart C, Kamishima T, Quayle JM. Hypoxia and metabolic inhibitors alter the intracellular ATP:ADP ratio and membrane potential in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10344. [PMID: 33240653 PMCID: PMC7664465 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels couple cellular metabolism to excitability, making them ideal candidate sensors for hypoxic vasodilation. However, it is still unknown whether cellular nucleotide levels are affected sufficiently to activate vascular KATP channels during hypoxia. To address this fundamental issue, we measured changes in the intracellular ATP:ADP ratio using the biosensors Perceval/PercevalHR, and membrane potential using the fluorescent probe DiBAC4(3) in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMCs). ATP:ADP ratio was significantly reduced by exposure to hypoxia. Application of metabolic inhibitors for oxidative phosphorylation also reduced ATP:ADP ratio. Hyperpolarization caused by inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation was blocked by either 10 µM glibenclamide or 60 mM K+. Hyperpolarization caused by hypoxia was abolished by 60 mM K+ but not by individual K+ channel inhibitors. Taken together, these results suggest hypoxia causes hyperpolarization in part by modulating K+ channels in SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Caroline Dart
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tomoko Kamishima
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - John M Quayle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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15
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Warpsinski G, Smith MJ, Srivastava S, Keeley TP, Siow RCM, Fraser PA, Mann GE. Nrf2-regulated redox signaling in brain endothelial cells adapted to physiological oxygen levels: Consequences for sulforaphane mediated protection against hypoxia-reoxygenation. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101708. [PMID: 32949969 PMCID: PMC7502377 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is associated with a surge in reactive oxygen species generation during reperfusion. The narrow therapeutic window for the delivery of intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy limits therapeutic options for patients. Thus, understanding the mechanisms regulating neurovascular redox defenses are key for improved clinical translation. Our previous studies in a rodent model of ischemic stroke established that activation of Nrf2 defense enzymes by pretreatment with sulforaphane (SFN) affords protection against neurovascular and neurological deficits. We here further investigate SFN mediated protection in mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (bEnd.3) adapted long-term (5 days) to hyperoxic (18 kPa) and normoxic (5 kPa) O2 levels. Using an O2-sensitive phosphorescent nanoparticle probe, we measured an intracellular O2 level of 3.4 ± 0.1 kPa in bEnd 3 cells cultured under 5 kPa O2. Induction of HO-1 and GCLM by SFN (2.5 μM) was significantly attenuated in cells adapted to 5 kPa O2, despite nuclear accumulation of Nrf2. To simulate ischemic stroke, bEnd.3 cells were adapted to 18 or 5 kPa O2 and subjected to hypoxia (1 kPa O2, 1 h) and reoxygenation. In cells adapted to 18 kPa O2, reoxygenation induced free radical generation was abrogated by PEG-SOD and significantly attenuated by pretreatment with SFN (2.5 μM). Silencing Nrf2 transcription abrogated HO-1 and NQO1 induction and led to a significant increase in reoxygenation induced free radical generation. Notably, reoxygenation induced oxidative stress, assayed using the luminescence probe L-012 and fluorescence probes MitoSOX™ Red and FeRhoNox™-1, was diminished in cells cultured under 5 kPa O2, indicating an altered redox phenotype in brain microvascular cells adapted to physiological normoxia. As redox and other intracellular signaling pathways are critically affected by O2, the development of antioxidant therapies targeting the Keap1-Nrf2 defense pathway in treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury in stroke, coronary and renal disease will require in vitro studies conducted under well-defined O2 levels. Physiological normoxia alters the redox phenotype of murine microvascular brain endothelial cells. Intracellular GSH levels are lower in bEnd.3 cells adapted to 5 kPa versus 18 kPa O2. Nrf2 activated HO-1 and GCLM expression is attenuated under physiological normoxia. Sulforaphane protects against reoxygenation induced reactive oxygen species generation via Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Warpsinski
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Matthew J Smith
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Salil Srivastava
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Thomas P Keeley
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Richard C M Siow
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Paul A Fraser
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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16
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Krokidis MG, D’Errico M, Pascucci B, Parlanti E, Masi A, Ferreri C, Chatgilialoglu C. Oxygen-Dependent Accumulation of Purine DNA Lesions in Cockayne Syndrome Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071671. [PMID: 32664519 PMCID: PMC7407219 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cockayne Syndrome (CS) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative premature aging disorder associated with defects in nucleotide excision repair (NER). Cells from CS patients, with mutations in CSA or CSB genes, present elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are defective in the repair of a variety of oxidatively generated DNA lesions. In this study, six purine lesions were ascertained in wild type (wt) CSA, defective CSA, wtCSB and defective CSB-transformed fibroblasts under different oxygen tensions (hyperoxic 21%, physioxic 5% and hypoxic 1%). In particular, the four 5′,8-cyclopurine (cPu) and the two 8-oxo-purine (8-oxo-Pu) lesions were accurately quantified by LC-MS/MS analysis using isotopomeric internal standards after an enzymatic digestion procedure. cPu levels were found comparable to 8-oxo-Pu in all cases (3–6 lesions/106 nucleotides), slightly increasing on going from hyperoxia to physioxia to hypoxia. Moreover, higher levels of four cPu were observed under hypoxia in both CSA and CSB-defective cells as compared to normal counterparts, along with a significant enhancement of 8-oxo-Pu. These findings revealed that exposure to different oxygen tensions induced oxidative DNA damage in CS cells, repairable by NER or base excision repair (BER) pathways. In NER-defective CS patients, these results support the hypothesis that the clinical neurological features might be connected to the accumulation of cPu. Moreover, the elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria in CS cells is associated with a reduction in the oxidative DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios G. Krokidis
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (M.G.K.); (A.M.); (C.F.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, N.C.S.R. “Demokritos”, 15310 Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | - Mariarosaria D’Errico
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.D.); (B.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Barbara Pascucci
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.D.); (B.P.); (E.P.)
- Institute of Crystallography, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo Stazione, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Parlanti
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.D.); (B.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Annalisa Masi
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (M.G.K.); (A.M.); (C.F.)
- Institute of Crystallography, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo Stazione, 00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Ferreri
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (M.G.K.); (A.M.); (C.F.)
| | - Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (M.G.K.); (A.M.); (C.F.)
- Center for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-639-8309
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17
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Nury T, Doria M, Lizard G, Vejux A. Docosahexaenoic Acid Attenuates Mitochondrial Alterations and Oxidative Stress Leading to Cell Death Induced by Very Long-Chain Fatty Acids in a Mouse Oligodendrocyte Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020641. [PMID: 31963714 PMCID: PMC7014165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the case of neurodegenerative pathologies, the therapeutic arsenal available is often directed towards the consequences of the disease. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to evaluate the ability of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a molecule present in certain foods and considered to have health benefits, to inhibit the cytotoxic effects of very long-chain fatty acids (C24:0, C26:0), which can contribute to the development of some neurodegenerative diseases. The effect of DHA (50 µM) on very long-chain fatty acid-induced toxicity was studied by several complementary methods: phase contrast microscopy to evaluate cell viability and morphology, the MTT test to monitor the impact on mitochondrial function, propidium iodide staining to study plasma membrane integrity, and DHE staining to measure oxidative stress. A Western blot assay was used to assess autophagy through modification of LC3 protein. The various experiments were carried out on the cellular model of 158N murine oligodendrocytes. In 158N cells, our data establish that DHA is able to inhibit all tested cytotoxic effects induced by very long-chain fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anne Vejux
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-3-80-39-37-01; Fax: +33-3-80-39-62-50
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18
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Abstract
Introduction: Development of specific biomarkers aiding early diagnosis of heart failure is an ongoing challenge. Biomarkers commonly used in clinical routine usually act as readouts of an already existing acute condition rather than disease initiation. Functional decline of cardiac muscle is greatly aggravated by increased oxidative stress and damage of proteins. Oxidative post-translational modifications occur already at early stages of tissue damage and are thus regarded as potential up-coming disease markers. Areas covered: Clinical practice regarding commonly used biomarkers for heart disease is briefly summarized. The types of oxidative post-translational modification in cardiac pathologies are discussed with a special focus on available quantitative techniques and characteristics of individual modifications with regard to their stability and analytical accessibility. As irreversible oxidative modifications trigger protein degradation pathways or cause protein aggregation, both influencing biomarker abundance, a chapter is dedicated to their regulation in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Tomin
- Institute of Pathology, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria.,Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz , Graz , Austria.,Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology , Vienna , Austria
| | - Matthias Schittmayer
- Institute of Pathology, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria.,Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz , Graz , Austria.,Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology , Vienna , Austria
| | - Sophie Honeder
- Institute of Pathology, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria.,Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Christoph Heininger
- Institute of Pathology, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria.,Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Ruth Birner-Gruenberger
- Institute of Pathology, Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria.,Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz , Graz , Austria.,Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology , Vienna , Austria
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