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Corona Ramirez A, Bregnard D, Junier T, Cailleau G, Dorador C, Bindschedler S, Junier P. Assessment of fungal spores and spore-like diversity in environmental samples by targeted lysis. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:68. [PMID: 36918804 PMCID: PMC10015814 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02809-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
At particular stages during their life cycles, fungi use multiple strategies to form specialized structures to survive unfavorable environmental conditions. These strategies encompass sporulation, as well as cell-wall melanization, multicellular tissue formation or even dimorphism. The resulting structures are not only used to disperse to other environments, but also to survive long periods of time awaiting favorable growth conditions. As a result, these specialized fungal structures are part of the microbial seed bank, which is known to influence the microbial community composition and contribute to the maintenance of diversity. Despite the importance of the microbial seed bank in the environment, methods to study the diversity of fungal structures with improved resistance only target spores dispersing in the air, omitting the high diversity of these structures in terms of morphology and environmental distribution. In this study, we applied a separation method based on cell lysis to enrich lysis-resistant fungal structures (for instance, spores, sclerotia, melanized yeast) to obtain a proxy of the composition of the fungal seed bank. This approach was first evaluated in-vitro in selected species. The results obtained showed that DNA from fungal spores and from yeast was only obtained after the application of the enrichment method, while mycelium was always lysed. After validation, we compared the diversity of the total and lysis-resistant fractions in the polyextreme environment of the Salar de Huasco, a high-altitude athalassohaline wetland in the Chilean Altiplano. Environmental samples were collected from the salt flat and from microbial mats in small surrounding ponds. Both the lake sediments and microbial mats were dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, however, the diversity and composition of each environment differed at lower taxonomic ranks. Members of the phylum Chytridiomycota were enriched in the lysis-resistant fraction, while members of the phylum Rozellomycota were never detected in this fraction. Moreover, we show that the community composition of the lysis-resistant fraction reflects the diversity of life cycles and survival strategies developed by fungi in the environment. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that the fungal diversity is explored in the Salar de Huasco. In addition, the method presented here provides a simple and culture independent approach to assess the diversity of fungal lysis-resistant cells in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Corona Ramirez
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Danaé Bregnard
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Junier
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Vital-IT Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Cailleau
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Dorador
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Saskia Bindschedler
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Pilar Junier
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Culturable Diversity of Lichen-Associated Yeasts through Enrichment Strategies. ECOLOGIES 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/ecologies4010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Lichens are symbiotic partnerships between a filamentous fungus and a photosymbiotic “alga”. Studies show that lichens harbor endothallic fungi, but that some taxa have been difficult to isolate from the main filamentous thallus-forming fungus and other faster growing lichenicolous/endothallic fungi. Therefore, we aimed to develop and evaluate liquid yeast-enrichment strategies to (1) isolate lichen-associated yeasts in pure culture, and (2) determine the taxonomic placement and breadth of the diversity of culturable yeasts. Eighty-two lichen samples were collected and washed with distilled water, and healthy thalli were ground up and added to seven different yeast-enrichment broths. Yeast colonies were isolated in pure culture and identified using molecular techniques. Initial isolates were identified using BLASTn analysis, and a taxonomic refinement was completed using PhyML analysis. In total, 215 isolates were obtained. The most prevalently isolated ascomycetous yeasts were within the Dothideomycetes (Aureobasidium, Plowrightia, and Dothiora), while the most frequently isolated basidiomycetous yeasts belonged to the genera Curvibasidium, Sporobolomyces, and Tremella. The generic placements could not be determined for 17 isolates, and in total 25 novel species were recovered. The results of this research indicate that (1) lichen-associated yeasts are diverse, (2) employing liquid enrichment strategies is effective for isolating many of these, and (3) lichen thalli represent a valuable untapped reservoir of diverse and novel yeast species.
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Freire-Rallo S, Wedin M, Diederich P, Millanes AM. To explore strange new worlds - The diversification in Tremella caloplacae was linked to the adaptive radiation of the Teloschistaceae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 180:107680. [PMID: 36572164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lichenicolous fungi are a heterogeneous group of organisms that grow exclusively on lichens, forming obligate associations with them. It has often been assumed that cospeciation has occurred between lichens and lichenicolous fungi, but this has been seldom analysed from a macroevolutionary perspective. Many lichenicolous species are rare or are rarely observed, which results in frequent and large gaps in the knowledge of the diversity of many groups. This, in turn, hampers evolutionary studies that necessarily are based on a reasonable knowledge of this diversity. Tremella caloplacae is a heterobasidiomycete growing on various hosts from the lichen-forming family Teloschistaceae, and evidence suggests that it may represent a species complex. We combine an exhaustive sampling with molecular and ecological data to study species delimitation, cophylogenetic events and temporal concordance of this association. Tremella caloplacae is here shown to include at least six distinct host-specific lineages (=putative species). Host switch is the dominant and most plausible event influencing diversification and explaining the coupled evolutionary history in this system, although cospeciation cannot be discarded. Speciation in T. caloplacae would therefore have occurred coinciding with the rapid diversification - by an adaptive radiation starting in the late Cretaceous - of their hosts. New species in T. caloplacae would have developed as a result of specialization on diversifying lichen hosts that suddenly offered abundant new ecological niches to explore or adapt to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Freire-Rallo
- Rey Juan Carlos University/Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, E-28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Mats Wedin
- Swedish Museum of Natural History/Botany Dept., PO Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Paul Diederich
- Musée national d'histoire naturelle, 25 rue Munster, L-2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Ana M Millanes
- Rey Juan Carlos University/Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, E-28933 Móstoles, Spain
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4
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Fruticose Lichen Communities at the Edge: Distribution and Diversity in a Desert Sky Island on the Colorado Plateau. CONSERVATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/conservation2040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Subalpine habitats in sky islands in the Southwestern USA are currently facing large-scale transformations. Lichens have widely been used as bioindicators of environmental change. On the Colorado Plateau, fruticose lichens occur in patchy, disconnected populations, including unique lichen-draped conifer sites in subalpine forests in the La Sal Mountains in southeastern Utah. Here, we document the distribution and fungal diversity within these lichen communities. We find that lichen-draped conifer sites in the La Sal Mountains are restricted to only three known, small areas in Picea englemannii forests above 3000 m above sea level, two of which have recently been impacted by wildfire. We document 30 different species of lichen-forming fungi in these communities, several which represent the first reports from the Colorado Plateau. We also characterize mycobiont haplotype diversity for the fruticose lichens Evernia divaricata, Ramalina sinensis, and multiple Usnea species. We also report a range of diverse fungi associated with these lichens, including genetic clusters representing 22 orders spanning seven classes of Ascomycetes and fewer clusters representing Basidiomycetes. Our results provide a baseline for ongoing monitoring and help to raise awareness of unique lichen communities and other biodiversity in the region.
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The yeast lichenosphere: High diversity of basidiomycetes from the lichens Tephromela atra and Rhizoplaca melanophthalma. Fungal Biol 2022; 126:587-608. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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A comparative genomic analysis of lichen-forming fungi reveals new insights into fungal lifestyles. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10724. [PMID: 35750715 PMCID: PMC9232553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14340-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichen-forming fungi are mutualistic symbionts of green algae or cyanobacteria. We report the comparative analysis of six genomes of lichen-forming fungi in classes Eurotiomycetes and Lecanoromycetes to identify genomic information related to their symbiotic lifestyle. The lichen-forming fungi exhibited genome reduction via the loss of dispensable genes encoding plant-cell-wall-degrading enzymes, sugar transporters, and transcription factors. The loss of these genes reflects the symbiotic biology of lichens, such as the absence of pectin in the algal cell wall and obtaining specific sugars from photosynthetic partners. The lichens also gained many lineage- and species-specific genes, including those encoding small secreted proteins. These genes are primarily induced during the early stage of lichen symbiosis, indicating their significant roles in the establishment of lichen symbiosis.Our findings provide comprehensive genomic information for six lichen-forming fungi and novel insights into lichen biology and the evolution of symbiosis.
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Cao B, Haelewaters D, Schoutteten N, Begerow D, Boekhout T, Giachini AJ, Gorjón SP, Gunde-Cimerman N, Hyde KD, Kemler M, Li GJ, Liu DM, Liu XZ, Nuytinck J, Papp V, Savchenko A, Savchenko K, Tedersoo L, Theelen B, Thines M, Tomšovský M, Toome-Heller M, Urón JP, Verbeken A, Vizzini A, Yurkov AM, Zamora JC, Zhao RL. Delimiting species in Basidiomycota: a review. FUNGAL DIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-021-00479-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Grimm M, Grube M, Schiefelbein U, Zühlke D, Bernhardt J, Riedel K. The Lichens' Microbiota, Still a Mystery? Front Microbiol 2021; 12:623839. [PMID: 33859626 PMCID: PMC8042158 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.623839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lichens represent self-supporting symbioses, which occur in a wide range of terrestrial habitats and which contribute significantly to mineral cycling and energy flow at a global scale. Lichens usually grow much slower than higher plants. Nevertheless, lichens can contribute substantially to biomass production. This review focuses on the lichen symbiosis in general and especially on the model species Lobaria pulmonaria L. Hoffm., which is a large foliose lichen that occurs worldwide on tree trunks in undisturbed forests with long ecological continuity. In comparison to many other lichens, L. pulmonaria is less tolerant to desiccation and highly sensitive to air pollution. The name-giving mycobiont (belonging to the Ascomycota), provides a protective layer covering a layer of the green-algal photobiont (Dictyochloropsis reticulata) and interspersed cyanobacterial cell clusters (Nostoc spec.). Recently performed metaproteome analyses confirm the partition of functions in lichen partnerships. The ample functional diversity of the mycobiont contrasts the predominant function of the photobiont in production (and secretion) of energy-rich carbohydrates, and the cyanobiont's contribution by nitrogen fixation. In addition, high throughput and state-of-the-art metagenomics and community fingerprinting, metatranscriptomics, and MS-based metaproteomics identify the bacterial community present on L. pulmonaria as a surprisingly abundant and structurally integrated element of the lichen symbiosis. Comparative metaproteome analyses of lichens from different sampling sites suggest the presence of a relatively stable core microbiome and a sampling site-specific portion of the microbiome. Moreover, these studies indicate how the microbiota may contribute to the symbiotic system, to improve its health, growth and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grimm
- Institute of Microbiology, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Grube
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Daniela Zühlke
- Institute of Microbiology, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jörg Bernhardt
- Institute of Microbiology, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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10
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Tagirdzhanova G, Saary P, Tingley JP, Díaz-Escandón D, Abbott DW, Finn RD, Spribille T. Predicted Input of Uncultured Fungal Symbionts to a Lichen Symbiosis from Metagenome-Assembled Genomes. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6163286. [PMID: 33693712 PMCID: PMC8355462 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Basidiomycete yeasts have recently been reported as stably associated secondary
fungal symbionts of many lichens, but their role in the symbiosis remains
unknown. Attempts to sequence their genomes have been hampered both by the
inability to culture them and their low abundance in the lichen thallus
alongside two dominant eukaryotes (an ascomycete fungus and chlorophyte alga).
Using the lichen Alectoria sarmentosa, we selectively dissolved
the cortex layer in which secondary fungal symbionts are embedded to enrich
yeast cell abundance and sequenced DNA from the resulting slurries as well as
bulk lichen thallus. In addition to yielding a near-complete genome of the
filamentous ascomycete using both methods, metagenomes from cortex slurries
yielded a 36- to 84-fold increase in coverage and near-complete genomes for two
basidiomycete species, members of the classes Cystobasidiomycetes and
Tremellomycetes. The ascomycete possesses the largest gene repertoire of the
three. It is enriched in proteases often associated with pathogenicity and
harbors the majority of predicted secondary metabolite clusters. The
basidiomycete genomes possess ∼35% fewer predicted genes than the
ascomycete and have reduced secretomes even compared with close relatives, while
exhibiting signs of nutrient limitation and scavenging. Furthermore, both
basidiomycetes are enriched in genes coding for enzymes producing secreted
acidic polysaccharides, representing a potential contribution to the shared
extracellular matrix. All three fungi retain genes involved in dimorphic
switching, despite the ascomycete not being known to possess a yeast stage. The
basidiomycete genomes are an important new resource for exploration of lifestyle
and function in fungal–fungal interactions in lichen symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulnara Tagirdzhanova
- Department of Biological Sciences CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul Saary
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey P Tingley
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Díaz-Escandón
- Department of Biological Sciences CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert D Finn
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Toby Spribille
- Department of Biological Sciences CW405, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Metagenomic data reveal diverse fungal and algal communities associated with the lichen symbiosis. Symbiosis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-020-00699-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Abstract
This article is a Commentary on Mark et al. (2020), 227: 1362–1375.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Hawksworth
- Royal Botanic Gardens KewRichmondSurreyTW9 3AEUK
- Natural History MuseumCromwell RoadLondonSW7 5BDUK
- University of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Martin Grube
- Institute of BiologyUniversity of GrazHolteigasse 68010GrazAustria
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13
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Mark K, Laanisto L, Bueno CG, Niinemets Ü, Keller C, Scheidegger C. Contrasting co-occurrence patterns of photobiont and cystobasidiomycete yeast associated with common epiphytic lichen species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1362-1375. [PMID: 32034954 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The popular dual definition of lichen symbiosis is under question with recent findings of additional microbial partners living within the lichen body. Here we compare the distribution and co-occurrence patterns of lichen photobiont and recently described secondary fungus (Cyphobasidiales yeast) to evaluate their dependency on lichen host fungus (mycobiont). We sequenced the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) strands for mycobiont, photobiont, and yeast from six widespread northern hemisphere epiphytic lichen species collected from 25 sites in Switzerland and Estonia. Interaction network analyses and multivariate analyses were conducted on operational taxonomic units based on ITS sequence data. Our study demonstrates the frequent presence of cystobasidiomycete yeasts in studied lichens and shows that they are much less mycobiont-specific than the photobionts. Individuals of different lichen species growing on the same tree trunk consistently hosted the same or closely related mycobiont-specific Trebouxia lineage over geographic distances while the cystobasidiomycete yeasts were unevenly distributed over the study area - contrasting communities were found between Estonia and Switzerland. These results contradict previous findings of high mycobiont species specificity of Cyphobasidiales yeast at large geographic scales. Our results suggest that the yeast might not be as intimately associated with the symbiosis as is the photobiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Mark
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu, 51006, Estonia
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Lauri Laanisto
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu, 51006, Estonia
| | - C Guillermo Bueno
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu, 51006, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, Tallinn, 10130, Estonia
| | - Christine Keller
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Scheidegger
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
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Nelsen MP, Lücking R, Boyce CK, Lumbsch HT, Ree RH. The macroevolutionary dynamics of symbiotic and phenotypic diversification in lichens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:21495-21503. [PMID: 32796103 PMCID: PMC7474681 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001913117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbioses are evolutionarily pervasive and play fundamental roles in structuring ecosystems, yet our understanding of their macroevolutionary origins, persistence, and consequences is incomplete. We traced the macroevolutionary history of symbiotic and phenotypic diversification in an iconic symbiosis, lichens. By inferring the most comprehensive time-scaled phylogeny of lichen-forming fungi (LFF) to date (over 3,300 species), we identified shifts among symbiont classes that broadly coincided with the convergent evolution of phylogenetically or functionally similar associations in diverse lineages (plants, fungi, bacteria). While a relatively recent loss of lichenization in Lecanoromycetes was previously identified, our work instead suggests lichenization was abandoned far earlier, interrupting what had previously been considered a direct switch between trebouxiophycean and trentepohlialean algal symbionts. Consequently, some of the most diverse clades of LFF are instead derived from nonlichenized ancestors and re-evolved lichenization with Trentepohliales algae, a clade that also facilitated lichenization in unrelated lineages of LFF. Furthermore, while symbiont identity and symbiotic phenotype influence the ecology and physiology of lichens, they are not correlated with rates of lineage birth and death, suggesting more complex dynamics underly lichen diversification. Finally, diversification patterns of LFF differed from those of wood-rotting and ectomycorrhizal taxa, likely reflecting contrasts in their fundamental biological properties. Together, our work provides a timeline for the ecological contributions of lichens, and reshapes our understanding of symbiotic persistence in a classic model of symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Nelsen
- Department of Science and Education, Negaunee Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605;
| | - Robert Lücking
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Kevin Boyce
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - H Thorsten Lumbsch
- Department of Science and Education, Negaunee Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605
| | - Richard H Ree
- Department of Science and Education, Negaunee Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605
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Li AH, Yuan FX, Groenewald M, Bensch K, Yurkov AM, Li K, Han PJ, Guo LD, Aime MC, Sampaio JP, Jindamorakot S, Turchetti B, Inacio J, Fungsin B, Wang QM, Bai FY. Diversity and phylogeny of basidiomycetous yeasts from plant leaves and soil: Proposal of two new orders, three new families, eight new genera and one hundred and seven new species. Stud Mycol 2020; 96:17-140. [PMID: 32206137 PMCID: PMC7082220 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 500 basidiomycetous yeast species were accepted in the latest edition of The Yeasts: A Taxonomic Study published in 2011. However, this number presents only the tip of the iceberg of yeast species diversity in nature. Possibly more than 99 % of yeast species, as is true for many groups of fungi, are yet unknown and await discovery. Over the past two decades nearly 200 unidentified isolates were obtained during a series of environmental surveys of yeasts in phyllosphere and soils, mainly from China. Among these isolates, 107 new species were identified based on the phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) [D1/D2 domains of the large subunit (LSU), the small subunit (SSU), and the internal transcribed spacer region including the 5.8S rDNA (ITS)] and protein-coding genes [both subunits of DNA polymerase II (RPB1 and RPB2), the translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) and the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b (CYTB)], and physiological comparisons. Forty-six of these belong to 16 genera in the Tremellomycetes (Agaricomycotina). The other 61 are distributed in 26 genera in the Pucciniomycotina. Here we circumscribe eight new genera, three new families and two new orders based on the multi-locus phylogenetic analyses combined with the clustering optimisation analysis and the predicted similarity thresholds for yeasts and filamentous fungal delimitation at genus and higher ranks. Additionally, as a result of these analyses, three new combinations are proposed and 66 taxa are validated.
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Key Words
- Apiotrichum xylopini S.O. Suh, C.F. Lee, Gujjari & J.J. Zhou ex Kachalkin, Yurkov & Boekhout
- Bannozyma arctica Vishniac & M. Takash. ex Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Basidiomycetous yeasts
- Begerowomyces Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai
- Begerowomyces foliicola Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Bensingtonia pseudorectispora Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Bensingtonia wuzhishanensis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Boekhoutia Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai
- Boekhoutia sterigmata Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Bulleribasidium cremeum Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Bulleribasidium elongatum Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Bulleribasidium panici Fungsin, M. Takash. & Nakase ex Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bulleribasidium phyllophilum Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Bulleribasidium phyllostachydis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Bulleribasidium pseudopanici Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Bulleribasidium siamense Fungsin, M. Takash. & Nakase ex Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Boekhout & Nakase
- Carcinomyces arundinariae Fungsin, M. Takash. & Nakase ex Yurkov
- Carlosrosaea foliicola Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Carlosrosaea simaoensis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Chrysozyma cylindrica Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Chrysozyma flava Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Chrysozyma fusiformis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Chrysozyma iridis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Chrysozyma pseudogriseoflava Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Chrysozyma rhododendri Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Chrysozyma sambuci Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Chrysozyma sorbariae Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Colacogloea aletridis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Colacogloea hydrangeae Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Colacogloea rhododendri Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Colacogloea subericola (Belloch, Villa-Carv., Á;lv.-Rodríg. & Coque) Q.M. Wang, & F.Y. Bai
- Cystobasidium alpinum Turchetti, Selbmann, Onofri & Buzzini
- Cystobasidium portillonense Laich, Vaca & R. Chávez ex Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cystobasidium raffinophilum Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Cystobasidium terricola Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Derxomyces bifurcus Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Derxomyces cylindricus F.Y. Bai, Q.M. Wang & M. Takash. ex F.Y. Bai & Q.M. Wang
- Derxomyces elongatus Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Derxomyces hubeiensis F.Y. Bai, Q.M. Wang & M. Takash. ex F.Y. Bai & Q.M. Wang
- Derxomyces longicylindricus Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Derxomyces longiovatus Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Derxomyces melastomatis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Derxomyces nakasei F.Y. Bai, Q.M. Wang & M. Takash. ex F.Y. Bai & Q.M. Wang
- Derxomyces napiformis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Derxomyces ovatus Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Derxomyces polymorphus Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Derxomyces pseudoboekhoutii Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Derxomyces pseudoyunnanensis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Derxomyces taiwanicus Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Derxomyces xingshanicus Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Dioszegia heilongjiangensis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Dioszegia kandeliae Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, L.D. Guo & A.H. Li
- Dioszegia maotaiensis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Dioszegia milinica Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Dioszegia ovata Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Dioszegia zsoltii F.Y. Bai, M. Takash. & Nakase
- F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Filobasidium dingjieense Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Filobasidium globosum Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Filobasidium mali Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Filobasidium mucilaginum Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Genolevuria bromeliarum Landell & P. Valente ex Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Genolevuria pseudoamylolytica Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Glaciozyma Turchetti, Connell, Thomas-Hall & Boekhout ex M. Groenew. & Q.M. Wang
- Glaciozyma antarctica (Fell, Statzell, I.L. Hunter & Phaff) M. Groenew. & Q.M. Wang
- Glaciozyma martinii Turchetti, Connell, Thomas-Hall & Boekhout
- Glaciozyma watsonii Turchetti, Connell, Thomas-Hall & Boekhout
- Heitmania cylindrica Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Heitmania tridentata Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Heitmaniaceae Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai
- Heitmaniales Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai
- Holtermannia saccardoi Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Jianyuniaceae Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai
- Kockovaella haikouensis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Kockovaella ischaemi Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Kockovaella mexicana Lopandić, O. Molnár & Prillinger ex Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Kockovaella nitrophila Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Kondoa arboricola Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Kondoa chamaenerii Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Kondoa cylindrica Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Kondoa daliangziensis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Kondoa foliicola Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Kondoa lulangica Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Kondoa myxariophila Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Kondoa rhododendri Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Kondoa ribitophobia Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Kondoa thailandica Fungsin, Hamam. & Nakase ex Q.M. Wang, M. Groenew., F.Y. Bai & Boekhout
- Kwoniella newhampshirensis K. Sylvester, Q.M. Wang & C.T. Hittinger
- Kwoniella ovata Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Kwoniella shandongensis R. Chen, Y.M. Jiang & S.C. Wei ex M. Groenew. & Q.M. Wang
- Leucosporidium creatinivorum (Golubev) M. Groenew. & Q.M. Wang
- Leucosporidium fragarium (J.A. Barnett & Buhagiar) M. Groenew. & Q.M. Wang
- Leucosporidium intermedium (Nakase & M. Suzuki) M. Groenew. & Q.M. Wang
- Leucosporidium muscorum (Di Menna) M. Groenew. & Q.M. Wang
- Leucosporidium yakuticum (Golubev) M. Groenew. & Q.M. Wang
- Meniscomyces Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai
- Meniscomyces layueensis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Microbotryozyma swertiae Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Microsporomyces ellipsoideus Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Microsporomyces pseudomagnisporus Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Microsporomyces rubellus Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Molecular phylogeny
- Naganishia onofrii Turchetti, Selbmann & Zucconi ex Yurkov
- Naganishia vaughanmartiniae Turchetti, Blanchette & Arenz ex Yurkov
- Nielozyma Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nielozyma formosana Nakase, Tsuzuki, F.L. Lee & M. Takash. ex Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nielozyma melastomatis Nakase, Tsuzuki, F.L. Lee & M. Takash. ex Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Oberwinklerozyma dicranopteridis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Oberwinklerozyma nepetae Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Oberwinklerozyma silvestris Golubev & Scorzetti ex Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Oberwinklerozyma straminea Golubev & Scorzetti ex Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Papiliotrema aspenensis (Ferreira-Paim, et al.) Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Papiliotrema baii Yurkov, M.A. Guerreiro & Á;. Fonseca ex Yurkov
- Papiliotrema frias V. de García, Zalar, Brizzio, Gunde-Cim. & Van Broock ex Yurkov
- Papiliotrema hoabinhensis D.T. Luong, M. Takash., Ty, Dung & Nakase ex Yurkov
- Papiliotrema japonica J.P. Samp., Fonseca & Fell ex Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Papiliotrema terrestris Crestani, Landell, Faganello, Vainstein, Vishniac & P. Valente ex Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Papiliotrema wisconsinensis K. Sylvester, Q.M. Wang & Hittinger ex Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Phaeotremella lactea Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Phaeotremella ovata Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Phaffia aurantiaca Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Phyllozyma aceris Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Phyllozyma jiayinensis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Piskurozyma fildesensis T.T. Zhang & Li Y. Yu ex Yurkov
- Piskurozyma taiwanensis Nakase, Tsuzuki & M. Takash. ex Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pseudobensingtonia fusiformis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Pseudohyphozyma hydrangeae Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Pseudohyphozyma lulangensis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Pseudoleucosporidium V. de García, et al. ex M. Groenew. & Q.M. Wang
- Pseudoleucosporidium fasciculatum (Babeva & Lisichk.) M. Groenew. & Q.M. Wang
- Pseudosterigmatospora Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai
- Pseudosterigmatospora motuoensis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Pseudotremella lacticolour Satoh & Makimura ex Yurkov
- Rhodosporidiobolus fuzhouensis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Rhodosporidiobolus jianfalingensis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Rhodosporidiobolus platycladi Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Rhynchogastrema complexa (Landell, et al.) Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & Yurkov
- Rhynchogastrema fermentans (C.F. Lee) Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & Yurkov
- Rhynchogastrema glucofermentans (S.O. Suh & M. Blackw.) Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & Yurkov
- Rhynchogastrema nanyangensis F.L. Hui & Q.H. Niu ex Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & Yurkov
- Rhynchogastrema tunnelae (Boekhout, Fell, Scorzetti & Theelen) Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & Yurkov
- Rhynchogastrema visegradensis (G. Péter & Dlauchy) Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout &Yurkov
- Robertozyma Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai
- Robertozyma ningxiaensis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Rosettozyma Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai
- Rosettozyma cystopteridis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Rosettozyma motuoensis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Rosettozyma petaloides Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Rosettozymaceae Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai
- Rosettozymales Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai
- Ruinenia bangxiensis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Ruinenia diospyri Nakase, Tsuzuki, F.L. Lee, Jindam. & M. Takash. ex Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Ruinenia fanjingshanensis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Ruinenia lunata Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Ruinenia pyrrosiae Nakase, Tsuzuki, F.L. Lee, Jindam. & M. Takash. ex Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Saitozyma ninhbinhensis (D.T. Luong, M. Takash., Dung & Nakase)Yurkov
- Saitozyma paraflava Golubev & J.P. Samp. ex Xin Zhan Liu
- Saitozyma pseudoflava Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Sakaguchia melibiophila M. Groenew., Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai
- Slooffia globosa Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Solicoccozyma gelidoterrea Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Species diversity
- Sporobolomyces cellobiolyticus Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Sporobolomyces ellipsoideus Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Sporobolomyces primogenomicus Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai
- Sporobolomyces reniformis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Sterigmatospora Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai
- Sterigmatospora layueensis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Symmetrospora oryzicola (Nakase & M. Suzuki) Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai
- Symmetrospora rhododendri Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Taxonomy
- Teunia Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai
- Teunia betulae K. Sylvester, Q.M. Wang & Hittinger ex Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Teunia cuniculi (K.S. Shin & Y.H. Park) Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Teunia globosa Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Teunia helanensis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Teunia korlaensis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Teunia tronadorensis V. de Garcia, Zalar, Brizzio, Gunde-Cim. & van Brook ex Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Tremella basidiomaticola Xin Zhan Liu & F.Y. Bai
- Tremella shuangheensis Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Trimorphomyces sakaeraticus Fungsin, M. Takash. & Nakase ex Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Vanrija meifongana C.F. Lee ex Kachalkin Yurkov & Boekhout
- Vanrija nantouana C.F. Lee ex Kachalkin Yurkov & Boekhout
- Vanrija thermophila Vogelmann, S. Chaves & C. Hertel ex Kachalkin Yurkov & Boekhout
- Vishniacozyma europaea Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Vishniacozyma foliicola Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai ex Yurkov
- Vishniacozyma heimaeyensis Vishniac ex Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Vishniacozyma melezitolytica Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Vishniacozyma pseudopenaeus Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Vishniacozyma psychrotolerans V. de García, Zalar, Brizzio, Gunde-Cim. & Van Broock ex Yurkov
- Vishniacozyma taibaiensis Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai ex Yurkov
- Vishniacozyma tephrensis Vishniac ex Xin Zhan Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Yamadamyces Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Yamadamyces rosulatus Golubev & Scorzetti ex Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Yamadamyces terricola Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
- Yurkovia longicylindrica Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai & A.H. Li
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Affiliation(s)
- A-H Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - F-X Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,North Minzu University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750030, China
| | - M Groenewald
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - K Bensch
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - A M Yurkov
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
| | - K Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - P-J Han
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - L-D Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - M C Aime
- Purdue University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, West Lafayette, IN, 47901, USA
| | - J P Sampaio
- UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal.,PYCC - Portuguese Yeast Culture Collection, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - S Jindamorakot
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - B Turchetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences & Industrial Yeasts Collection DBVPG, University of Perugia, Perugia, 74 - I-06121, Italy
| | - J Inacio
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - B Fungsin
- TISTR Culture Collection, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), 35 M 3, Technopolis, Khlong Ha, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Q-M Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, 071002, China
| | - F-Y Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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He MQ, Zhao RL, Hyde KD, Begerow D, Kemler M, Yurkov A, McKenzie EHC, Raspé O, Kakishima M, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Vellinga EC, Halling R, Papp V, Zmitrovich IV, Buyck B, Ertz D, Wijayawardene NN, Cui BK, Schoutteten N, Liu XZ, Li TH, Yao YJ, Zhu XY, Liu AQ, Li GJ, Zhang MZ, Ling ZL, Cao B, Antonín V, Boekhout T, da Silva BDB, De Crop E, Decock C, Dima B, Dutta AK, Fell JW, Geml J, Ghobad-Nejhad M, Giachini AJ, Gibertoni TB, Gorjón SP, Haelewaters D, He SH, Hodkinson BP, Horak E, Hoshino T, Justo A, Lim YW, Menolli N, Mešić A, Moncalvo JM, Mueller GM, Nagy LG, Nilsson RH, Noordeloos M, Nuytinck J, Orihara T, Ratchadawan C, Rajchenberg M, Silva-Filho AGS, Sulzbacher MA, Tkalčec Z, Valenzuela R, Verbeken A, Vizzini A, Wartchow F, Wei TZ, Weiß M, Zhao CL, Kirk PM. Notes, outline and divergence times of Basidiomycota. FUNGAL DIVERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-019-00435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota. The present work provides an overview of all validly published, currently used basidiomycete genera to date in a single document. An outline of all genera of Basidiomycota is provided, which includes 1928 currently used genera names, with 1263 synonyms, which are distributed in 241 families, 68 orders, 18 classes and four subphyla. We provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification, number of accepted species, type species, life mode, habitat, distribution, and sequence information. Furthermore, three phylogenetic analyses with combined LSU, SSU, 5.8s, rpb1, rpb2, and ef1 datasets for the subphyla Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are conducted, respectively. Divergence time estimates are provided to the family level with 632 species from 62 orders, 168 families and 605 genera. Our study indicates that the divergence times of the subphyla in Basidiomycota are 406–430 Mya, classes are 211–383 Mya, and orders are 99–323 Mya, which are largely consistent with previous studies. In this study, all phylogenetically supported families were dated, with the families of Agaricomycotina diverging from 27–178 Mya, Pucciniomycotina from 85–222 Mya, and Ustilaginomycotina from 79–177 Mya. Divergence times as additional criterion in ranking provide additional evidence to resolve taxonomic problems in the Basidiomycota taxonomic system, and also provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.
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Devkota S, Chaudhary RP, Werth S, Scheidegger C. Genetic diversity and structure of the epiphytic foliose lichen Lobaria pindarensis in the Himalayas depends on elevation. FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Lendemer JC, Keepers KG, Tripp EA, Pogoda CS, McCain CM, Kane NC. A taxonomically broad metagenomic survey of 339 species spanning 57 families suggests cystobasidiomycete yeasts are not ubiquitous across all lichens. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2019; 106:1090-1095. [PMID: 31397894 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Lichens are fungi that enter into obligate symbioses with photosynthesizing organisms (algae, cyanobacteria). Traditional narratives of lichens as binary symbiont pairs have given way to their recognition as dynamic metacommunities. Basidiomycete yeasts, particularly of the genus Cyphobasidium, have been inferred to be widespread and important components of lichen metacommunities. Yet, the presence of basidiomycete yeasts across a wide diversity of lichen lineages has not previously been tested. METHODS We searched for lichen-associated cystobasidiomycete yeasts in newly generated metagenomic data from 413 samples of 339 lichen species spanning 57 families and 25 orders. The data set was generated as part of a large-scale project to study lichen biodiversity gradients in the southern Appalachian Mountains Biodiversity Hotspot of southeastern North America. RESULTS Our efforts detected cystobasidiomycete yeasts in nine taxa (Bryoria nadvornikiana, Heterodermia leucomelos, Lecidea roseotincta, Opegrapha vulgata, Parmotrema hypotropum, P. subsumptum, Usnea cornuta, U. strigosa, and U. subgracilis), representing 2.7% of all species sampled. Seven of these taxa (78%) are foliose (leaf-like) or fruticose (shrubby) lichens that belong to families where basidiomycete yeasts have been previously detected. In several of the nine cases, cystobasidiomycete rDNA coverage was comparable to, or greater than, that of the primary lichen fungus single-copy nuclear genomic rDNA, suggesting sampling artifacts are unlikely to account for our results. CONCLUSIONS Studies from diverse areas of the natural sciences have led to the need to reconceptualize lichens as dynamic metacommunities. However, our failure to detect cystobasidiomycetes in 97.3% (330 species) of the sampled species suggests that basidiomycete yeasts are not ubiquitous in lichens.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Lendemer
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY, 10458-5126, USA
| | - Kyle G Keepers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
| | - Erin A Tripp
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
- Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
| | - Cloe S Pogoda
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
| | - Christy M McCain
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
- Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
| | - Nolan C Kane
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA
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Armaleo D, Müller O, Lutzoni F, Andrésson ÓS, Blanc G, Bode HB, Collart FR, Dal Grande F, Dietrich F, Grigoriev IV, Joneson S, Kuo A, Larsen PE, Logsdon JM, Lopez D, Martin F, May SP, McDonald TR, Merchant SS, Miao V, Morin E, Oono R, Pellegrini M, Rubinstein N, Sanchez-Puerta MV, Savelkoul E, Schmitt I, Slot JC, Soanes D, Szövényi P, Talbot NJ, Veneault-Fourrey C, Xavier BB. The lichen symbiosis re-viewed through the genomes of Cladonia grayi and its algal partner Asterochloris glomerata. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:605. [PMID: 31337355 PMCID: PMC6652019 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lichens, encompassing 20,000 known species, are symbioses between specialized fungi (mycobionts), mostly ascomycetes, and unicellular green algae or cyanobacteria (photobionts). Here we describe the first parallel genomic analysis of the mycobiont Cladonia grayi and of its green algal photobiont Asterochloris glomerata. We focus on genes/predicted proteins of potential symbiotic significance, sought by surveying proteins differentially activated during early stages of mycobiont and photobiont interaction in coculture, expanded or contracted protein families, and proteins with differential rates of evolution. RESULTS A) In coculture, the fungus upregulated small secreted proteins, membrane transport proteins, signal transduction components, extracellular hydrolases and, notably, a ribitol transporter and an ammonium transporter, and the alga activated DNA metabolism, signal transduction, and expression of flagellar components. B) Expanded fungal protein families include heterokaryon incompatibility proteins, polyketide synthases, and a unique set of G-protein α subunit paralogs. Expanded algal protein families include carbohydrate active enzymes and a specific subclass of cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrases. The alga also appears to have acquired by horizontal gene transfer from prokaryotes novel archaeal ATPases and Desiccation-Related Proteins. Expanded in both symbionts are signal transduction components, ankyrin domain proteins and transcription factors involved in chromatin remodeling and stress responses. The fungal transportome is contracted, as are algal nitrate assimilation genes. C) In the mycobiont, slow-evolving proteins were enriched for components involved in protein translation, translocation and sorting. CONCLUSIONS The surveyed genes affect stress resistance, signaling, genome reprogramming, nutritional and structural interactions. The alga carries many genes likely transferred horizontally through viruses, yet we found no evidence of inter-symbiont gene transfer. The presence in the photobiont of meiosis-specific genes supports the notion that sexual reproduction occurs in Asterochloris while they are free-living, a phenomenon with implications for the adaptability of lichens and the persistent autonomy of the symbionts. The diversity of the genes affecting the symbiosis suggests that lichens evolved by accretion of many scattered regulatory and structural changes rather than through introduction of a few key innovations. This predicts that paths to lichenization were variable in different phyla, which is consistent with the emerging consensus that ascolichens could have had a few independent origins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olaf Müller
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | | | - Ólafur S. Andrésson
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Guillaume Blanc
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Helge B. Bode
- Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften & Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frank R. Collart
- Argonne National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, Argonne, & Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Francesco Dal Grande
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Fred Dietrich
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Igor V. Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California – Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | - Suzanne Joneson
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, USA
- College of General Studies, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee at Waukesha, Waukesha, USA
| | - Alan Kuo
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, USA
| | - Peter E. Larsen
- Argonne National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, Argonne, & Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | | | | | - Francis Martin
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, Champenoux, France
| | - Susan P. May
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, USA
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
| | - Tami R. McDonald
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, USA
- Department of Biology, St. Catherine University, St. Paul, USA
| | - Sabeeha S. Merchant
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California – Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California – Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | - Vivian Miao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Morin
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, Champenoux, France
| | - Ryoko Oono
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California - Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, and DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Nimrod Rubinstein
- National Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Durham, USA
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | - Imke Schmitt
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jason C. Slot
- College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Darren Soanes
- College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Péter Szövényi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Claire Veneault-Fourrey
- INRA, Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, Champenoux, France
- Université de Lorraine, INRA, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandoeuvre les Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Basil B. Xavier
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Kachalkin AV, Turchetti B, Inácio J, Carvalho C, Mašínová T, Pontes A, Röhl O, Glushakova AM, Akulov A, Baldrian P, Begerow D, Buzzini P, Sampaio JP, Yurkov AM. Rare and undersampled dimorphic basidiomycetes. Mycol Prog 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-019-01491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Černajová I, Škaloud P. The first survey of Cystobasidiomycete yeasts in the lichen genus Cladonia; with the description of Lichenozyma pisutiana gen. nov., sp. nov. Fungal Biol 2019; 123:625-637. [PMID: 31416582 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The view of lichens as a symbiosis only between a mycobiont and a photobiont has been challenged by discoveries of diverse associated organisms. Specific basidiomycete yeasts in the cortex of a range of macrolichens were hypothesized to influence the lichens' phenotype. The present study explores the occurrence and diversity of cystobasidiomycete yeasts in the lichen genus Cladonia. We obtained seven cultures and 56 additional sequences using specific primers from 27 Cladonia species from all over Europe and performed phylogenetic analyses based on ITS, LSU and SSU rDNA loci. We revealed yeast diversity distinct from any previously reported. Representatives of Cyphobasidiales, Microsporomycetaceae and of an unknown group related to Symmetrospora have been found. We present evidence that the Microsporomycetaceae contains mainly lichen-associated yeasts. Lichenozyma pisutiana is circumscribed here as a new genus and species. We report the first known associations between cystobasidiomycete yeasts and Cladonia (both corticate and ecorticate), and find that the association is geographically widespread in various habitats. Our results also suggest that a great diversity of lichen associated yeasts remains to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Černajová
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Benátská 2, 12800 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Škaloud
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Benátská 2, 12800 Praha 2, Czech Republic
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Lücking R, Hawksworth DL. Formal description of sequence-based voucherless Fungi: promises and pitfalls, and how to resolve them. IMA Fungus 2018; 9:143-166. [PMID: 30018876 PMCID: PMC6048566 DOI: 10.5598/imafungus.2018.09.01.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is urgent need for a formal nomenclature of sequence-based, voucherless Fungi, given that environmental sequencing has accumulated more than one billion fungal ITS reads in the Sequence Read Archive, about 1,000 times as many as fungal ITS sequences in GenBank. These unnamed Fungi could help to bridge the gap between 115,000 to 140,000 currently accepted and 2.2 to 3.8 million predicted species, a gap that cannot realistically be filled using specimen or culture-based inventories. The Code never aimed at placing restrictions on the nature of characters chosen for taxonomy, and the requirement for physical types is now becoming a constraint on the advancement of science. We elaborate on the promises and pitfalls of sequence-based nomenclature and provide potential solutions to major concerns of the mycological community. Types of sequence-based taxa, which by default lack a physical specimen or culture, could be designated in four alternative ways: (1) the underlying sample ('bag' type), (2) the DNA extract, (3) fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), or (4) the type sequence itself. Only (4) would require changes to the Code and the latter would be the most straightforward approach, complying with three of the five principal functions of types better than physical specimens. A fifth way, representation of the sequence in an illustration, has been ruled as unacceptable in the Code. Potential flaws in sequence data are analogous to flaws in physical types, and artifacts are manageable if a stringent analytical approach is applied. Conceptual errors such as homoplasy, intragenomic variation, gene duplication, hybridization, and horizontal gene transfer, apply to all molecular approaches and cannot be used as a specific argument against sequence-based nomenclature. The potential impact of these phenomena is manageable, as phylogenetic species delimitation has worked satisfactorily in Fungi. The most serious shortcoming of sequence-based nomenclature is the likelihood of parallel classifications, either by describing taxa that already have names based on physical types, or by using different markers to delimit species within the same lineage. The probability of inadvertently establishing sequence-based species that have names available is between 20.4 % and 1.5 % depending on the number of globally predicted fungal species. This compares favourably to a historical error rate of about 30 % based on physical types, and this rate could be reduced to practically zero by adding specific provisions to this approach in the Code. To avoid parallel classifications based on different markers, sequence-based nomenclature should be limited to a single marker, preferably the fungal ITS barcoding marker; this is possible since sequence-based nomenclature does not aim at accurate species delimitation but at naming lineages to generate a reference database, independent of whether these lineages represent species, closely related species complexes, or infraspecies. We argue that clustering methods are inappropriate for sequence-based nomenclature; this approach must instead use phylogenetic methods based on multiple alignments, combined with quantitative species recognition methods. We outline strategies to obtain higher-level phylogenies for ITS-based, voucherless species, including phylogenetic binning, 'hijacking' species delimitation methods, and temporal banding. We conclude that voucherless, sequence-based nomenclature is not a threat to specimen and culture-based fungal taxonomy, but a complementary approach capable of substantially closing the gap between known and predicted fungal diversity, an approach that requires careful work and high skill levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lücking
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 6–8, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - David L. Hawksworth
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; and Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK; Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province,130118 China
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Fungal Diversity in Lichens: From Extremotolerance to Interactions with Algae. Life (Basel) 2018; 8:life8020015. [PMID: 29789469 PMCID: PMC6027233 DOI: 10.3390/life8020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichen symbioses develop long-living thallus structures even in the harshest environments on Earth. These structures are also habitats for many other microscopic organisms, including other fungi, which vary in their specificity and interaction with the whole symbiotic system. This contribution reviews the recent progress regarding the understanding of the lichen-inhabiting fungi that are achieved by multiphasic approaches (culturing, microscopy, and sequencing). The lichen mycobiome comprises a more or less specific pool of species that can develop symptoms on their hosts, a generalist environmental pool, and a pool of transient species. Typically, the fungal classes Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Leotiomycetes, Sordariomycetes, and Tremellomycetes predominate the associated fungal communities. While symptomatic lichenicolous fungi belong to lichen-forming lineages, many of the other fungi that are found have close relatives that are known from different ecological niches, including both plant and animal pathogens, and rock colonizers. A significant fraction of yet unnamed melanized (‘black’) fungi belong to the classes Chaethothyriomycetes and Dothideomycetes. These lineages tolerate the stressful conditions and harsh environments that affect their hosts, and therefore are interpreted as extremotolerant fungi. Some of these taxa can also form lichen-like associations with the algae of the lichen system when they are enforced to symbiosis by co-culturing assays.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Lichen symbioses comprise a fascinating relationship between algae and fungi. The lichen symbiotic lifestyle evolved early in the evolution of ascomycetes and is also known from a few basidiomycetes. The ascomycete lineages have diversified in the lichenized stage to give rise to a tremendous variety of morphologies. Their thalli are often internally complex and stratified for optimized integration of algal and fungal metabolisms. Thalli are frequently colonized by specific nonlichenized fungi and occasionally also by other lichens. Microscopy has revealed various ways these fungi interact with their hosts. Besides the morphologically recognizable diversity of the lichen mycobionts and lichenicolous (lichen-inhabiting) fungi, many other microorganisms including other fungi and bacterial communities are now detected in lichens by culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. The application of multi-omics approaches, refined microscopic techniques, and physiological studies has added to our knowledge of lichens, not only about the taxa involved in the lichen interactions, but also about their functions.
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Spribille T, Tuovinen V, Resl P, Vanderpool D, Wolinski H, Aime MC, Schneider K, Stabentheiner E, Toome-Heller M, Thor G, Mayrhofer H, Johannesson H, McCutcheon JP. Basidiomycete yeasts in the cortex of ascomycete macrolichens. Science 2016; 353:488-92. [PMID: 27445309 PMCID: PMC5793994 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf8287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
For over 140 years, lichens have been regarded as a symbiosis between a single fungus, usually an ascomycete, and a photosynthesizing partner. Other fungi have long been known to occur as occasional parasites or endophytes, but the one lichen-one fungus paradigm has seldom been questioned. Here we show that many common lichens are composed of the known ascomycete, the photosynthesizing partner, and, unexpectedly, specific basidiomycete yeasts. These yeasts are embedded in the cortex, and their abundance correlates with previously unexplained variations in phenotype. Basidiomycete lineages maintain close associations with specific lichen species over large geographical distances and have been found on six continents. The structurally important lichen cortex, long treated as a zone of differentiated ascomycete cells, appears to consistently contain two unrelated fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Spribille
- Institute of Plant Sciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria. Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | - Veera Tuovinen
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden. Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Post Office Box 7044, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Philipp Resl
- Institute of Plant Sciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dan Vanderpool
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Heimo Wolinski
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, BioTechMed-Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - M Catherine Aime
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kevin Schneider
- Institute of Plant Sciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Edith Stabentheiner
- Institute of Plant Sciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Merje Toome-Heller
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Göran Thor
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Post Office Box 7044, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helmut Mayrhofer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Hanna Johannesson
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John P McCutcheon
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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