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Calleros-González P, Ibarra-Juarez A, Lamelas A, Suárez-Moo P. How host species and body part determine the microbial communities of five ambrosia beetle species. Int Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s10123-024-00502-0. [PMID: 38489098 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-024-00502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The ambrosia beetles are farming insects that feed mainly on their cultivated fungi, which in some occasions are pathogens from forest and fruit trees. We used a culture-independent approach based on 16S and 18S rRNA gene metabarcoding analysis to investigate the diversity and composition of the bacterial and fungal communities associated with five ambrosia beetle species: four species native to America (Monarthrum dimidiatum, Dryocoetoides capucinus, Euwallacea discretus, Corthylus consimilis) and an introduced species (Xylosandrus morigerus). For the bacterial community, the beetle species hosted a broad diversity with 1,579 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and 66 genera, while for the fungal community they hosted 288 ASVs and 39 genera. Some microbial groups dominated the community within a host species or a body part (Wolbachia in the head-thorax of E. discretus; Ambrosiella in the head-thorax and abdomen of X. morigerus). The taxonomic composition and structure of the microbial communities appeared to differ between beetle species; this was supported by beta-diversity analysis, which indicated that bacterial and fungal communities were clustered mainly by host species. This study characterizes for the first time the microbial communities associated with unexplored ambrosia beetle species, as well as the factors that affect the composition and taxonomic diversity per se, contributing to the knowledge of the ambrosia beetle system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arturo Ibarra-Juarez
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Xalapa, C.P. 91070, México
- Investigador Por México - CONAHCyT. Instituto de Ecología, A. C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Xalapa, C.P. 91070, México
| | - Araceli Lamelas
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A. C., Xalapa, C.P. 91070, México.
| | - Pablo Suárez-Moo
- Facultad de Química, Unidad de Química-Sisal, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sisal, Yucatán, 97356, México.
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2
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Joseph R, Bansal K, Keyhani NO. Host switching by an ambrosia beetle fungal mutualist: Mycangial colonization of indigenous beetles by the invasive laurel wilt fungal pathogen. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:1894-1908. [PMID: 37190943 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ambrosia beetles require their fungal symbiotic partner as their cultivated (farmed) food source in tree galleries. While most fungal-beetle partners do not kill the host trees they inhabit, since their introduction (invasion) into the United states around ~2002, the invasive beetle Xyleborus glabratus has vectored its mutualist partner (but plant pathogenic) fungus, Harringtonia lauricola, resulting in the deaths of over 300 million trees. Concerningly, indigenous beetles have been caught bearing H. lauricola. Here, we show colonization of the mycangia of the indigenous X. affinis ambrosia beetle by H. lauricola. Mycangial colonization occurred within 1 h of feeding, with similar levels seen for H. lauricola as found for the native X. affinis-R. arxii fungal partner. Fungal mycangial occupancy was stable over time and after removal of the fungal source, but showed rapid turnover when additional fungal cells were available. Microscopic visualization revealed two pre-oral mycangial pouches of ~100-200 × 25-50 μm/each, with narrow entry channels of 25-50 × 3-10 μm. Fungi within the mycangia underwent a dimorphic transition from filamentous/blastospore growth to yeast-like budding with alterations to membrane structures. These data identify the characteristics of ambrosia beetle mycangial colonization, implicating turnover as a mechanism for host switching of H. lauricola to other ambrosia beetle species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Joseph
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kamaldeep Bansal
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nemat O Keyhani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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3
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Fungal Flora in Adult Females of the Rearing Population of Ambrosia Beetle Euwallacea interjectus (Blandford) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae): Does It Differ from the Wild Population? DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14070535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ambrosia beetles bore into host trees, and live with fungi symbiotically that serve as a food source. However, it is challenging to directly observe these beetles in the wild. In this study, Euwallacea interjectus (Blandford) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), a pest of fig trees in Japan, were reared under artificial conditions to emulate the behavior of ambrosia beetle. Fungi were isolated from the adult females of E. interjectus to identify the species associated with secondary symbiosis. In total, nine filamentous fungi and one yeast were identified using morphological characteristics and DNA sequence data. Neocosmospora metavorans (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae), Fusarium sp. (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae), that is undescribed, and Meyerozyma guilliermondii (Saccharomycetes: Saccharomycetales) (yeast) were isolated more frequently from the head (including from mycangia, the fungus-carrying organ) than from the thorax and abdomen of adult beetles. Neocosmospora metavorans was the dominant species isolated from 12 out of 16 heads at 200 to 3300 CFUs/head, compared to the primary mycangia fungus from wild beetles, i.e., Fusarium kuroshium (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae). Temperature had a marked effect on fungal growth in the three symbiont species. Our results represent a major paradigm shift in understanding beetle–fungal interactions, as they show specific symbiont switching can occur in different nesting places.
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Nel WJ, de Beer ZW, Wingfield MJ, Poulsen M, Aanen DK, Wingfield BD, Duong TA. Phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses reveal two new genera and three new species of ophiostomatalean fungi from termite fungus combs. Mycologia 2021; 113:1199-1217. [PMID: 34477494 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1950455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Ophiostomatales (Ascomycota) accommodates more than 300 species characterized by similar morphological adaptations to arthropod dispersal. Most species in this order are wood-inhabiting fungi associated with bark or ambrosia beetles. However, a smaller group of species occur in other niches such as in soil and Protea infructescences. Recent surveys of Termitomyces fungus gardens (fungus combs) of fungus-growing termites led to the discovery of characteristic ophiostomatalean-like fruiting structures. In this study, these ophiostomatalean-like fungi were identified using morphological characteristics, conventional molecular markers, and whole genome sequencing. In addition, the influence of the extracts derived from various parts of Termitomyces combs on the growth of these fungi in culture was considered. Based on phylogenomic analyses, two new genera (Intubia and Chrysosphaeria) were introduced to accommodate these ophiostomatalean species. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the isolates resided in three well-supported lineages, and these were described as three new species (Intubia macrotermitinarum, I. oerlemansii, and Chrysosphaeria jan-nelii). Culture-based studies showed that these species do not depend on the Termitomyces comb material for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma J Nel
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Z Wilhelm de Beer
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Michael Poulsen
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Duur K Aanen
- Laboratory of Genetics, Arboretumlaan 4, 6703 BD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda D Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
| | - Tuan A Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria, 0028 South Africa
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5
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Saragih SA, Takemoto S, Kusumoto D, Kamata N. Fungal diversity in the mycangium of an ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Japan during their late dispersal season. Symbiosis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-021-00762-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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Nel WJ, Wingfield MJ, de Beer ZW, Duong TA. Ophiostomatalean fungi associated with wood boring beetles in South Africa including two new species. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2021; 114:667-686. [PMID: 33677752 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-021-01548-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ambrosia beetles are small wood inhabiting members of the Curculionidae that have evolved obligate symbioses with fungi. The fungal symbionts concentrate nutrients from within infested trees into a usable form for their beetle partners, which then utilize the fungi as their primary source of nutrition. Ambrosia beetle species associate with one or more primary symbiotic fungal species, but they also vector auxiliary symbionts, which may provide the beetle with developmental or ecological advantages. In this study we isolated and identified ophiostomatalean fungi associated with ambrosia beetles occurring in a native forest area in South Africa. Using a modified Bambara beetle trap, living ambrosia beetle specimens were collected and their fungal symbionts isolated. Four beetle species, three Scolytinae and one Bostrichidae, were collected. Five species of ophiostomatalean fungi were isolated from the beetles and were identified using both morphological characters and DNA sequence data. One of these species, Raffaelea sulphurea, was recorded from South Africa for the first time and two novel species were described as Ceratocystiopsis lunata sp. nov. and Raffaelea promiscua sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma J Nel
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Z Wilhelm de Beer
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tuan A Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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7
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Lehenberger M, Benkert M, Biedermann PHW. Ethanol-Enriched Substrate Facilitates Ambrosia Beetle Fungi, but Inhibits Their Pathogens and Fungal Symbionts of Bark Beetles. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:590111. [PMID: 33519728 PMCID: PMC7838545 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.590111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bark beetles (sensu lato) colonize woody tissues like phloem or xylem and are associated with a broad range of micro-organisms. Specific fungi in the ascomycete orders Hypocreales, Microascales and Ophistomatales as well as the basidiomycete Russulales have been found to be of high importance for successful tree colonization and reproduction in many species. While fungal mutualisms are facultative for most phloem-colonizing bark beetles (sensu stricto), xylem-colonizing ambrosia beetles are long known to obligatorily depend on mutualistic fungi for nutrition of adults and larvae. Recently, a defensive role of fungal mutualists for their ambrosia beetle hosts was revealed: Few tested mutualists outcompeted other beetle-antagonistic fungi by their ability to produce, detoxify and metabolize ethanol, which is naturally occurring in stressed and/or dying trees that many ambrosia beetle species preferentially colonize. Here, we aim to test (i) how widespread beneficial effects of ethanol are among the independently evolved lineages of ambrosia beetle fungal mutualists and (ii) whether it is also present in common fungal symbionts of two bark beetle species (Ips typographus, Dendroctonus ponderosae) and some general fungal antagonists of bark and ambrosia beetle species. The majority of mutualistic ambrosia beetle fungi tested benefited (or at least were not harmed) by the presence of ethanol in terms of growth parameters (e.g., biomass), whereas fungal antagonists were inhibited. This confirms the competitive advantage of nutritional mutualists in the beetle’s preferred, ethanol-containing host material. Even though most bark beetle fungi are found in the same phylogenetic lineages and ancestral to the ambrosia beetle (sensu stricto) fungi, most of them were highly negatively affected by ethanol and only a nutritional mutualist of Dendroctonus ponderosae benefited, however. This suggests that ethanol tolerance is a derived trait in nutritional fungal mutualists, particularly in ambrosia beetles that show cooperative farming of their fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Lehenberger
- Research Group Insect-Fungus Symbiosis, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Benkert
- Research Group Insect-Fungus Symbiosis, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter H W Biedermann
- Research Group Insect-Fungus Symbiosis, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Chair of Forest Entomology and Protection, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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8
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Li Y, Skelton J, Adams S, Hattori Y, Smith ME, Hulcr J. The Ambrosia Beetle Sueus niisimai (Scolytinae: Hyorrhynchini) is Associated with the Canker Disease Fungus Diatrypella japonica (Xylariales). PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:3143-3150. [PMID: 33136520 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-20-0482-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ambrosia beetles in the subtribe Hyorrhynchini are one example of an entire ambrosia beetle lineage whose fungi have never been studied. Here, we identify one dominant fungus associated with a widespread Asian hyorrhynchine beetle Sueus niisimai. This fungus was consistently isolated from beetle galleries from multiple collections. Phylogenetic analyses of combined ITS rDNA and β-tubulin sequences identified the primary fungal symbiont as Diatrypella japonica Higuchi, Nikaido & Hattori (Diatrypaceae, Xylariales, Sordariomycetes), which was recently described as a pathogen of sycamore (Platanus spp.) in Japan. To assess the invasion potential of this beetle-fungus interaction into the U.S., we have investigated the pathogenicity of two D. japonica strains on four species of healthy landscape trees native to the southeastern United States. Only Shumard oak (Quercus shumardii) responded with lesions significantly greater than the control inoculations, but there was no observable dieback or tree mortality. Although disease symptoms were not as prominent as in previous studies of the same fungus in Japan, routine reisolation from the inoculation point suggests that this species is capable of colonizing healthy sapwood of several tree species. Our study shows that the geographical area of its distribution is broader in Asia and potentially includes many hosts of its polyphagous vector. We conclude that the Sueus-Diatrypella symbiosis has high invasion potential but low damage potential, at least on young trees during the growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Li
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - James Skelton
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Sawyer Adams
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Yukako Hattori
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Matthew E Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, U.S.A
| | - Jiri Hulcr
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
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9
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Sexual reproduction and saprotrophic dominance by the ambrosial fungus Flavodon subulatus (= Flavodon ambrosius). FUNGAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Spahr E, Kasson MT, Kijimoto T. Micro-computed tomography permits enhanced visualization of mycangia across development and between sexes in Euwallacea ambrosia beetles. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236653. [PMID: 32956411 PMCID: PMC7505430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Symbiosis can facilitate the development of specialized organs in the host body to maintain relationships with beneficial microorganisms. To understand the developmental and genetic mechanisms by which such organs develop, it is critical to first investigate the morphology and developmental timing of these structures during the onset of host development. We utilized micro-computed tomography (μCT) to describe the morphology and development of mycangia, a specialized organ, in the Asian ambrosia beetle species Euwallacea validus which maintains a mutualistic relationship with the Ascomycete fungus, Fusarium oligoseptatum. We scanned animals in larval, pupal and adult life stages and identified that mycangia develop during the late pupal stage. Here we reconcile preliminary evidence and provide additional morphological data for a second paired set of structures, including the superior, medial mycangia and an inferior, lateral pair of pouch-like structures, in both late-stage pupae and adult female beetles. Furthermore, we report the possible development of rudimentary, or partially developed pairs of medial mycangia in adult male beetles which has never been reported for any male Xyleborini. Our results illustrate the validity of μCT in observing soft tissues and the complex nature of mycangia morphology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Spahr
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Matt T. Kasson
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Teiya Kijimoto
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Chang R, Duong TA, Taerum SJ, Wingfield MJ, Zhou X, de Beer ZW. Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with mites phoretic on bark beetles in Qinghai, China. IMA Fungus 2020; 11:15. [PMID: 32775175 PMCID: PMC7391587 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-020-00037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bark beetle galleries are complex ecosystems where many microbes and other arthropods co-exist with the beetles. Fungi isolated from these galleries are often referred to as ‘beetle associates’, but the nature of these associations are poorly understood. The possibility that many of these fungi might in fact be mite associates is often overlooked. Several recent studies explored the diversity of fungi from conifer-infesting bark beetles and their galleries in China, but only one study considered phoretic mites and their fungi from conifer-infesting bark beetles in Yunnan, southwestern China. We studied the mites and fungi from galleries of four spruce-infesting bark beetle species in the high altitude forests of Qinghai province, western China. Mites were identified based on morphological characteristics, and fungi based on DNA sequences of four gene regions. In total, 173 mite individuals were collected belonging to 18 species in 11 genera. A total of 135 fungal isolates were obtained from the mites, representing 14 taxa from the Ophiostomatales. The most frequently isolated fungus was Ophiostoma nitidum, which represented 23.5% of the total isolates. More fungal species were found from fewer mites and bark beetle species than from the study in Yunnan. Although we could not elucidate the exact nature of interactions between mites and their fungi, our results re-enforce that these organisms should not be ignored in pest risk assessments of bark beetles, that often focus only on the beetles and their fungi. Three new species are described: Grosmannia zekuensis, O. manchongi, and O. kunlunense spp. nov., and our data revealed that O. typographi, recently described from China, is a synonym of O. ainoae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runlei Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics & Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa.,College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Tuan A Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics & Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa
| | - Stephen J Taerum
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics & Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics & Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa
| | - XuDong Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics & Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa
| | - Z Wilhelm de Beer
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics & Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa
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12
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Mayers CG, Harrington TC, Mcnew DL, Roeper RA, Biedermann PHW, Masuya H, Bateman CC. Four mycangium types and four genera of ambrosia fungi suggest a complex history of fungus farming in the ambrosia beetle tribe Xyloterini. Mycologia 2020; 112:1104-1137. [PMID: 32552515 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1755209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ambrosia beetles farm fungal cultivars (ambrosia fungi) and carry propagules of the fungal mutualists in storage organs called mycangia, which occur in various body parts and vary greatly in size and complexity. The evolution of ambrosia fungi is closely tied to the evolution and development of the mycangia that carry them. The understudied ambrosia beetle tribe Xyloterini included lineages with uncharacterized ambrosia fungi and mycangia, which presented an opportunity to test whether developments of different mycangium types in a single ambrosia beetle lineage correspond with concomitant diversity in their fungal mutualists. We collected representatives of all three Xyloterini genera (Trypodendron, Indocryphalus, and Xyloterinus politus) and characterized their ambrosia fungi in pure culture and by DNA sequencing. The prothoracic mycangia of seven Trypodendron species all yielded Phialophoropsis (Microascales) ambrosia fungi, including three new species, although these relationships were not all species specific. Indocryphalus mycangia are characterized for the first time in the Asian I. pubipennis. They comprise triangular prothoracic cavities substantially smaller than those of Trypodendron and unexpectedly carry an undescribed species of Toshionella (Microascales), which are otherwise ambrosia fungi of Asian Scolytoplatypus (Scolytoplatypodini). Xyloterinus politus has two different mycangia, each with a different ambrosia fungus: Raffaelea cf. canadensis RNC5 (Ophiostomatales) in oral mycangia of both sexes and Kaarikia abrahamsonii (Sordariomycetes, genus incertae sedis with affinity for Distoseptisporaceae), a new genus and species unrelated to other known ambrosia fungi, in shallow prothoracic mycangia of females. In addition to their highly adapted mycangial mutualists, Trypodendron and X. politus harbor a surprising diversity of facultative symbionts in their galleries, including Raffaelea. A diversity of ambrosia fungi and mycangia suggest multiple ancestral cultivar captures or switches in the history of tribe Xyloterini, each associated with unique adaptations in mycangium anatomy. This further supports the theory that developments of novel mycangium types are critical events in the evolution of ambrosia beetles and their coadapted fungal mutualists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase G Mayers
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, 2213 Pammel Drive, 1344 Advanced Teaching and Research Building , Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Thomas C Harrington
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, 2213 Pammel Drive, 1344 Advanced Teaching and Research Building , Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Douglas L Mcnew
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, 2213 Pammel Drive, 1344 Advanced Teaching and Research Building , Ames, Iowa 50011
| | | | - Peter H W Biedermann
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Research Group Insect-Fungus Symbioses, University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hayato Masuya
- Department of Forest Microbiology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute , 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Craig C Bateman
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611
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13
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Bark beetle mycobiome: collaboratively defined research priorities on a widespread insect-fungus symbiosis. Symbiosis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-020-00686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Li Y, Ruan YY, Stanley EL, Skelton J, Hulcr J. Plasticity of mycangia in Xylosandrus ambrosia beetles. INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:732-742. [PMID: 29571219 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Insects that depend on microbial mutualists evolved a variety of organs to transport the microsymbionts while dispersing. The ontogeny and variability of such organs is rarely studied, and the microsymbiont's effects on the animal tissue development remain unknown in most cases. Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae or Platypodinae) and their mutualistic fungi are an ideal system to study the animal-fungus interactions. While the interspecific diversity of their fungus transport organ-mycangia-is well-known, their developmental plasticity has been poorly described. To determine the ontogeny of the mycangium and the influence of the symbiotic fungus on the tissue development, we dissected by hand or scanned with micro-CT the mycangia in various developmental stages in five Xylosandrus ambrosia beetle species that possess a large, mesonotal mycangium: Xylosandrus amputatus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, Xylosandrus discolor, and Xylosandrus germanus. We processed 181 beetle samples from the United States and China. All five species displayed three stages of the mycangium development: (1) young teneral adults had an empty, deflated and cryptic mycangium without fungal mass; (2) in fully mature adults during dispersal, the pro-mesonotal membrane was inflated, and most individuals developed a mycangium mostly filled with the symbiont, though size and symmetry varied; and (3) after successful establishment of their new galleries, most females discharged the bulk of the fungal inoculum and deflated the mycangium. Experimental aposymbiotic individuals demonstrated that the pronotal membrane invaginated independently of the presence of the fungus, but the fungus was required for inflation. Mycangia are more dynamic than previously thought, and their morphological changes correspond to the phases of the symbiosis. Importantly, studies of the fungal symbionts or plant pathogen transmission in ambrosia beetles need to consider which developmental stage to sample. We provide illustrations of the different stages, including microphotography of dissections and micro-CT scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Li
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yong-Ying Ruan
- School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology, Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Edward L Stanley
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - James Skelton
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jiri Hulcr
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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15
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Rabaglia RJ, Cognato AI, Hoebeke ER, Johnson CW, LaBonte JR, Carter ME, Vlach JJ. Early Detection and Rapid Response: A 10-Year Summary of the USDA Forest Service Program of Surveillance for Non-Native Bark and Ambrosia Beetles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/ae/tmz015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Rabaglia
- National Entomologist, US Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Washington, DC
| | - Anthony I Cognato
- Professor and Director A. J. Cook Arthropod Research Collection, Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - E Richard Hoebeke
- Collection of Arthropods, Georgia Museum of Natural History and Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - C Wood Johnson
- Entomologist, US Forest Service, Alexandria Field Office, Pineville, LA
| | | | - Maureen E Carter
- Entomologist and Museum Associate, Georgia Museum of Natural History, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Joshua J Vlach
- Entomologist, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Salem, OR
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16
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Li Y, Huang YT, Kasson MT, Macias AM, Skelton J, Carlson PS, Yin M, Hulcr J. Specific and promiscuous ophiostomatalean fungi associated with Platypodinae ambrosia beetles in the southeastern United States. FUNGAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Li Y, Ruan Y, Kasson MT, Stanley EL, Gillett CPDT, Johnson AJ, Zhang M, Hulcr J. Structure of the Ambrosia Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Mycangia Revealed Through Micro-Computed Tomography. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2018; 18:5125956. [PMID: 30304508 PMCID: PMC6181196 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae) rely on a symbiosis with fungi for their nutrition. Symbiotic fungi are preserved and transported in specialized storage structures called mycangia. Although pivotal in the symbiosis, mycangia have been notoriously difficult to study, given their minute size and membranous structure. We compared the application of novel visualization methods for the study of mycangia, namely micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and laser ablation tomography (LATscan) with traditional paraffin sectioning. Micro-CT scanning has shown the greatest promise in new organ discovery, while sectioning remains the only method with sufficient resolution for cellular visualization. All three common types of mycangia (oral, mesonotal, and pronotal) were successfully visualized and presented for different species of ambrosia beetles: Ambrosiodmus minor (Stebbing) 1909, Euplatypus compositus (Say) 1823, Premnobius cavipennis Eichhoff 1878, Scolytoplatypus raja Blandford 1893, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) 1866 and X. amputatus (Blandford) 1894. A reconstruction of the mycangium and the surrounding musculature in X. amputatus is also presented. The advantages of micro-CT compared to the previously commonly used microtome sectioning include the easy visualization and recording of three-dimensional structures, their position in reference to other internal structures, the ability to distinguish natural aberrations from technical artifacts, and the unprecedented visualizations of the anatomic context of mycangia enabled by the integrated software.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Li
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Yongying Ruan
- School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology, Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Matthew T Kasson
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Edward L Stanley
- Florida Museum of Natural History Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Conrad P D T Gillett
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Andrew J Johnson
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Mengna Zhang
- School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology, Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiri Hulcr
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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18
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Chang R, Duong TA, Taerum SJ, Wingfield MJ, Zhou X, de Beer ZW. Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with conifer-infesting beetles and their phoretic mites in Yunnan, China. MycoKeys 2017; 28:19-64. [PMID: 29559821 PMCID: PMC5804140 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.28.21758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ophiostomatales is an Ascomycete order of fungi that accommodates several tree pathogens and many species that degrade wood. These fungi are commonly vectored by Scolytine bark and ambrosia beetles. In recent years it has also been shown that hyperphoretic mites on these beetles can vector some Ophiostomatales. Little is known regarding the Ophiostomatales in China and we have consequently explored the diversity of these fungi associated with conifer-infesting beetles and mites in Yunnan province. Galleries and beetles were collected for 17 beetle species, while 13 mite species were obtained from six of these beetle species. Collectively, 340 fungal isolates were obtained, 45 from beetles, 184 from mites, 56 from galleries and 55 isolates where the specific niche was not clear. DNA sequences for five gene regions (ITS, LSU, BT, EF, and CAL) were determined for fungal isolates representing different morphological groups. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the presence of 19 fungal taxa, including five novel species described here as Ophiostoma acarorumsp. nov., Ophiostoma brevipilosisp. nov., Graphilbum kesiyaesp. nov., Graphilbum puerensesp. nov., and Leptographium ningerensesp. nov.Ophiostoma ips was the most frequently isolated species, representing approximately 31% of all isolates. Six of 19 taxa were present on mites, beetles and in the galleries of the beetles, while three species were found on mites and galleries. Two species were found only on mites and one species only on a beetle. Although the numbers of beetles and mites were insufficient to provide statistical inferences, this study confirmed that mites are important vectors of the Ophiostomatales in China. We hypothesize that these mites are most likely responsible for horizontal transfer of fungal species between galleries of different beetle species. The fact that half of the fungal species found were new to science, suggests that the forests of east Asia include many undescribed Ophiostomatales yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runlei Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Tuan A. Duong
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Stephen J. Taerum
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Michael J. Wingfield
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Xudong Zhou
- FuturaGene Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Xuhui, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Z. Wilhelm de Beer
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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19
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Vanderpool D, Bracewell RR, McCutcheon JP. Know your farmer: Ancient origins and multiple independent domestications of ambrosia beetle fungal cultivars. Mol Ecol 2017; 27:2077-2094. [PMID: 29087025 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bark and ambrosia beetles are highly specialized weevils (Curculionidae) that have established diverse symbioses with fungi, most often from the order Ophiostomatales (Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes). The two types of beetles are distinguished by their feeding habits and intimacy of interactions with their symbiotic fungi. The tree tissue diet of bark beetles is facilitated by fungi, while ambrosia beetles feed solely on fungi that they farm. The farming life history strategy requires domestication of a fungus, which the beetles consume as their sole food source. Ambrosia beetles in the subfamily Platypodinae originated in the mid-Cretaceous (119-88 Ma) and are the oldest known group of farming insects. However, attempts to resolve phylogenetic relationships and the timing of domestication events for fungal cultivars have been largely inconclusive. We sequenced the genomes of 12 ambrosia beetle fungal cultivars and bark beetle associates, including the devastating laurel wilt pathogen, Raffaelea lauricola, to estimate a robust phylogeny of the Ophiostomatales. We find evidence for contemporaneous diversification of the beetles and their associated fungi, followed by three independent domestication events of the ambrosia fungi genus Raffaelea. We estimate the first domestication of an Ophiostomatales fungus occurred ~86 Ma, 25 million years earlier than prior estimates and in close agreement with the estimated age of farming in the Platypodinae (96 Ma). Comparisons of the timing of fungal domestication events with the timing of beetle radiations support the hypothesis that the first large beetle radiations may have spread domesticated "ambrosia" fungi to other fungi-associated beetle groups, perhaps facilitating the evolution of new farming lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Vanderpool
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Ryan R Bracewell
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - John P McCutcheon
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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20
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Hulcr J, Stelinski LL. The Ambrosia Symbiosis: From Evolutionary Ecology to Practical Management. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 62:285-303. [PMID: 27860522 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The ambrosia beetle-fungus farming symbiosis is more heterogeneous than previously thought. There is not one but many ambrosia symbioses. Beetle-fungus specificity is clade dependent and ranges from strict to promiscuous. Each new origin has evolved a new mycangium. The most common relationship with host trees is colonization of freshly dead tissues, but there are also parasites of living trees, vectors of pathogenic fungi, and beetles living in rotten trees with a wood-decay symbiont. Most of these strategies are driven by fungal metabolism whereas beetle ecology is evolutionarily more flexible. The ambrosia lifestyle facilitated a radiation of social strategies, from fungus thieves to eusocial species to communities assembled by attraction to fungal scent. Although over 95% of the symbiotic pairs are economically harmless, there are also three types of pest damage: tree pathogen inoculation, mass accumulation on susceptible hosts, and structural damage. Beetles able to colonize live tree tissues are most likely to become invasive pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Hulcr
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611;
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Lukasz L Stelinski
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850;
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