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Sudlow A, Galantine P, Vercruyssen F, Peyrot N, Raymond JJ, Duché P. Which Factors Influence Running Gait in Children and Adolescents? A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20054621. [PMID: 36901631 PMCID: PMC10001902 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, running has dramatically increased in children and adolescents, creating a need for a better understanding of running gait in this population; however, research on this topic is still limited. During childhood and adolescence multiple factors exist that likely influence and shape a child's running mechanics and contribute to the high variability in running patterns. The aim of this narrative review was to gather together and assess the current evidence on the different factors that influence running gait throughout youth development. Factors were classified as organismic, environmental, or task-related. Age, body mass and composition, and leg length were the most researched factors, and all evidence was in favour of an impact on running gait. Sex, training, and footwear were also extensively researched; however, whereas the findings concerning footwear were all in support of an impact on running gait, those concerning sex and training were inconsistent. The remaining factors were moderately researched with the exception of strength, perceived exertion, and running history for which evidence was particularly limited. Nevertheless, all were in support of an impact on running gait. Running gait is multifactorial and many of the factors discussed are likely interdependent. Caution should therefore be taken when interpreting the effects of different factors in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Sudlow
- Impact of Physical Activity on Health Research Unit, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Toulon, Campus La Garde, 83160 Toulon, France
| | - Paul Galantine
- Impact of Physical Activity on Health Research Unit, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Toulon, Campus La Garde, 83160 Toulon, France
| | - Fabrice Vercruyssen
- Impact of Physical Activity on Health Research Unit, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Toulon, Campus La Garde, 83160 Toulon, France
| | - Nicolas Peyrot
- Mouvement-Interactions-Performance, MIP, UR 4334, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Le Mans University, 72000 Le Mans, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Raymond
- Impact of Physical Activity on Health Research Unit, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Toulon, Campus La Garde, 83160 Toulon, France
- Unité de Médecine et de traumatologie du Sport, CHITS Hôpital Sainte Musse, 83100 Toulon, France
| | - Pascale Duché
- Impact of Physical Activity on Health Research Unit, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Toulon, Campus La Garde, 83160 Toulon, France
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Clark CCT, Bisi MC, Duncan MJ, Stagni R. Technology-based methods for the assessment of fine and gross motor skill in children: A systematic overview of available solutions and future steps for effective in-field use. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1236-1276. [PMID: 33588689 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1864984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The present review aims at providing researchers and practitioners with a holistic overview of technology-based methods for the assessment of fine and gross motor skill in children. We conducted a search of electronic databases using Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar, including studies published up to March 2020, that assessed fine and/or gross motor skills, and utilized technological assessment of varying study design. A total of 739 papers were initially retrieved, and after title/abstract screening, removal of duplicates, and full-text screening, 47 were included. Results suggest that motor skills can be quantitatively estimated using objective methods based on a wearable- and/or laboratory-based technology, for typically developing (TD) and non-TD children. Fine motor skill assessment solutions were; force transducers, instrumented tablets and pens, surface electromyography, and optoelectronic systems. Gross motor skill assessment solutions were; inertial measurements units, optoelectronic systems, baropodometric mats, and force platforms. This review provides a guide in identifying and evaluating the plethora of available technological solutions to motor skill assessment. Although promising, there is still a need for large-scale studies to validate these approaches in terms of accuracy, repeatability, and usability, where interdisciplinary collaborations between researchers and practitioners and transparent reporting practices should be advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cain C T Clark
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK.,Warwickshire InStitute for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire (UHCW) NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Maria Cristina Bisi
- Department of Electric, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" - DEI, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michael J Duncan
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Rita Stagni
- Department of Electric, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" - DEI, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Smith M, Ward E, Williams CM, Banwell HA. Differences in walking and running gait in children with and without developmental coordination disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gait Posture 2021; 83:177-184. [PMID: 33160227 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a common motor skills disorder in children. Although gait changes are often reported clinically, affecting children's participation in play and sport, there has been no synthesis of research evidence comparing gait of children with and without DCD. Thus, the aim of this research was to determine differences in gait between children with and without DCD METHODS: A search of electronic databases (AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline, SPORTDiscus, & Web of Science) was conducted from inception to August 2019 for studies comparing walking and/or running gait of children with and without DCD. The McMaster Critical Appraisal Form for Quantitative Studies was used to assess risk of bias amongst included studies. Meta-analysis was completed on measures with four or more homogenous outcomes. RESULTS 20 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were eligible for review - three of which were pre-post designs, and 17 were cross-sectional designs. Data was extracted in five domains: kinetics, kinematics, physical function, electromyography, and temporospatial parameters. Meta-analysis was performed on one outcome measure - the 6 min Walk Test (6MWT), finding that children with DCD walked significantly shorter distances, indicating reduced endurance in walking gait. Other statistically significant results all favoured typically developing children, however there is little consistency between studies. CONCLUSION Although a clear gait pattern for children with DCD is not evident, functional deficits appear to be present in endurance and cardiorespiratory fitness. The current evidence base for gait changes in DCD is currently low-level, and further high quality research is warranted. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42018106791.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Smith
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia; International Centre for Allied Health Evidence, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
| | - Emily Ward
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
| | - Cylie M Williams
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia; Allied Health, Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria, 3199, Australia; School of Primary and Allied Health, Monash University, Frankston, Victoria, 3199, Australia.
| | - Helen A Banwell
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia; International Centre for Allied Health Evidence, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
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4
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Byrnes SK, Kunic D, Rethwilm R, Böhm H, Horstmann T, Dussa CU. Compensatory mechanisms in children with idiopathic lower extremity internal rotational malalignment during walking and running. Gait Posture 2020; 79:46-52. [PMID: 32344359 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noticeable in-toeing gait is present in most children with internal rotational malalignment and often a reason to consult an orthopedic specialist. The risk of tripping may be higher for these patients. RESEARCH QUESTION The aim of this study was to determine compensatory mechanisms adopted by children with internal rotational deformities to avoid tripping and falling during walking and running. METHODS Sixty-nine patients between 5-18 years with idiopathic internal rotational malalignment were retrospectively included and subdivided into three groups: 18 patients with internal tibial torsion (ITT), 25 patients with internal femoral torsion (ITF) and 26 patients with both (ITB). Twenty-two typically developing age-matched children (TD) were analyzed for comparison. Three-dimensional gait data were evaluated. ANOVA's on two factors, group (ITT, ITF, ITB, TD) and movement (walking, running) with post-hoc t-tests were used to identify significant differences between groups. RESULTS All groups had significantly greater step width than TD during walking (P ≤ .002) and all torsional groups had significantly greater step width during running (P ≤ .001). Similarly, all torsional groups showed greater peak ankle dorsiflexion in swing during running than TD (P ≤ .006). Only the ITT group showed significantly greater external hip rotation than TD. When compared to TD, the ITF and ITB group had a significantly lower hip abduction moment in stance during running, but not for walking (P ≤ .032). SIGNIFICANCE Compensatory mechanisms in children with internal rotational deformities were mostly dependent on the location of rotational malalignment. All children with internal rotational malalignment had greater ankle dorsiflexion and greater step width during running. Especially in active patients, this greater ankle dorsiflexion during running may result in overuse of the ankle dorsiflexor muscles, while greater step width may have beneficial effects in normalizing knee adduction moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kimberly Byrnes
- Orthopedic Children's Hospital, Behandlungszentrum Aschau GmbH, Bernauerstr. 18, 83229, Aschau im Chiemgau, Germany; Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Institute for Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
| | - Demir Kunic
- Orthopedic Children's Hospital, Behandlungszentrum Aschau GmbH, Bernauerstr. 18, 83229, Aschau im Chiemgau, Germany
| | - Roman Rethwilm
- Orthopedic Children's Hospital, Behandlungszentrum Aschau GmbH, Bernauerstr. 18, 83229, Aschau im Chiemgau, Germany
| | - Harald Böhm
- Orthopedic Children's Hospital, Behandlungszentrum Aschau GmbH, Bernauerstr. 18, 83229, Aschau im Chiemgau, Germany
| | - Thomas Horstmann
- Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Institute for Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopedics, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Medical Park St. Hubertus Klinik, Bad Wiessee, Germany
| | - Chakravarthy U Dussa
- Orthopedic Children's Hospital, Behandlungszentrum Aschau GmbH, Bernauerstr. 18, 83229, Aschau im Chiemgau, Germany
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Yam TTT, Fong SSM. Leg muscle activation patterns during walking and leg lean mass are different in children with and without developmental coordination disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 73:87-95. [PMID: 29275080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) have a higher body fat and greater gait variability. Little research has investigated the gait muscle activity and lean mass measures in children with DCD. AIMS To compare the leg muscle activation patterns of the gait cycle and leg lean mass between children with and without DCD. METHODS Fifty-one children were in the DCD group (38 males and 13 females; 7.95 ± 1.04 years) and fifty-two in the control group (34 males and 18 females; 8.02 ± 1.00 years). Peak muscle activation patterns of treadmill walking in the right leg for the eight-gait phases were measured by means of surface electromyography, an electrogoniometer, and foot contact switches. Leg lean mass measures were evaluated using a whole-body dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. RESULTS Children with DCD had a lower leg lean mass and appendicular lean mass index compared to the control group. Furthermore, they exhibited a less-pronounced peak muscle activation during the heel strike (gastrocnemius medialis), early swing (biceps femoris) and late swing phases (gastrocnemius medialis) of gait. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Although lower limb total mass was similar between groups, the DCD group displayed lower lean mass measures than controls. Furthermore, children with DCD illustrated a lower leg peak muscle activation during the heel strike, early swing and late swing phases of gait when walking on a treadmill. Our results emphasize the need to incorporate lower limb phasic muscle strengthening components into gait rehabilitation programs for children with DCD.
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Wilson PH, Smits-Engelsman B, Caeyenberghs K, Steenbergen B, Sugden D, Clark J, Mumford N, Blank R. Cognitive and neuroimaging findings in developmental coordination disorder: new insights from a systematic review of recent research. Dev Med Child Neurol 2017; 59:1117-1129. [PMID: 28872667 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To better understand the neural and performance factors that may underlie developmental coordination disorder (DCD), and implications for a multi-component account. METHOD A systematic review of the experimental literature published between June 2011 and September 2016 was conducted using a modified PICOS (population, intervention, comparison, outcomes, and study type) framework. A total of 106 studies were included. RESULTS Behavioural data from 91 studies showed a broad cluster of deficits in the anticipatory control of movement, basic processes of motor learning, and cognitive control. Importantly, however, performance issues in DCD were often shown to be moderated by task type and difficulty. As well, we saw new evidence of compensatory processes and strategies in several studies. Neuroimaging data (15 studies, including electroencephalography) showed reduced cortical thickness in the right medial orbitofrontal cortex and altered brain activation patterns across functional networks involving prefrontal, parietal, and cerebellar regions in children with DCD than those in comparison groups. Data from diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging suggested reduced white matter organization involving sensorimotor structures and altered structural connectivity across the whole brain network. INTERPRETATION Taken together, results support the hypothesis that children with DCD show differences in brain structure and function compared with typically developing children. Behaviourally, these differences may affect anticipatory planning and reduce automatization of movement skill, prompting greater reliance on slower feedback-based control and compensatory strategies. Implications for future research, theory development, and clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Wilson
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Disability and Development Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bouwien Smits-Engelsman
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Services, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Karen Caeyenberghs
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Disability and Development Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bert Steenbergen
- Centre for Disability and Development Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - David Sugden
- School of Special Needs Education, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jane Clark
- School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Nick Mumford
- Centre for Disability and Development Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rainer Blank
- Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Child Centre, Maulbronn, Germany
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7
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Changes in dynamic balance control over time in children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder. Hum Mov Sci 2016; 49:148-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Wiggs L, Sparrowhawk M, Barnett AL. Parent Report and Actigraphically Defined Sleep in Children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder; Links with Fatigue and Sleepiness. Front Pediatr 2016; 4:81. [PMID: 27540540 PMCID: PMC4973273 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2016.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired sleep is associated with negative effects on quality of life and daytime functioning. Higher rates of sleep disturbance are reported in children with various developmental disorders. However, little is known about sleep in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD), a condition characterized by everyday movement difficulties. Previously, in a preliminary study, we found higher rates of parent-reported sleep disturbance in children with DCD compared to controls. AIMS To examine sleep in DCD using objective measures and to examine links with daytime fatigue and sleepiness. METHODS Two groups (primary and secondary school-aged) of 15 children with DCD, plus matched controls, participated. Parent-reported child sleep was assessed using the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire and actigraphy provided an objective measure of sleep-wake patterns over 1 week (including weekdays and weekend). Pediatric restless legs syndrome (RLS) semi-structured diagnostic interview was conducted with each child and parent to capture symptoms of RLS. Aspects of self-rated child functioning were assessed with questionnaires (Pre-sleep Arousal Scale, Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale, PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale) and mothers' reported thoughts about child sleep with the Maternal Cognitions about Infant Sleep Questionnaire. RESULTS The DCD groups had greater parent-reported sleep disturbance. Actigraphy results suggested that for secondary aged children with DCD their sleep quality was impaired and there were differences in the timing of sleep compared to controls (including some differences in the variation between weekday and weekend sleep times). The actigraphy of the primary age group with DCD was unremarkable compared to controls. No child in the study met the criteria for RLS. Exploratory analyses suggested that daytime fatigue, aspects of pre-sleep arousal, and daytime sleepiness were reported as greater in the DCD groups and were particularly related to objective sleep parameters in the DCD groups. Maternal thoughts about sleep did not differ between the DCD and control groups. CONCLUSION The nature and underlying cause of sleep disturbance and how it might be linked with aspects of daytime functioning in adolescents with DCD requires further research. Meanwhile, clinical awareness of the risk of atypical sleep patterns/sleep problems in DCD is important to ensure early identification and implementation of appropriate support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luci Wiggs
- Department of Psychology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK
| | - Masako Sparrowhawk
- Department of Psychology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK
| | - Anna L Barnett
- Department of Psychology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University , Oxford , UK
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Smits-Engelsman B, Schoemaker M, Delabastita T, Hoskens J, Geuze R. Diagnostic criteria for DCD: Past and future. Hum Mov Sci 2015; 42:293-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Ferguson GD, Naidoo N, Smits-Engelsman BCM. Health Promotion in a Low-income Primary School: Children with and Without DCD Benefit, but Differently. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2015; 35:147-62. [PMID: 25984808 DOI: 10.3109/01942638.2015.1009230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Poor motor performance and reduced physical fitness are characteristic of children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). These features have also been identified more frequently among children living in low socio-economic circumstances. AIMS To evaluate the outcomes of a nine-week health promotion program (HPP) on the motor performance and fitness levels of children (6-10 years) with and without DCD attending a low-income primary school. METHODS The HPP was designed and implemented by undergraduate physiotherapy students using guidelines from the World Health Organization School Health Initiative and their physiotherapy curriculum. Children with DCD (n = 22) and a control group without DCD (n = 19) participated in the evaluation. Motor skill, functional strength, aerobic capacity, and anaerobic power were measured at baseline and after nine weeks. RESULTS Both groups of children improved on all measures at the conclusion of the HPP. Children with DCD showed greater improvement than the control group in motor performance and the control group showed greater improvement on one of the anaerobic fitness outcomes. CONCLUSIONS A school-based HPP that focuses on increasing opportunities for physical activity may be effective in improving motor performance in children with DCD and can increase fitness levels in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian D Ferguson
- 1University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
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Chia LC, Licari MK, Guelfi KJ, Reid SL. Investigation of treadmill and overground running: implications for the measurement of oxygen cost in children with developmental coordination disorder. Gait Posture 2014; 40:464-70. [PMID: 24947070 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Differences in the kinematics and kinetics of overground running have been reported between boys with and without developmental coordination disorder (DCD). This study compared the kinematics of overground and treadmill running in children with and without DCD to determine whether any differences in technique are maintained, as this may influence the outcome of laboratory treadmill studies of running economy in this population. Nine boys with DCD (10.3 ± 1.1 year) and 10 typically developing (TD) controls (9.7 ± 1 year) ran on a treadmill and overground at a matched velocity (8.8 ± 0.9 km/h). Kinematic data of the trunk and lower limb were obtained for both conditions using a 12-camera Vicon MX system. Both groups displayed an increase in stance time (p < 0.001), shorter stride length (p < 0.001), higher cadence (p < 0.001) and reduced ankle plantar flexion immediately after toe-off (p < 0.05) when running on the treadmill compared with overground. The DCD group had longer stance time (p < 0.009) and decreased knee flexion at mid-swing (p = 0.04) while running overground compared to their peers, but these differences were maintained when running on the treadmill. Treadmill running improved ankle joint symmetry in the DCD group compared with running overground (p = 0.019). Overall, these findings suggest that there are limited differences in joint kinematics and lower limb symmetry between overground and treadmill running in this population. Accordingly, laboratory studies of treadmill running in children with DCD are likely representative of the energy demands of running.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Chia
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - M K Licari
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - K J Guelfi
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - S L Reid
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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Ferguson GD, Aertssen WFM, Rameckers EAA, Jelsma J, Smits-Engelsman BCM. Physical fitness in children with developmental coordination disorder: measurement matters. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:1087-1097. [PMID: 24582141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) experience considerable difficulties coordinating and controlling their body movements during functional motor tasks. Thus, it is not surprising that children with DCD do not perform well on tests of physical fitness. The aim of this study was to determine whether deficits in motor coordination influence the ability of children with DCD to perform adequately on physical fitness tests. A case-control study design was used to compare the performance of children with DCD (n=70, 36 boys, mean age=8 y 1 mo) and Typically Developing (TD) children (n=70, 35 boys, mean age=7 y 9 mo) on measures of isometric strength (hand-held dynamometry), functional strength, i.e. explosive power and muscular endurance (Functional Strength Measurement), aerobic capacity (20 m Shuttle Run Test) and anaerobic muscle capacity, i.e. muscle power (Muscle Power Sprint Test). Results show that children with DCD were able to generate similar isometric forces compared to TD children in isometric break tests, but were significantly weaker in three-point grip strength. Performance on functional strength items requiring more isolated explosive movement of the upper extremities, showed no significant difference between groups while items requiring muscle endurance (repetitions in 30s) and items requiring whole body explosive movement were all significantly different. Aerobic capacity was lower for children with DCD whereas anaerobic performance during the sprint test was not. Our findings suggest that poor physical fitness performance in children with DCD may be partly due to poor timing and coordination of repetitive movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian D Ferguson
- University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Suite F45: Old Main Building, Groote Schuur Hospital, Main Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Tervuursevest 101, Postbox 1501, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Wendy F M Aertssen
- Avans + University of Professionals, Department of Physiotherapy, Heerbaan 14-40, Postbox 2087, 4800 CB Breda, The Netherlands.
| | - Eugene A A Rameckers
- Avans + University of Professionals, Department of Physiotherapy, Heerbaan 14-40, Postbox 2087, 4800 CB Breda, The Netherlands; Maastricht University Medical Centre, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine & Adelante Center of Expertise in Rehabilitation & Audiology, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jennifer Jelsma
- University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Suite F45: Old Main Building, Groote Schuur Hospital, Main Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
| | - Bouwien C M Smits-Engelsman
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Tervuursevest 101, Postbox 1501, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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Chia LC, Reid SL, Licari MK, Guelfi KJ. A comparison of the oxygen cost and physiological responses to running in children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 34:2098-2106. [PMID: 23643764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the oxygen cost of running in boys with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). Fourteen boys with DCD (9.1 ± 1.4 yr) and 16 typically developing (TD) controls (9.4 ± 1.3 yr) were tested on two separate occasions at least a week apart. On the first visit, motor proficiency, body composition and maximal aerobic capacity were established. On the second visit, oxygen consumption was determined via indirect calorimetry while participants ran at three submaximal speeds (7.2 km/h, 8.0 km/h and 8.8 km/h) on a motorised treadmill for 4 min each. Additional physiological responses such as blood lactate, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), heart rate, salivary alpha amylase and pain threshold were monitored at baseline and after each submaximal effort. Although there were no differences in the oxygen cost of running at all three speeds, the boys with DCD had higher blood lactate concentration (7.2 km/h, p=0.05; 8.0 km/h p=0.019), heart rate (p ≤ 0.001), RER (8.0 km/h, p=0.019; 8.8 km/h, p=0.001), salivary alpha amylase (8.0 km/h, p=0.023; 8.8 km/h, p=0.020) and a lower pain threshold (p<0.01). The higher overall metabolic cost of running in boys with DCD as indicated by the higher RER, heart rate and blood lactate concentrations, together with the higher levels of sympathoadrenal medullary activity and sensitivity to pain, may be deterring factors for participation in physical activity in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Chia
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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