1
|
Src Family Kinases: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Acute Kidney Injury. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070984. [PMID: 35883540 PMCID: PMC9312434 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs) are non-receptor tyrosine kinases and play a key role in regulating signal transduction. The mechanism of SFKs in various tumors has been widely studied, and there are more and more studies on its role in the kidney. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a disease with complex pathogenesis, including oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, autophagy, and apoptosis. In addition, fibrosis has a significant impact on the progression of AKI to developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). The mortality rate of this disease is very high, and there is no effective treatment drug at present. In recent years, some studies have found that SFKs, especially Src, Fyn, and Lyn, are involved in the pathogenesis of AKI. In this paper, the structure, function, and role of SFKs in AKI are discussed. SFKs play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of AKI, making them promising molecular targets for the treatment of AKI.
Collapse
|
2
|
Bu J, Zhang M, Wu Y, Jiang N, Guo Y, He X, He H, Jeyalatha MV, Reinach PS, Liu Z, Li W. High-Fat Diet Induces Inflammation of Meibomian Gland. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:13. [PMID: 34398199 PMCID: PMC8374999 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.10.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine if a high-fat diet (HFD) induces meibomian gland (MG) inflammation in mice. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a standard diet (SD), HFD, or HFD supplemented with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist rosiglitazone for various durations. Body weight, blood lipid levels, and eyelid changes were monitored at regular intervals. MG sections were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining, LipidTox staining, TUNEL assay, and immunostaining. Quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analyses were performed to detect relative gene expression and signaling pathway activation in MGs. Results MG acinus accumulated more lipids in the mice fed the HFD. Periglandular CD45-positive and F4/80-positive cell infiltration were more evident in the HFD mice, and they were accompanied by upregulation of inflammation-related cytokines. PPAR-γ downregulation accompanied activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways in the HFD mice. There was increased acini cell apoptosis and mitochondria damage in mice fed the HFD. MG inflammation was ameliorated following a shift to the standard diet and rosiglitazone treatment in the mice fed the HFD. Conclusions HFD-induced declines in PPAR-γ expression and MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathway activation resulted in MG inflammation and dysfunction in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Bu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Minjie Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Xiamen Branch, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yuli Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hui He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - M Vimalin Jeyalatha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Peter Sol Reinach
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zuguo Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Inhibition of macrophage migration inhibitory factor attenuates inflammation and fetal kidney injury in a rat model of acute pancreatitis in pregnancy. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 68:106-114. [PMID: 30622028 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy (APIP) is a severe disease during pregnancy that mostly occurs during the third trimester. It can lead to additional complications including preterm delivery and high fetal mortality. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of (S, R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4, 5dihydro-5-isoxazole acetic methyl ester (ISO-1), an inhibitor of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), on fetal kidney injury associated with the maternal acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) and its potential mechanisms in a rat model. The APIP rat model was induced by retrograde infusion of sodium taurocholate saline solution into biliopancreatic duct. ISO-1 was given by intraperitoneally injection 30 min before the model was induced. The levels of maternal serum amylase, lipase, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukins (IL)-1β were measured. Maternal pancreas and fetal kidney injury were evaluated, and the expressions of MIF, phospho-p38MAPK (p-p38), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), TNF-α, IL-1β in fetal kidneys were detected. The results showed that fetal rats exhibited obvious acute kidney injury during APIP, and pregnant rats pretreated with ISO-1 notably attenuated the lesions. ISO-1 also significantly reduced the expression of MIF and the activations of p38MAPK, NF-κB, as well as the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β. These results indicated that ISO-1 could attenuate fetal kidney injury in pregnant rats with ANP by inhibiting MIF mediated p38MAPK/NF-κB signal pathways to reduce inflammatory response.
Collapse
|
4
|
Acinar injury and early cytokine response in human acute biliary pancreatitis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15276. [PMID: 29127325 PMCID: PMC5681596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15479-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical acute pancreatitis (AP) is marked by an early phase of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) with multiorgan dysfunction (MODS), and a late phase characterized by sepsis with MODS. However, the mechanisms of acinar injury in human AP and the associated systemic inflammation are not clearly understood. This study, for the first time, evaluated the early interactions of bile acid induced human pancreatic acinar injury and the resulting cytokine response. We exposed freshly procured resected human pancreata to taurolithocolic acid (TLCS) and evaluated for acinar injury, cytokine release and interaction with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We observed autophagy in acinar cells in response to TLCS exposure. There was also time-dependent release of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α from the injured acini that resulted in activation of PBMCs. We also observed that cytokines secreted by activated PBMCs resulted in acinar cell apoptosis and further cytokine release from them. Our data suggests that the earliest immune response in human AP originates within the acinar cell itself, which subsequently activates circulating PBMCs leading to SIRS. These findings need further detailed evaluation so that specific therapeutic targets to curb SIRS and resulting early adverse outcomes could be identified and tested.
Collapse
|
5
|
Jakkampudi A, Jangala R, Reddy BR, Mitnala S, Nageshwar Reddy D, Talukdar R. NF-κB in acute pancreatitis: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Pancreatology 2016; 16:477-88. [PMID: 27282980 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of acute pancreatitis (AP) is increasing globally and mortality could be high among patients with organ failure and infected necrosis. The predominant factors responsible for the morbidity and mortality of AP are systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiorgan dysfunction. Even though preclinical studies have shown antisecretory agents (somatostatin), antioxidants (S-adenosyl methionine [SAM], selenium), protease inhibitors, platelet activating factor inhibitor (Lexipafant), and anti-inflammatory immunomodulators (eg. prostaglandin E, indomethacin) to benefit AP in terms of reducing the severity and/or mortality, most of these agents have shown heterogeneous results in clinical studies. Several years of experimental studies have implicated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation as an early and central event in the progression of inflammation in AP. In this manuscript, we review the literature on the role of NF-κB in the pathogenesis of AP, its early intraacinar activation, and how it results in progression of the disease. We also discuss why anti-protease, antisecretory, and anti-inflammatory agents are unlikely to be effective in clinical acute pancreatitis. NF-κB, being a central molecule that links the initial acinar injury to systemic inflammation and perpetuate the inflammation, we propose that more studies be focussed towards targeted inhibition of NF-κB activity. Direct NF-κB inhibition strategies have already been attempted in patients with various cancers. So far, peroxisome proliferator activator receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) ligand, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), proteasome inhibitor and calpain I inhibitor have been shown to have direct inhibitory effects on NF-κB activation in experimental AP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Jakkampudi
- Wellcome-DBT Laboratory, Asian Healthcare Foundation, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ramaiah Jangala
- Wellcome-DBT Laboratory, Asian Healthcare Foundation, Hyderabad, India
| | - B Ratnakar Reddy
- Wellcome-DBT Laboratory, Asian Healthcare Foundation, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sasikala Mitnala
- Wellcome-DBT Laboratory, Asian Healthcare Foundation, Hyderabad, India
| | - D Nageshwar Reddy
- Dept. of Medical Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rupjyoti Talukdar
- Wellcome-DBT Laboratory, Asian Healthcare Foundation, Hyderabad, India; Dept. of Medical Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Song GJ, Jung M, Kim JH, Park H, Rahman MH, Zhang S, Zhang ZY, Park DH, Kook H, Lee IK, Suk K. A novel role for protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B as a positive regulator of neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:86. [PMID: 27095436 PMCID: PMC4837589 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0545-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a member of the non-transmembrane phosphotyrosine phosphatase family. Recently, PTP1B has been proposed to be a novel target of anti-cancer and anti-diabetic drugs. However, the role of PTP1B in the central nervous system is not clearly understood. Therefore, in this study, we sought to define PTP1B’s role in brain inflammation. Methods PTP1B messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression levels were examined in mouse brain and microglial cells after LPS treatment using RT-PCR and western blotting. Pharmacological inhibitors of PTP1B, NF-κB, and Src kinase were used to analyze these signal transduction pathways in microglia. A Griess reaction protocol was used to determine nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in primary microglia cultures and microglial cell lines. Proinflammatory cytokine production was measured by RT-PCR. Western blotting was used to assess Src phosphorylation levels. Immunostaining for Iba-1 was used to determine microglial activation in the mouse brain. Results PTP1B expression levels were significantly increased in the brain 24 h after LPS injection, suggesting a functional role for PTP1B in brain inflammation. Microglial cells overexpressing PTP1B exhibited an enhanced production of NO and gene expression levels of TNF-α, iNOS, and IL-6 following LPS exposure, suggesting that PTP1B potentiates the microglial proinflammatory response. To confirm the role of PTP1B in neuroinflammation, we employed a highly potent and selective inhibitor of PTP1B (PTP1Bi). In LPS- or TNF-α-stimulated microglial cells, in vitro blockade of PTP1B activity using PTP1Bi markedly attenuated NO production. PTP1Bi also suppressed the expression levels of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-1β. PTP1B activated Src by dephosphorylating the Src protein at a negative regulatory site. PTP1B-mediated Src activation led to an enhanced proinflammatory response in the microglial cells. An intracerebroventricular injection of PTP1Bi significantly attenuated microglial activation in the hippocampus and cortex of LPS-injected mice compared to vehicle-injected mice. The gene expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines were also significantly suppressed in the brain by a PTP1Bi injection. Together, these data suggest that PTP1Bi has an anti-inflammatory effect in a mouse model of neuroinflammation. Conclusions This study demonstrates that PTP1B is an important positive regulator of neuroinflammation and is a promising therapeutic target for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0545-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyun Jee Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungsu Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Heon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Dong Ho Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kook
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lv J, Gu WL, Chen CX. Effect of gentiopicroside on experimental acute pancreatitis induced by retrograde injection of sodium taurocholate into the biliopancreatic duct in rats. Fitoterapia 2015; 102:127-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
8
|
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory process of the pancreatic gland that eventually may lead to a severe systemic inflammatory response. A key event in pancreatic damage is the intracellular activation of NF-κB and zymogens, involving also calcium, cathepsins, pH disorders, autophagy, and cell death, particularly necrosis. This review focuses on the new role of redox signaling in acute pancreatitis. Oxidative stress and redox status are involved in the onset of acute pancreatitis and also in the development of the systemic inflammatory response, being glutathione depletion, xanthine oxidase activation, and thiol oxidation in proteins critical features of the disease in the pancreas. On the other hand, the release of extracellular hemoglobin into the circulation from the ascitic fluid in severe necrotizing pancreatitis enhances lipid peroxidation in plasma and the inflammatory infiltrate into the lung and up-regulates the HIF-VEGF pathway, contributing to the systemic inflammatory response. Therefore, redox signaling and oxidative stress contribute to the local and systemic inflammatory response during acute pancreatitis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Binker MG, Cosen-Binker LI. Acute pancreatitis: The stress factor. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:5801-5807. [PMID: 24914340 PMCID: PMC4024789 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i19.5801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disorder of the pancreas that may cause life-threatening complications. Etiologies of pancreatitis vary, with gallstones accounting for the majority of all cases, followed by alcohol. Other causes of pancreatitis include trauma, ischemia, mechanical obstruction, infections, autoimmune, hereditary, and drugs. The main events occurring in the pancreatic acinar cell that initiate and propagate acute pancreatitis include inhibition of secretion, intracellular activation of proteases, and generation of inflammatory mediators. Small cytokines known as chemokines are released from damaged pancreatic cells and attract inflammatory cells, whose systemic action ultimately determined the severity of the disease. Indeed, severe forms of pancreatitis may result in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome, characterized by a progressive physiologic failure of several interdependent organ systems. Stress occurs when homeostasis is threatened, and stressors can include physical or mental forces, or combinations of both. Depending on the timing and duration, stress can result in beneficial or harmful consequences. While it is well established that a previous acute-short-term stress decreases the severity of experimentally-induced pancreatitis, the worsening effects of chronic stress on the exocrine pancreas have received relatively little attention. This review will focus on the influence of both prior acute-short-term and chronic stress in acute pancreatitis.
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu ST, Pham H, Pandol SJ, Ptasznik A. Src as the link between inflammation and cancer. Front Physiol 2014; 4:416. [PMID: 24474940 PMCID: PMC3893689 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a causal link between chronic inflammation and cancer has been established, the exact molecular mechanism linking inflammation to cancer remains largely unknown. It was previously postulated that molecular switches responsible for cancer cell development, and for infiltration of inflammatory cells into cancer, were divided into a distinct set of intracellular proteins and signaling pathways. However, recent evidence suggests that both tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells utilize the same kinases, mostly that of Src family, to facilitate cancer development and progression. In the past few years several groups have found that Src activation both in cancer and inflammatory cells is mainly driven by pro-inflammatory cytokines within the tumor microenvironment. Here we evaluate the cross talks between Src kinase pathways in immune cells and cancer cells. We conclude that Src might serve as a critical mechanistic link between inflammation and cancer, mediating and propagating a cycle between immune and tissue cells that can ultimately lead to the development and progression of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandy T Liu
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles CA, USA
| | - Hung Pham
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles CA, USA ; Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrzej Ptasznik
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu L, Xue DB. Protein kinases - new targets for treatment of acute pancreatitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:2867-2872. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i30.2867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common acute abdomen. Although most cases of AP are self-limited, severe AP is still associated with a higher mortality rate. Protein kinases are involved in almost all intracellular signal transduction pathways, and AP-related protein kinases may be good targets for treatment of AP. Numerous studies have investigated the protein kinases and their specific inhibitors involved in AP in recent years. Here we utilized the data mining method to summarize protein kinases and kinase inhibitors that correlate with AP and highlight several important protein kinases, with an aim to provide new clues to the treatment of AP.
Collapse
|
12
|
Giachini FRC, Carneiro FS, Lima VV, Carneiro ZN, Carvalho MHC, Fortes ZB, Webb RC, Tostes RC. Pyk2 mediates increased adrenergic contractile responses in arteries from DOCA-salt mice - VASOACTIVE PEPTIDE SYMPOSIUM. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 2:431-8. [PMID: 19884968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The calcium-dependent proline-rich tyrosine kinase (Pyk2), a nonreceptor protein activated by tyrosine phosphorylation, links G protein-coupled receptors to vascular responses. We tested the hypothesis that enhanced vascular reactivity in DOCA-salt hypertensive mice are due to increased activation of Pyk2. METHODS AND RESULTS Aorta and small mesenteric arteries from DOCA-salt and uninephrectomized (UNI) male C57Bl/6 mice were used. Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) was higher in DOCA (126+/-3) vs. UNI (100+/-4) mice. Vascular responses to phenylephrine (1nM to 100muM) were greater both in aorta and small mesenteric arteries from DOCA-salt than UNI, but treatment with Tyrphostin A-9 (0.1muM, Pyk2 inhibitor) abolished the difference among the groups. Pyk2 levels, as well as phospho-Pyk2(Tyr402), paxillin and phospho-paxillin(Tyr118) were increased in DOCA-salt aorta. Incubation of vessels with Tyrphostin A-9 restored phosphorylation of Pyk2 and paxillin. CONCLUSION Increased activation of Pyk2 contributes to increased vascular contractile-responses in DOCA-salt mice.
Collapse
|
13
|
Thrower EC, Yuan J, Usmani A, Liu Y, Jones C, Minervini SN, Alexandre M, Pandol SJ, Guha S. A novel protein kinase D inhibitor attenuates early events of experimental pancreatitis in isolated rat acini. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G120-9. [PMID: 20947701 PMCID: PMC3025506 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00300.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Novel protein kinase C isoforms (PKC δ and ε) mediate early events in acute pancreatitis. Protein kinase D (PKD/PKD1) is a convergent point of PKC δ and ε in the signaling pathways triggered through CCK or cholinergic receptors and has been shown to activate the transcription factor NF-κB in acute pancreatitis. For the present study we hypothesized that a newly developed PKD/PKD1 inhibitor, CRT0066101, would prevent the initial events leading to pancreatitis. We pretreated isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells with CRT0066101 and a commercially available inhibitor Gö6976 (10 μM). This was followed by stimulation for 60 min with high concentrations of cholecystokinin (CCK, 0.1 μM), carbachol (CCh, 1 mM), or bombesin (10 μM) to induce initial events of pancreatitis. PKD/PKD1 phosphorylation and activity were measured as well as zymogen activation, amylase secretion, cell injury and NF-κB activation. CRT0066101 dose dependently inhibited secretagogue-induced PKD/PKD1 activation and autophosphorylation at Ser-916 with an IC(50) ∼3.75-5 μM but had no effect on PKC-dependent phosphorylation of the PKD/PKD1 activation loop (Ser-744/748). Furthermore, CRT0066101 reduced secretagogue-induced zymogen activation and amylase secretion. Gö6976 reduced zymogen activation but not amylase secretion. Neither inhibitor affected basal zymogen activation or secretion. CRT0066101 did not affect secretagogue-induced cell injury or changes in cell morphology, but it reduced NF-κB activation by 75% of maximal for CCK- and CCh-stimulated acinar cells. In conclusion, CRT0066101 is a potent and specific PKD family inhibitor. Furthermore, PKD/PKD1 is a potential mediator of zymogen activation, amylase secretion, and NF-κB activation induced by a range of secretagogues in pancreatic acinar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin C. Thrower
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and the Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Jingzhen Yuan
- 2Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and University of California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Ashar Usmani
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and the Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Yannan Liu
- 2Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and University of California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Courtney Jones
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and the Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Samantha N. Minervini
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and the Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Martine Alexandre
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, and the Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- 2Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and University of California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Sushovan Guha
- 3University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Binker MG, Binker-Cosen AA, Richards D, Gaisano HY, de Cosen RH, Cosen-Binker LI. Chronic stress sensitizes rats to pancreatitis induced by cerulein: Role of TNF-α. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:5565-81. [PMID: 21105189 PMCID: PMC2992674 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i44.5565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate chronic stress as a susceptibility factor for developing pancreatitis, as well as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as a putative sensitizer.
METHODS: Rat pancreatic acini were used to analyze the influence of TNF-α on submaximal (50 pmol/L) cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulation. Chronic restraint (4 h every day for 21 d) was used to evaluate the effects of submaximal (0.2 μg/kg per hour) cerulein stimulation on chronically stressed rats.
RESULTS: In vitro exposure of pancreatic acini to TNF-α disorganized the actin cytoskeleton. This was further increased by TNF-α/CCK treatment, which additionally reduced amylase secretion, and increased trypsin and nuclear factor-κB activities in a protein-kinase-C δ and ε-dependent manner. TNF-α/CCK also enhanced caspases’ activity and lactate dehydrogenase release, induced ATP loss, and augmented the ADP/ATP ratio. In vivo, rats under chronic restraint exhibited elevated serum and pancreatic TNF-α levels. Serum, pancreatic, and lung inflammatory parameters, as well as caspases’activity in pancreatic and lung tissue, were substantially enhanced in stressed/cerulein-treated rats, which also experienced tissues’ ATP loss and greater ADP/ATP ratios. Histological examination revealed that stressed/cerulein-treated animals developed abundant pancreatic and lung edema, hemorrhage and leukocyte infiltrate, and pancreatic necrosis. Pancreatitis severity was greatly decreased by treating animals with an anti-TNF-α-antibody, which diminished all inflammatory parameters, histopathological scores, and apoptotic/necrotic markers in stressed/cerulein-treated rats.
CONCLUSION: In rats, chronic stress increases susceptibility for developing pancreatitis, which involves TNF-α sensitization of pancreatic acinar cells to undergo injury by physiological cerulein stimulation.
Collapse
|
15
|
Twait E, Williard DE, Samuel I. Dominant negative p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase expression inhibits NF-kappaB activation in AR42J cells. Pancreatology 2010; 10:119-28. [PMID: 20453549 PMCID: PMC2899148 DOI: 10.1159/000290656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of the p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in acute pancreatitis pathogenesis is controversial. We hypothesize that p38 plays a role in regulating NF-kappaB activation in exocrine pancreatic cells. METHODS AR42J cells incorporating an NF-kappaB-responsive luciferase reporter, with and without adenoviral transduction of DNp38, were stimulated with cholecystokinin (CCK) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) prior to measuring NF-kappaB activation. RESULTS CCK- or TNF-alpha-stimulated NF-kappaB-dependent gene transcription (luciferase assay) was substantially subdued by DNp38 expression. These findings were confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Nuclear translocation of the p65 NF-kappaB subunit following agonist stimulation was evident (supershift). Characterization studies showed excellent adenoviral infection efficiency and cell viability in our AR42J cell model. Agonist-stimulated dose- and time-dependent p38 activation, with inhibition by DNp38 expression, was also confirmed. CONCLUSION The p38 MAP kinase regulates NF-kappaB pathway activation in exocrine pancreatic cells, and thus potentially plays a role in the mechanism of acute pancreatitis pathogenesis..
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isaac Samuel
- *Isaac Samuel, MD, FRCS, FACS, Department of Surgery, VAMC & UI CCOM, 200 Hawkins Drive, 4625 JCP (Surgery), Iowa City, IA 52242 (USA), Tel. +1 319 356 7359, Fax +1 319 356 8378, E-Mail
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Williard DE, Twait E, Yuan Z, Carter AB, Samuel I. Nuclear factor kappa B-dependent gene transcription in cholecystokinin- and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated isolated acinar cells is regulated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Am J Surg 2010; 200:283-90. [PMID: 20413104 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) are implicated in early stages of acute pancreatitis pathogenesis. We investigated the relationship between the p38 MAP kinase and NF-kappaB in isolated acinar cells. METHODS Isolated rodent acinar cells were stimulated with agonists after infection with an adenovector containing a luciferase promoter driven only by NF-kappaB and an adenovector containing the dominant negative (DN) form of p38 (empty vector in controls). RESULTS Initial immunoblots confirmed that the agonist stimulated p38 activation in acinar cells was substantially attenuated by DN p38 overexpression. Stimulation of native cholecystokinin (CCK)-A receptors or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) receptors promoted a significant increase in NF-kappaB-dependent gene transcription in cells infected with the empty vector, while overexpression of DN p38 significantly abrogated NF-kappaB-dependent luciferase activity. CONCLUSIONS These findings support our hypothesis that p38 is involved in the activation of proinflammatory nuclear transcription factors such as NF-kappaB in pancreatic exocrine cells.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To define the role of protein kinase C delta (PKC delta) in acinar cell responses to the hormone cholecystokinin-8 (CCK) using isoform-specific inhibitors and a previously unreported genetic deletion model. METHODS Pancreatic acinar cells were isolated from (1) rat, and pretreated with a PKC delta-specific inhibitor or (2) PKC delta-deficient and wild type mice. Isolated cells were stimulated with CCK (0.001-100 nmol/L) and cell responses were measured. RESULTS The PKC delta inhibitor did not affect stimulated amylase secretion from rat pancreatic acinar cells. Cholecystokinin-8 stimulation induced a typical biphasic dose-response curve for amylase secretion in acinar cells isolated from both PKC delta(-/-) and wild type mice, with maximal stimulation at 10-pmol/L CCK. Cholecystokinin-8 (100 nmol/L) induced zymogen and nuclear factor kappaB activation in both PKC delta(-/-) and wild type mice, although it was up to 50% less in PKC delta(-/-). CONCLUSIONS In contrast to previous studies, this study has used specific and complementary approaches to examine PKC delta-mediated acinar cell responses. We could not confirm that it mediates amylase release but corroborated its role in the early stages of acute pancreatitis.
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang Y, Yang H, Liu H, Huang J, Song X. Effect of staurosporine on the mobility and invasiveness of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells: an in vitro study. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:174. [PMID: 19500428 PMCID: PMC2702389 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is one of the most malignant tumors, representing a significant threat to human health. Lung cancer patients often exhibit tumor cell invasion and metastasis before diagnosis which often render current treatments ineffective. Here, we investigated the effect of staurosporine, a potent protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor on the mobility and invasiveness of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Methods All experiments were conducted using human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells that were either untreated or treated with 1 nmol/L, 10 nmol/L, or 100 nmol/L staurosporine. Electron microscopy analyses were performed to study ultrastructural differences between untreated A549 cells and A549 cells treated with staurosporine. The effect of staurosporine on the mobility and invasiveness of A549 was tested using Transwell chambers. Western blot analyses were performed to study the effect of staurosporine on the levels of PKC-α, integrin β1, E-cadherin, and LnR. Changes in MMP-9 and uPA levels were identified by fluorescence microscopy. Results We demonstrated that treatment of A549 cells with staurosporine caused alterations in the cell shape and morphology. Untreated cells were primarily short spindle- and triangle-shaped in contrast to staurosporine treated cells which were retracted and round-shaped. The latter showed signs of apoptosis, including vacuole fragmentation, chromatin degeneration, and a decrease in the number of microvilli at the surface of the cells. The A549 cell adhesion, mobility, and invasiveness significantly decreased with higher staurosporine concentrations. E-cadherin, integrin β1, and LnR levels changed by a factor of 1.5, 0.74, and 0.73, respectively compared to untreated cells. In addition, the levels of MMP-9 and uPA decreased in cells treated with staurosporine. Conclusion In summary, this study demonstrates that staurosporine inhibits cell adhesion, mobility, and invasion of A549 cells. The staurosporine-mediated inhibition of PKC-α, induction of E-Cad expression, and decreased integrin β1, LnR, MMP-9, and uPA levels could all possibly contribute to this biological process. These results represent a significant step forward in the ongoing effort to understand the development of lung carcinoma and to design novel strategies to inhibit metastasis of the tumor by targeting the cell-adhesion, mobility and invasion of tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yuan J, Lugea A, Zheng L, Gukovsky I, Edderkaoui M, Rozengurt E, Pandol SJ. Protein kinase D1 mediates NF-kappaB activation induced by cholecystokinin and cholinergic signaling in pancreatic acinar cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G1190-201. [PMID: 18845574 PMCID: PMC2604803 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90452.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/05/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-kappaB plays a critical role in inflammatory and cell death responses during acute pancreatitis. Previous studies in our laboratory demonstrated that protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms PKCdelta and epsilon are key regulators of NF-kappaB activation induced by cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and ethanol. However, the downstream participants in regulating NF-kappaB activation in exocrine pancreas remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that protein kinase D1 (PKD1) is a key downstream target of PKCdelta and PKCepsilon in pancreatic acinar cells stimulated by two major secretagogues, CCK-8 and the cholinergic agonist carbachol (CCh), and that PKD1 is necessary for NF-kappaB activation induced by CCK-8 and CCh. Both CCK-8 and CCh dose dependently induced a rapid and striking activation of PKD1 in rat pancreatic acinar cells, as measured by in vitro kinase assay and by phosphorylation at PKD1 activation loop (Ser744/748) or autophosphorylation site (Ser916). The phosphorylation and activation of PKD1 correlated with NF-kappaB activity stimulated by CCK-8 or CCh, as measured by NF-kappaB DNA binding. Either inhibition of PKCdelta or epsilon by isoform-specific inhibitory peptides, genetic deletion of PKCdelta and epsilon in pancreatic acinar cells, or knockdown of PKD1 by using small interfering RNAs in AR42J cells resulted in a marked decrease in PKD1 and NF-kappaB activation stimulated by CCK-8 or CCh. Conversely, overexpression of PKD1 resulted in augmentation of CCK-8- and CCh-stimulated NF-kappaB activation. Finally, the kinetics of PKD1 and NF-kappaB activation during cerulein-induced rat pancreatitis showed that both PKD1 and NF-kappaB activation were early events during acute pancreatitis and that their time courses of response were similar. Our results identify PKD1 as a novel early convergent point for PKCdelta and epsilon in the signaling pathways mediating NF-kappaB activation in pancreatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhen Yuan
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Patyna S, Arrigoni C, Terron A, Kim TW, Heward JK, Vonderfecht SL, Denlinger R, Turnquist SE, Evering W. Nonclinical safety evaluation of sunitinib: a potent inhibitor of VEGF, PDGF, KIT, FLT3, and RET receptors. Toxicol Pathol 2008; 36:905-16. [PMID: 18981453 DOI: 10.1177/0192623308326151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Sunitinib malate (SUTENT) is a multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor that is approved multinationally for the treatment of imatinib-resistant/-intolerant gastrointestinal stromal tumor and advanced renal cell carcinoma. This paper characterizes the organ toxicity of sunitinib in Sprague-Dawley rats and cynomolgus monkeys, and the reversibility of any treatment-induced effects. Rats and monkeys received sunitinib (0-15 and 0-20 mg/kg/day, respectively) orally on a consecutive daily dosing schedule for thirteen weeks or on an intermittent daily dosing schedule for up to nine months. Clinical observations and laboratory parameters were recorded. Necropsy was conducted following treatment/recovery periods, and histologic examinations were performed. In rats, sunitinib was generally tolerated at 0.3 and 1.5 mg/kg/day, and findings were reversible. In monkeys, the level at which there were no observed adverse effects was 1.5 mg/kg/day, and findings were similarly reversible (except for uterine/ovarian weight changes and skin pallor). Data suggest that inhibition of multiple RTK pathways may induce pharmacologic effects on organ systems in nonclinical species. Key pharmacologic effects of sunitinib included reversible inhibition of neovascularization into the epiphyseal growth plate, and impaired corpora lutea formation and uterine development during estrus. Similar observations have been noted with this class of RTK signaling inhibitors and are consistent with pharmacologic perturbations of physiologic/angiogenic processes associated with the intended molecular targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shem Patyna
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Abstract
Pancreatitis and Calcium Signalling was an international research workshop organized by the authors and held at the Liverpool Medical Institution, Liverpool, United Kingdom, from Sunday 12th to Tuesday 14th November 2006. The overall goal of the workshop was to review progress and explore new opportunities for understanding the mechanisms of acute pancreatitis with an emphasis on the role of pathological calcium signaling. The participants included those with significant interest and expertise in pancreatitis research and others who are in fields outside gastroenterology but with significant expertise in areas of cell biology relevant to pancreatitis. The workshop was designed to enhance interchange of ideas and collaborations, to engage and encourage younger researchers in the field, and promote biomedical research through the participating and supporting organizations and societies. The workshop was divided into 8 topic-oriented sessions. The sessions were: (1) Physiology and pathophysiology of calcium signaling; (2) Interacting signaling mechanisms; (3) Premature digestive enzyme activation; (4) Physiology Society Lecture: Aberrant Ca2+ signaling, bicarbonate secretion, and pancreatitis; (5) NFkappaB, cytokines, and immune mechanisms; (6) Mitochondrial injury; (7) Cell death pathways; and (8) Overview of areas for future research. In each session, speakers presented work appropriate to the topic followed by discussion of the material presented by the group. The publication of these proceedings is intended to provide a platform for enhancing research and therapeutic development for acute pancreatitis.
Collapse
|
23
|
Samuel I, Tephly L, Williard DE, Carter AB. Enteral exclusion increases MAP kinase activation and cytokine production in a model of gallstone pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2008; 8:6-14. [PMID: 18235211 PMCID: PMC2829292 DOI: 10.1159/000114850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that enteral exclusion augments pancreatic p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production after bile-pancreatic duct ligation in rats. METHODS In the present study, we evaluated c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, and cytokine production, in pancreata of duct-ligated rats with and without duodenal bile-pancreatic juice replacement from a donor rat. We hypothesized that enteral exclusion of bile-pancreatic juice activates stress kinases and induces cytokine production in ligation-induced acute pancreatitis. RESULTS Increased JNK and ERK activation after ligation are inhibited by bile-pancreatic juice replacement. Increases in pancreatic production of IL-1beta and IL-12 after ligation are significantly subdued by replacement. In additional in vitro studies, we show that cholecystokinin- or TNF-alpha-stimulated nuclear transcription factor kappa-B activation in AR42J cells is inhibited by dominant negative ERK2. CONCLUSIONS Our novel findings using our Donor Rat Model indicate that bile-pancreatic juice exclusion induces MAP kinase activation and exacerbates cell stress and inflammation in this experimental model of gallstone pancreatitis. and IAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Samuel
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Effects of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta inhibition on the development of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in mice. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:2811-21. [PMID: 18074481 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000295303.62996.9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 is a ubiquitous serine-threonine protein kinase that participates in a multitude of cellular processes and signal transduction pathways. It also plays an important role in the pathophysiology of a number of diseases characterized by an enhanced or unregulated inflammatory response. Here we investigate the effects of GSK-3beta inhibition on the development of experimental acute pancreatitis induced by cerulein in mice. DESIGN Prospective, randomized study. SETTING University-based research laboratory. SUBJECTS One-hundred and sixty anesthetized male CD mice. INTERVENTIONS Pancreatitis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of cerulein (hourly x5, 50 microg/kg). In the treatment group, the potent and selective GSK-3beta inhibitor 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione (TDZD-8) was administered 1 hr and 6 hrs after the first injection of cerulein (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Sham groups were treated with vehicle (0.1 mL of 0.9% NaCl, intraperitoneally) and TDZD-8. In another set of experiments, mice were monitored for 24 days to determine their mortality rate. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The injection of cerulein resulted in acute necrotizing pancreatitis. TDZD-8 significantly reduced the degree of pancreas injury, amylase, and lipase serum levels (p < .01); nuclear factor-kappaB activation (p < .01); the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta (p < .01); the expression of adhesion molecules and neutrophil accumulation (p < .01); the formation of oxygen and nitrogen-derived radicals (p < .01); the degree of lipid peroxidation (p < .01); the expression of transforming growth factor-beta and vascular endothelial growth factor (p < .01); and-ultimately-the mortality rate (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of GSK-3beta reduces the degree of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis and the associated mortality rate in mice. Blocking protein kinase activity may be a novel approach to treatment of this inflammatory condition.
Collapse
|
25
|
Cuzzocrea S, Malleo G, Genovese T, Mazzon E, Esposito E, Muià C, Abdelrahman M, Di Paola R, Thiemermann C. Effects of glycogen synthase kinase-3[beta] inhibition on the development of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in mice *. Crit Care Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/00003246-200712000-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
26
|
|
27
|
Cosen-Binker LI, Gaisano HY. Recent insights into the cellular mechanisms of acute pancreatitis. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2007; 21:19-24. [PMID: 17225878 PMCID: PMC2656626 DOI: 10.1155/2007/930424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In acute pancreatitis, initiating cellular events causing acinar cell injury includes co-localization of zymogens with lysosomal hydrolases, leading to premature enzyme activation and pathological exocytosis of zymogens into the interstitial space. This is followed by processes that accentuate cell injury; triggering acute inflammatory mediators, intensifying oxidative stress, compromising the microcirculation and activating a neurogenic feedback. Such localized events then progress to a systemic inflammatory response leading to multiorgan dysfunction syndrome with resulting high morbidity and mortality. The present review discusses some of the most recent insights into each of these cellular processes postulated to cause or propagate the process of acute pancreatitis, and also the role of alcohol and genetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Herbert Y Gaisano
- Correspondence: Dr Herbert Y Gaisano, University of Toronto, Room 7226, Medical Science Building, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8. Telephone 416-978-1526, fax 416-978-8765, e-mail
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang XP, Lin Q, Zhou YF. Progress of study on the relationship between mediators of inflammation and apoptosis in acute pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52:1199-205. [PMID: 17372825 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-006-9388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As an important pathological feature of acute pancreatitis, apoptosis may occur in multiple organs and relate directly to the progression of disease. It is mainly controlled by the apoptosis gene and also influenced by inflammatory mediators. We summarize here the roles of the main inflammatory mediators (e.g., NO, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta1, IL-10, NF-kappaB) during the pathologic process of acute pancreatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ping Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liddle RA. The role of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels in pancreatitis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2007; 1772:869-78. [PMID: 17428642 PMCID: PMC1995747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Premature activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreas which leads to autodigestion of the gland is an early step in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis. Pancreatic injury is followed by other manifestations of inflammation including plasma extravasation, edema, and neutrophil infiltration which constitute the features of pancreatitis. Recent studies indicate that neural innervation of the pancreas may play an important role in the initiation and maintenance of the inflammatory response to injury. The pancreas is innervated by vagal, sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons, as well as sensory neurons. Activation of pancreatic primary sensory neurons causes the release of inflammatory neuropeptides both in the spinal cord to signal pain and in the pancreas itself where they produce plasma extravasation and neutrophil infiltration. Recent studies indicate that primary sensory neurons of the pancreas express transient receptor potential V1 (TRPV1) channels whose activation induces pancreatic inflammation. Moreover, blockade of these TRP channels significantly ameliorates experimental pancreatitis. This review describes our current understanding of the role of TRPV1 channels in pancreatitis and illustrates how this mechanism might be used to direct future treatments of pancreatic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodger A Liddle
- Department of Medicine, Box 3913, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs and University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vona-Davis L, McFadden DW. PYY and the pancreas: inhibition of tumor growth and inflammation. Peptides 2007; 28:334-8. [PMID: 17194501 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2006.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Peptide YY (PYY) orchestrates function of the gut and pancreas by regulating growth, digestion and absorption. In addition to its physiological role, PYY exhibits immune and antitrophic properties in the pancreas by decreasing cytokine and amylase release. Although the exact mechanism(s) of action are still not fully understood, PYY interacts at the acinar level with numerous intracellular transcription factors. In addition to ameliorating pancreatic inflammation, novel synthetic analogs of PYY have been developed that are potent inhibitors in the proliferation of pancreatic cancer. The present paper reviews our current findings with PYY and examines the therapeutic implications of its utility in treating inflammation and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Vona-Davis
- Department of Surgery, West Virginia University, PO Box 9238, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rizvi IA, Robinson K, McFadden DW, Riggs DR, Jackson BJ, Vona-Davis L. Peptide YY Reverses TNF-α Induced Transcription Factor Binding of Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 and p53 in Pancreatic Acinar Cells. J Surg Res 2006; 136:25-30. [PMID: 16978650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Revised: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokine activation in the pancreatitis induces local and systemic cellular damage. Transcription factors interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) and the tumor suppressor gene p53 collaborate to enhance p21 related cell cycle regulation during pathological disease progression. However, little is known about their role in the pancreas after cytokine challenge. Our laboratory has previously shown that TNF-alpha induces the binding of many transcription factors, including NF-kappa B, and treatment with the gut hormone, Peptide YY (PYY), ameliorates the effects. We hypothesized that TNF-alpha would induce IRF-1 and p53 protein binding in pancreatic acinar cells and that PYY would attenuate the effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rat pancreatic acinar AR42J cells were treated with rat recombinant TNF-alpha (200 ng/ml). To verify that our model was inducing pancreatitis, alpha-amylase activity was measured in the cell culture supernatant by fluorescence spectroscopy. PYY [3-36] was added at 500 pM 30 min post-TNF treatment; cells were harvested at 2 h for extraction of nuclear protein. Transcription factor binding of IRF-1 and p53 were determined by protein/DNA array analysis using chemiluminescence detection, and relative spot densities were measured by densitometry. A two-fold increase or decrease in density was considered significant. RESULTS Amylase enzyme activity was significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in the TNF-alpha-treated cells by 2 h. Protein/DNA array analysis revealed significant up-regulation of both IRF-1 and p53 protein in nuclear extracts. Induction by TNF-alpha increased IRF-1 protein binding 3.5-fold, while binding levels of p53 protein increased six-fold. The addition of PYY to TNF-treated cells reduced IRF-1 and p53 binding to control levels. CONCLUSIONS We have shown for the first time that short-term exposure to TNF-alpha induces the binding activity of transcription factors IRF-1 and p53 in rat pancreatic acinar cells, and that addition of PYY reduces it. Regulation of transcription factor activity by PYY may have therapeutic potential in altering the progression of pancreatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irfan A Rizvi
- Department of Surgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-9238, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review presents advances in our understanding of the pathobiologic responses of acute pancreatitis from studies using animal models of experimental pancreatitis as well as results of key clinical trials and observations. RECENT FINDINGS The reports during the past year show significant advances in our understanding of the pathobiology of acute pancreatitis. In particular, there are findings presented that are relevant to our further understanding of pancreatic intracellular digestive enzyme activation; the pancreatic inflammatory response; and cell death responses such as necrosis as apoptosis. Other reports add to understanding of the control of microcirculatory disturbances in acute pancreatitis, and of the role of the pancreatic neural system in regulating the microcirculation as well as the pain associated with the disorder. Finally, there are clinical trials showing benefits of enteral feeding on outcome of acute pancreatitis as well as the finding that diclofenac prevents endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-induced pancreatitis. SUMMARY Our understanding of the mechanistic processes that mediate the pathobiologic responses of pancreatitis is rapidly evolving. In addition, we now have initial evidence for potential treatment strategies for this disorder. Testing treatment strategies will lead to improved therapies and outcomes for patients with acute pancreatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Pandol
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, West Los Angeles Healthcare Center, Building 258 Room 340, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Robinson K, Vona-Davis L, Riggs D, Jackson B, McFadden D. Peptide YY attenuates STAT1 and STAT3 activation induced by TNF-alpha in acinar cell line AR42J. J Am Coll Surg 2006; 202:788-96. [PMID: 16648019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2005] [Revised: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND STAT1 and STAT3, members of the cytoplasmic family of signal transducers and activators of transcription factors (STAT), have been associated with numerous inflammatory pathologies, including inflammatory bowel disease, hepatitis, and acute lung injury. But little is known about their role in the pancreas. Peptide YY (PYY), an inhibitory gastrointestinal hormone, ameliorates pancreatitis in vivo and in vitro. In addition, we have shown that PYY attenuates transcription factors, such as nuclear transcription factor (NF)-kappaB and Smad3/4, which mediate inflammation. We hypothesized that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha would induce STAT1 and STAT3, and PYY would attenuate their transcription factor binding. STUDY DESIGN Rat pancreatic acinar cells were treated with recombinant TNF-alpha (200 ng/mL); PYY (3-36; 500 pM) was added 30 minutes post-TNF-alpha treatment. Cells were harvested at 2 hours, and nuclear protein and conditioned media were extracted. Levels of amylase secretion and cytokine production were measured using commercially available kits. STAT transcription factor binding was determined by protein/DNA array analysis and densitometry; results were verified again by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and ELISA-based assay. RESULTS Amylase production was considerably increased (p < 0.05) as early as 5 minutes after addition of exogenous TNF-alpha and remained elevated for 24 hours. PYY decreased amylase production to control levels. A notable increase (p < 0.05) in the production of cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha was observed with TNF-alpha treatment; production was reduced with PYY. TNF-alpha substantially upregulated STAT1 and STAT3 (two-fold or greater); PYY downregulated their binding activity to control levels. Results from both the electrophoretic mobility shift assay- and the ELISA-based assays verified STAT1 and STAT3 responses to TNF-alpha and PYY. CONCLUSIONS In pancreatic acinar cells, TNF-alpha activated STAT1 and STAT3, known mediators of inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, PYY attenuated their protein/DNA binding, which may have an impact on development of the disease. Additional investigation of STAT proteins and PYY could provide new therapeutic strategies for pancreatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Robinson
- Department of Surgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wu SS, Jácamo RO, Vong SK, Rozengurt E. Differential regulation of Pyk2 phosphorylation at Tyr-402 and Tyr-580 in intestinal epithelial cells: roles of calcium, Src, Rho kinase, and the cytoskeleton. Cell Signal 2006; 18:1932-40. [PMID: 16574377 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-dependent proline-rich tyrosine kinase Pyk2 is activated by tyrosine phosphorylation, associates with focal adhesion proteins, and has been linked to proliferative and migratory responses in a variety of mesenchymal and epithelial cell types. Full Pyk2 activation requires phosphorylation at functionally distinct sites, including autophosphorylation site Tyr-402 and catalytic domain site Tyr-580, though the mechanisms involved are unclear. The pathways mediating Pyk2 phosphorylation at Tyr-402 and Tyr-580 were therefore investigated. Both sites were rapidly and transiently phosphorylated following cell stimulation by Ang II or LPA. However, only Tyr-580 phosphorylation was rapidly enhanced by intracellular Ca(2+) release, or inhibited by Ca(2+) depletion. Conversely, Tyr-402 phosphorylation was highly sensitive to inhibition of actin stress fibers, or of Rho kinase (ROK), an upstream regulator of stress fiber assembly. Ang II also induced a delayed (30-60 min) secondary phosphorylation peak occurring at Tyr-402 alone. Unlike the homologous focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Pyk2 phosphorylation was sensitive neither to the Src inhibitor PP2, nor to truncation of its N-terminal region, which contains a putative autoinhibitory FERM domain. These results better define the mechanisms involved in Pyk2 activation, demonstrating that autophosphorylation is ROK- and stress fiber-dependent, while transphosphorylation within the kinase domain is Ca(2+)-dependent and Src-independent in intestinal epithelial cells. This contrasts with the tight sequential coupling of phosphorylation seen in FAK activation, and further underlines the differences between these closely related kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, 900 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Petersen OH, Sutton R. Ca2+ signalling and pancreatitis: effects of alcohol, bile and coffee. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2006; 27:113-20. [PMID: 16406087 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2005.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ is a universal intracellular messenger that controls a wide range of cellular processes. In pancreatic acinar cells, acetylcholine and cholecystokinin regulate secretion via generation of repetitive local cytosolic Ca2+ signals in the apical pole. Bile acids and non-oxidative alcohol metabolites can elicit abnormal cytosolic Ca2+ signals that are global and sustained and result in necrosis. Necrosis results from excessive loss of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum, which is mediated by Ca2+ release through specific channels and inhibition of Ca2+ pumps in intracellular stores, followed by entry of extracellular Ca2+. Reduction of the cellular ATP level has a major role in this process. These abnormal Ca2+ signals, which can be inhibited by caffeine, explain how excessive alcohol intake and biliary disease cause acute pancreatitis, an often-fatal human disease in which the pancreas digests itself and its surroundings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ole H Petersen
- MRC Group, Physiological Laboratory and Division of Surgery and Oncology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
|