Association of the −1082G/A polymorphism in the interleukin-10 gene with systemic lupus erythematosus: A meta-analysis

Association of tumor necrosis factor α (rs1800629) and interleukin-10 (rs1800896) gene polymorphisms with systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis

Introduction

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease influenced by genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. Variations in cytokine genes, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), have been implicated in SLE pathogenesis, but their associations remain uncertain owing to conflicting study results.

Material and methods

A systematic search of the Google Scholar, PubMed, and Embase databases was conducted to examine TNF-α (rs1800629) and IL-10 (rs1800896) polymorphisms in SLE. Eligible studies were selected based on specific inclusion criteria, and data were independently extracted. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was evaluated. Meta-analyses were conducted using Cochrane Rob Tool 2 and Review Manager version 5.4 to determine odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

Results

According to the meta-analysis, a significant association was found between SLE risk and TNF-α-308 G/A polymorphism in allelic, dominant, and heterozygote models. However, no association was found between homozygous and recessive models. Interleukin-10 polymorphisms were not significantly associated with SLE risk in any model. Ethnicity-specific analysis revealed a significant association between the TNF-α allele and SLE susceptibility in Asian populations but not in Caucasians.

Conclusions

This meta-analysis identified a strong correlation between the TNF-α-308 G/A polymorphism and SLE susceptibility, particularly in Asian populations. However, no association was found between IL-10 polymorphisms and SLE. More extensive studies with diverse populations are required to validate and enhance these findings.

The Impact of the IL-10 Gene Polymorphism on mRNA Expression and IL-10 Serum Concentration in Polish Lupus Patients

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies against a lot of nuclear components. Despite many studies on the genetic background of this disease, the pathogenesis remains unclear. The aim of the study is to comprehensively evaluate the polymorphism of the IL-10 promoter gene, its mRNA expression, and the serum IL-10 concentration of SLE female patients and females age-matched controls. Analyzing the association between the level of the tested cytokine and the polymorphism genotype-1082; -819; -592, we found statistically higher serum IL-10 levels in SLE patients compared to in healthy controls (11.9 ± 2.2 pg/mL vs. 9.4 ± 1.7 pg/mL, accordingly; p < 0.0001). We did not find statistically significant differences in the gene polymorphism of IL-10 among SLE patients and controls. The most significant observation derived from our study is that IL-10 mRNA transcripts are upregulated in SLE patients compared to in healthy controls (p < 0.0001). According to our results, the presence of the IL-10 genetic polymorphism has no clinical significance for the development of SLE, and subsequent differences in mRNA and IL-10 concentration results from the influence of other factors which should be the subject of further research.

Risk factors of systemic lupus erythematosus: an overview of systematic reviews and Mendelian randomization studies

BACKGROUND

The etiology of systemic lupus erythematosus is complex and incurable. A large number of systematic reviews have studied the risk factors of it. Mendelian randomization is an analytical method that uses genetic data as tool variables to evaluate the causal relationship between exposure and outcome.

OBJECTIVE

To review the systematic reviews and Mendelian randomization studies that focused on the risk factors of systemic lupus erythematosus and shed light on the development of treatments for its prevention and intervention.

METHODS

From inception to January 2022, we systematically searched MEDLINE (via PubMed) and Embase for related systematic reviews and Mendelian randomization studies. Extract relevant main data for studies that meet inclusion criteria. The quality of systematic reviews was assessed by using Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR-2). Finally, the risk factors are scored comprehensively according to the results' quantity, quality, and consistency.

RESULTS

Our study involved 64 systematic reviews and 12 Mendelian randomization studies. The results of systematic reviews showed that diseases (endometriosis, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis), lifestyle (smoking, drinking, vaccination), and gene polymorphism influenced the incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus. The results of Mendelian randomization studies identified the role of disease (periodontitis, celiac disease), trace elements (selenium, iron), cytokines (growth differentiation factor 15), and gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus.

CONCLUSION

We should pay attention to preventing and treating systemic lupus erythematosus in patients with endometriosis, celiac disease, and periodontitis. Take appropriate dietary supplements to increase serum iron and selenium levels to reduce the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus. There should be no excessive intervention in lifestyles such as smoking and drinking.

Impact of IL-10 gene polymorphisms and its interaction with environment on susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus

This study aims to explore the impact of interleukin (IL)-10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and its interaction with environment on the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Chi-square testing method was used to investigate whether the distributions for genotype of four SNPs were differed from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Logistic regression was used to test the association between IL-10 SNPs and SLE risk. The best interaction combinations between IL-10 SNPs and environmental factors were assessed by generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR). Both rs1800896-G and rs1800871-T alleles were associated with increased risk of SLE, the odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence interval (CI)) for the two SNPs were 1.68 (1.25-2.09) and 1.47 (1.12-1.94), respectively. Then, we used the GMDR method to analyze the high-order interactions of four SNPs within IL-10 gene and environmental factors on SLE risk. We found a significant interaction combination (two-locus model with P = 0.001) between rs1800896 and smoking, after adjusting for gender, age, body mass index (BMI), and alcohol drinking. We also used two-variable stratified analysis by logistic regression to analyze the synergistic effect between two variables (rs1800896 and smoking), which had significant significance in GMDR model. We found that current smokers with rs1800896-AG or GG genotype have the highest SLE risk, compared with never smokers with the rs1800896-AA genotype, OR (95% CI) = 2.24 (1.52-3.58). The rs1800896-G and rs1800871-T alleles and interaction between rs1800896 and current smoking were all associated with increased risk of SLE.

Research Progress on Regulatory B Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, systemic, autoimmune inflammatory disease characterized by the production of numerous autoantibodies and cytokines, as well as multiple organ damage. Specific B cell subsets negatively regulate immune responses and have been termed regulatory B cells (Bregs). Bregs are characterized by the production of the immunoregulatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-10, IL-35, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Bregs suppress other immune cells through the secretion of these immunosuppressive cytokines and have thus been studied extensively for their potential role in the treatment of various autoimmune diseases. The progress of the research on Bregs and SLE in recent years is reviewed in this paper.

Interleukin 10 gene promoter polymorphisms (rs1800896, rs1800871 and rs1800872) and haplotypes are associated with the activity of systemic lupus erythematosus and IL10 levels in an Iranian population

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with unknown aetiology. According to the role of interleukin 10 (IL10) in SLE pathogenesis, the genetic alterations in its promoter region could be associated with elevated IL10 levels and exacerbated disease. Here, we investigated the association of genotype and haplotype frequencies of three IL10 gene promoter polymorphisms with susceptibility to SLE, IL10 plasma levels and disease activity of patients in an Iranian population. A total of 116 SLE patients and 131 healthy subjects were enrolled. The PCR-RFLP technique was used to detect IL10 promoter genotypes at the positions of -1082 (G/A), -819 (C/T) and -592 (C/A) in association with IL10 plasma levels and SLEDAI scores. The GG genotype of -1082 polymorphism was associated with the increased risk of SLE [OR = 2.65, 95% CI (1.21-5.82), p-value = 0.046]. The CC genotype in -819 region was associated with SLE susceptibility [OR = 3.38, 95% CI (1.26-9.07), p-value = 0.034] and C allele was introduced as risk allele [OR = 1.86, 95% CI (1.15-3.01), p-value = 0.009] in this region. IL10 plasma levels were overexpressed in CC genotype carriers of -592 SNP and decreased in AA genotype carriers of -1082. IL10 was also increased in SLE patients with CGT (-592/-1082/-819) haplotype. The SLEDAI score was higher among CC genotype carriers at the position of -592 and TT genotype carriers at the region of -819. SLEDAI was also elevated among patients with CGC (-592/-1082/-819) and CAC (p = 0.011) haplotypes. The present study suggests that the IL10 -819(C/T), -1082(G/A) and -592(C/A) polymorphisms and the haplotypes are associated with SLE susceptibility, increased disease activity and elevated IL10 levels. While this is the first time to report such an association in an Iranian population, further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Association of ITGAM, TNFSF4, TNFAIP3 and STAT4 gene polymorphisms with risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in a North Indian population

Several susceptibility genes have been associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) across different populations worldwide. However, data on association between genetic polymorphisms and SLE from Indian population is scarce. We aimed to replicate the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ITGAM, TNFSF4, TNFAIP3 and STAT4 genes with susceptibility to SLE in a North Indian population. Three hundred and ninety-four SLE patients and 583 unrelated healthy controls of the same ethnic background were enrolled. All samples were genotyped for SNPs in ITGAM (rs1143679), TNFSF4 (rs2205960), TNFAIP3 (rs5029939) and STAT4 (rs7574865) using TaqMan genotyping assay. At allele level, significant association with susceptibility to SLE was detected with polymorphisms in ITGAM (A vs. G, odds ratio (OR) = 1.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.30–2.30, p < 0.001), TNFSF4 (T vs. G, OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.08–1.64, p < 0.01), TNFAIP3 (G vs. C, OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.27–2.85, p < 0.01) and STAT4 (T vs. G, OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.13–1.69, p < 0.01). All four SNPs were associated with SLE under a dominant model with an OR of 1.47 (95% CI = 1.07–2.04, p < 0.05) for ITGAM, 1.30 (95% CI = 1.01–1.69, p < 0.05) for TNFSF4, 1.90 (95% CI = 1.25–2.90, p < 0.01) for TNFAIP3 and 1.38 (95% CI = 1.06–1.78, p < 0.05) for STAT4. Under a recessive model, significant association was found with ITGAM (OR = 4.87, 95% CI = 2.17–10.91, p < 0.001), TNFSF4 (OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.13–3.00, p < 0.05) and STAT4 (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.19–2.77, p < 0.01). In conclusion, single nucleotide polymorphisms in ITGAM, TNFSF4, TNFAIP3 and STAT4 genes are associated with susceptibility to SLE in a North Indian population.

The Synergistic Effect of TNFA and IL10 Promoter Polymorphisms on Genetic Predisposition to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

AIMS

We investigated the individual and combined effect of functional TNFA -308G/A and IL10 -1082G/A single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and their genotypes on the susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a Bulgarian population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Genotyping for -1082A/G IL10 (rs1800896) and -308G/A TNFA (rs1800629) polymorphisms was performed for 154 SLE patients and 224 healthy controls.

RESULTS

An association between SLE and the rs1800629 polymorphism was established under the allelic model (allele A vs. allele G; odds ratios [OR] = 2.317), the dominant model (GA+AA vs. GG; OR = 3.214), and the overdominant model (GA vs. AA+GG; OR = 3.494). There was no association between rs1800896 and SLE, although a tendency for genetic predisposition to SLE was observed for the IL10 -1082 GG genotype under the recessive genetic model (OR = 1.454). When analyzing the influence of the combined TNFA/IL10 genotypes on SLE occurrence, we found that the carriage of both high cytokine-producing genotypes of two SNPs (TNFA -308AA/GA and IL10 -1082GG) significantly increased the risk of developing SLE with OR of 9.026 (p = 0.006).

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that the combinatorial complexity of TNFA and IL10 promoter polymorphisms impacts SLE susceptibility. Notably, we found that a TNFA promoter polymorphism is a leading risk factor for SLE susceptibility in a Bulgarian population, while the IL10 -1082 locus appears to act as a significant modifier.

IL-10 Gene Polymorphisms and Self-Medication With Over-the-Counter Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

Background:

Genetic influences on self-medication with over-the-counter (OTC) drugs merit investigation. For example, patients frequently use OTC nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to treat inflammation, but the inflammatory response is also affected by endogenous cytokines whose production varies across polymorphisms of their encoding genes. In the case of interleukin 10 (IL-10), literature suggests that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter region of the cytokine’s gene (-1082 A > G [rs1800896]) influences production with higher levels associated with G variant alleles.

Objective:

To demonstrate the feasibility of researching the role of genetics in self-medication by using existing national survey data to evaluate a possible association between OTC NSAID use and genotype at the -1082 SNP of the IL-10 gene.

Methods:

Statistical analyses were performed using data from 6,309 participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III).

Results:

OTC NSAID use (aspirin or ibuprofen) in the previous month was significantly more common among persons with AG or GG genotypes at the -1082 SNP. Odds of use consistently increased relative to the number of G alleles. This trend remained statistically significant (odds ratio = 1.14 per additional G allele, p = .02, 95% confidence interval [1.02, 1.27]) after adjustment for confounding.

Conclusions:

Analysis of population-based genetic data suggests an association between a common self-medication behavior and a specific genetic polymorphism. These findings broadly demonstrate that NHANES data provide opportunities to investigate such associations and specifically imply that potential interrelationships among OTC NSAID use, IL-10 genotype, and IL-10 cytokine levels deserve further study.

Targeting IL-10 in auto-immune diseases

IL-10 is a multifunctional cytokine secreted by a variety of cells. It not only inhibits activation of monocyte/macrophage system and synthesis of monocyte cytokine and inflammatory cytokine but also promotes the proliferation and maturation of non-monocyte-dependent T cell, stimulating proliferation of antigen-specific B cell. Increasing evidence indicates that IL-10 plays an important role in both the onset and development of auto-immune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjogren's syndrome (SS), multiple sclerosis (MS), Crohn's disease (CD), and psoriasis. However, the exact mechanisms of IL-10 in auto-immune diseases remain unclear. In the present review, we will summarize the biological effects of IL-10, as well as its role and therapeutic potential in auto-immune diseases.

Association of interleukin-10 promoter haplotypes with disease susceptibility and IL-10 levels in Mexican patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the prototype autoimmune rheumatic disease. The etiology of this disease is incompletely understood; however, environmental factors and genetic predisposition are involved. Cytokine-mediated immunity plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of SLE. We investigate the association of interleukin-10 (IL-10) promoter polymorphisms and their haplotypes in SLE patients from the western Mexico. One hundred and twenty-five SLE patients fulfilling the 1997 ACR criteria and 260 unrelated healthy subjects (HS), both Mexican mestizos, were genotyped for IL-10 -1082A>G, -819C>T, and -592C>A polymorphisms. Haplotypes were inferred using the expectation-maximization algorithm, then allele and haplotype distributions were compared between patients and HS, as well as patients with different clinical variables. We identified at -1082, -819, and -592 four predominant haplotypes ACC (43.70 % in patients vs 46.55 % in HS), ATA (21.45 vs 22.97 %), GCC (16.28 vs 14.21 %), and GTA (14.12 vs 14.12 %). The ATC haplotype was more frequent in SLE respect to HS, suggesting a risk effect (3.23 vs 1.05 %; OR 3.55, CI 1.14-11.11; p = 0.0293). SLE patient carriers of -592 CC genotype as well as the dominant model of inheritance showed higher sIL-10 respect to AA genotype, suggesting that -592 C allele is associated with increased production of the cytokine (p < 0.05). The ACC haplotype had higher IL-10 serum levels and higher values of Mexican version of the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index compared with the other haplotype carriers; however, no association was found regarding autoantibodies. Our data suggest that the IL-10 promoter haplotypes play an important role in the risk of developing SLE and influence the production of IL-10 in Mexican population. Nevertheless, further studies are required to analyze the expression of mRNA as well as to investigate the interacting epigenetic factors that could help to define the true contribution of this marker in SLE pathogenesis.

Dysregulated cytokine production by dendritic cells modulates B cell responses in the NZM2410 mouse model of lupus

The breakdown in tolerance of autoreactive B cells in the lupus-prone NZM2410-derived B6.Sle1.Sle2.Sle3 (TC) mice results in the secretion of autoantibodies. TC dendritic cells (DCs) enhance B cell proliferation and antibody secretion in a cytokine-dependent manner. However, the specific cytokine milieu by which TC DCs activate B cells was not known. In this study, we compared TC and C57BL/6 (B6) control for the distribution of DC subsets and for their production of cytokines affecting B cell responses. We show that TC DCs enhanced B cell proliferation through the production of IL-6 and IFN-γ, while antibody secretion was only dependent on IL-6. Pre-disease TC mice showed an expanded PDCA1(+) cells prior to disease onset that was localized to the marginal zone and further expanded with age. The presence of PDCA1(+) cells in the marginal zone correlated with a Type I Interferon (IFN) signature in marginal zone B cells, and this response was higher in TC than B6 mice. In vivo administration of anti-chromatin immune complexes upregulated IL-6 and IFN-γ production by splenic DCs from TC but not B6 mice. The production of BAFF and APRIL was decreased upon TC DC stimulation both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that these B cell survival factors do not play a role in B cell modulation by TC DCs. Finally, TC B cells were defective at downregulating IL-6 expression in response to anti-inflammatory apoptotic cell exposure. Overall, these results show that the TC autoimmune genetic background induces the production of B cell-modulating inflammatory cytokines by DCs, which are regulated by the microenvironment as well as the interplay between DC.

Genetics and epigenetics of systemic lupus erythematosus

Genetics unquestionably contributes to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) predisposition, progression and outcome. Nevertheless, single-gene defects causing lupus-like phenotypes have been infrequently documented. The majority of the identified genetic SLE risk factors are, therefore, common variants, responsible for a small effect on the global risk. Recently, genome wide association studies led to the identification of a growing number of gene variants associated with SLE susceptibility, particular disease phenotypes, and antibody profiles. Further studies addressed the biological effects of these variants. In addition, the role of epigenetics has recently been revealed. These combined efforts contributed to a better understanding of SLE pathogenesis and to the characterization of clinically relevant pathways. In this review, we describe SLE-associated single-gene defects, common variants, and epigenetic changes. We also discuss the limitations of current methods and the challenges that we still have to face in order to incorporate genomic and epigenomic data into clinical practice.

Associations between interleukin 1 polymorphisms and susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

This study determined whether interleukin 1 (IL1) polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

METHODS

A meta-analysis was conducted on the associations between the IL1A, IL1B, and IL1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN) polymorphisms and SLE.

RESULTS

A total of 15 studies involving 1956 SLE cases and 2347 controls were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed an association between SLE and the IL1A -889 T allele in the overall population and Europeans (OR = 0.858, 95% CI = 0.737-0.986, p = 0.032; OR = 0.827, 95% CI = 0.687-0.994, p = 0.043). Meta-analysis of the IL1RN polymorphism revealed an association with SLE in all study subjects (OR for IL1RN*2 = 1.539, 95% CI = 1.266-1.871, p = 1.5 × 10(-2)) and in Europeans and Asians (OR = 1.483, 95% CI = 1.187-1.852, p = 0.001; OR = 1.787, 95% CI = 1.167-2.736, p=0.008). No associations were found between SLE and the IL1B -511 C/T, 3953 C/T, and IL1A +4845 G/T polymorphisms.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis suggests IL1A -889 C/T polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to SLE in Europeans, and that the IL1RN*2 allele is associated with susceptibility to SLE in Europeans and Asians.

The association of IL1α and IL1β polymorphisms with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis

Many epidemiological studies have investigated IL1α and IL1β polymorphisms with SLE risk, but no conclusions are available because of conflicting results. This meta-analysis was performed to more precisely estimate the relationships. The databases of PubMed updated to September 1st, 2012 were retrieved. Odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) as effect size were calculated by a fixed- or random-effect model. In total, six case-control studies for IL1β-511C/T, four studies for IL1β+3953C/T, three studies for IL1α-889C/T and three studies for IL1α+4845G/T were involved in this analysis. The results indicated that for IL1α-889C/T polymorphism T allele was associated with decreased risk of SLE (OR (95% CI)) (T vs. C: 0.802 (0.679-0.949); TT+CT vs. CC: 0.615 (0.380-0.995); TT vs. CC: 0.679 (0.466-0.989)). However, when analysis for TT vs. CT+CC was conducted, the result indicated that IL1α-889C/T polymorphism was not associated with SLE (OR (95% CI): 0.847 (0.595-1.205)). Combined analysis indicated that IL1β-511C/T polymorphism was not overall associated with risk of SLE (OR (95% CI)) (T vs. C: 1.113 (0.954-1.298); TT vs. CT+CC: 1.146 (0.889-1.447); TT+CT vs. CC: 1.145 (0.903-1.452); TT vs. CC: 1.255 (0.928-1.698)). When subgroup analysis for Asian ethnicity was conducted, the results indicated that IL1β-511C/T polymorphism was associated with SLE only for TT vs. CT+CC (OR (95% CI): 1.468 (1.001-2.152)), but was not associated for T vs. C (OR (95% CI): 1.214 (0.955-1.544)), TT+CT vs. CC (OR (95% CI): 1.112 (0.765-1.615)) and TT vs.CC (OR (95% CI): 1.411 (0.896-2.222)). In addition, overall analyses indicated that IL1β+3953C/T and IL1α+4845G/C polymorphisms were also not associated with risk of SLE (OR (95% CI)) (for IL1β+3953C/T T vs. C: 0.996 (0.610-1.626), TT vs. CT+CC: 0.658 (0.318-1.358), TT+CT vs. CC: 1.021 (0.618-1.687), TT vs. CC: 0.640 (0.309-1.325); for IL1α+4845G/T T vs. G: 1.067 (0.791-1.440), TT+GT vs. GG: 0.934 (0.646-1.351)).This study inferred that IL1α-889C/T polymorphism might be moderately associated with SLE, but no sufficient evidence was available to support any associations between IL1β+3953C/T or IL1α+4845G/C polymorphisms and SLE. We could not draw a definite conclusion between IL1β-511C/T polymorphism and risk of SLE owing to the limited data. Further large sample-sized studies should be required.