1
|
Su Y, Wei L, Wang L, Xu P, Mo M. Splicing mutations of GALC in adult patient with adult-onset Krabbe disease: case report and review of literature. Neurocase 2024:1-5. [PMID: 38762762 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2024.2354541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is classed as the lysosomal storage disease with mutations in the galactosylceramidase (GALC) gene, and commonly showed as autosomal recessive pattern with 30-kb deletion in infantile subtype. In this case, we report a 39-years adult-onset KD (AOKD) patient with multiple sclerosis-like symptoms and neuroimaging changes. She carries the heterozygous mutations in GALC included a missense mutation of c.1901T>C from her mother, and a splicing mutation of c.908+5G>A from her father. The splicing mutations in KD are reviewed and confirmed that c.908+5G>A is a novel splicing mutation in AOKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Su
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lijian Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingshu Mo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Inamura N, Kawai T, Watanabe T, Aoki H, Aoyama M, Nakayama A, Matsuda J, Enokido Y. Promyelinating drugs ameliorate oligodendrocyte pathologies in a mouse model of Krabbe disease. Mol Genet Metab 2024; 142:108497. [PMID: 38763041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2024.108497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is a rare inherited demyelinating disorder caused by a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme galactosylceramide (GalCer) β-galactosidase. Most patients with KD exhibit fatal cerebral demyelination with apoptotic oligodendrocyte (OL) death and die before the age of 2-4 years. We have previously reported that primary OLs isolated from the brains of twitcher (twi) mice, an authentic mouse model of KD, have cell-autonomous developmental defects and undergo apoptotic death accompanied by abnormal accumulation of psychosine, an endogenous cytotoxic lyso-derivative of GalCer. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of the preclinical promyelinating drugs clemastine and Sob-AM2 on KD OL pathologies using primary OLs isolated from the brains of twi mice. Both agents specifically prevented the apoptotic death observed in twi OLs. However, while Sob-AM2 showed higher efficacy in restoring the impaired differentiation and maturation of twi OLs, clemastine more potently reduced the endogenous psychosine levels. These results present the first preclinical in vitro data, suggesting that clemastine and Sob-AM2 can act directly and distinctly on OLs in KD and ameliorate their cellular pathologies associated with myelin degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Inamura
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, 713-8 Kamiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan
| | - Taeko Kawai
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, 713-8 Kamiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Aoki
- Department of Pathobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Mineyoshi Aoyama
- Department of Pathobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Atsuo Nakayama
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, 713-8 Kamiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan; Department of Neurobiochemistry, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8560, Japan
| | - Junko Matsuda
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Yasushi Enokido
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, 713-8 Kamiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Del Grosso A, Carpi S, De Sarlo M, Scaccini L, Colagiorgio L, Alabed HBR, Angella L, Pellegrino RM, Tonazzini I, Emiliani C, Cecchini M. Chronic Rapamycin administration via drinking water mitigates the pathological phenotype in a Krabbe disease mouse model through autophagy activation. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116351. [PMID: 38422660 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is a rare disorder arising from the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme galactosylceramidase (GALC), leading to the accumulation of the cytotoxic metabolite psychosine (PSY) in the nervous system. This accumulation triggers demyelination and neurodegeneration, and despite ongoing research, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain incompletely understood, with no cure currently available. Previous studies from our lab revealed the involvement of autophagy dysfunctions in KD pathogenesis, showcasing p62-tagged protein aggregates in the brains of KD mice and heightened p62 levels in the KD sciatic nerve. We also demonstrated that the autophagy inducer Rapamycin (RAPA) can partially reinstate the wild type (WT) phenotype in KD primary cells by decreasing the number of p62 aggregates. In this study, we tested RAPA in the Twitcher (TWI) mouse, a spontaneous KD mouse model. We administered the drug ad libitum via drinking water (15 mg/L) starting from post-natal day (PND) 21-23. We longitudinally monitored the mouse motor performance through grip strength and rotarod tests, and a set of biochemical parameters related to the KD pathogenesis (i.e. autophagy markers expression, PSY accumulation, astrogliosis and myelination). Our findings demonstrate that RAPA significantly enhances motor functions at specific treatment time points and reduces astrogliosis in TWI brain, spinal cord, and sciatic nerves. Utilizing western blot and immunohistochemistry, we observed a decrease in p62 aggregates in TWI nervous tissues, corroborating our earlier in-vitro results. Moreover, RAPA treatment partially removes PSY in the spinal cord. In conclusion, our results advocate for considering RAPA as a supportive therapy for KD. Notably, as RAPA is already available in pharmaceutical formulations for clinical use, its potential for KD treatment can be rapidly evaluated in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Del Grosso
- Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, Pisa, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa 56127, Italy; Laboratorio NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Sara Carpi
- Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, Pisa, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Miriam De Sarlo
- Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, Pisa, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Luca Scaccini
- Laboratorio NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Colagiorgio
- Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, Pisa, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Husam B R Alabed
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucia Angella
- Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, Pisa, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Tonazzini
- Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, Pisa, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Cecchini
- Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, Pisa, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa 56127, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Papakyriakopoulou P, Valsami G, Dev KK. The Effect of Donepezil Hydrochloride in the Twitcher Mouse Model of Krabbe Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04137-0. [PMID: 38558359 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is a rare demyelinating disorder characterized by demyelination caused by mutations in the GALC gene, resulting in toxic accumulation of psychosine. Psychosine has been identified as detrimental to oligodendrocytes, leading to demyelination through diverse hypothesized pathways. Reducing demyelination is essential to maintain neurological function in KD; however, therapeutic interventions are currently limited. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEi) are commonly used for symptomatic management of Alzheimer's Disease and are suggested to have potential disease-modifying effects, including regulating myelin state. In particular, donepezil, an AChEi, has demonstrated promising effects in cellular and animal models, including promotion of the expression of myelin-related genes and reduction of glial cell reactivity. This drug also acts as an agonist for sigma-1 receptors (Sig-1R), which are implicated in demyelination diseases. In the context of drug repurposing, here, we demonstrate that administration of donepezil has protective effects in the twitcher mouse model of KD. We provide data showing that donepezil preserves myelin and reduces glial cell reactivity in the brains of twitcher mice. Moreover, donepezil also improves behavioral phenotypes and increases lifespan in twitcher animals. These findings suggest that donepezil, with its dual activity as an AChE inhibitor and Sig-1R agonist, may hold promise as a therapeutic candidate for demyelinating diseases, including KD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Papakyriakopoulou
- Drug Development, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Zografou, Greece
| | - Georgia Valsami
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784, Zografou, Greece.
| | - Kumlesh K Dev
- Drug Development, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ketata I, Ellouz E. From pathological mechanisms in Krabbe disease to cutting-edge therapy: A comprehensive review. Neuropathology 2024. [PMID: 38444347 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Since its initial documentation by Knud Krabbe in 1916, numerous studies have scrutinized the characteristics of Krabbe disease (KD) until the identification of the mutation in the GALC gene. In alignment with that, we investigated the natural history of KD spanning eight decades to gain a deeper understanding of the evolutionary trajectory of its mechanisms. Through our comprehensive analysis, we unearthed additional novel elements in molecular biology involving the micropathological mechanism of the disease. This review offers an updated perspective on the metabolic disorder that defines KD. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs), autophagy impairment, and α-synuclein have emerged as pivotal players in the neuropathological processes. EVs might serve as a cellular mechanism to avoid or alleviate the detrimental impacts of excessive toxic psychosine levels, and extracting EVs could contribute to synapse dysfunction. Autophagy impairment was found to be independent of psychosine and reliant on AKT and B-cell lymphoma 2. Additionally, α-synuclein has been recognized for inducing cellular death and dysfunction in common biological pathways. Our objective is to assess the effectiveness of advanced therapies in addressing this particular condition. While hematopoietic stem cells have been a primary treatment, its administration proves challenging, particularly in the presymptomatic phase. In this review, we have compiled information from over 10 therapy trials, comparing them based on their benefits and disadvantage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imen Ketata
- Neurology Department, University Hospital of Gabes, Gabes, Tunisia
- Sfax University, Sfax Faculty of Medicine, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Emna Ellouz
- Neurology Department, University Hospital of Gabes, Gabes, Tunisia
- Sfax University, Sfax Faculty of Medicine, Sfax, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Moore TL, Pannuzzo G, Costabile G, Palange AL, Spanò R, Ferreira M, Graziano ACE, Decuzzi P, Cardile V. Nanomedicines to treat rare neurological disorders: The case of Krabbe disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 203:115132. [PMID: 37918668 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The brain remains one of the most challenging therapeutic targets due to the low and selective permeability of the blood-brain barrier and complex architecture of the brain tissue. Nanomedicines, despite their relatively large size compared to small molecules and nucleic acids, are being heavily investigated as vehicles to delivery therapeutics into the brain. Here we elaborate on how nanomedicines may be used to treat rare neurodevelopmental disorders, using Krabbe disease (globoid cell leukodystrophy) to frame the discussion. As a monogenetic disorder and lysosomal storage disease affecting the nervous system, the lessons learned from examining nanoparticle delivery to the brain in the context of Krabbe disease can have a broader impact on the treatment of various other neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we introduce the epidemiology and genetic basis of Krabbe disease, discuss current in vitro and in vivo models of the disease, as well as current therapeutic approaches either approved or at different stage of clinical developments. We then elaborate on challenges in particle delivery to the brain, with a specific emphasis on methods to transport nanomedicines across the blood-brain barrier. We highlight nanoparticles for delivering therapeutics for the treatment of lysosomal storage diseases, classified by the therapeutic payload, including gene therapy, enzyme replacement therapy, and small molecule delivery. Finally, we provide some useful hints on the design of nanomedicines for the treatment of rare neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lee Moore
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, GE, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Pannuzzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Università di Catania, Catania 95123, CT, Italy
| | - Gabriella Costabile
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, GE, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples 80131, NA, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Palange
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, GE, Italy
| | - Raffaele Spanò
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, GE, Italy
| | - Miguel Ferreira
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, GE, Italy
| | - Adriana Carol Eleonora Graziano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Università di Catania, Catania 95123, CT, Italy; Facolta di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Enna "Kore", Enna 94100, EN, Italy
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa 16163, GE, Italy
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Università di Catania, Catania 95123, CT, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ullah I, Waqas M, Ilyas M, Halim SA, Ahmad A, Dominik N, Ullah W, Abbas M, Aamir M, Houlden H, Efthymiou S, Khan A, Al-Harrasi A. A novel variant of GALC in a familial case of Krabbe disease: Insights from structural bioinformatics and molecular dynamics simulation. Genes Dis 2023; 10:2263-2266. [PMID: 37554178 PMCID: PMC10404946 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Ullah
- Centre for Omic Sciences, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25120, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University, Mansehra, Dhodial 21120, Pakistan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Muhammad Ilyas
- Centre for Omic Sciences, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25120, Pakistan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 19060, Pakistan
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Sobia Ahsan Halim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Akmal Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University, Mansehra, Dhodial 21120, Pakistan
| | - Natalia Dominik
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Wahid Ullah
- Centre for Omic Sciences, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25120, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abbas
- Centre for Omic Sciences, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25120, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- Centre for Omic Sciences, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25120, Pakistan
| | - SYNaPS Study Group
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Queen Square Genomics
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hammack S, Hague DW, Vieson MD, Esdaile E, Hughes SS, Bellone RR, McCoy AM. Novel genetic variant associated with globoid cell leukodystrophy in a family of mixed breed dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1710-1715. [PMID: 37593836 PMCID: PMC10473001 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GCL) is a fatal autosomal recessive disease caused by variants in the galactosylceramidase (GALC) gene. Two dog breed-specific variants are reported. OBJECTIVES Characterize the putatively causative GALC variant for GCL in a family of dogs and determine population allele frequency. ANIMALS Four related mixed-breed puppies with signs of neurologic disease were evaluated. Subsequently, 33 related dogs were tested for genetic markers for parentage and the identified GALC variant. Additional GALC genotyping was performed on 278 banked samples from various breeds. METHODS The 4 affected puppies had neurological exams and necropsies. DNA was isolated from blood samples. Variants in GALC were identified via Sanger sequencing. Parentage testing was performed using short tandem repeat markers. Prevalence of the GALC variant of interest was investigated in other breeds. RESULTS GCL was confirmed histopathologically. A novel missense variant in GALC (NC_006590.4:g.58893972G>A) was homozygous in all affected animals (n = 4). A recessive mode of inheritance was confirmed by parentage testing as was variant linkage with the phenotype (LOD = 3.36). Among the related dogs (n = 33), 3 dogs were homozygous and 7 heterozygous. The variant allele was not detected in screening 278 dogs from 5 breeds. The novel variant is either unique to this family or has an extremely low allele frequency in the general population. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A novel GALC variant was identified that likely explains GCL in this cohort. The identification of multiple causal variants for GCL in dogs is consistent with findings in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hammack
- Department of Comparative BiosciencesUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Devon Wallis Hague
- Department of Veterinary Clinical MedicineUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Elizabeth Esdaile
- Veterinary Genetics LaboratoryUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shayne S. Hughes
- Veterinary Genetics LaboratoryUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Rebecca R. Bellone
- Veterinary Genetics LaboratoryUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Annette M. McCoy
- Department of Comparative BiosciencesUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinoisUSA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical MedicineUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A novel mutation in the GALC gene causes Krabbe disease accompanied with extensive Mongolian spots in a consanguineous family. Neurol Sci 2023:10.1007/s10072-023-06748-2. [PMID: 36920572 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-06748-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
|
10
|
In silico modelling of the function of disease-related CAZymes. Essays Biochem 2023; 67:355-372. [PMID: 36912236 PMCID: PMC10154626 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
In silico modelling of proteins comprises a diversity of computational tools aimed to obtain structural, electronic, and/or dynamic information about these biomolecules, capturing mechanistic details that are challenging to experimental approaches, such as elusive enzyme-substrate complexes, short-lived intermediates, and reaction transition states (TS). The present article gives the reader insight on the use of in silico modelling techniques to understand complex catalytic reaction mechanisms of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), along with the underlying theory and concepts that are important in this field. We start by introducing the significance of carbohydrates in nature and the enzymes that process them, CAZymes, highlighting the conformational flexibility of their carbohydrate substrates. Three commonly used in silico methods (classical molecular dynamics (MD), hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM), and enhanced sampling techniques) are described for nonexpert readers. Finally, we provide three examples of the application of these methods to unravel the catalytic mechanisms of three disease-related CAZymes: β-galactocerebrosidase (GALC), responsible for Krabbe disease; α-mannoside β-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (MGAT5), involved in cancer; and O-fucosyltransferase 1 (POFUT1), involved in several human diseases such as leukemia and the Dowling-Degos disease.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang X, Misra SK, Moitra P, Zhang X, Jeong SJ, Stitham J, Rodriguez-Velez A, Park A, Yeh YS, Gillanders WE, Fan D, Diwan A, Cho J, Epelman S, Lodhi IJ, Pan D, Razani B. Use of acidic nanoparticles to rescue macrophage lysosomal dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Autophagy 2023; 19:886-903. [PMID: 35982578 PMCID: PMC9980706 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2108252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction in the macrophage lysosomal system including reduced acidity and diminished degradative capacity is a hallmark of atherosclerosis, leading to blunted clearance of excess cellular debris and lipids in plaques and contributing to lesion progression. Devising strategies to rescue this macrophage lysosomal dysfunction is a novel therapeutic measure. Nanoparticles have emerged as an effective platform to both target specific tissues and serve as drug delivery vehicles. In most cases, administered nanoparticles are taken up non-selectively by the mononuclear phagocyte system including monocytes/macrophages leading to the undesirable degradation of cargo in lysosomes. We took advantage of this default route to target macrophage lysosomes to rectify their acidity in disease states such as atherosclerosis. Herein, we develop and test two commonly used acidic nanoparticles, poly-lactide-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and polylactic acid (PLA), both in vitro and in vivo. Our results in cultured macrophages indicate that the PLGA-based nanoparticles are the most effective at trafficking to and enhancing acidification of lysosomes. PLGA nanoparticles also provide functional benefits including enhanced lysosomal degradation, promotion of macroautophagy/autophagy and protein aggregate removal, and reduced apoptosis and inflammasome activation. We demonstrate the utility of this system in vivo, showing nanoparticle accumulation in, and lysosomal acidification of, macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques. Long-term administration of PLGA nanoparticles results in significant reductions in surrogates of plaque complexity with reduced apoptosis, necrotic core formation, and cytotoxic protein aggregates and increased fibrous cap formation. Taken together, our data support the use of acidic nanoparticles to rescue macrophage lysosomal dysfunction in the treatment of atherosclerosis.Abbreviations: BCA: brachiocephalic arteries; FACS: fluorescence activated cell sorting; FITC: fluorescein-5-isothiocyanatel; IL1B: interleukin 1 beta; LAMP: lysosomal associated membrane protein; LIPA/LAL: lipase A, lysosomal acid type; LSDs: lysosomal storage disorders; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MFI: mean fluorescence intensity; MPS: mononuclear phagocyte system; PEGHDE: polyethylene glycol hexadecyl ether; PLA: polylactic acid; PLGA: poly-lactide-co-glycolic acid; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhang
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar Misra
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Parikshit Moitra
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine and Pediatrics, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, USA
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Se-Jin Jeong
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeremiah Stitham
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Arick Park
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yu-Sheng Yeh
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Daping Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Abhinav Diwan
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- John Cochran Division, VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jaehyung Cho
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Slava Epelman
- Peter Munk Cardiac Center, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Irfan J. Lodhi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, IL, USA
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine and Pediatrics, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, USA
| | - Babak Razani
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- John Cochran Division, VA Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Heller G, Bradbury AM, Sands MS, Bongarzone ER. Preclinical studies in Krabbe disease: A model for the investigation of novel combination therapies for lysosomal storage diseases. Mol Ther 2023; 31:7-23. [PMID: 36196048 PMCID: PMC9840155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is a lysosomal storage disease (LSD) caused by mutations in the galc gene. There are over 50 monogenetic LSDs, which largely impede the normal development of children and often lead to premature death. At present, there are no cures for LSDs and the available treatments are generally insufficient, short acting, and not without co-morbidities or long-term side effects. The last 30 years have seen significant advances in our understanding of LSD pathology as well as treatment options. Two gene therapy-based clinical trials, NCT04693598 and NCT04771416, for KD were recently started based on those advances. This review will discuss how our knowledge of KD got to where it is today, focusing on preclinical investigations, and how what was discovered may prove beneficial for the treatment of other LSDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Heller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St M/C 512, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Allison M Bradbury
- Center for Gene Therapy, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Abigail Wexner Research Institute Nationwide Children's Hospital Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
| | - Mark S Sands
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue Box 8007, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue Box 8007, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St M/C 512, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mächtel R, Boros FA, Dobert JP, Arnold P, Zunke F. From Lysosomal Storage Disorders to Parkinson's Disease - Challenges and Opportunities. J Mol Biol 2022:167932. [PMID: 36572237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes are specialized organelles with an acidic pH that act as recycling hubs for intracellular and extracellular components. They harbour numerous different hydrolytic enzymes to degrade substrates like proteins, peptides, and glycolipids. Reduced catalytic activity of lysosomal enzymes can cause the accumulation of these substrates and loss of lysosomal integrity, resulting in lysosomal dysfunction and lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). Post-mitotic cells, such as neurons, seem to be highly sensitive to damages induced by lysosomal dysfunction, thus LSDs often manifest with neurological symptoms. Interestingly, some LSDs and Parkinson's disease (PD) share common cellular pathomechanisms, suggesting convergence of aetiology of the two disease types. This is further underlined by genetic associations of several lysosomal genes involved in LSDs with PD. The increasing number of lysosome-associated genetic risk factors for PD makes it necessary to understand functions and interactions of lysosomal proteins/enzymes both in health and disease, thereby holding the potential to identify new therapeutic targets. In this review, we highlight genetic and mechanistic interactions between the complex lysosomal network, LSDs and PD, and elaborate on methodical challenges in lysosomal research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Mächtel
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Clinics Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Jan Philipp Dobert
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Clinics Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Clinics Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Reliable and Fast Genotyping Protocol for Galactosylceramidase (Galc) in the Twitcher (Twi) Mouse. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123146. [PMID: 36551902 PMCID: PMC9776230 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Twitcher (Twi) is a neurological Krabbe disease (KD, or globoid cell leukodystrophy) spontaneous mutant line in mice. The genome of the Twi mouse presents a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), leading to an enzymatically inactive galactosylceramidase (Galc) protein that causes KD. In this context, mouse Twi genotyping is an essential step in KD research. To date, the genotyping method used is labor-intensive and often has ambiguous results. Here, we evaluated a novel protocol for the genotype determination of Galc mutation status in Twi mice based on the allele-discrimination real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Here, DNA is extracted from Twi mice (n = 20, pilot study; n = 120, verification study) and control group (n = 10, pilot study; n = 30 verification study) and assessed by allele-discrimination real-time PCR to detect SNP c.355G>A. Using the allele-discrimination PCR, all of the samples are identified correctly with the genotype GG (wild-type, WT), GA (heterozygote, HET), or AA (homozygote, HOM) using the first analysis and no animals are not genotyped. We demonstrated that this novel method can be used to distinguish KD timely, accurately, and without ambiguity in HOM, WT, and HET animals. This protocol represents a great opportunity to increase accuracy and speed in KD research.
Collapse
|
15
|
Gaudioso Á, Silva TP, Ledesma MD. Models to study basic and applied aspects of lysosomal storage disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 190:114532. [PMID: 36122863 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The lack of available treatments and fatal outcome in most lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) have spurred research on pathological mechanisms and novel therapies in recent years. In this effort, experimental methodology in cellular and animal models have been developed, with aims to address major challenges in many LSDs such as patient-to-patient variability and brain condition. These techniques and models have advanced knowledge not only of LSDs but also for other lysosomal disorders and have provided fundamental insights into the biological roles of lysosomes. They can also serve to assess the efficacy of classical therapies and modern drug delivery systems. Here, we summarize the techniques and models used in LSD research, which include both established and recently developed in vitro methods, with general utility or specifically addressing lysosomal features. We also review animal models of LSDs together with cutting-edge technology that may reduce the need for animals in the study of these devastating diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Gaudioso
- Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa P Silva
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sasaki M, Ebata M, Tanei ZI, Oda Y, Hamauchi A, Tanikawa S, Sugino H, Ishida Y, Abe T, Arai N, Sako K, Tanaka S. An autopsy case report of adult-onset Krabbe disease: Comparison with an infantile-onset case. Pathol Int 2022; 72:558-565. [PMID: 36200664 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Krabbe disease is a lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of the galactocerebrosidase (GALC) enzyme, which leads to demyelination of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Almost all patients with Krabbe disease are infants, and this is the first report of adult-onset cases that describe pathological findings. Here, we present two autopsy cases: a 73-year-old female and a 2-year-old male. The adult-onset case developed symptoms in her late thirties and was diagnosed by the identification of GALC D528N and L634S mutations and by T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging; she had increased signal in the white matter along the pyramidal tract to the bilateral precentral gyrus, as well as from the triangular part to the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle. Microscopically, Klüver-Barrera staining was pale in the white matter of the precentral gyrus and occipito-thalamic radiation, and a few globoid cells were observed. The GALC mutations that were identified in the present adult-onset case do not completely inactivate GALC enzyme activity, resulting in focal demyelination of the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miu Sasaki
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Miori Ebata
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Zen-Ichi Tanei
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Oda
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akiko Hamauchi
- Department of Neurology, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine & Neurology, Takeuchi Clinic, Doushoukai Medical Corporation, Setouchi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanikawa
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Sugino
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ishida
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takenori Abe
- Department of Neurology, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Arai
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Sako
- Department of Neurology, Nakamura Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wu G, Li Z, Li J, Li X, Wang M, Zhang J, Liu G, Zhang P. A neglected neurodegenerative disease: Adult-onset globoid cell leukodystrophy. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:998275. [PMID: 36161165 PMCID: PMC9490374 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.998275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD), or Krabbe disease (KD) is a rare neurodegenerative disease, and adult-onset GLD is more even neglected by clinicians. This review provides detailed discussions of the serum enzymes, genes, clinical manifestations, neuroimaging features, and therapies of GLD, with particular emphasis on the characteristics of adult-onset GLD, in an attempt to provide clinicians with in-depth insights into this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guode Wu
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Manxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Manxia Wang,
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guangyao Liu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kofler J, Beltran-Quintero ML, Rugari A, Zuccoli G, Klotz S, Escolar ML. Improved Brain Pathology and Progressive Peripheral Neuropathy in a 15 Year Old Survivor of Infantile Krabbe Disease Treated With Umbilical Cord Transplantation. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:888231. [PMID: 35966016 PMCID: PMC9368320 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.888231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Krabbe disease is a fatal leukodystrophy caused by deficiency in galactocerebrosidase enzyme activity. The only currently available therapy is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with bone marrow or umbilical cord blood (UCBT), which leads to increased lifespan and functional abilities when performed in the preclinical stage. While stabilization of white matter disease has been seen on serial MRI studies, neuropathological changes following transplantation have not been documented so far. Materials and Methods We report the first postmortem examination of a 15-year-old female patient with infantile Krabbe disease after UCBT in infancy. Results In contrast to an untreated Krabbe disease brain, which showed severe myelin and oligodendrocyte loss with occasional globoid cells, the transplanted brain displayed markedly improved myelin preservation, but not reaching normal myelination levels. Consistent with the transplanted patient’s clinical presentation of pronounced deficits in gross motor skills, corticospinal tracts were most severely affected. No globoid cells or evidence of active demyelination were observed in the central nervous system, indicative of at least partially successful functional restoration. This was corroborated by the identification of male donor-derived cells in the brain by in situ hybridization. Unlike the observed disease stabilization in the central nervous system, the patient experienced progressive peripheral neuropathy. While diminished macrophage infiltration was seen postmortem, peripheral nerves exhibited edema, myelin and axon loss and persistent Schwann cell ultrastructural inclusions. Conclusion Umbilical cord blood transplantation was able to alter the natural disease progression in the central but less so in the peripheral nervous system, possibly due to limited cross-correction of Schwann cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kofler
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Maria L. Beltran-Quintero
- Program for the Study of Neurodevelopment in Rare Disorders, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Anne Rugari
- Partners for Krabbe Research, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Giulio Zuccoli
- Program for the Study of Neurodevelopment in Rare Disorders, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Sarah Klotz
- Program for the Study of Neurodevelopment in Rare Disorders, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Maria L. Escolar
- Program for the Study of Neurodevelopment in Rare Disorders, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Maria L. Escolar,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Del Grosso A, Parlanti G, Mezzena R, Cecchini M. Current treatment options and novel nanotechnology-driven enzyme replacement strategies for lysosomal storage disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114464. [PMID: 35878795 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are a vast group of more than 50 clinically identified metabolic diseases. They are singly rare, but they affect collectively 1 on 5,000 live births. They result in most of the cases from an enzymatic defect within lysosomes, which causes the subsequent augmentation of unwanted substrates. This accumulation process leads to plenty of clinical signs, determined by the specific substrate and accumulation area. The majority of LSDs present a broad organ and tissue engagement. Brain, connective tissues, viscera and bones are usually afflicted. Among them, brain disease is markedly frequent (two-thirds of LSDs). The most clinically employed approach to treat LSDs is enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), which is practiced by administering systemically the missed or defective enzyme. It represents a healthful strategy for 11 LSDs at the moment, but it solves the pathology only in the case of Gaucher disease. This approach, in fact, is not efficacious in the case of LSDs that have an effect on the central nervous system (CNS) due to the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Additionally, ERT suffers from several other weak points, such as low penetration of the exogenously administered enzyme to poorly vascularized areas, the development of immunogenicity and infusion-associated reactions (IARs), and, last but not least, the very high cost and lifelong needed. To ameliorate these weaknesses lot of efforts have been recently spent around the development of innovative nanotechnology-driven ERT strategies. They may boost the power of ERT and minimize adverse reactions by loading enzymes into biodegradable nanomaterials. Enzyme encapsulation into biocompatible liposomes, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles, for example, can protect enzymatic activity, eliminating immunologic reactions and premature enzyme degradation. It can also permit a controlled release of the payload, ameliorating pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug. Additionally, the potential to functionalize the surface of the nanocarrier with targeting agents (antibodies or peptides), could promote the passage through biological barriers. In this review we examined the clinically applied ERTs, highlighting limitations that do not allow to completely cure the specific LSD. Later, we critically consider the nanotechnology-based ERT strategies that have beenin-vitroand/orin-vivotested to improve ERT efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Del Grosso
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Parlanti
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Mezzena
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Cecchini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
He Z, Pang X, Bai J, Wang H, Feng F, Du R, Huang X. A novel GALC gene mutation associated with adult-onset Krabbe disease: a case report. Neurocase 2022; 28:314-319. [PMID: 35654103 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2022.2083518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To analyze the clinical, imaging, and genetic characteristics of a patient diagnosed with adult-onset Krabbe disease (KD). Clinical and imaging features of the patient were retrospectively reviewed. The patient, a 40-year-old female, presented adult-onset spastic paraplegia. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed white matter hyperintensities along bilateral optic radiations. Colorimetry of galactocerebrosidase enzyme activity showed low enzyme levels. A heterozygous missense mutation: c.1658G>A (p.G553E) and c.1901T>C (p.L634S) was identified in the GALC gene by whole exome sequencing, and was verified by Sanger sequencing. KD should be considered when patients presented adult-onset spastic paraplegia with classical MRI imaging features. Mutation c.1658G>A (p.G553E) was novel in GALC gene and broaden the mutation spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqing He
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyuan Pang
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,College of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiongming Bai
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,College of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,College of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Neurology, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Rongrong Du
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,College of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xusheng Huang
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,College of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hatton C, Ghanem SS, Koss DJ, Abdi IY, Gibbons E, Guerreiro R, Bras J, Walker L, Gelpi E, Heywood W, Outeiro TF, Attems J, McFarland R, Forsyth R, El-Agnaf OM, Erskine D. Prion-like α-synuclein pathology in the brain of infants with Krabbe disease. Brain 2022; 145:1257-1263. [PMID: 34999780 PMCID: PMC9128812 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease is an infantile neurodegenerative disorder resulting from pathogenic variants in the GALC gene that causes accumulation of the toxic sphingolipid psychosine. GALC variants are also associated with Lewy body diseases, an umbrella term for age-associated neurodegenerative diseases in which the protein α-synuclein aggregates into Lewy bodies. To explore whether α-synuclein in Krabbe disease has pathological similarities to that in Lewy body disease, we performed an observational post-mortem study of Krabbe disease brain tissue (n = 4) compared to infant controls (n = 4) and identified widespread accumulations of α-synuclein. To determine whether α-synuclein in Krabbe disease brain displayed disease-associated pathogenic properties we evaluated its seeding capacity using the real-time quaking-induced conversion assay in two cases for which frozen tissue was available and strikingly identified aggregation into fibrils similar to those observed in Lewy body disease, confirming the prion-like capacity of Krabbe disease-derived α-synuclein. These observations constitute the first report of prion-like α-synuclein in the brain tissue of infants and challenge the putative view that α-synuclein pathology is merely an age-associated phenomenon, instead suggesting it results from alterations to biological pathways, such as sphingolipid metabolism. Our findings have important implications for understanding the mechanisms underlying Lewy body formation in Lewy body disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hatton
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Claremont Road, Newcastle NE2 4AA, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4AA, UK
| | - Simona S. Ghanem
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha 34110, Qatar
| | - David J. Koss
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4AA, UK
| | - Ilham Y. Abdi
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha 34110, Qatar
| | - Elizabeth Gibbons
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Rita Guerreiro
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Jose Bras
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | | | - Lauren Walker
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4AA, UK
| | - Ellen Gelpi
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wendy Heywood
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Tiago F. Outeiro
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4AA, UK
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Scientific employee with an honorary contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Attems
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4AA, UK
| | - Robert McFarland
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Claremont Road, Newcastle NE2 4AA, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4AA, UK
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Rob Forsyth
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4AA, UK
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Omar M. El-Agnaf
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha 34110, Qatar
| | - Daniel Erskine
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Claremont Road, Newcastle NE2 4AA, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4AA, UK
- Correspondence to: Dr Daniel Erskine Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research Newcastle University, Claremont Place Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, UK E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen J, Zhao Z, Shen H, Bing Q, Li N, Guo X, Hu J. Genetic origin of patients having spastic paraplegia with or without other neurologic manifestations. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:180. [PMID: 35578252 PMCID: PMC9109329 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02708-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by lower-limb spastic paraplegia with highly genetic and clinical heterogeneity. However, the clinical sign of spastic paraplegia can also be seen in a variety of hereditary neurologic diseases with bilateral corticospinal tract impairment. The purpose of this study is to identify the disease spectrum of spastic paraplegia, and to broaden the coverage of genetic testing and recognize clinical, laboratorial, electrophysiological and radiological characteristics to increase the positive rate of diagnosis. Methods Twenty-seven cases were screened out to have definite or suspected pathogenic variants from clinically suspected HSP pedigrees through HSP-associated sequencing and/or expanded genetic testing. One case was performed for enzyme detection of leukodystrophy without next-generation sequencing. In addition, detailed clinical, laboratorial, electrophysiological and radiological characteristics of the 28 patients were presented. Results A total of five types of hereditary neurological disorders were identified in 28 patients, including HSP (15/28), leukodystrophy (5/28), hereditary ataxia (2/28), methylmalonic acidemia/methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency (5/28), and Charcot-Marie-tooth atrophy (1/28). Patients in the HSP group had chronic courses, most of whom were lower limbs spasticity, mainly with axonal neuropathy, and thinning corpus callosum, white matter lesions and cerebellar atrophy in brain MRI. In the non-HSP groups, upper and lower limbs both involvement was more common. Patients with homocysteine remethylation disorders or Krabbe’s disease or autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay had diagnostic results in laboratory or imaging examination. A total of 12 new variants were obtained. Conclusions HSP had widespread clinical and genetic heterogeneity, and leukodystrophy, hereditary ataxia, Charcot-Marie-Tooth atrophy and homocysteine remethylation disorders accounted for a significant proportion of the proposed HSP. These diseases had different characteristics in clinical, laboratorial, electrophysiological, and radiological aspects, which could help differential diagnosis. Genetic analysis could ultimately provide a clear diagnosis, and broadening the scope of genetic testing could improve the positive rate of diagnosis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12883-022-02708-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Chen
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, PR China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, PR China
| | - Hongrui Shen
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, PR China
| | - Qi Bing
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, PR China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, PR China
| | - Xuan Guo
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, PR China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li W, Cologna SM. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics in neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders. Mol Omics 2022; 18:256-278. [PMID: 35343995 PMCID: PMC9098683 DOI: 10.1039/d2mo00004k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The major function of the lysosome is to degrade unwanted materials such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids; therefore, deficits of the lysosomal system can result in improper degradation and trafficking of these biomolecules. Diseases associated with lysosomal failure can be lethal and are termed lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), which affect 1 in 5000 live births collectively. LSDs are inherited metabolic diseases caused by mutations in single lysosomal and non-lysosomal proteins and resulting in the subsequent accumulation of macromolecules within. Most LSD patients present with neurodegenerative clinical symptoms, as well as damage in other organs. The discovery of new biomarkers is necessary to understand and monitor these diseases and to track therapeutic progress. Over the past ten years, mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics has flourished in the biomarker studies in many diseases, including neurodegenerative, and more specifically, LSDs. In this review, biomarkers of disease pathophysiology and monitoring of LSDs revealed by MS-based proteomics are discussed, including examples from Niemann-Pick disease type C, Fabry disease, neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinoses, mucopolysaccharidosis, Krabbe disease, mucolipidosis, and Gaucher disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Takahashi K, Nelvagal HR, Lange J, Cooper JD. Glial Dysfunction and Its Contribution to the Pathogenesis of the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses. Front Neurol 2022; 13:886567. [PMID: 35444603 PMCID: PMC9013902 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.886567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While significant efforts have been made in developing pre-clinical treatments for the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), many challenges still remain to bring children with NCLs a cure. Devising effective therapeutic strategies for the NCLs will require a better understanding of pathophysiology, but little is known about the mechanisms by which loss of lysosomal proteins causes such devastating neurodegeneration. Research into glial cells including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes have revealed many of their critical functions in brain homeostasis and potential contributions to neurodegenerative diseases. Genetically modified mouse models have served as a useful platform to define the disease progression in the central nervous system across NCL subtypes, revealing a wide range of glial responses to disease. The emerging evidence of glial dysfunction questions the traditional “neuron-centric” view of NCLs, and would suggest that directly targeting glia in addition to neurons could lead to better therapeutic outcomes. This review summarizes the most up-to-date understanding of glial pathologies and their contribution to the pathogenesis of NCLs, and highlights some of the associated challenges that require further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Takahashi
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Hemanth R. Nelvagal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Lange
- Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D. Cooper
- Pediatric Storage Disorders Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Jonathan D. Cooper
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Papini N, Giallanza C, Brioschi L, Ranieri FR, Giussani P, Mauri L, Ciampa MG, Viani P, Tringali C. Galactocerebrosidase deficiency induces an increase in lactosylceramide content: A new hallmark of Krabbe disease? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 145:106184. [PMID: 35217188 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Galactocerebrosidase (GALC) hydrolyses galactose residues from various substrates, including galactosylceramide, psychosine (galactosylsphingosine), and lactosylceramide. Its severe deficiency has been associated with the accumulation of psychosine, a toxic molecule with detergent-like features, which alters membrane structures and signalling pathways, inducing the death of oligodendrocytes and a sequence of events in the nervous system that explain the appearance of many clinical signs typical of Krabbe disease. Nevertheless, new evidence suggests the existence of other possible links among GALC action, myelination, and myelin stability, apart from psychosine release. In this study, we demonstrated that lactosylceramide metabolism is impaired in fibroblasts isolated from patients with Krabbe disease in the absence of psychosine accumulation. This event is responsible for the aberrant and constitutive activation of the AKT/prolin-rich AKT substrate of 40 kDa (PRAS40) signalling axis, inducing B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) overexpression and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) inhibition. In addition, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) showed increased nuclear translocation. Due to the relevance of these molecular alterations in neurodegeneration, lactosylceramide increase should be evaluated as a novel marker of Krabbe disease, and because of its significant connections with signalling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Papini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA Segrate, Via Fratelli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Chiara Giallanza
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA Segrate, Via Fratelli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Loredana Brioschi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA Segrate, Via Fratelli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Ranieri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA Segrate, Via Fratelli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Paola Giussani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA Segrate, Via Fratelli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Laura Mauri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA Segrate, Via Fratelli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Ciampa
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA Segrate, Via Fratelli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Paola Viani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA Segrate, Via Fratelli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy
| | - Cristina Tringali
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA Segrate, Via Fratelli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
A novel compound heterozygous mutation in GALC associated with adult-onset Krabbe disease: case report and literature review. Neurogenetics 2022; 23:157-165. [PMID: 35013804 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-021-00682-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD) is a rare autosomal recessive lipid storage leukodystrophy. It is caused by deficient enzyme activity resulting from mutations of the β-galactocerebrosidase (GALC) gene. KD is distinguished into subtypes based on the age of onset; these are early infantile, late infantile, juvenile, and adult-onset. We report a case of a 47-year-old Caucasian man with a 2-year history of muscle atrophy and weakness in both hands associated with pyramidal signs and mild spasticity in the lower limbs. An extensive work-up led this motor neuron disease-like disorder to be diagnosed as adult-onset KD. The patient was found to be compound heterozygous for two GALC mutations (p.G286D and p.Y490N). These two rare missense mutations have previously been reported with other heterozygous mutations. However, their co-occurrence in a KD patient is novel. From the perspective of this case, we review the current literature on compound heterozygous mutations in adult-onset KD and their phenotypic variability.
Collapse
|
27
|
Sabitha KR, Chandran D, Shetty AK, Upadhya D. Delineating the neuropathology of lysosomal storage diseases using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:221-238. [PMID: 35316126 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSD) are inherited metabolic diseases caused due to deficiency of lysosomal enzymes, essential for the normal development of the brain and other organs. Approximately two-thirds of the patients suffering from LSD exhibit neurological deficits and impose an escalating challenge to the medical and scientific field. The advent of iPSC technology has aided researchers in efficiently generating functional neuronal and non-neuronal cells through directed differentiation protocols, as well as in decoding the cellular, subcellular and molecular defects associated with LSDs using two-dimensional cultures and cerebral organoid models. This review highlights the information assembled from patient-derived iPSCs on neurodevelopmental and neuropathological defects identified in LSDs. Multiple studies have identified neural progenitor cell migration and differentiation defects, substrate accumulation, axon growth and myelination defects, impaired calcium homeostasis and altered electrophysiological properties, using patient-derived iPSCs. In addition, these studies have also uncovered defective lysosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, autophagy and vesicle trafficking and signaling pathways, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, blood brain barrier dysfunction, neurodegeneration, gliosis, altered transcriptomes in LSDs. The review also discusses the therapeutic applications such as drug discovery, repurposing of drugs, synergistic effects of drugs, targeted molecular therapies, gene therapy, and transplantation applications of mutation corrected lines identified using patient-derived iPSCs for different LSDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K R Sabitha
- Kasturba Medical College Manipal, 29224, Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India;
| | - Divya Chandran
- Kasturba Medical College Manipal, 29224, Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India;
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Texas A&M University College Station, 14736, College of Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, College Station, Texas, United States;
| | - Dinesh Upadhya
- Kasturba Medical College Manipal, 29224, Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Manipal, Karnataka, India;
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Practical Genetics for the Neuroradiologist: Adding Value in Neurogenetic Disease. Acad Radiol 2022; 29 Suppl 3:S1-S27. [PMID: 33495073 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2020.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic discoveries have transformed our understanding of many neurologic diseases. Identification of specific causal pathogenic variants has improved understanding of pathophysiology and enabled replacement of many confusing eponyms and acronyms with more meaningful and clinically relevant genetics-based terminology. In this era of rapid scientific advancement, multidisciplinary collaboration among pediatricians, neurologists, geneticists, radiologists, and other members of the health care team is increasingly important in the care of patients with genetic neurologic diseases. Radiologists familiar with neurogenetic disease add value by (1) recognizing constellations of characteristic imaging findings that are associated with a genetic disease before one is clinically suspected; (2) predicting the most likely genotypes for a given imaging phenotype in clinically suspected genetic disease; and (3) providing detailed and accurate descriptions of the imaging phenotype in challenging cases with unknown or uncertain genotypes. This review aims to increase awareness and understanding of pathogenic variants relating to neurologic disease by (1) briefly reviewing foundational knowledge of chromosomes, inheritance patterns, and mutagenesis; (2) providing concrete examples of and detailed information about specific neurologic diseases resulting from pathogenic variants; and (3) highlighting clinical and imaging features that are of greatest relevance for the radiologist.
Collapse
|
29
|
Kosinova Pausova T, Rosati M, Tomek A. Globoid cell leukodystrophy in two dachshund siblings. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Rosati
- Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universitat Munchen Munich Bavaria Germany
| | - Aleš Tomek
- Veterinární klinika Jaggy Brno Brno Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhou H, Wu Z, Wang Y, Wu Q, Hu M, Ma S, Zhou M, Sun Y, Yu B, Ye J, Jiang W, Fu Z, Gong Y. Rare Diseases in Glycosphingolipid Metabolism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1372:189-213. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-0394-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
31
|
Del Grosso A, Parlanti G, Angella L, Giordano N, Tonazzini I, Ottalagana E, Carpi S, Pellegrino RM, Alabed HBR, Emiliani C, Caleo M, Cecchini M. Chronic lithium administration in a mouse model for Krabbe disease. JIMD Rep 2022; 63:50-65. [PMID: 35028271 PMCID: PMC8743347 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD; or globoid cell leukodystrophy) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency of the galactosylceramidase (GALC) enzyme. No cure is currently available for KD. Clinical applied treatments are supportive only. Recently, we demonstrated that two differently acting autophagy inducers (lithium and rapamycin) can improve some KD hallmarks in-vitro, laying the foundation for their in-vivo pre-clinical testing. Here, we test lithium carbonate in-vivo, in the spontaneous mouse model for KD, the Twitcher (TWI) mouse. The drug is administered ad libitum via drinking water (600 mg/L) starting from post natal day 20. We longitudinally monitor the mouse motor performance through the grip strength, the hanging wire and the rotarod tests, and a set of biochemical parameters related to the KD pathogenesis [i.e., GALC enzymatic activity, psychosine (PSY) accumulation and astrogliosis]. Additionally, we investigate the expression of some crucial markers related to the two pathways that could be altered by lithium: the autophagy and the β-catenin-dependent pathways. Results demonstrate that lithium has not a significant rescue effect on the TWI phenotype, although it can slightly and transiently improves muscle strength. We also show that lithium, with this administration protocol, is unable to stimulate autophagy in the TWI mice central nervous system, whereas results suggest that it can restore the β-catenin activation status in the TWI sciatic nerve. Overall, these data provide intriguing inputs for further evaluations of lithium treatment in TWI mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Del Grosso
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze‐CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San SilvestroPisaItaly
| | - Gabriele Parlanti
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze‐CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San SilvestroPisaItaly
| | - Lucia Angella
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze‐CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San SilvestroPisaItaly
| | - Nadia Giordano
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei CavalieriPisaItaly
- CNR Neuroscience InstitutePisaItaly
| | - Ilaria Tonazzini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze‐CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San SilvestroPisaItaly
| | - Elisa Ottalagana
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze‐CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San SilvestroPisaItaly
| | - Sara Carpi
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze‐CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San SilvestroPisaItaly
| | | | - Husam B. R. Alabed
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and BiotechnologiesUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and BiotechnologiesUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Matteo Caleo
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei CavalieriPisaItaly
- CNR Neuroscience InstitutePisaItaly
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PaduaPadovaItaly
| | - Marco Cecchini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze‐CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San SilvestroPisaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rebiai R, Rue E, Zaldua S, Nguyen D, Scesa G, Jastrzebski M, Foster R, Wang B, Jiang X, Tai L, Brady ST, van Breemen R, Givogri MI, Sands MS, Bongarzone ER. CRISPR-Cas9 Knock-In of T513M and G41S Mutations in the Murine β-Galactosyl-Ceramidase Gene Re-capitulates Early-Onset and Adult-Onset Forms of Krabbe Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:896314. [PMID: 35620447 PMCID: PMC9127972 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.896314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe Disease (KD) is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by the genetic deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme β-galactosyl-ceramidase (GALC). Deficit or a reduction in the activity of the GALC enzyme has been correlated with the progressive accumulation of the sphingolipid metabolite psychosine, which leads to local disruption in lipid raft architecture, diffuse demyelination, astrogliosis, and globoid cell formation. The twitcher mouse, the most used animal model, has a nonsense mutation, which limits the study of how different mutations impact the processing and activity of GALC enzyme. To partially address this, we generated two new transgenic mouse models carrying point mutations frequently found in infantile and adult forms of KD. Using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, point mutations T513M (infantile) and G41S (adult) were introduced in the murine GALC gene and stable founders were generated. We show that GALC T513M/T513M mice are short lived, have the greatest decrease in GALC activity, have sharp increases of psychosine, and rapidly progress into a severe and lethal neurological phenotype. In contrast, GALC G41S/G41S mice have normal lifespan, modest decreases of GALC, and minimal psychosine accumulation, but develop adult mild inflammatory demyelination and slight declines in coordination, motor skills, and memory. These two novel transgenic lines offer the possibility to study the mechanisms by which two distinct GALC mutations affect the trafficking of mutated GALC and modify phenotypic manifestations in early- vs adult-onset KD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rima Rebiai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Emily Rue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Steve Zaldua
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Duc Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Giuseppe Scesa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Martin Jastrzebski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Robert Foster
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xuntian Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Leon Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Scott T Brady
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Richard van Breemen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Maria I Givogri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mark S Sands
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nasir G, Chopra R, Elwood F, Ahmed SS. Krabbe Disease: Prospects of Finding a Cure Using AAV Gene Therapy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:760236. [PMID: 34869463 PMCID: PMC8633897 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.760236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe Disease (KD) is an autosomal metabolic disorder that affects both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is caused by a functional deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, galactocerebrosidase (GALC), resulting in an accumulation of the toxic metabolite, psychosine. Psychosine accumulation affects many different cellular pathways, leading to severe demyelination. Although there is currently no effective therapy for Krabbe disease, recent gene therapy-based approaches in animal models have indicated a promising outlook for clinical treatment. This review highlights recent findings in the pathogenesis of Krabbe disease, and evaluates AAV-based gene therapy as a promising strategy for treating this devastating pediatric disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gibran Nasir
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Rajiv Chopra
- AllianThera Biopharma, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fiona Elwood
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Seemin S Ahmed
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Corrêa T, Feltes BC, Giugliani R, Matte U. Disruption of morphogenic and growth pathways in lysosomal storage diseases. WIREs Mech Dis 2021; 13:e1521. [PMID: 34730292 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The lysosome achieved a new protagonism that highlights its multiple cellular functions, such as in the catabolism of complex substrates, nutrient sensing, and signaling pathways implicated in cell metabolism and growth. Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) cause lysosomal accumulation of substrates and deficiency in trafficking of macromolecules. The substrate accumulation can impact one or several pathways which contribute to cell damage. Autophagy impairment and immune response are widely studied, but less attention is paid to morphogenic and growth pathways and its impact on the pathophysiology of LSDs. Hedgehog pathway is affected with abnormal expression and changes in distribution of protein levels, and a reduced number and length of primary cilia. Moreover, growth pathways are identified with delay in reactivation of mTOR that deregulate termination of autophagy and reformation of lysosomes. Insulin resistance caused by changes in lipids rafts has been described in different LSDs. While the genetic and biochemical bases of deficient proteins in LSDs are well understood, the secondary molecular mechanisms that disrupt wider biological processes associated with LSDs are only now becoming clearer. Therefore, we explored how specific signaling pathways can be related to specific LSDs, showing that a system medicine approach could be a valuable tool for the better understanding of LSD pathogenesis. This article is categorized under: Metabolic Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Corrêa
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Gene Therapy Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruno C Feltes
- Department of Theoretical Informatics, Institute of Informatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Roberto Giugliani
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ursula Matte
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Gene Therapy Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhang X, Niu G, Song P, Wang L, Han R, Chu M, Guo Q, Xu Z, Yan L, Jia T. Compound heterozygous pathogenic variants in the GALC gene cause infant-onset Krabbe disease. Transl Pediatr 2021; 10:2552-2562. [PMID: 34765479 PMCID: PMC8578788 DOI: 10.21037/tp-21-403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Krabbe disease, also called globoid cell leukodystrophy, is an autosomal recessive disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal galactocerebrosidase. Infantile Krabbe occurring before 12 months of age accounts for most cases. Typical clinical features include irritability, seizures, peripheral neuropathy, and progressive neurodegeneration. METHODS We collected and summarized the clinical and genetic data of an 8-month-old boy who demonstrated Krabbe disease onset at around 6 months. Potential pathogenic variants were screened by whole exome sequencing, and effects of candidate variants on alternative transcript and truncated protein were further validated at the RNA and protein level. RESULTS Galactocerebrosidase activity was nearly absent in his blood, and whole exome sequencing revealed compound heterozygous variants [NM_000153.4: (c.658C>T); (c.328+5G>T)] in galactosylceramidase (GALC). The variant c.328+5G>T was predicted to alter splicing, and the abnormal isoform transcript was validated by observation of abnormal RNA isoforms. The variant c.658C>T was predicted to cause truncation of the protein, which was validated by western blotting. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed compound heterozygous variants with solid experimental results for Krabbe disease and provides strong evidence for further Krabbe disease screening and clinical consulting. As a rare inherited systemic disorder, genetic variants in Krabbe disease should be investigated, as experimental validation for clinical diagnosis is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guohui Niu
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Panpan Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rui Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Manman Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiliang Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhao Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lihong Yan
- Department of Medical Imaging, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tianming Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hsu CL, Iwanowski P, Hsu CH, Kozubski W. Genetic diseases mimicking multiple sclerosis. Postgrad Med 2021; 133:728-749. [PMID: 34152933 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2021.1945898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disorder manifesting as gradual or progressive loss of neurological functions. Most patients present with relapsing-remitting disease courses. Extensive research over recent decades has expounded our insights into the presentations and diagnostic features of MS. Groups of genetic diseases, CADASIL and leukodystrophies, for example, have been frequently misdiagnosed with MS due to some overlapping clinical and radiological features. The delayed identification of these diseases in late adulthood can lead to severe neurological complications. Herein we discuss genetic diseases that have the potential to mimic multiple sclerosis, with highlights on clinical identification and practicing pearls that may aid physicians in recognizing MS-mimics with genetic background in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chueh Lin Hsu
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Iwanowski
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Chueh Hsuan Hsu
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wojciech Kozubski
- Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Insights into Lewy body disease from rare neurometabolic disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1567-1575. [PMID: 34056672 PMCID: PMC8528771 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Professor Kurt Jellinger is well known for his seminal work on the neuropathology of age-associated neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Lewy body diseases. However, it is less well known that he also contributed important insights into the neuropathological features of several paediatric neurometabolic diseases, including Alpers–Huttenlocher syndrome, a syndrome of mitochondrial disease caused by POLG mutations, and infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, a phenotype resulting from PLA2G6 mutations. Despite these rare diseases occurring in early life, they share many important pathological overlaps with age-associated Lewy body disease, particularly dysregulation of α-synuclein. In this review, we describe several neurometabolic diseases linked to Lewy body disease mechanisms, and discuss the wider context to pathological overlaps between neurometabolic and Lewy body diseases. In particular, we will focus on how understanding disease mechanisms in neurometabolic disorders with dysregulated α-synuclein may generate insights into predisposing factors for α-synuclein aggregation in idiopathic Lewy body diseases.
Collapse
|
38
|
Durães J, Salsano E, Macário MDC. Adult-Onset Krabbe Disease: The Importance of a Systematic Approach to Brain MRI Findings. Neurol Clin Pract 2021; 11:e15-e17. [PMID: 33968482 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João Durães
- Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; and Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (ES), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta", Milano, Italy
| | - Ettore Salsano
- Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; and Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (ES), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta", Milano, Italy
| | - Maria do Carmo Macário
- Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; and Unit of Rare Neurodegenerative and Neurometabolic Diseases (ES), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta", Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sirkis DW, Bonham LW, Yokoyama JS. The Role of Microglia in Inherited White-Matter Disorders and Connections to Frontotemporal Dementia. Appl Clin Genet 2021; 14:195-207. [PMID: 33833548 PMCID: PMC8020808 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s245029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play a critical but poorly understood role in promoting white-matter homeostasis. In this review, we leverage advances in human genetics and mouse models of leukodystrophies to delineate our current knowledge and identify outstanding questions regarding the impact of microglia on central nervous system white matter. We first focus on the role of pathogenic mutations in genes, such as TREM2, TYROBP, and CSF1R, that cause leukodystrophies in which the primary deficit is thought to originate in microglia. We next discuss recent advances in disorders such as adrenoleukodystrophy and Krabbe disease, in which microglia play an increasingly recognized role. We conclude by reviewing the roles of GRN and related genes, such as TMEM106B, PSAP, and SORT1, that affect microglial biology and associate with several types of disease, including multiple leukodystrophies as well as forms of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) presenting with white-matter abnormalities. Taken together, mouse and human data support the notion that loss of microglia-facilitated white-matter homeostasis plays an important role in the development of leukodystrophies and suggest novel mechanisms contributing to FTD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Sirkis
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Luke W Bonham
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Inamura N, Go S, Watanabe T, Takase H, Takakura N, Nakayama A, Takebayashi H, Matsuda J, Enokido Y. Reduction in miR-219 expression underlies cellular pathogenesis of oligodendrocytes in a mouse model of Krabbe disease. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:e12951. [PMID: 33822434 PMCID: PMC8412087 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD), also known as globoid cell leukodystrophy, is an inherited demyelinating disease caused by the deficiency of lysosomal galactosylceramidase (GALC) activity. Most of the patients are characterized by early‐onset cerebral demyelination with apoptotic oligodendrocyte (OL) death and die before 2 years of age. However, the mechanisms of molecular pathogenesis in the developing OLs before death and the exact causes of white matter degeneration remain largely unknown. We have recently reported that OLs of twitcher mouse, an authentic mouse model of KD, exhibit developmental defects and endogenous accumulation of psychosine (galactosylsphingosine), a cytotoxic lyso‐derivative of galactosylceramide. Here, we show that attenuated expression of microRNA (miR)‐219, a critical regulator of OL differentiation and myelination, mediates cellular pathogenesis of KD OLs. Expression and functional activity of miR‐219 were repressed in developing twitcher mouse OLs. By using OL precursor cells (OPCs) isolated from the twitcher mouse brain, we show that exogenously supplemented miR‐219 effectively rescued their cell‐autonomous developmental defects and apoptotic death. miR‐219 also reduced endogenous accumulation of psychosine in twitcher OLs. Collectively, these results highlight the role of the reduced miR‐219 expression in KD pathogenesis and suggest that miR‐219 has therapeutic potential for treating KD OL pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Inamura
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Shinji Go
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takase
- Core Laboratory, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takakura
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Atsuo Nakayama
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Japan.,Department of Neurobiochemistry, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Junko Matsuda
- Department of Pathophysiology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Enokido
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Erskine D, Koss D, Korolchuk VI, Outeiro TF, Attems J, McKeith I. Lipids, lysosomes and mitochondria: insights into Lewy body formation from rare monogenic disorders. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:511-526. [PMID: 33515275 PMCID: PMC7952289 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of the protein α-synuclein into insoluble intracellular deposits termed Lewy bodies (LBs) is the characteristic neuropathological feature of LB diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) and dementia with LB (DLB). α-Synuclein aggregation is thought to be a critical pathogenic event in the aetiology of LB disease, based on genetic analyses, fundamental studies using model systems, and the observation of LB pathology in post-mortem tissue. However, some monogenic disorders not traditionally characterised as synucleinopathies, such as lysosomal storage disorders, iron storage disorders and mitochondrial diseases, appear disproportionately vulnerable to the deposition of LBs, perhaps suggesting the process of LB formation may be a result of processes perturbed as a result of these conditions. The present review discusses biological pathways common to monogenic disorders associated with LB formation, identifying catabolic processes, particularly related to lipid homeostasis, autophagy and mitochondrial function, as processes that could contribute to LB formation. These findings are discussed in the context of known mediators of α-synuclein aggregation, highlighting the potential influence of impairments to these processes in the aetiology of LB formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Erskine
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - David Koss
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Viktor I Korolchuk
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
- Scientific Employee With an Honorary Contract at Deutsches Zentrum Für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Attems
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ian McKeith
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wilson I, Vitelli C, Yu GK, Pacheco G, Vincelette J, Bunting S, Sisó S. Quantitative Assessment of Neuroinflammation, Myelinogenesis, Demyelination, and Nerve Fiber Regeneration in Immunostained Sciatic Nerves From Twitcher Mice With a Tissue Image Analysis Platform. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:950-962. [PMID: 33691530 DOI: 10.1177/0192623321991469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Scoring demyelination and regeneration in hematoxylin and eosin-stained nerves poses a challenge even for the trained pathologist. This article demonstrates how combinatorial multiplex immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative digital pathology bring new insights into the peripheral neuropathogenesis of the Twitcher mouse, a model of Krabbe disease. The goal of this investigational study was to integrate modern pathology tools to traditional anatomic pathology microscopy workflows, in order to generate quantitative data in a large number of samples, and aid the understanding of complex disease pathomechanisms. We developed a novel IHC toolkit using a combination of CD68, periaxin-1, phosphorylated neurofilaments and SOX-10 to interrogate inflammation, myelination, axonal size, and Schwann cell counts in sciatic nerves from 17-, 21-, 25-, and 35-day-old wild-type and Twitcher mice using self-customized digital image algorithms. Our quantitative analyses highlight that nerve macrophage infiltration and interstitial expansion are the earliest detectable changes in Twitcher nerves. By 17 days of age, while the diameter of axons is small, the number of myelinated axons is still normal. However, from 21 days onward Twitcher nerves contain 75% of wild-type myelinated nerve fiber numbers despite containing 3 times more Schwann cells. In 35-day-old Twitcher mice when demyelination is detectable, nerve myelination drops to 50%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Wilson
- Research and Early Development, 10926BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA.,Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA, USA
| | - Cathy Vitelli
- Research and Early Development, 10926BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA
| | - Guoying Karen Yu
- Research and Early Development, 10926BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA
| | - Glenn Pacheco
- Research and Early Development, 10926BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA
| | - Jon Vincelette
- Research and Early Development, 10926BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA
| | - Stuart Bunting
- Research and Early Development, 10926BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA
| | - Sílvia Sisó
- Research and Early Development, 10926BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA.,Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tonazzini I, Cerri C, Del Grosso A, Antonini S, Allegra M, Caleo M, Cecchini M. Visual System Impairment in a Mouse Model of Krabbe Disease: The Twitcher Mouse. Biomolecules 2020; 11:biom11010007. [PMID: 33374753 PMCID: PMC7824544 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe disease (KD, or globoid cell leukodystrophy; OMIM #245200) is an inherited neurodegenerative condition belonging to the class of the lysosomal storage disorders. It is caused by genetic alterations in the gene encoding for the enzyme galactosylceramidase, which is responsible for cleaving the glycosydic linkage of galatosylsphingosine (psychosine or PSY), a highly cytotoxic molecule. Here, we describe morphological and functional alterations in the visual system of the Twitcher (TWI) mouse, the most used animal model of Krabbe disease. We report in vivo electrophysiological recordings showing defective basic functional properties of the TWI primary visual cortex. In particular, we demonstrate a reduced visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, and a delayed visual response. Specific neuropathological alterations are present in the TWI visual cortex, with reduced myelination, increased astrogliosis and microglia activation, and around the whole brain. Finally, we quantify PSY content in the brain and optic nerves by high-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods. An increasing PSY accumulation with time, the characteristic hallmark of KD, is found in both districts. These results represent the first complete characterization of the TWI visual system. Our data set a baseline for an easy testing of potential therapies for this district, which is also dramatically affected in KD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Tonazzini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (I.T.); (A.D.G.); (S.A.)
| | - Chiara Cerri
- Istituto Neuroscienze-CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.C.); (M.A.); (M.C.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ambra Del Grosso
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (I.T.); (A.D.G.); (S.A.)
| | - Sara Antonini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (I.T.); (A.D.G.); (S.A.)
| | - Manuela Allegra
- Istituto Neuroscienze-CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.C.); (M.A.); (M.C.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Matteo Caleo
- Istituto Neuroscienze-CNR, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.C.); (M.A.); (M.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Cecchini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (I.T.); (A.D.G.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhang C, Liu Z, Dong H. Two Cases of Female Chinese Adult-Onset Krabbe Disease with One Novel Mutation and a Review of Literature. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:1185-1192. [PMID: 33190188 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study presented two Chinese adult female patients who were diagnosed with adult-onset Krabbe disease (KD) and reviewed this disease in Chinese patients. Two young female adults in their 20s were enrolled in this study. Clinical data, including symptoms, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning, and laboratory studies were collected. Sequence alignment and structural modeling were carried out to analyze the pathogenesis of the disease. Both patients were adult-onset and both had a mild clinical course, presented with spastic weakness. The MRI study showed demyelination confined to the corticospinal tracts and parieto-occipital white matter. The β-galactocerebrosidase (GALC) activity was obviously decreased in both patients. Gene test of GALC showed that both patients were compound heterozygotes; proband I was a carrier of p.L634S (c.1901 T > C) and p.I250T (c.749 T > C), while proband II was a carrier of p.L634S (c.1901 T > C) and a new variant of c.283_284del. Molecular analysis revealed the variants may influence the function of GALC. We provided two Chinese adult-onset KD, and the clinical and genetic characteristics of proband II was especially rare due to asymmetric symptoms, spinal cord involvement, and the identification of a new point mutation c.283_284del in the GALC gene. Variant c.749 T > C can present mild syndromes except for severe cases. c.283_284del is a new variant that may occur in adult-onset type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Zhang
- Neurology Department, Xuanwu Hospital, No 45, Changchun Road, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Neurology Department, Xuanwu Hospital, No 45, Changchun Road, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiqing Dong
- Neurology Department, Xuanwu Hospital, No 45, Changchun Road, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Garcia LM, Hacker JL, Sase S, Adang L, Almad A. Glial cells in the driver seat of leukodystrophy pathogenesis. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 146:105087. [PMID: 32977022 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glia cells are often viewed as support cells in the central nervous system, but recent discoveries highlight their importance in physiological functions and in neurological diseases. Central to this are leukodystrophies, a group of progressive, neurogenetic disease affecting white matter pathology. In this review, we take a closer look at multiple leukodystrophies, classified based on the primary glial cell type that is affected. While white matter diseases involve oligodendrocyte and myelin loss, we discuss how astrocytes and microglia are affected and impinge on oligodendrocyte, myelin and axonal pathology. We provide an overview of the leukodystrophies covering their hallmark features, clinical phenotypes, diverse molecular pathways, and potential therapeutics for clinical trials. Glial cells are gaining momentum as cellular therapeutic targets for treatment of demyelinating diseases such as leukodystrophies, currently with no treatment options. Here, we bring the much needed attention to role of glia in leukodystrophies, an integral step towards furthering disease comprehension, understanding mechanisms and developing future therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Garcia
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julia L Hacker
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sunetra Sase
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laura Adang
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Akshata Almad
- Department of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, Pennsylvania, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Intracranial calcifications in childhood: Part 2. Pediatr Radiol 2020; 50:1448-1475. [PMID: 32642802 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-020-04716-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This article is the second of a two-part series on intracranial calcification in childhood. In Part 1, the authors discussed the main differences between physiological and pathological intracranial calcification. They also outlined histological intracranial calcification characteristics and how these can be detected across different neuroimaging modalities. Part 1 emphasized the importance of age at presentation and intracranial calcification location and proposed a comprehensive neuroimaging approach toward the differential diagnosis of the causes of intracranial calcification. Pathological intracranial calcification can be divided into infectious, congenital, endocrine/metabolic, vascular, and neoplastic. In Part 2, the chief focus is on discussing endocrine/metabolic, vascular, and neoplastic intracranial calcification etiologies of intracranial calcification. Endocrine/metabolic diseases causing intracranial calcification are mainly from parathyroid and thyroid dysfunction and inborn errors of metabolism, such as mitochondrial disorders (MELAS, or mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes; Kearns-Sayre; and Cockayne syndromes), interferonopathies (Aicardi-Goutières syndrome), and lysosomal disorders (Krabbe disease). Specific noninfectious causes of intracranial calcification that mimic TORCH (toxoplasmosis, other [syphilis, varicella-zoster, parvovirus B19], rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes) infections are known as pseudo-TORCH. Cavernous malformations, arteriovenous malformations, arteriovenous fistulas, and chronic venous hypertension are also known causes of intracranial calcification. Other vascular-related causes of intracranial calcification include early atherosclerosis presentation (children with risk factors such as hyperhomocysteinemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, and others), healed hematoma, radiotherapy treatment, old infarct, and disorders of the microvasculature such as COL4A1- and COL4A2-related diseases. Intracranial calcification is also seen in several pediatric brain tumors. Clinical and familial information such as age at presentation, maternal exposure to teratogens including viruses, and association with chromosomal abnormalities, pathogenic genes, and postnatal infections facilitates narrowing the differential diagnosis of the multiple causes of intracranial calcification.
Collapse
|
47
|
Nin-Hill A, Rovira C. The Catalytic Reaction Mechanism of the β-Galactocerebrosidase Enzyme Deficient in Krabbe Disease. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Nin-Hill
- Departament de Quı́mica Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Quı́mica Orgànica) & Institut de Quı́mia Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament de Quı́mica Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Quı́mica Orgànica) & Institut de Quı́mia Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08020 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Tran ML, Génisson Y, Ballereau S, Dehoux C. Second-Generation Pharmacological Chaperones: Beyond Inhibitors. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143145. [PMID: 32660097 PMCID: PMC7397201 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein misfolding induced by missense mutations is the source of hundreds of conformational diseases. The cell quality control may eliminate nascent misfolded proteins, such as enzymes, and a pathological loss-of-function may result from their early degradation. Since the proof of concept in the 2000s, the bioinspired pharmacological chaperone therapy became a relevant low-molecular-weight compound strategy against conformational diseases. The first-generation pharmacological chaperones were competitive inhibitors of mutant enzymes. Counterintuitively, in binding to the active site, these inhibitors stabilize the proper folding of the mutated protein and partially rescue its cellular function. The main limitation of the first-generation pharmacological chaperones lies in the balance between enzyme activity enhancement and inhibition. Recent research efforts were directed towards the development of promising second-generation pharmacological chaperones. These non-inhibitory ligands, targeting previously unknown binding pockets, limit the risk of adverse enzymatic inhibition. Their pharmacophore identification is however challenging and likely requires a massive screening-based approach. This review focuses on second-generation chaperones designed to restore the cellular activity of misfolded enzymes. It intends to highlight, for a selected set of rare inherited metabolic disorders, the strategies implemented to identify and develop these pharmacologically relevant small organic molecules as potential drug candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cécile Dehoux
- Correspondence: (S.B.); (C.D.); Tel.: +33-5-6155-6127 (C.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kim A, Zuccoli G, Poe M, Escolar ML. Spontaneous Third Ventriculostomy in Krabbe Disease. Pediatr Neurol 2020; 108:99-105. [PMID: 32197817 PMCID: PMC7263959 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spontaneous third ventriculostomies have been reported in relation to obstructive hydrocephalus and increased intracranial pressure and are most commonly seen as disruption of the floor of the third ventricle. Hydrocephalus has been reported in patients with Krabbe disease; however, it is clinically difficult to monitor for hydrocephalus in patients with Krabbe disease as symptoms of increased intracranial pressure may overlap with symptoms of Krabbe disease. We describe a case series of spontaneous third ventriculostomy and hydrocephalus, likely in response to increased intracranial pressure, in patients with infantile Krabbe disease. METHODS Brain magnetic resonance images of patients with infantile Krabbe disease were retrospectively analyzed to assess for ventricular size and presence of spontaneous third ventriculostomies. A brain atlas was used to standardize the calculation of ventricular size. Mid-sagittal, T2-weighted images around the third ventricle were assessed for spontaneous third ventriculostomies. Developmental outcomes were measured with a series of standardized and validated tests. RESULTS Seventy-five patients with infantile Krabbe disease were evaluated. Twelve cases of spontaneous third ventriculostomies were identified. Head circumference (SE = 8.07; P < 0.001) and average ventricular volume were greater (left: SE = 1.47, P < 0.001) in patients with spontaneous third ventriculostomies when compared with patients without spontaneous third ventriculostomies. Patients with spontaneous third ventriculostomies also had more delayed development in adaptive (difference = 0.2, P < 0.01), gross motor (difference = 0.0, P < 0.01), and fine motor (difference = 0.1, P < 0.001) function. CONCLUSIONS Spontaneous third ventriculostomies, likely in the context of increased intracranial pressure, were identified in patients with Krabbe disease. Although difficult to assess, our study highlights the importance of monitoring for increased intracranial pressure, which can result in spontaneous third ventriculostomies, in patients with infantile Krabbe disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aram Kim
- Division of Child Neurology; Department of Pediatrics; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center – Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh; 4401 Penn Avenue Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 15224
| | - Giulio Zuccoli
- Department of Radiology; Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia; 3401 Civic Center Blvd. Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michele Poe
- Program for the Study of Neurodevelopment in Rare Disorders; Department of Pediatrics; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center – Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh; 4401 Penn Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Maria L Escolar
- Program for the Study of Neurodevelopment in Rare Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lin DS, Ho CS, Huang YW, Wu TY, Lee TH, Huang ZD, Wang TJ, Yang SJ, Chiang MF. Impairment of Proteasome and Autophagy Underlying the Pathogenesis of Leukodystrophy. Cells 2020; 9:E1124. [PMID: 32370022 PMCID: PMC7290671 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairment of the ubiquitin-proteasome-system (UPS) and autophagy causing cytoplasmic aggregation of ubiquitin andp62 have been implicated in the pathogenesis of most neurodegenerative disorders, yet, they have not been fully elucidated in leukodystrophies. The relationship among impairment of UPS, autophagy, and globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD), one of the most common demyelinating leukodystrophies, is clarified in this study. We examined the ubiquitin and autophagy markers in the brains of twitcher mice, a murine model of infantile GLD, and in human oligodendrocytes incubated with psychosine. Immunohistochemical examinations showed spatiotemporal accumulation of ubiquitin- and p62-aggregates mainly in the white matter of brain and spinal cord at disease progression. Western blot analysis demonstrated a significant accumulation of ubiquitin, p62, and LC3-II in insoluble fraction in parallel with progressive demyelination and neuroinflammation in twitcher brains. In vitro study validated a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity of psychosine upon autophagy and UPS machinery. Inhibition of autophagy and UPS exacerbated the accumulation of insoluble ubiquitin, p62, and LC3-II proteins mediated by psychosine cytotoxicity as well as increased cytoplasmic deposition of ubiquitin- and p62-aggregates, and accumulation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes. Further, the subsequent accumulation of reactive oxygen species and reduction of mitochondrial respiration led to cell death. Our studies validate the impairment of proteasome and autophagy underlying the pathogenesis of GLD. These findings provide a novel insight into pathogenesis of GLD and suggest a specific pathomechanism as an ideal target for therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dar-Shong Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei 25245, Taiwan
| | - Che-Sheng Ho
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Wen Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (Y.-W.H.); (T.-Y.W.); (T.-H.L.); (Z.-D.H.); (S.-J.Y.)
| | - Tsu-Yen Wu
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (Y.-W.H.); (T.-Y.W.); (T.-H.L.); (Z.-D.H.); (S.-J.Y.)
| | - Tsung-Han Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (Y.-W.H.); (T.-Y.W.); (T.-H.L.); (Z.-D.H.); (S.-J.Y.)
| | - Zo-Darr Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (Y.-W.H.); (T.-Y.W.); (T.-H.L.); (Z.-D.H.); (S.-J.Y.)
| | - Tuan-Jen Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan;
| | - Shun-Jie Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan; (Y.-W.H.); (T.-Y.W.); (T.-H.L.); (Z.-D.H.); (S.-J.Y.)
| | - Ming-Fu Chiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
- Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei 11260, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|