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Szczepańska M, Szprynger K, Mazur B, Zwolińska D, Kilis-Pstrusińska K, Makulska I. Plasma Ghrelin Levels in Children with Chronic Renal Failure on Peritoneal Dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080702700114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Malnutrition and loss of appetite represent a serious problem in children with chronic renal failure. Ghrelin is a newly described hormone involved in control of growth hormone secretion, stimulation of food intake, and regulation of energy balance. Methods Plasma ghrelin levels were compared between 12 children on automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) and 9 children on conservative treatment of chronic renal failure. Eight healthy children matched for age and body mass index (BMI) served as a control group. Results Plasma ghrelin levels were similar in children on APD (698.3 ± 59.7 pg/mL) and children on conservative treatment (675.4 ± 41.9 pg/mL) compared to healthy controls (700.1 ± 24.7 pg/mL). There was no difference in plasma ghrelin levels in children with chronic renal failure regardless of the method of treatment (peritoneal dialysis vs conservative treatment). The plasma ghrelin index was similar in all three investigated groups: APD 40.2 ± 8.7 vs conservative treatment 39.1 ± 5.6 vs controls 41.0 ± 7.8 (pg/mL)/BMI (kg/m2). Plasma ghrelin levels did not correlate with age, duration of dialysis treatment, height, weight, BMI, creatinine and urea levels, adequacy parameters, or nightly glucose load. Conclusion Plasma ghrelin levels in children on APD were not different from levels in children on conservative treatment or healthy controls with comparable BMI. The persistent state of toxic influence of uremic end-products could be responsible for such a lack of correlation with anthropometrical parameters. Further studies on a larger group of children on APD are needed to clarify the effect of ghrelin on nutritional status in children with chronic renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Szczepańska
- Clinic of Pediatrics, Nephrology and Endocrinology of Childhood, Department of Pediatrics, Silesian University of Medicine, Zabrze
| | - Krystyna Szprynger
- Clinic of Pediatrics, Nephrology and Endocrinology of Childhood, Department of Pediatrics, Silesian University of Medicine, Zabrze
| | - Bogdan Mazur
- Clinic of Pediatrics, Nephrology and Endocrinology of Childhood, Department of Pediatrics, Silesian University of Medicine, Zabrze
| | - Danuta Zwolińska
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Irena Makulska
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Campbell GA, Patrie JT, Gaylinn BD, Thorner MO, Bolton WK. Oral ghrelin receptor agonist MK-0677 increases serum insulin-like growth factor 1 in hemodialysis patients: a randomized blinded study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2019; 33:523-530. [PMID: 28340044 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protein-energy wasting (PEW) in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, but options for treatment are limited. Growth hormone (GH) increases insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), with improved nutritional parameters, but must be given subcutaneously and does not provide normal GH secretion patterns. MK-0677, an oral ghrelin receptor agonist (GRA), maintains normal GH secretion and increases lean body mass in normal subjects; it has not been studied in dialysis patients, an essential step in assessing efficacy and safety prior to clinical trials. Methods We performed a randomized crossover double-blind study in assessing the effect of MK-0677 versus placebo on IGF-1 levels, the primary outcome, in hemodialysis patients. In total, 26 subjects enrolled and 22 completed the 3-month crossover study. Results The geometric mean IGF-1 was 1.07-fold greater [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.89-1.27; P = 0.718] after placebo. In patients receiving MK-0677, the geometric mean IGF-1 were 1.76-fold greater (95% CI 1.48-2.10; P < 0.001) following MK-0677. When the data were adjusted for preintervention IGF-1 concentration, the ratio of geometric means (MK-0677 relative to placebo) for the pre- versus postintervention change in the IGF-1 was 1.65 (95% CI 1.33-2.04; P < 0.001). These data demonstrate a 65% greater increase (95% CI 33-104%) in IGF-1 in MK-0677-dosed subjects compared with placebo. There were no serious adverse effects attributable to MK-0677. Conclusions MK-0677 increased serum IGF-1 levels with minimal adverse effects in hemodialysis subjects. Studies are needed to evaluate whether long-term therapy with MK-0677 improves PEW, lean body mass, physical strength, quality of life and survival in CKD/ESRD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garland A Campbell
- Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - James T Patrie
- PBHS Public Health Sciences Administration, Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Bruce D Gaylinn
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Michael O Thorner
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Warren K Bolton
- Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Monzani A, Perrone M, Prodam F, Moia S, Genoni G, Testa S, Paglialonga F, Rapa A, Bona G, Montini G, Edefonti A. Unacylated ghrelin and obestatin: promising biomarkers of protein energy wasting in children with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2018; 33:661-672. [PMID: 29150712 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-017-3840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairment in orexigenic/anorexigenic hormone balance may be key in the pathogenesis of protein energy wasting in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Measurement of ghrelin and obestatin concentrations in children with CKD would help assess the potential contribution of these hormones to uremic protein energy wasting. METHODS This was a cross-sectional case-control study. Acylated and unacylated ghrelin and obestatin were measured in 42 children on conservative treatment (CT), 20 children on hemodialysis, 48 pediatric renal transplant (RTx) recipients and 43 controls (CTR) (mean age 11.9, range 5-20 years). Weight, height and bicipital, tricipital, subscapular and suprailiac folds were measured, and the body mass index-standard deviation score (BMI-SDS), percentage of fat mass and fat-free mass were calculated. Urea and creatinine were measured and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculated. RESULTS Unacylated ghrelin level was higher in patients than controls (p = 0.0001), with the highest levels found in hemodialysis patients (p = 0.001 vs. CKD-CT, p = 0.0001 vs. RTx, p < 0.0001 vs. CTR). Obestatin level was significantly higher in patients on hemodialysis than those on conservative treatment, RTx recipients and controls (p < 0.0001 in each case). Unacylated ghrelin negatively correlated with weight-SDS (p < 0.0001), BMI-SDS (p = 0.0005) and percentage fat mass (p = 0.004) and positively correlated with percentage fat-free mass (p = 0.004). Obestatin concentration negatively correlated with weight-SDS (p = 0.007). Unacylated ghrelin and obestatin concentrations positively correlated with creatinine and urea and inversely with eGFR, even after adjustments for gender, age, puberty and BMI-SDS (p < 0.0001 for each model). CONCLUSIONS Unacylated ghrelin and obestatin, negatively related to renal function, seem to be promising inverse indicators of nutritional status in children with CKD. Potential therapeutic implications in terms of optimization of their removal in patients on hemodialysis could be hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Monzani
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, V. Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Michela Perrone
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Flavia Prodam
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, V. Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Stefania Moia
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, V. Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Giulia Genoni
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, V. Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy.
| | - Sara Testa
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Paglialonga
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Rapa
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, V. Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Gianni Bona
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, V. Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Montini
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Edefonti
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Shouman MG, Ismail NA, Badr A, Abdelrahman SM, Ragab S, Farouk H. Fetuin-A and Ghrelin Levels in Children with End Stage Renal Disease and the Effect of a Single Hemodialysis Session on Them. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2015; 3:391-6. [PMID: 27275256 PMCID: PMC4877825 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2015.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetuin-A and ghrelin have been implicated in cardiovascular diseases and mortality among end stage renal disease patients. The exact mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. There is robust data supporting an association between ghrelin and various cardiovascular conditions, and some common processes such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress have been implicated. AIM This study was conducted to assay serum fetuin-A and ghrelin in chronic renal failure pediatric patients and to study changes in their level that may occur after a single hemodialysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty nine pediatric patients suffering from ESRD on maintenance hemodialysis (HD), 20 patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) not on dialysis and 35 healthy subjects as control group were included. The mean age of the study population was 10.58 ± 3.94, 10.62 ± 3.24 and 10.61 ± 3.97 years respectively. Serum fetuin-A and plasma acyl ghrelin levels were measured by using ELISA method. RESULTS The present study revealed that predialysis serum fetuin-A level was significantly increased in pediatric HD patients compared with the normal population, while ghrelin levels were significantly reduced. Furthermore, serum levels of fetuin-A decreased significantly after a single HD session. CONCLUSION Our study concluded that fetuin-A and acyl ghrelin may play a role in inflammatory process among HD pediatric patients which may account for cardiovascular insults and mortality but their use as biochemical markers among ESRD pediatric patients have limitations due to wide fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed Badr
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Shadia Ragab
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah Farouk
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Borges N, Moraes C, Barros AF, Carraro-Eduardo JC, Fouque D, Mafra D. Acyl-Ghrelin and Obestatin Plasma Levels in Different Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease. J Ren Nutr 2014; 24:100-4. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Brouwers B, Pruniau VPEG, Cauwelier EJG, Schuit F, Lerut E, Ectors N, Declercq J, Creemers JWM. Phlorizin pretreatment reduces acute renal toxicity in a mouse model for diabetic nephropathy. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:27200-27207. [PMID: 23940028 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.469486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptozotocin (STZ) is widely used as diabetogenic agent in animal models for diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, it is also directly cytotoxic to kidneys, making it difficult to distinguish between DN-related and STZ-induced nephropathy. Therefore, an improved protocol to generate mice for DN studies, with a quick and robust achievement of the diabetic state, without direct kidney toxicity is required. To investigate the mechanism leading to STZ-induced nephropathy, kidney damage was induced with a high dose of STZ. This resulted in delayed gastric emptying, at least partially caused by impaired desacyl ghrelin clearance. STZ uptake in the kidneys is to a large extent mediated by the sodium/glucose cotransporters (Sglts) because the Sglt inhibitor phlorizin could reduce STZ uptake in the kidneys. Consequently, the direct toxic effects in the kidney and the gastric dilatation were resolved without interfering with the β-cell toxicity. Furthermore, pancreatic STZ uptake was increased, hereby decreasing the threshold for β-cell toxicity, allowing for single low non-nephrotoxic STZ doses (70 mg/kg). In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into the mechanism of STZ toxicity in kidneys and suggests a more efficient regime to induce DN with little or no toxic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Brouwers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics
| | | | | | - Frans Schuit
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven
| | - Evelyne Lerut
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nadine Ectors
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Declercq
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics.
| | - John W M Creemers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics
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Gupta RK, Kuppusamy T, Patrie JT, Gaylinn B, Liu J, Thorner MO, Bolton WK. Association of plasma des-acyl ghrelin levels with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 8:1098-105. [PMID: 23744005 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.09170912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There are no effective therapies for malnutrition in CKD/ESRD patients. This study hypothesized that ghrelin, an endogenous orexigenic hormone, would correlate with renal function and might suggest therapeutic interventions for CKD/ESRD malnutrition. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Fifty-one CKD and 15 hemodialysis patients were enrolled. Acyl ghrelin (AG) and des-acyl ghrelin (DG) were determined using separate two-site-specific assays. Leptin, insulin, growth hormone, insulin-link growth factor-1, C-reactive protein, TNF-α, and IL-6 were also measured. RESULTS Univariate correlation analyses showed that CKD stage was highly, positively correlated with the levels of preprandial and postprandial DG and positively correlated with TNF-α, IL-6, leptin, and age. Multivariate partial-correlation analyses showed that CKD was independently associated with the proportion of preprandial and postprandial DG, whereas TNF-α, IL-6, leptin, insulin, and age were not independently associated with either. Geometric mean (GM) preprandial and postprandial AG were comparable between CKD stages ≤2 and >2, whereas GM preprandial DG and postprandial DG were 1.95-fold and 2.17-fold greater, respectively, for CKD stage >2 versus stage ≤2. DG was the dominant form of ghrelin preprandially and postprandially for both CKD stages ≤2 and >2. Dialysis had no effect on AG, but reduced DG by 73% to levels even lower (GM 48.7 pg/ml) than those seen postprandially in CKD stage ≤2 patients (GM 77.0 pg/ml). CONCLUSIONS This study shows a strong and independent correlation of DG with CKD stage. Postprandial suppression of ghrelin is impaired with reduced renal function. Hemodialysis selectively removes DG but not AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit K Gupta
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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8
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Tong J, Dave N, Mugundu GM, Davis HW, Gaylinn BD, Thorner MO, Tschöp MH, D'Alessio D, Desai PB. The pharmacokinetics of acyl, des-acyl, and total ghrelin in healthy human subjects. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 168:821-8. [PMID: 23482590 PMCID: PMC3740531 DOI: 10.1530/eje-13-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin stimulates GH secretion and regulates energy and glucose metabolism. The two circulating isoforms, acyl (AG) and des-acyl (DAG) ghrelin, have distinct metabolic effects and are under active investigation for their therapeutic potentials. However, there is only limited data on the pharmacokinetics of AG and DAG. OBJECTIVES To evaluate key pharmacokinetic parameters of AG, DAG, and total ghrelin in healthy men and women. METHODS In study 1, AG (1, 3, and 5 μg/kg per h) was infused over 65 min in 12 healthy (8 F/4 M) subjects in randomized order. In study 2, AG (1 μg/kg per h), DAG (4 μg/kg per h), or both were infused over 210 min in ten healthy individuals (5 F/5 M). Plasma AG and DAG were measured using specific two-site ELISAs (study 1 and 2), and total ghrelin with a commercial RIA (study 1). Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by non-compartmental analysis. RESULTS After the 1, 3, and 5 μg/kg per h doses of AG, there was a dose-dependent increase in the maximum concentration (C(max)) and area under the curve (AUC(0-last)) of AG and total ghrelin. Among the different AG doses, there was no difference in the elimination half-life, systemic clearance (CL), and volume of distribution. DAG had decreased CL relative to AG. The plasma DAG:AG ratio was ~2:1 during steady-state infusion of AG. Infusion of AG caused an increase in DAG, but DAG administration did not change plasma AG. Ghrelin administration did not affect plasma acylase activity. CONCLUSIONS The pharmacokinetics of AG and total ghrelin appears to be linear and proportional in the dose range tested. AG and DAG have very distinct metabolic fates in the circulation. There is deacylation of AG in the plasma but no evidence of acylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Tong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45219-0547, USA.
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9
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Suzuki H, Asakawa A, Amitani H, Nakamura N, Inui A. Ghrelin and cachexia in chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2013; 28:521-6. [PMID: 22760416 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-012-2241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a growth hormone (GH) secretagogue and a potent orexigenic factor that stimulates feeding by interacting with hypothalamic feeding-regulatory nuclei. Its multifaceted effects are potentially beneficial as a treatment in human disease states. In both adult and pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, decreased appetite plays a major role in wasting, which in turn is linked to morbidity and mortality; wasting has also been linked to high levels of leptin and proinflammatory cytokines. The beneficial effects of ghrelin treatment in CKD are potentially mediated by multiple concurrent actions, including the stimulation of appetite-regulating centers, anti-inflammatory effects, and direct kidney effects. Further evaluation of this appetite-regulating hormone in CKD is needed to confirm previous findings and to determine the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Suzuki
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
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Akamizu T, Kangawa K. Therapeutic applications of ghrelin to cachexia utilizing its appetite-stimulating effect. Peptides 2011; 32:2295-300. [PMID: 21635929 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin, which is a natural ligand for the growth hormone (GH)-secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), stimulates food intake in both animals and humans. Ghrelin is the only circulating hormone known to stimulate appetite in humans. Ghrelin also stimulates GH secretion and inhibits the production of anorectic proinflammatory cytokines. As GH is an anabolic hormone, protein stores are spared at the expense of fat during conditions of caloric restriction. Thus, ghrelin exhibits anti-cachectic actions via both GH-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Several studies are evaluating the efficacy of ghrelin in the treatment of cachexia caused by a variety of diseases, including congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, and end-stage renal disease. These studies will hopefully lead to the development of novel therapeutic applications for ghrelin in the future. This review summarizes the recent advances in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Akamizu
- The First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan.
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Oner-Iyidogan Y, Gurdol F, Kocak H, Oner P, Cetinalp-Demircan P, Caliskan Y, Kocak T, Turkmen A. Appetite-regulating Hormones in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. J Ren Nutr 2011; 21:316-21. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Kemp BA, Howell NL, Gray JT, Keller SR, Nass RM, Padia SH. Intrarenal ghrelin infusion stimulates distal nephron-dependent sodium reabsorption in normal rats. Hypertension 2011; 57:633-9. [PMID: 21220707 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.166413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a 28-amino acid peptide hormone that exerts powerful orexigenic effects. Ghrelin receptor expression has been reported in the kidney, but the role of ghrelin in the kidney is unknown. The present studies confirmed ghrelin receptor mRNA expression in the kidneys of normal Sprague Dawley rats (n=6) using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of the 588-bp PCR product. To test intrarenal ghrelin action, uninephrectomized rats received 3 cumulative 1-hour renal interstitial (RI) infusions of 5% dextrose in water (vehicle, n=21), ghrelin (n=10), ghrelin plus specific ghrelin receptor antagonist [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6 (n=24), or [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6 alone (n=32). Mean arterial pressure (MAP), urine sodium excretion rate (U(Na)V), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), fractional excretion of sodium (FE(Na)), and fractional excretion of lithium (FE(Li)) were calculated for each period. RI ghrelin infusion significantly decreased U(Na)V to 86 ± 4.9% (P<0.05), 74 ± 6.5% (P<0.01), and 62 ± 10% (P<0.01) of baseline during periods 1 to 3, respectively. Ghrelin also significantly decreased FE(Na) to 68 ± 11% (P<0.05), 57 ± 8.6% (P<0.001), and 59 ± 12% (P<0.01) of baseline, without changing GFR or FE(Li). Identical ghrelin infusions in the presence of [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6 failed to permit reductions in U(Na)V or FE(Na). Following [D-Lys-3]-GHRP-6 infusion alone, U(Na)V increased from 0.06 ± 0.01 to 0.18 ± 0.03 μmol/min (P<0.0001). Concomitant increases in FE(Na) were also observed (0.23 ± 0.03% to 0.51 ± 0.06% [P<0.001]), without changes in MAP, GFR, or FE(Li). Together, these data introduce a novel intrarenal ghrelin-ghrelin receptor system, which, on activation, significantly increases Na(+) reabsorption at the level of the distal nephron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Kemp
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1414, USA
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Abstract
Ghrelin, a natural ligand for the growth hormone (GH)-secretagogue receptor, is primarily produced in the stomach. Administration of ghrelin stimulates food intake and GH secretion in both animals and humans. Ghrelin is the only circulating hormone known to stimulate appetite in humans. As GH is an anabolic hormone, protein stores are spared at the expense of fat during conditions of caloric restriction. Ghrelin also inhibits the production of anorectic proinflammatory cytokines. Thus, ghrelin exhibits anti-cachectic actions via both GH-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Several studies are evaluating the efficacy of ghrelin in the treatment of cachexia caused by a variety of diseases, including congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, and end-stage renal disease. These studies will hopefully lead to the development of novel clinical applications for ghrelin in the future. These studies have also facilitated a better understanding of the molecular basis of the anti-catabolic effects of ghrelin. This review summarizes the recent advances in this area of research.
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14
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Plasma levels of acylated and total ghrelin in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2010; 25:2477-82. [PMID: 20734087 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-010-1628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study set out to compare total and acyl ghrelin levels in children with mild chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing conservative treatment (n = 19) with children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis (n = 24), and with healthy controls (n = 20). The relationship between ghrelin levels and parameters of renal function, nutritional status, and selective hormones were investigated. ESRD patients had higher total ghrelin levels than those with mild CKD or control individuals. However, acyl ghrelin did not differ between groups, indicating that the excess circulating ghrelin was desacylated. Since desacyl ghrelin has been shown to inhibit appetite, increased levels might contribute to protein-energy wasting in pediatric renal patients. When all 43 renal patients were combined, multiple regression analysis found age and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to be significant negative predictors of total ghrelin. Acyl ghrelin was influenced negatively by age and positively by energy intake. Acyl to total ghrelin ratio related positively to GFR and energy intake. The results indicate that total but not acyl ghrelin is influenced by low GFR in children with CKD and suggests that ghrelin activation may be impaired in these patients. Since energy intake is a positive predictor of acyl ghrelin, the physiological control of ghrelin secretion appears to be altered in pediatric renal patients.
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Müller TD, Perez-Tilve D, Tong J, Pfluger PT, Tschöp MH. Ghrelin and its potential in the treatment of eating/wasting disorders and cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2010; 1:159-167. [PMID: 21475701 PMCID: PMC3060653 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-010-0012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal "hunger" hormone ghrelin is the only known circulating peripheral molecule with the ability to decrease body fat utilization and to increase body weight gain. Accordingly, due to ghrelin's effects to promote food intake while decreasing energy expenditure ghrelin may offer potential as a drug for treatment of eating/wasting disorders and cachexia. Therapeutic potential of ghrelin and ghrelin analogues to promote food intake and body weight gain was recently indicated in several clinical studies. The recent discovery of the ghrelin O-acyltransferase as the key enzyme responsible for ghrelin acylation has further deepened our understanding of ghrelin activation, thereby paving the way for more efficient targeting of the ghrelin pathway. Here, we summarize the current knowledge pertaining to the potential of the endogenous ghrelin system as a drug target for the treatment of eating/wasting disorders and cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo D. Müller
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Metabolic Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Metabolic Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Jenny Tong
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Metabolic Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Paul T. Pfluger
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Metabolic Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Matthias H. Tschöp
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Metabolic Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, OH USA
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Veldhuis JD, Bowers CY. Integrating GHS into the Ghrelin System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2010; 2010:879503. [PMID: 20798846 PMCID: PMC2925380 DOI: 10.1155/2010/879503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligopeptide derivatives of metenkephalin were found to stimulate growth-hormone (GH) release directly by pituitary somatotrope cells in vitro in 1977. Members of this class of peptides and nonpeptidyl mimetics are referred to as GH secretagogues (GHSs). A specific guanosine triphosphatate-binding protein-associated heptahelical transmembrane receptor for GHS was cloned in 1996. An endogenous ligand for the GHS receptor, acylghrelin, was identified in 1999. Expression of ghrelin and homonymous receptor occurs in the brain, pituitary gland, stomach, endothelium/vascular smooth muscle, pancreas, placenta, intestine, heart, bone, and other tissues. Principal actions of this peptidergic system include stimulation of GH release via combined hypothalamopituitary mechanisms, orexigenesis (appetitive enhancement), insulinostasis (inhibition of insulin secretion), cardiovascular effects (decreased mean arterial pressure and vasodilation), stimulation of gastric motility and acid secretion, adipogenesis with repression of fat oxidation, and antiapoptosis (antagonism of endothelial, neuronal, and cardiomyocyte death). The array of known and proposed interactions of ghrelin with key metabolic signals makes ghrelin and its receptor prime targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes D. Veldhuis
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Clinical Translational Science Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Cyril Y. Bowers
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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17
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Chen CY, Asakawa A, Fujimiya M, Lee SD, Inui A. Ghrelin gene products and the regulation of food intake and gut motility. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 61:430-81. [PMID: 20038570 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A breakthrough using "reverse pharmacology" identified and characterized acyl ghrelin from the stomach as the endogenous cognate ligand for the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) 1a. The unique post-translational modification of O-n-octanoylation at serine 3 is the first in peptide discovery history and is essential for GH-releasing ability. Des-acyl ghrelin, lacking O-n-octanoylation at serine 3, is also produced in the stomach and remains the major molecular form secreted into the circulation. The third ghrelin gene product, obestatin, a novel 23-amino acid peptide identified from rat stomach, was found by comparative genomic analysis. Three ghrelin gene products actively participate in modulating appetite, adipogenesis, gut motility, glucose metabolism, cell proliferation, immune, sleep, memory, anxiety, cognition, and stress. Knockdown or knockout of acyl ghrelin and/or GHS-R1a, and overexpression of des-acyl ghrelin show benefits in the therapy of obesity and metabolic syndrome. By contrast, agonism of acyl ghrelin and/or GHS-R1a could combat human anorexia-cachexia, including anorexia nervosa, chronic heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver cirrhosis, chronic kidney disease, burn, and postsurgery recovery, as well as restore gut dysmotility, such as diabetic or neurogenic gastroparesis, and postoperative ileus. The ghrelin acyl-modifying enzyme, ghrelin O-Acyltransferase (GOAT), which attaches octanoate to serine-3 of ghrelin, has been identified and characterized also from the stomach. To date, ghrelin is the only protein to be octanylated, and inhibition of GOAT may have effects only on the stomach and is unlikely to affect the synthesis of other proteins. GOAT may provide a critical molecular target in developing novel therapeutics for obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yen Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Japan
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18
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Aygen B, Dogukan A, Dursun FE, Aydin S, Kilic N, Sahpaz F, Celiker H. Ghrelin and obestatin levels in end-stage renal disease. J Int Med Res 2009; 37:757-65. [PMID: 19589259 DOI: 10.1177/147323000903700319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition is fairly common in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, persistent lack of appetite being a major symptom. Ghrelin and obestatin are two hormones that are involved in appetite and energy homeostasis. The present study examined ghrelin and obestatin levels in 24 ESRD patients undergoing haemodialysis and 24 age-matched healthy controls. Serum and saliva ghrelin and obestatin levels in the ESRD patients were significantly higher compared with controls, while saliva ghrelin and obestatin levels in all study participants were significantly higher than serum levels. Saliva ghrelin correlated with serum ghrelin and saliva obestatin correlated with serum obestatin in all study participants, although there was no correlation between ghrelin and obestatin levels. In conclusion, the results suggest that the kidneys may have a role in the metabolism and/or clearance of obestatin, as they do for ghrelin. Further studies are needed to determine if elevated levels of these hormones in ESRD patients contribute to the malnutrition that is common in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Aygen
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey.
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19
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Oliveira JCD, Siviero-Miachon AA, Spinola-Castro AM, Belangero VMS, Guerra-Junior G. [Short stature in chronic kidney disease: physiopathology and treatment with growth hormone]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 52:783-91. [PMID: 18797585 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302008000500010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Growth failure is frequent and a clinically important issue in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Many factors contribute to impaired growth in these children, including abnormalities in the growth hormone (GH)--insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis, malnutrition, acidosis, renal bone disease and glucocorticoid associated treatment. The management of growth failure in children with CKD is complicated by the presence of other-disease related complications requiring medical intervention. Despite evidence of GH efficacy and safety in this population, this therapy is still underutilized. This review shows the impact, the causes and the treatment of growth failure in children with CKD.
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Sahin H, Uyanik F, Inanç N, Erdem O. Serum zinc, plasma ghrelin, leptin levels, selected biochemical parameters and nutritional status in malnourished hemodialysis patients. Biol Trace Elem Res 2009; 127:191-9. [PMID: 18953507 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-008-8238-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the serum zinc (Zn), plasma ghrelin, leptin levels and nutritional status, and to evaluate the potential association between malnutrition and these investigated parameters in malnourished hemodialysis (HD) patients. Fifteen malnourished HD patients, aged 42.9 +/- 2.11 years, who underwent the HD for 46.44 +/- 7.1 months and 15 healthy volunteers, aged 41.0 +/- 2.17 years, were included in this study. The nutritional status of the subjects was determined by the subjective global assessment (SGA). Anthropometric measurements were taken by bioelectrical impedance after HD. Blood samples were collected for the analysis of zinc (Zn), ghrelin, leptin, and selected blood parameters. The HD patients consumed less energy and nutrients than controls. In HD patients, body weight, body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.001), basal metabolic rate (BMR), body fat, lean body mass (LBM), serum Zn, copper (Cu) (p < 0.05), sodium (Na) (p < 0.01), glucose (p < 0.05), albumin (p < 0.01), total cholesterol (p < 0.001), and ghrelin (p < 0.05) were lower whereas body water ratio (p < 0.001), serum potassium (K) (p < 0.01), inorganic phosphorous (Pi), blood urea nitrogen, creatinine (p < 0.001), and plasma insulin (p < 0.05) levels were higher than the controls. No difference existed between HD patients and controls regarding plasma leptin levels. There were positive correlations for body weight-fasting glucose and body weight-leptin (p < 0.05), body weight-BMI and body weight-LBM (p < 0.01); body fat-leptin (p < 0.05); BMI-fasting glucose, BMI-leptin, and BMI-body fat (p < 0.05); albumin-hemoglobin and albumin-insulin (p < 0.05). Negative correlation was found for SGA score-ghrelin (p < 0.05). Malnutrition in HD patients may result from inadequate energy and nutrient intake and low Zn and ghrelin levels. Zinc supplementation to the diets of HD patients may be of value to prevent the malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sahin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Atatürk Health School, University of Erciyes, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize recent studies that investigated the role of ghrelin and ghrelin analogs in wasting conditions. RECENT FINDINGS Numerous studies have demonstrated potential beneficial effects exerted by ghrelin in a number of diseases associated with wasting. Besides ghrelin's orexigenic effect, anabolic as well as anti-inflammatory activity mediated by ghrelin have been investigated in wasting conditions such as cancer, diabetes mellitus, malabsorptive diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, anorexia nervosa, renal failure, liver failure, and chronic heart failure. Encouraging results have been obtained from experimental studies and a few clinical trials using subcutaneous administration of ghrelin and ghrelin agonists in cachexia. In-vitro studies have shown ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin biological activities on proliferation of tumor cells and abnormal tissues. SUMMARY The recent studies support the possible positive effects of ghrelin in therapeutic approaches and adjunct treatment of a number of diseases associated with wasting. Utilization of agonists of the ghrelin receptor growth hormone secretagogue-1a is a promising approach for clinical use. Randomized and placebo-controlled studies, including large number of patients are further required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra M Kamiji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Rak A, Gregoraszczuk EŁ. Local feedback loop of ghrelin-GH in the pig ovary: action on estradiol secretion, aromatase activity and cell apoptosis. Growth Horm IGF Res 2008; 18:221-227. [PMID: 17951088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is recognized as an important regulator of growth hormone (GH) secretion, food intake and a factor which controls reproduction. In the present studies, the effect of GH and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) on ghrelin synthesis and secretion and the effects of ghrelin on GH synthesis and secretion in cultured whole porcine follicles were studied. Ghrelin and GH levels were measured in the follicular wall and in the culture medium. Moreover, the action of combined treatment with ghrelin and GH on estradiol secretion, aromatase activity and cell apoptosis were examined. We demonstrated that ghrelin increased GH secretion but not GH synthesis by ovarian follicles. GH stimulated both ghrelin synthesis and secretion in the ovarian follicles. The increase in estradiol secretion, aromatase activity and the decrease in caspase-3 activity were noted in ghrelin alone- and ghrelin in combination with GH-treated cells. In culture treated with combination of both these hormones, all investigated parameters were similar to those noted in ghrelin alone-treated cells. In conclusion, our study provides novel evidence for the gonadal feedback loop between GH and ghrelin secretion in the ovary. However, results of the presented research suggest independent action of GH and ghrelin in the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Rak
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Chair of Animal Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
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Atamer A, Ecder SA, Akkus Z, Kocyigit Y, Atamer Y, Ilhan N, Ecder T. Relationship between Leptin, Insulin Resistance, Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Int Med Res 2008; 36:522-8. [DOI: 10.1177/147323000803600317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between leptin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and insulin resistance in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Levels of leptin, insulin, IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and common routine parameters were measured in 45 patients (23 males and 22 females) with CKD and 45 healthy controls matched for age, gender and body mass index. IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels were measured using a two-site immunoradiometric assay. Leptin levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A homeostasis model assessment computer-solved model was used to assess insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Levels of serum leptin, insulin, IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and HOMA-IR were significantly increased in patients with CKD compared with healthy subjects, whereas fasting blood glucose was not significantly different between the two groups. In patients with CKD, the serum leptin level was significantly correlated with IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and HOMA-IR. In conclusion, this study suggests that there is an interaction between leptin, IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and insulin resistance in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Atamer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diyarbakir Training and Research Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - S Alisir Ecder
- Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Z Akkus
- Department of Biostatistics, Dicle University Medical Faculty, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Y Kocyigit
- Department of Physiology, Dicle University Medical Faculty, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Y Atamer
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Dicle University Medical Faculty, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - N Ilhan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Firat University Medical Faculty, Elazig, Turkey
| | - T Ecder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes recent developments in research into anticatabolic therapies with ghrelin. Potential conditions in which ghrelin treatment may be useful include cachexia, anorexia and ageing. We highlight a number of intriguing basic topics related to the anticatabolic effects of ghrelin. RECENT FINDING Repeated administration of ghrelin to patients with congestive heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease improved appetite, body composition, muscle wasting and functional capacity in open-label pilot studies. An acute, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial of cancer patients with anorexia revealed marked increases in energy intake following treatment. The effects of ghrelin treatment in patients with anorexia nervosa are controversial. Basic research studies have extended our understanding of the upstream regulation of neuropeptide Y/agouti-related protein signalling and the central control of adipocyte metabolism. In addition, alterations in fat-free mass may play a role in ghrelin regulation. SUMMARY A number of studies are currently evaluating the anticatabolic effects of ghrelin in the treatment of various diseases, including cachexia, anorexia and age-related disorders. These studies will hopefully lead to the development of novel clinical applications for ghrelin treatment. These studies have also facilitated a better understanding of the molecular basis of the anticatabolic effects of ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Akamizu
- Ghrelin Research Project, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Translational Research Center, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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St-Pierre DH, Karelis AD, Coderre L, Malita F, Fontaine J, Mignault D, Brochu M, Bastard JP, Cianflone K, Doucet E, Imbeault P, Rabasa-Lhoret R. Association of acylated and nonacylated ghrelin with insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:264-9. [PMID: 17062757 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ghrelin [acylated (AG) and nonacylated (NAG)] has been shown to play a pivotal role in the regulation of food intake and insulin sensitivity. It is presently unclear whether variation in insulin sensitivity is related to AG and NAG levels in obese individuals. To address this issue, we determined whether insulin-sensitive overweight or obese (ISO) and insulin-resistant overweight or obese (IRO) individuals display different total ghrelin (TotG), AG, and NAG profiles during a euglycemic/hyperinsulinemic clamp (EHC). DESIGN Eighty-nine nondiabetic overweight and obese postmenopausal women underwent EHC to evaluate insulin sensitivity. Body composition and blood lipid profiles were assessed. Subjects within the highest tertile of insulin sensitivity were described as ISO (n = 31), whereas those within the lowest tertile of insulin sensitivity were considered as IRO (n = 29). Plasma TotG, AG, and NAG profiles were assessed by RIA at 0, 60, 160, 170, and 180 min during the EHC. RESULTS TotG and NAG levels were significantly decreased for ISO and IRO individuals during the EHC, whereas only ISO subjects displayed a significant reduction of AG concentrations (P < 0.05). AG area under the curve value and the ratio of AG/NAG (fasting and area under the curve) were significantly decreased in ISO individuals. Furthermore, maximal reduction of TotG and AG concentrations was greater in ISO compared with IRO individuals (P < 0.05). Insulin sensitivity was significantly correlated with maximal reduction of TotG (r = 0.36; P < 0.01) and AG (r = 0.36; P < 0.05) concentrations. CONCLUSION The dysregulation of ghrelin secretion profiles during EHC is associated with insulin resistance. AG may contribute to the variation of insulin sensitivity in overweight or obese postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H St-Pierre
- Département de Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
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