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Piper ME, Maddox R, Castro Y, Hinds JT, Henderson PN, Clark H, Guy MC, Choi K. Lessons Learned on Addressing Racism: Recommendations from The Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco's Racial Equity Task Force. Addiction 2022; 117:2567-2570. [PMID: 35751445 PMCID: PMC9491328 DOI: 10.1111/add.15964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Piper
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raglan Maddox
- Modewa Clan, Papua New Guinea
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Yessenia Castro
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Josephine T Hinds
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Patricia Nez Henderson
- Navajo Nation (Diné), Black Hills Center for American Indian Health, Rapid City, SD, USA
| | - Hershel Clark
- Navajo Nation (Diné), Black Hills Center for American Indian Health, Rapid City, SD, USA
| | - Mignonne C Guy
- Department of African American Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, VA, USA
| | - Kelvin Choi
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, USA
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2
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Sedani AE, Chen S, Beetch JE, Martinez SA, Dao HDN, Campbell JE. Inequalities in Tobacco Retailer Compliance Violations Across the State of Oklahoma, 2015-2019. J Community Health 2022; 47:658-665. [PMID: 35476169 PMCID: PMC9288366 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-022-01091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship between compliance check violations, and characteristics of the tobacco retailer and neighborhood social vulnerability in Oklahoma. DESIGN This cross-sectional study utilized the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Compliance Check Inspections of Tobacco Product Retailers database for 2015-2019. These data were combined with Neighborhood social vulnerability variables using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Social Vulnerability Index. SETTING The setting of this study is the state of Oklahoma, USA. OUTCOME MEASURES The outcome variable for this analysis was whether a sale was made to the youth during the compliance check (e.g., violation; yes/no) regardless of the outcome of the violation, and number of violations per a retailer. RESULTS We observed a strong association between having a violation and retailer store type, after controlling for socioeconomic vulnerability and percentage of mobile homes. The proportion of a tobacco retailer's violations also varied by store type. CONCLUSIONS More targeted enforcements and retailer education by store type may be necessary to increase compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami E Sedani
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 NE 13th Street, 73104, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.
| | - Sixia Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 NE 13th Street, 73104, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Jessica E Beetch
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 NE 13th Street, 73104, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Sydney A Martinez
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 NE 13th Street, 73104, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Hanh Dung N Dao
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 NE 13th Street, 73104, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Janis E Campbell
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 801 NE 13th Street, 73104, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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3
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Roberts ME, Klein EG, Ferketich AK, Keller-Hamilton B, Berman ML, Chacko M, Jenkins CF, Segall MH, Woodyard KC. Beyond Strong Enforcement: Understanding the Factors Related to Retailer Compliance With Tobacco 21. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:2084-2090. [PMID: 33982115 PMCID: PMC8757316 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco 21 (T21), which sets the minimum legal sales age for tobacco to age 21, is now a national law in the United States. Although T21 is expected to help curb youth tobacco use, its impact may be dampened due to poor retailer compliance. Even within environments where enforcement is strong (ie, compliance checks are conducted with tough sanctions for violations), compliance might vary due to other factors. AIMS AND METHODS Three studies were conducted in Columbus, OH, where T21 became strongly enforced in 2018. These studies examined how retailer compliance related to features of the neighborhood in which a retailer was located (Study 1), features of the retailer (Study 2), and features of the retail cashier (Study 3). RESULTS Study 1 found that, after controlling for race- and age-based factors, retailers located in high (vs. low)-poverty neighborhoods had a lower likelihood of conducting identification (ID) checks. Study 2 found that ID checks were related to whether retailers displayed signage about T21, as required by the city law. Study 3 found that, among cashiers, T21 awareness (which was high) and perceptions about T21 (which were moderate) were not generally related to their retailer's compliance; having (vs. not having) scanners for ID checks was related to a higher likelihood of compliance. CONCLUSIONS These studies emphasize the many, multilevel factors influencing T21 outcomes. Findings also indicate the potential for T21 to widen disparities in tobacco use, indicating the need for strategies to equitably improve T21 compliance. IMPLICATIONS T21, which sets the minimum legal sales age for all tobacco products to age 21, is now a national law in the United States. Despite optimistic projections about what T21 could achieve, the ultimate impact may be dampened when it is applied in real-world settings. Our project revealed the many, multilevel factors influencing T21 compliance. Findings also indicate the potential for T21 to widen disparities in tobacco use if gaps in compliance persist. Strategies for equitably improving T21 compliance are discussed. This article is of relevance to areas interested in implementing or improving their local T21 enforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Roberts
- College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Amy K Ferketich
- College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brittney Keller-Hamilton
- Center for Tobacco Research, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Micah L Berman
- College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Moritz College of Law, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael Chacko
- College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Claire F Jenkins
- College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Morgan H Segall
- College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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4
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Tseng TS, Celestin MD, Yu Q, Li M, Luo T, Moody-Thomas S. Use of Geographic Information System Technology to Evaluate Health Disparities in Smoking Cessation Class Accessibility for Patients in Louisiana Public Hospitals. Front Public Health 2021; 9:712635. [PMID: 34476230 PMCID: PMC8406529 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.712635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has shown cigarette smoking is a major risk factors for many type of cancer or cancer prognosis. Tobacco related health disparities were addressed continually in cancer screening, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. The present study evaluated the health disparities in attendance of smoking cessation counseling classes for 4,826 patients scheduled to attend between 2005 and 2007. Of 3,781 (78.4%) patients with records to calculate the distance from their home domicile to counseling sites using Geographic Information System technology, 1,435 (38%) of smokers who attended counseling had shorter travel distances to counseling sites (11.6 miles, SD = 11.29) compared to non-attendees (13.4 miles, SD = 16.72). When the travel distance was >20 miles, the estimated odds of attending decreased with greater travel distance. Smokers who actually attended were more likely to be older, female, White, living in urban areas, and receiving free healthcare. After controlling for other socio-demographic factors, shorter distances were associated with greater class attendance, and individuals more likely to attend included those that lived closer to the counseling site and in urban settings, were female, White, commercially insured, and older than their counterparts. These findings have the potential to provide important insights for reducing health disparities for cancer prevention and control, and to improve shared decision making between providers and smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Sung Tseng
- Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Michael D Celestin
- Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Qingzhao Yu
- Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Mirandy Li
- Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Louisiana State University Health New Orleans, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Ting Luo
- Moores Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Sarah Moody-Thomas
- Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
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5
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Wheeler DC, Do EK, Hayes RB, Hughes C, Fuemmeler BF. Evaluation of neighborhood deprivation and store characteristics in relation to tobacco retail outlet sales violations. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254443. [PMID: 34270555 PMCID: PMC8284798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Regulations of the sale of tobacco products to minors have been effective at reducing adolescent tobacco use overall. However, these efforts may not be uniformly enforced in all areas, creating uneven protection against adolescent smoking. Knowledge regarding factors associated with tobacco retail outlet (TRO) violations could help inform better enforcement strategies. METHODS In this study, we used Bayesian index regression models to determine if tobacco sales to minors violations across Virginia (2012-2021) were related to store characteristics and neighborhood deprivation and identify geographic areas at significantly elevated risk for violations after adjusting for these factors. RESULTS Results show that there were multiple factors associated with a higher likelihood of tobacco sales violations. Store type was an important factor, as grocery stores and pharmacies had significantly lowered likelihood of violations compared with convenience stores. Being located near another TRO was significantly associated with increased risk of sales to a minor. Neighborhood deprivation was also positively associated with TRO sales violations. Further, there were statistically higher likelihood of sales violations occurring in specific areas (e.g., southwest and southeast) of the state that were not explained by neighborhood deprivation and store attributes. CONCLUSIONS Together, results highlight the need to better understand where and why TRO sales violations are occurring in order to improve efforts aimed at monitoring and remediating TRO sales violations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Wheeler
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth K. Do
- Department of Health Behavior & Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Rashelle B. Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Colleen Hughes
- Virginia Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Services, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Bernard F. Fuemmeler
- Department of Health Behavior & Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
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6
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Schwartz E, Onnen N, Craigmile PF, Roberts ME. The legacy of redlining: Associations between historical neighborhood mapping and contemporary tobacco retailer density in Ohio. Health Place 2021; 68:102529. [PMID: 33631601 PMCID: PMC8651150 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In the 1930s United States, urban neighborhoods were graded on their desirability for investment (often based on race), a process known as "redlining." This study examined how historical redlining relates to current disparities in an important health determinant: tobacco retailer density. Analyses were conducted for thirteen Ohio cities using negative binomial models that accounted for retailer spatial dependence and controlled for present-day sociodemographic characteristics. Findings indicated that as grades increased from "Best" to "Still Desirable" to "Definitely Declining" and "Hazardous," retailer density increased monotonically. These results highlight the persisting impacts of redlining and how disparities, once intentionally created, can be perpetuated over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Schwartz
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nathaniel Onnen
- Department of Statistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peter F Craigmile
- Department of Statistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Megan E Roberts
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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7
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Huh J, Meza LR, Galstyan E, Galimov A, Unger JB, Baezconde-Garbanati L, Sussman S. Association between federal and California state policy violation among vape shops and neighbourhood composition in Southern California. Tob Control 2020; 30:567-569. [PMID: 32611747 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Past studies have documented disparities in regulation compliance among tobacco retailers with respect to ethnic diversity in neighbourhoods. This study investigated the association between compliance with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and California state rules and neighbourhood ethnic composition of a vape shop location. METHODS We recruited 122 vape shops located in 'ethnic enclave' neighbourhoods in Southern California. Trained teams of data collectors visited each of the consented vape shops and coded items in the shops that were visible and on display. Location data for the percentages of ethnic composition for a given city were obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, American FactFinder. Multilevel logistic regression models examined the relationship between the city-level neighbourhood ethnic composition and vape shop rule violation status: not displaying Ask4ID sign and offering free samples. RESULTS Vape shops located in neighbourhoods/communities with more white residents were significantly less likely to not display Ask4ID sign (p=0.03) and less likely to offer free sampling (p=0.009), controlling for other neighbourhood ethnic characteristics. DISCUSSION Greater enforcement for proper signage display is needed for vape shops located in racial/ethnic minority locations to ensure that minors are discouraged from purchasing e-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimi Huh
- Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Leah R Meza
- Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ellen Galstyan
- Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Artur Galimov
- Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Steve Sussman
- Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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School Social Capital and Tobacco Experimentation Among Adolescents: Evidence From a Cross-Classified Multilevel, Longitudinal Analysis. J Adolesc Health 2020; 66:431-438. [PMID: 32001140 PMCID: PMC7089836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE School social capital incorporates the intangible prosocial resources from social networks, including expectations and social norms, found in a school environment. School social capital may influence health behaviors such as smoking. This study examined the association of school social capital with smoking behaviors from childhood into adolescence. METHODS We used a cohort sampled from three U.S. cities for the Healthy Passages Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The primary outcome was cigarette smoking at grade 10 (Wave 3). The primary predictor of interest was school social capital at grade 5 (Wave 1). We included potential covariates at the individual, school, and neighborhood levels at Wave 1. To account for simultaneous clustering in schools and neighborhoods, cross-classified multilevel models were used. RESULTS After exclusions and imputations for missing variables, our final sample contained 3,968 students as constituents of 118 schools and 479 neighborhoods. With adjustment for the covariates, school social capital for grade 5 was negatively associated with cigarette smoking in grade 10. We estimated that a 1 standard deviation increase in the school average social capital for grade 5 is associated with an odds ratio of .86 (95% credible interval: .75-.98) for school-level smoking in grade 10. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that school social capital in late elementary years is associated with reduced smoking behaviors among adolescents in the U.S. Influencing school social capital through enrichment of positive social norms and parent/teacher expectations may be a useful strategy to reduce adolescent smoking, with long-term implications for adult health.
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9
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Unger JB, Chaloupka FJ, Vallone D, Thrasher JF, Nettles DS, Hendershot TP, Swan GE. PhenX: Environment measures for Tobacco Regulatory Research. Tob Control 2020; 29:s35-s42. [PMID: 31992662 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A Working Group (WG) of tobacco regulatory science experts identified measures for the tobacco environment domain. METHODS This article describes the methods by which measures were identified, selected, approved and placed in the PhenX Toolkit. FINDINGS The WG identified 20 initial elements relevant to tobacco regulatory science and determined whether they were already in the PhenX Toolkit or whether novel or improved measures existed. In addition to the 10 complementary measures already in the Toolkit, the WG recommended 13 additional measures: aided and confirmed awareness of televised antitobacco advertising, interpersonal communication about tobacco advertising, media use, perceived effectiveness of antitobacco advertising, exposure to smoking on television and in the movies, social norms about tobacco (for adults and for youth), worksite policies, youth cigarette purchase behaviours and experiences, compliance with cigarette packaging and labelling policies, local and state tobacco control public policies, and neighbourhood-level racial/ethnic composition. Supplemental measures included youth social capital and compliance with smoke-free air laws and with point of sale and internet tobacco marketing restrictions. Gaps were identified in the areas of policy environment (public and private), communications environment, community environment and social environment (ie, the norms/acceptability of tobacco use). CONCLUSIONS Consistent use of these tobacco environment measures will enhance rigor and reproducability of tobacco research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Unger
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Frank J Chaloupka
- Department of Health Policy and Administration and Health Policy Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Donna Vallone
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Truth Initiative, Washington, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James F Thrasher
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Gary E Swan
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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10
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Lee JGL, Shook-Sa BE, Bowling JM, Ribisl KM. Comparison of Sampling Strategies for Tobacco Retailer Inspections to Maximize Coverage in Vulnerable Areas and Minimize Cost. Nicotine Tob Res 2019. [PMID: 28651376 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction In the United States, tens of thousands of inspections of tobacco retailers are conducted each year. Various sampling choices can reduce travel costs, emphasize enforcement in areas with greater noncompliance, and allow for comparability between states and over time. We sought to develop a model sampling strategy for state tobacco retailer inspections. Methods Using a 2014 list of 10,161 North Carolina tobacco retailers, we compared results from simple random sampling; stratified, clustered at the ZIP code sampling; and, stratified, clustered at the census tract sampling. We conducted a simulation of repeated sampling and compared approaches for their comparative level of precision, coverage, and retailer dispersion. Results While maintaining an adequate design effect and statistical precision appropriate for a public health enforcement program, both stratified, clustered ZIP- and tract-based approaches were feasible. Both ZIP and tract strategies yielded improvements over simple random sampling, with relative improvements, respectively, of average distance between retailers (reduced 5.0% and 1.9%), percent Black residents in sampled neighborhoods (increased 17.2% and 32.6%), percent Hispanic residents in sampled neighborhoods (reduced 2.2% and increased 18.3%), percentage of sampled retailers located near schools (increased 61.3% and 37.5%), and poverty rate in sampled neighborhoods (increased 14.0% and 38.2%). Conclusions States can make retailer inspections more efficient and targeted with stratified, clustered sampling. Use of statistically appropriate sampling strategies like these should be considered by states, researchers, and the Food and Drug Administration to improve program impact and allow for comparisons over time and across states. Implications The authors present a model tobacco retailer sampling strategy for promoting compliance and reducing costs that could be used by US states and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The design is feasible to implement in North Carolina. Use of the sampling design would help document the impact of FDA's compliance and enforcement program, save money, and emphasize inspections in areas where they are needed most. FDA should consider requiring probability-based sampling in their inspections contracts with states and private contractors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G L Lee
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC.,Department of Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Bonnie E Shook-Sa
- Carolina Survey Research Laboratory, Department of Biostatistics, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Biostatistics, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - J Michael Bowling
- Department of Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- Department of Health Behavior, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
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11
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Liveable for whom? Prospects of urban liveability to address health inequities. Soc Sci Med 2019; 232:94-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Kuijpers TG, Kunst AE, Willemsen MC. Policies that limit youth access and exposure to tobacco: a scientific neglect of the first stages of the policy process. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:825. [PMID: 31242893 PMCID: PMC6595563 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Policymakers can adopt and implement various supply-side policies to limit youth access and exposure to tobacco, such as increasing the minimum age of sale, limiting the number or type of tobacco outlets, or banning the display of tobacco products. Many studies have assessed the impact of these policies, while less is known about the preceding policy process. The aim of our review was to assess the available evidence on the preceding process of agenda setting, policy formulation, and policy legitimation. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using the PubMed and the Social Sciences Citation Index databases. After selection, 200 international peer-reviewed articles were identified and analyzed. Through a process of close reading, evidence based on scientific enquiry and anecdotal evidence on agenda setting, policy formulation and policy legitimation was abstracted from each article. RESULTS Scientific evidence on the policy process is scarce for these policies, as most of the evidence found was anecdotal. Only one study provided evidence based on a scientific analysis of data on the agenda setting and legitimation phases of policy processes that led to the adoption of display bans in two Australian jurisdictions. CONCLUSION The processes influencing the adoption of youth access and exposure policies have been grossly understudied. A better understanding of the policy process is essential to understand country variations in tobacco control policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Kuijpers
- Department of Health Promotion, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, P. Debyeplein 1, 6229, HA, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Anton E Kunst
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc C Willemsen
- Department of Health Promotion, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, P. Debyeplein 1, 6229, HA, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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13
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Dearfield CT, Horn KA, Jipguep-Akhtar MC. Influence of social and neighborhood contexts on smoking cessation among urban minorities. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2017; 18:445-461. [PMID: 29267142 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2017.1404956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A range of individual, social, and neighborhood factors influence the smoking-related health inequities of urban minorities. Yet little is known about how these factors interact to influence smoking behaviors, including cessation. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to estimate the variance in cessation service utilization among a sample of primarily African American adults accounted for by individual, social, and neighborhood factors. Findings showed individual and social factors were important predictors of cessation service utilization. Social contexts have significant effects on smoking cessation service use, and social influences were more significant predictors of cessation service use than neighborhood factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig T Dearfield
- a Department of Prevention and Community Health, The Milken Institute School of Public Health , The George Washington University , Washington , DC
| | - Kimberly A Horn
- a Department of Prevention and Community Health, The Milken Institute School of Public Health , The George Washington University , Washington , DC
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14
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Mead EL, Rimal RN, Cohen JE, Turner MM, Lumby EC, Feighery EC, Shah V. A Two-Wave Observational Study of Compliance With Youth Access and Tobacco Advertising Provisions of the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act in India. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:1363-70. [PMID: 26610937 PMCID: PMC5942621 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Indian Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act prohibits youths' access to tobacco products at points-of-sale and near educational institutions, requires signage stating these restrictions in these venues, and bans outdoor advertisements. This observational study examined compliance with these provisions, changes in compliance over 1 year, and factors associated with compliance. METHODS Data were collected in 2012 and 2013 from points-of-sale (n = 555 in 2012, n = 718 in 2013), educational institutions (n = 277 in 2012, n = 276 in 2013), and neighborhoods (n = 104 in 2012, n = 125 in 2013) in 25 urban and rural towns in five states. Compliance across years was compared using chi-square tests. Multilevel regression equations assessed factors associated with compliance at Wave 2 and change in compliance from Wave 1 to Wave 2. RESULTS Most points-of-sale had no/low compliance, with little change over time (58% to 63%, P = .108). The proportion of educational institutions observing just 1-2 provisions increased (39% to 52%, P = .002). Most neighborhoods complied with the advertisement ban at both waves (91% to 96%, P = .172). In the multilevel analysis, point-of-sale compliance increased in small cities; compliance decreased at points-of-sale and increased at institutions in mid-sized cities. Changes in point-of-sale compliance were due to compliance with access restrictions and signage requirements; changes in educational institution compliance were due to compliance with the sales ban. CONCLUSIONS Compliance with provisions regarding the sale and display of tobacco products is moderate, while compliance with the advertisement ban remains high in these five Indian states. Greater enforcement will further reduce youths' exposure to tobacco products. IMPLICATIONS The study adds to the literature on compliance and changes in compliance with policy to prohibit youth access to tobacco products in India, a country that has large geographic disparities in youth smoking prevalence. The findings highlight several important areas on which efforts can focus to improve compliance among points-of-sale, educations institutions, and neighborhoods to limit youths' exposure and access to tobacco products. Rural areas and large cities in particular need more concerted efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Mead
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD;
| | - Rajiv N Rimal
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC
| | - Joanna E Cohen
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Monique M Turner
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC
| | - Elena C Lumby
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC
| | - Ellen C Feighery
- International Research, Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, Washington, DC
| | - Vandana Shah
- International Research, Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, Washington, DC
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Lee JGL, Gregory KR, Baker HM, Ranney LM, Goldstein AO. "May I Buy a Pack of Marlboros, Please?" A Systematic Review of Evidence to Improve the Validity and Impact of Youth Undercover Buy Inspections. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153152. [PMID: 27050671 PMCID: PMC4822877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most smokers become addicted to tobacco products before they are legally able to purchase these products. We systematically reviewed the literature on protocols to assess underage purchase and their ecological validity. We conducted a systematic search in May 2015 in PubMed and PsycINFO. We independently screened records for inclusion. We conducted a narrative review and examined implications of two types of legal authority for protocols that govern underage buy enforcement in the United States: criminal (state-level laws prohibiting sales to youth) and administrative (federal regulations prohibiting sales to youth). Ten studies experimentally assessed underage buy protocols and 44 studies assessed the association between youth characteristics and tobacco sales. Protocols that mimicked real-world youth behaviors were consistently associated with substantially greater likelihood of a sale to a youth. Many of the tested protocols appear to be designed for compliance with criminal law rather than administrative enforcement in ways that limited ecological validity. This may be due to concerns about entrapment. For administrative enforcement in particular, entrapment may be less of an issue than commonly thought. Commonly used underage buy protocols poorly represent the reality of youths' access to tobacco from retailers. Compliance check programs should allow youth to present themselves naturally and attempt to match the community's demographic makeup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G. L. Lee
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kyle R. Gregory
- Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hannah M. Baker
- Tobacco Prevention and Evaluation Program, Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Leah M. Ranney
- Tobacco Prevention and Evaluation Program, Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Adam O. Goldstein
- Tobacco Prevention and Evaluation Program, Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Lee JGL, Baker HM, Ranney LM, Goldstein AO. Neighborhood Inequalities in Retailers' Compliance With the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009, January 2014-July 2014. Prev Chronic Dis 2015; 12:E171. [PMID: 26447548 PMCID: PMC4599057 DOI: 10.5888/pcd12.150231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Retailer noncompliance with limited US tobacco regulations on advertising and labeling was historically patterned by neighborhood in ways that promote health disparities. In 2010, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began enforcing stronger tobacco retailer regulations under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009. However, recent research has found no differences in compliance by neighborhood characteristics for FDA advertising and labeling inspections. We sought to investigate the neighborhood characteristics associated with retailer noncompliance with specific FDA advertising and labeling inspections (ie, violations of bans on self-service displays, selling single cigarettes, false or mislabeled products, vending machines, flavored cigarettes, and free samples). Methods We coded FDA advertising and labeling warning letters (n = 718) for type of violations and geocoded advertising and labeling inspections from January 1 through July 31, 2014 (N = 33,543). Using multilevel models, we examined cross-sectional associations between types of violations and neighborhood characteristics previously associated with disparities (ie, percentage black, Latino, under the poverty line, and younger than 18 years). Results Retailer advertising and labeling violations are patterned by who lives in the neighborhood; regulated tobacco products are more likely to be stored behind the counter as the percentage of black or Latino residents increases, and single cigarettes are more often available for purchase in neighborhoods as the percentage of black, poor, or young residents increases. Conclusion Contrary to previous null findings, noncompliance with FDA advertising and labeling regulations is patterned by neighborhood characteristics, sometimes in opposite directions. Given the low likelihood of self-service violations in the same neighborhoods that have high likelihood of single cigarette sales, we suggest targeted approaches to FDA retailer inspections and education campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G L Lee
- Belk Building, Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858.
| | - Hannah M Baker
- Tobacco Prevention and Evaluation Program, Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Leah M Ranney
- Tobacco Prevention and Evaluation Program, Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Adam O Goldstein
- Tobacco Prevention and Evaluation Program, Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Spivak AL, Monnat SM. Prohibiting juvenile access to tobacco: Violation rates, cigarette sales, and youth smoking. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2015; 26:851-9. [PMID: 25913107 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scholars who examine the efficacy of juvenile tobacco sales restrictions, especially the 1992 "Synar Amendment" that led all of fifty U.S. states to enact prohibitions on tobacco sales to minors, are notably divided as to impact on youth smoking. Some researchers claim that such policies have failed and ought to be abandoned (Craig & Boris, 2007; Etter, 2006; Glantz, 2002), while others insist that enforcement has indeed led to reduced tobacco use (DiFranza, 2011b; SAMHSA, 2011). The present study is the first to combine data on Synar violation rates from all states and years available since the amendment's implementation, assessing the connection to national rates of cigarette sales and youth smoking behavior. METHODS Using national data from the United States Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, the Tobacco Institute, and the Centers for Disease Control's Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System across all U.S. states between 1996 and 2007, we employ hierarchical linear modeling to examine the connection between retailer Synar violations and youth smoking. RESULTS Controlling for state-level demographic variables, results indicate that retailer violation rates are significantly associated with greater youth smoking prevalence, as well as higher overall cigarette sales. CONCLUSION While critiques of Synar policies are substantive and should be addressed, laws prohibiting the sale of tobacco to juveniles appear to have had some degree of success.
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Lipperman-Kreda S, Grube JW, Friend KB. Contextual and community factors associated with youth access to cigarettes through commercial sources. Tob Control 2014; 23:39-44. [PMID: 23092887 PMCID: PMC3578042 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examines contextual and community-level characteristics associated with youth access to tobacco through commercial sources in 50 non-contiguous mid-sized California communities. METHODS The study is based on data from access surveys conducted by four confederate buyers (two men and two women) in 997 tobacco outlets. City demographics, adult smoking prevalence, and measures of tobacco outlet density, local tobacco retailer licencing and cigarette tax were included. RESULTS Multilevel regression analyses indicated that buyer's actual age, a male clerk and asking young buyers about their age were related to successful cigarette purchases. Buyer's actual age and minimum age signs increased the likelihood that clerks will request an identification (ID). At the community level, a higher percentage of minors, higher education, and a greater percentage of African-Americans were associated with an increased likelihood of a successful purchase. Lower percentage of minors, lower education, lower percentage of African-Americans, and having a local tobacco retailer licencing were associated with the retailer asking for an ID. Additionally, supermarkets charged significantly more for a pack of cigarettes than small markets, whereas, smoke/tobacco shops and drug stores/pharmacies charged less. Higher prices were associated with higher median household income and greater percentage of Hispanics. Findings about community characteristics, however, differed by cigarette brand. CONCLUSIONS This study enhances our understanding of the associations between contextual and community characteristics and youth access to tobacco through commercial sources which can help policymakers to identify and target at-risk communities and outlets to decrease youth access to tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Lipperman-Kreda
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 450, Berkeley, CA 94704, Fax: (510) 644-0594, Phone: (510) 883-5750
| | - Joel W. Grube
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 1995 University Avenue, Suite 450, Berkeley, CA 94704, Fax: (510) 644-0594, Phone: (510) 883-5750
| | - Karen B. Friend
- Decision Sciences Institute, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 1005 Main Street, Suite 8120, Pawtucket, RI 02860
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Rose SW, Myers AE, D'Angelo H, Ribisl KM. Retailer adherence to Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, North Carolina, 2011. Prev Chronic Dis 2013; 10:E47. [PMID: 23557638 PMCID: PMC3617991 DOI: 10.5888/pcd10.120184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act regulates the sales and marketing of tobacco products in the United States; poor adherence by tobacco retailers may reduce the effectiveness of the Act’s provisions. The objectives of this study were 1) to assess whether and to which provisions retailers were adherent and 2) to examine differences in adherence by county, retailer neighborhood, and retailer characteristics. Methods We conducted multivariate analysis of tobacco retailers’ adherence to 12 point-of-sale provisions of the Tobacco Control Act in 3 North Carolina counties. We conducted observational audits of 324 retailers during 3 months in 2011 to assess adherence. We used logistic regression to assess associations between adherence to provisions and characteristics of each county, retailer neighborhood, and retailer. Results We found 15.7% of retailers did not adhere to at least 1 provision; 84.3% adhered to all provisions. The provisions most frequently violated were the ban on sales of cigarettes with modified-risk labels (eg, “light” cigarettes) (43 [13.3%] retailers nonadherent) and the ban on self-service for cigarettes and smokeless tobacco (6 [1.9%] retailers nonadherent). We found significant differences in rates of nonadherence by county and type of retailer. Pharmacies and drug stores were more than 3 times as likely as grocery stores to be nonadherent. Conclusion Most tobacco retailers have implemented regulatory changes without enforcement by the US Food and Drug Administration. Monitoring rates of adherence by store type and locale (eg, county) may help retailers comply with point-of-sale provisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyanika W Rose
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, CB 7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440, USA.
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Adams ML, Jason LA, Pokorny S, Hunt Y. Exploration of the link between tobacco retailers in school neighborhoods and student smoking. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2013; 83:112-118. [PMID: 23331271 PMCID: PMC3556821 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND School smoking bans give officials the authority to provide a smoke-free environment, but enacting policies within the school walls is just one step in comprehensive tobacco prevention among students. It is necessary to investigate factors beyond the school campus and into the neighborhoods that surround schools. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the density of tobacco retailers and the illegal tobacco sales rate within school neighborhoods and smoking behaviors among students. METHODS This study utilized secondary data from the baseline of the Youth Tobacco Access Project. Data were collected from 10,662 students attending 21 middle schools and 19 high schools, in addition to 512 tobacco retailers, all within 24 towns in Illinois during 2002. A random-effects regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between the density of tobacco retailers and illegal tobacco sales rates on current smoking and lifetime smoking prevalence. RESULTS Schools had a range between 0 and 9 tobacco retailers within their neighborhood with a mean of 2.76 retailers (SD = 2.45). The illegal sales rate varied from 0% to 100%, with a mean of 13%. The density of tobacco retailers was significantly related to the prevalence of ever smoking among students (b = 0.09, t(29) = 2.03, p = .051, OR = 1.10), but not to current smoking (p > .05); the illegal tobacco sales rate was not related to current smoking or lifetime smoking prevalence (p > .05). CONCLUSION Results indicate that tobacco retailer density may impact smoking experimentation/initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Adams
- Center for Evaluation & Sociomedical Research, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Puerto Rico, PO BOX 365067, San Juan, PR 00936-5067.
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Neighbourhood deprivation and outlet density for tobacco, alcohol and fast food: first hints of obesogenic and addictive environments in Germany. Public Health Nutr 2012; 16:1168-77. [PMID: 22781559 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980012003321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current discussion regarding ‘place effects on health’ is increasingly focusing on the characteristics of a specific physical environment. Our study investigated whether socially deprived residential areas are more likely than affluent neighbourhoods to provide access to addictive substances and fast food. DESIGN In this ecological study the total number of tobacco, alcohol and fastfood outlets was recorded and visualized using a geographic information system. Area affluence was measured through the percentage of parents with children of kindergarten or school age with joint annual taxable income ,h12 272. SETTING Eighteen social areas in Cologne, Germany. SUBJECTS All social areas in four districts in Cologne, Germany, with a total of 92 000 inhabitants, were analysed. RESULTS In the investigation area, 339 tobacco, 353 alcohol and sixty-seven fastfood outlets were identified. As area affluence declined the availability of the following potentially health damaging sources increased: cigarettes (Kendall’s tau50?433; P50?012), alcohol (Kendall’s tau50?341, P50?049) and fast food (Kendall’s tau50?473; P50?009). CONCLUSIONS The availability of addictive substances and fast food can be seen to have a contextual influence on an individual’s lifestyle and can, in the form of physical exposure to obesogenic and addictive environments, contribute to a culmination of health risks.
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Li S, Horner P, Delva J. Social capital and cigarette smoking among Latinos in the United States. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2012; 2012:83-92. [PMID: 22706166 PMCID: PMC3374601 DOI: 10.2147/sar.s31164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the results of analyses conducted to examine if social capital indicators were associated with current cigarette smoking and with quitting smoking among a national representative sample of Latinos living in the United States. Data are from 2540 Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans, and Other Latinos who participated in the National Latino and Asian American Survey. A significant inverse association between neighborhood cohesion and current smoking, and a positive association with quitting smoking, were found only among Mexican Americans. No other significant associations were found except for family conflict being associated with higher odds of current smoking with Cuban Americans. Implications of these findings are discussed to unravel the differences in social capital and smoking behaviors among Latino populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijian Li
- School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY
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Wen X, Shenassa ED. Interaction between parenting and neighborhood quality on the risk of adolescent regular smoking. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 14:313-22. [PMID: 22121244 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct the first study to examine potential interaction between parenting style and neighborhood quality on the risk of adolescent regular smoking. METHODS We analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of U.S. adolescents (n = 1,213 pairs of adolescents and their parents) who participated in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics during 2002-2003. Regular smoking behavior and parental monitoring level were reported by adolescents. Parenting style (i.e., authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved) was defined by cross-classifying self-reported parental warmth and control. Based on parents' perceived neighborhood quality regarding raising children, neighborhoods were identified as either higher quality or lower quality. RESULTS Adolescents in lower-quality neighborhoods were more likely to be regular smokers (13.7% vs. 8.5%; adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.02-3.65) than those in higher-quality neighborhoods. In lower-quality neighborhoods, adolescents of authoritarian parents (16.9%; AOR = 10.97, 95% CI = 3.36-35.84) were more likely and those of uninvolved parents (20.3%; AOR = 3.47, 95% CI = 0.91-13.17) were marginally more likely to be regular smokers than those of authoritative parents (4.3%). However, among adolescents in higher-quality neighborhoods, parenting style was independent of the risk of regular smoking. There was marginally significant interaction between authoritarian parenting style and neighborhood quality. Parental monitoring was associated with reduced risk of adolescent smoking, regardless of neighborhood quality. There was no interaction between parental monitoring and neighborhood quality. CONCLUSIONS Authoritative parenting is associated with reduced risk of adolescent regular smoking in lower-quality neighborhoods but not in higher-quality neighborhoods. Authoritative parenting style and parental monitoring may buffer adverse influences of low-quality neighborhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhong Wen
- Department of Epidemiology, Public Health Program, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Schneider S, Gruber J, Yamamoto S, Weidmann C. What happens after the implementation of electronic locking devices for adolescents at cigarette vending machines? A natural longitudinal experiment from 2005 to 2009 in Germany. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 13:732-40. [PMID: 21504884 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As of January 01, 2007, electronic locking devices based on proof of age (electronic cash cards or European driving licenses) were installed on 500,000 cigarette vending machines across Germany to restrict the purchase of cigarettes to those over the age of 16 years. In 2009, the age limit was raised to 18 years. The aim of this study was to compare the number of cigarette vending machines and other commercial sources before and after the enactment of the new law and to examine the association between commercial cigarette sources and area socioeconomic status (SES). METHODS We recorded and mapped using Geographical Information System software the total number of commercial cigarette sources in 4 selected districts in the major German city of Cologne. The city was the ideal setting for this study as we were able to use existing sociogeographical data from this area. We compiled a complete inventory of commercial cigarette sources in autumn 2005 and 2009. An interim inventory was also completed in 2007. RESULTS Between 2005 and 2009, the total number of cigarette sources decreased from 369 to 325 within the study area. Although the most obvious reduction was detected in the number of outdoor vending machines (-44%), the number of indoor vending machines also decreased by 5%. In 2005 as well as in 2009, we found significantly fewer commercial cigarette sources in districts with above-average SES than in districts with below-average SES. CONCLUSIONS Although the number of overall cigarette vending machines decreased, the disparity in distribution of cigarette sources between socially advantaged and disadvantaged areas increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Schneider
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Mannheim Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Strasse 7-11, Mannheim, Germany.
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