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Features of the Metabolisms of Cardiac Troponin Molecules—Part 1: The Main Stages of Metabolism, Release Stage. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:1376-1394. [PMID: 35723315 PMCID: PMC8947512 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44030092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac troponins (cTns) have long been the most valuable and specific biomarkers for detecting ischemic myocardial cells (MCs) injury, which is one of the key signs of myocardial infarction (MI). Modern methods (highly sensitive and ultra-sensitive immunoassays (hs-cTns)) of detection are an important and indispensable tool for the early diagnosis of MI and the choice of patient management protocols. Timely diagnosis of MI can significantly improve the prognosis of patients. However, in real clinical practice, doctors often face a significant problem when using cTns—the difficulty of differential diagnosis due to frequent and unexplained increases in the concentration of cTns in blood serum. In addition, there is conflicting information that may potentially affect the diagnostic capabilities and value of cTns: the influence of certain biological factors (diurnal rhythm, gender and age) on serum cTns levels; extra-cardiac expression of cTns; the possibilities of non-invasive diagnosis of MI; and other pathological conditions that cause non-ischemic injury to MCs. To solve these problems, it is necessary to concentrate on studying the metabolism of cTns. The review of our current knowledge about cTns metabolism consists of two parts. In this (first) part of the manuscript, the main stages of cTns metabolism are briefly described and the mechanisms of cTns release from MCs are considered in detail.
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Cardiac Troponins Metabolism: From Biochemical Mechanisms to Clinical Practice (Literature Review). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010928. [PMID: 34681585 PMCID: PMC8535601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic processes of endo- and exogenous compounds play an important role in diagnosing and treating patients since many metabolites are laboratory biomarkers and/or targets for therapeutic agents. Cardiac troponins are one of the most critical biomarkers to diagnose cardiovascular diseases, including acute myocardial infarction. The study of troponin metabolism is of great interest as it opens up new possibilities for optimizing laboratory diagnostics. This article discusses in detail the key stages of the cardiac troponins metabolism, in particular the mechanisms of release from a healthy myocardium, mechanisms of circulation in the bloodstream, possible mechanisms of troponin penetration into other biological fluids (oral fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, pericardial and amniotic fluids), mechanisms of elimination of cardiac troponins from the blood, and daily changes in the levels of troponins in the blood. Considering these aspects of cardiac troponin metabolism, attention is focused on the potential value for clinical practice.
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Abdel-Rahman EA, Hosseiny S, Aaliya A, Adel M, Yasseen B, Al-Okda A, Radwan Y, Saber SH, Elkholy N, Elhanafy E, Walker EE, Zuniga-Hertz JP, Patel HH, Griffiths HR, Ali SS. Sleep/wake calcium dynamics, respiratory function, and ROS production in cardiac mitochondria. J Adv Res 2021; 31:35-47. [PMID: 34194831 PMCID: PMC8240107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Incidents of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac arrest vary with time of the day, but the mechanism for this effect is not clear. We hypothesized that diurnal changes in the ability of cardiac mitochondria to control calcium homeostasis dictate vulnerability to cardiovascular events. Objectives Here we investigate mitochondrial calcium dynamics, respiratory function, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in mouse heart during different phases of wake versus sleep periods. Methods We assessed time-of-the-day dependence of calcium retention capacity of isolated heart mitochondria from young male C57BL6 mice. Rhythmicity of mitochondrial-dependent oxygen consumption, ROS production and transmembrane potential in homogenates were explored using the Oroboros O2k Station equipped with a fluorescence detection module. Changes in expression of essential clock and calcium dynamics genes/proteins were also determined at sleep versus wake time points. Results Our results demonstrate that cardiac mitochondria exhibit higher calcium retention capacity and higher rates of calcium uptake during sleep period. This was associated with higher expression of clock gene Bmal1, lower expression of per2, greater expression of MICU1 gene (mitochondrial calcium uptake 1), and lower expression of the mitochondrial transition pore regulator gene cyclophilin D. Protein levels of mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), MICU2, and sodium/calcium exchanger (NCLX) were also higher at sleep onset relative to wake period. While complex I and II-dependent oxygen utilization and transmembrane potential of cardiac mitochondria were lower during sleep, ROS production was increased presumably due to mitochondrial calcium sequestration. Conclusions Taken together, our results indicate that retaining mitochondrial calcium in the heart during sleep dissipates membrane potential, slows respiratory activities, and increases ROS levels, which may contribute to increased vulnerability to cardiac stress during sleep-wake transition. This pronounced daily oscillations in mitochondrial functions pertaining to stress vulnerability may at least in part explain diurnal prevalence of cardiac pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engy A. Abdel-Rahman
- Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- 57357 Children's Cancer Hospital, Basic Research Department, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Salma Hosseiny
- Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abdullah Aaliya
- Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Adel
- Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Basma Yasseen
- Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- 57357 Children's Cancer Hospital, Basic Research Department, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman Al-Okda
- Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yasmine Radwan
- Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Saber H. Saber
- Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nada Elkholy
- Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eslam Elhanafy
- Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Emily E. Walker
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Juan P. Zuniga-Hertz
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hemal H. Patel
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Sameh S. Ali
- Center for Aging and Associated Diseases, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- 57357 Children's Cancer Hospital, Basic Research Department, Cairo, Egypt
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Variation within Variation: Comparison of 24-h Rhythm in Rodent Infarct Size between Ischemia Reperfusion and Permanent Ligation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081670. [PMID: 28763007 PMCID: PMC5578060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The detrimental effects of myocardial infarction in humans and rodents have a 24-h rhythm. In some human cohorts however, rhythmicity was absent, while the time of maximum damage differs between cohorts. We hypothesized that the type of damage influences the 24-h rhythm in infarct size. Myocardial infarction was induced in 12-week-old C57BL/six mice at four different time-points during the day using either permanent ligation (PL) or 30-min of ischemia followed by reperfusion (IR), with a control group wherein no ligation was applied. Infarct size was measured by echocardiography and histology at a 1-month follow-up. Rhythmicity in infarct size was present in the PL group at the functional and histological level, with maximal damage occurring when the infarct was induced at noon. In the IR group, no circadian rhythm was found. The time of the coronary artery ligation determines the outcome of myocardial infarction. Our data showed that in rodents, the presence of circadian rhythmicity and time of peak infarct size varies between experimental setups.
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Fabbian F, Bhatia S, De Giorgi A, Maietti E, Bhatia S, Shanbhag A, Deshmukh A. Circadian Periodicity of Ischemic Heart Disease: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Heart Fail Clin 2017; 13:673-680. [PMID: 28865776 DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The authors performed a MEDLINE search to identify reports, published during the last 20 years, focused on circadian variation of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and prevalence and the ratios between the number of events per hour during the morning and the other hours of the day were calculated. Despite the optimization of interventional and medical therapy of AMI since the first reports of circadian patterns in AMI occurrence, it was found that such a pattern still exists and that AMI happens most frequently in the morning hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Fabbian
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, University Hospital St. Anna, Via Aldo Moro 8, I-44124, Cona, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Subir Bhatia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Afredo De Giorgi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, University Hospital St. Anna, Via Aldo Moro 8, I-44124, Cona, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Maietti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Center for Clinical Epidemiology, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sravya Bhatia
- School of Medicine, Duke University, 8 Duke University Medical Center Greenspace, Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Anusha Shanbhag
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Abhishek Deshmukh
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Manfredini R, Manfredini F, Fabbian F, Salmi R, Gallerani M, Bossone E, Deshmukh AJ. Chronobiology of Takotsubo Syndrome and Myocardial Infarction: Analogies and Differences. Heart Fail Clin 2017; 12:531-42. [PMID: 27638023 DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Several pathophysiologic factors, not harmful if taken alone, are capable of triggering unfavorable events when presenting together within the same temporal window (chronorisk), and the occurrence of many cardiovascular events is not evenly distributed in time. Both acute myocardial infarction and takotsubo syndrome seem to exhibit a temporal preference in their onset, characterized by variations according to time of day, day of the week, and month of the year, although with both analogies and differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Manfredini
- Clinica Medica Unit, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Lodovico Ariosto, 35, Ferrara 44121, Italy.
| | - Fabio Manfredini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Surgical Specialties, Vascular Diseases Center, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Lodovico Ariosto, 35, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Fabio Fabbian
- Clinica Medica Unit, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Lodovico Ariosto, 35, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Raffaella Salmi
- 2nd Internal Unit of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro 8, Ferrara 44020, Italy
| | - Massimo Gallerani
- 1st Internal Unit of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Ferrara, Via Aldo Moro 8, Ferrara 44020, Italy
| | - Eduardo Bossone
- 'Cava de' Tirreni and Amalfi Coast' Division of Cardiology, Heart Department, University Hospital of Salerno, Via San Leonardo 1, Salerno 84013, Italy
| | - Abhishek J Deshmukh
- Mayo Clinic Heart Rhythm Section, Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
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Bulluck H, Nicholas J, Crimi G, White SK, Ludman AJ, Pica S, Raineri C, Cabrera-Fuentes HA, Yellon D, Rodriguez-Palomares J, Garcia-Dorado D, Hausenloy DJ. Circadian variation in acute myocardial infarct size assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in reperfused STEMI patients. Int J Cardiol 2016; 230:149-154. [PMID: 28038815 PMCID: PMC5267633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical studies using serum cardiac biomarkers to investigate a circadian variation in acute myocardial infarct (MI) size in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients reperfused by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) have produced mixed results. We aimed to investigate this phenomenon using acute MI size measured by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). METHODS Patient-level data was obtained from 4 randomized controlled trials investigating the MI-limiting effects of cardioprotective therapies in this pooled analysis. The primary analysis was performed in those patients with no pre-infarct angina; duration of ischemia >60min and <360min; Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow pre-PPCI ≤1; TIMI flow post-PPCI 3; and no collateral flow. RESULTS 169 out of 376 patients with CMR data met the inclusion criteria for the primary analysis. A 24-hour circadian variation in acute MI size as a % of the area-at-risk (%AAR), after adjusting for confounders, was observed with a peak and nadir MI size in patients with symptom onset between 00:00 and 01:00 and between 12:00 and 13:00 respectively (difference from the average MI size 5.2%, 95%CI 1.1-9.4%; p=0.013). This was associated with a non-significant circadian variation in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (difference from the average LVEF 5.9%, 95%CI -0.6-2.2%, p=0.073). There was no circadian variation in MI size or LVEF in the whole cohort. CONCLUSIONS We report a circadian variation in acute MI size assessed by CMR in a subset of STEMI patients treated by PPCI, with the largest and smallest MI size occurring in patients with symptom onset between 00:00 and 01:00 and between 12:00 and 13:00 respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heerajnarain Bulluck
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK; The National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UK; National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Gabriele Crimi
- Struttura Complessa Cardiologia, Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Steven K White
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK
| | - Andrew J Ludman
- Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Silvia Pica
- Struttura Complessa Cardiologia, Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Struttura Complessa Cardiologia, Azienda Ospedaliera SS: Antonio e Biagio, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Claudia Raineri
- Struttura Complessa Cardiologia, Fondazione Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Hector A Cabrera-Fuentes
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany; National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Derek Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK
| | - Jose Rodriguez-Palomares
- Cardiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Garcia-Dorado
- Cardiology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, UK; The National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UK; National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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