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Veiga S, Qiu X, Trinidad A, Suz P, Bazuelo B, Navarro E. Kinematic changes in the undulatory kicking during underwater swimming. Sports Biomech 2023:1-15. [PMID: 36756980 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2023.2177192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The contribution to total race distances of underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) is increasing at the elite level. However, little is known about the technical modifications during underwater swimming. In the present research, the aim was to compare the kinematic characteristics of competitive swimmers between the first and last kick of UUS. Fifty-four national level swimmers (26 males and 28 females) performed 25 m maximal efforts from a push start, and two sequential video cameras captured the underwater segment. Kicking parameters and segmental kinematics were calculated by means of two-dimensional direct linear transformation algorithms. Dolphin kick performance showed a clear impairment in velocity (η2 : 0.65), but changes on kicking parameters depended on the swimmer's gender, with males decreasing kicking amplitude (η2 : 0.25) and females decreasing kicking frequency (η2 : 0.18) in the last kick. Decline in kicking performance seemed to be more related to the swimmers' body configuration when approaching the water surface (greater trunk inclination and maximal body amplitude in sagittal plane) than to technical modifications in the dolphin kick movement (no changes in the joints range of movement except the hip). Swimmers should control their vertical body amplitude at the end of underwater sections to minimise the decrease in kicking performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Veiga
- Sports Department, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xiao Qiu
- Sports Department, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Sports and Sport Science, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Alfonso Trinidad
- Grupo de investigación AquaLab, Departamento de Educación y de Humanidades, Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Suz
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Bazuelo
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Navarro
- Health and Human Performance Department, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Chatziilias VA, Mandalidis DG. Ankle and foot function in female athletes involved in in-water and dry-land sporting activities. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:299-309. [PMID: 36321815 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.14271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stability and mobility of the ankle and foot joints are thought to be improved by cross-training, i.e., transferring the beneficial effects acquired from performing one sporting activity to those required to perform another. This study aimed to investigate the effect of long-term participation with in-water and dry-land sports activities (IWSA, DLSA) on ankle and foot function. METHODS The study sample consisted of 28 healthy competitive female athletes involved in IWSA (N.=14) and DLSA (N.=14) for <8 years, as well as 15 females not involved in sporting activities (NISA). The isometric strength of the ankle dorsi flexors (ADF), plantar flexors (APF), and subtalar invertors and evertors (SIN, SEV), the ankle dorsi and plantar flexion, and subtalar/forefoot inversion and eversion passive range of motion (ROM), and the static and dynamic balance were assessed in each participant's supportive lower limb. RESULTS IWSA athletes demonstrated significantly greater isometric strength in ADF (P<0.01), SIN (P<0.01), and SEV (P<0.05) compared to DLSA athletes and in ADF (P<0.001), SIN (P<0.01) and SEV (P<0.05) compared to NISA individuals with differences between DLSA athletes and NISA individuals being not significant. Between-groups differences on isometric APF strength, passive ROM of the ankle and foot joints, and postural balance were not significant. CONCLUSIONS DLSA athletes could benefit from long-term participation with IWSA, at least in terms of increasing isometric strength of the ankle and foot stabilizers, as their function does not appear to improve after long-term participation with the sports of their choice, at least compared to NISA individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis A Chatziilias
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Laboratory of Sports Physical Therapy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece -
| | - Dimitris G Mandalidis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Laboratory of Sports Physical Therapy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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3
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West R, Lorimer A, Pearson S, Keogh JWL. The Relationship Between Undulatory Underwater Kick Performance Determinants and Underwater Velocity in Competitive Swimmers: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:95. [PMID: 35900641 PMCID: PMC9334501 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Undulatory underwater swimming (UUS) has become an integral component of the start and turn phases in competitive swimming allowing higher velocities than can be achieved swimming at the surface. An understanding of the most important determinants for UUS performance and how these can be optimised to different swimmers is poorly understood. Objective The aim of this systematic review was to systematically assess the current peer-reviewed literature on the relationship between UUS performance determinants and underwater velocity in competitive swimmers. Methods An electronic search using AusSportMed, Embase, PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming was performed. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using a biomechanics-specific checklist developed by Hindle and colleagues (Sports Med Open. 5(1):49, 2019. 10.1186/s40798-019-0222-z). Results Twenty-five studies met the eligibility criteria. While UUS velocity was nearly perfectly related (r > 0.90) to foot resultant acceleration and kick frequency, several other biomechanical factors were also significant correlates. UUS velocity and frequency were typically higher in high-performance swimmers and during prone versus dorsal positions. UUS velocity, kick frequency and kick amplitude were also significantly correlated with high angular velocities of the hip, knee and ankle joints and knee range of motion. Conclusion While there appears to be evidence supporting some performance variables to be related to UUS, future research should examine how to optimise the kinematic and kinetic characteristics with respect to the imposed task constraints and organism constraints between swimmers. Additional research should also investigate the effect of biomechanically informed interventions to improve UUS performance. Registration Open Science Framework.
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Ramirez-Campillo R, Perez-Castilla A, Thapa RK, Afonso J, Clemente FM, Colado JC, de Villarreal ES, Chaabene H. Effects of Plyometric Jump Training on Measures of Physical Fitness and Sport-Specific Performance of Water Sports Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:108. [PMID: 36036301 PMCID: PMC9424421 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
A growing body of literature is available regarding the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on measures of physical fitness (PF) and sport-specific performance (SSP) in-water sports athletes (WSA, i.e. those competing in sports that are practiced on [e.g. rowing] or in [e.g. swimming; water polo] water). Indeed, incoherent findings have been observed across individual studies making it difficult to provide the scientific community and coaches with consistent evidence. As such, a comprehensive systematic literature search should be conducted to clarify the existent evidence, identify the major gaps in the literature, and offer recommendations for future studies.
Aim
To examine the effects of PJT compared with active/specific-active controls on the PF (one-repetition maximum back squat strength, squat jump height, countermovement jump height, horizontal jump distance, body mass, fat mass, thigh girth) and SSP (in-water vertical jump, in-water agility, time trial) outcomes in WSA, through a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized controlled studies.
Methods
The electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched up to January 2022. According to the PICOS approach, the eligibility criteria were: (population) healthy WSA; (intervention) PJT interventions involving unilateral and/or bilateral jumps, and a minimal duration of ≥ 3 weeks; (comparator) active (i.e. standard sports training) or specific-active (i.e. alternative training intervention) control group(s); (outcome) at least one measure of PF (e.g. jump height) and/or SSP (e.g. time trial) before and after training; and (study design) multi-groups randomized and non-randomized controlled trials. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. The DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was used to compute the meta-analyses, reporting effect sizes (ES, i.e. Hedges’ g) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Certainty or confidence in the body of evidence for each outcome was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE), considering its five dimensions: risk of bias in studies, indirectness, inconsistency, imprecision, and risk of publication bias.
Results
A total of 11,028 studies were identified with 26 considered eligible for inclusion. The median PEDro score across the included studies was 5.5 (moderate-to-high methodological quality). The included studies involved a total of 618 WSA of both sexes (330 participants in the intervention groups [31 groups] and 288 participants in the control groups [26 groups]), aged between 10 and 26 years, and from different sports disciplines such as swimming, triathlon, rowing, artistic swimming, and water polo. The duration of the training programmes in the intervention and control groups ranged from 4 to 36 weeks. The results of the meta-analysis indicated no effects of PJT compared to control conditions (including specific-active controls) for in-water vertical jump or agility (ES = − 0.15 to 0.03; p = 0.477 to 0.899), or for body mass, fat mass, and thigh girth (ES = 0.06 to 0.15; p = 0.452 to 0.841). In terms of measures of PF, moderate-to-large effects were noted in favour of the PJT groups compared to the control groups (including specific-active control groups) for one-repetition maximum back squat strength, horizontal jump distance, squat jump height, and countermovement jump height (ES = 0.67 to 1.47; p = 0.041 to < 0.001), in addition to a small effect noted in favour of the PJT for SSP time-trial speed (ES = 0.42; p = 0.005). Certainty of evidence across the included studies varied from very low-to-moderate.
Conclusions
PJT is more effective to improve measures of PF and SSP in WSA compared to control conditions involving traditional sport-specific training as well as alternative training interventions (e.g. resistance training). It is worth noting that the present findings are derived from 26 studies of moderate-to-high methodological quality, low-to-moderate impact of heterogeneity, and very low-to-moderate certainty of evidence based on GRADE.
Trial registration The protocol for this systematic review with meta-analysis was published in the Open Science platform (OSF) on January 23, 2022, under the registration doi https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/NWHS3 (internet archive link: https://archive.org/details/osf-registrations-nwhs3-v1).
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Veiga S, Lorenzo J, Trinidad A, Pla R, Fallas-Campos A, de la Rubia A. Kinematic Analysis of the Underwater Undulatory Swimming Cycle: A Systematic and Synthetic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12196. [PMID: 36231498 PMCID: PMC9566274 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The increase of low-cost technology for underwater filming has made quantitative analysis an affordable resource for swimming coaches on a frequent basis. In this context, a synthesis of the kinematic determinants of underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) seems to be lacking. The aim of the present study was to synthesise the scientific evidence on the kinematic characteristics of competitive swimmers during UUS and the main kinematic determinants of UUS performance, as well as to summarise the main methodological considerations for UUS kinematic analysis. A systematic literature search was performed through four electronic databases following the PRISMA guidelines and STROBE for evaluating the quality of the included studies. Twenty-three research studies from the first search and two from the second search were finally considered. In total, 412 competitive swimmers (321 males and 91 females) with a performance standard of international B (11%), national (51%), or regional (35%) level were analysed. Most studies focused on a two-dimensional analysis of the ventral UUS performed from a push start and filmed 6-12 m from the starting wall. Kinematic analysis of UUS included kicking parameters (kicking length, frequency, and amplitude) as well as selected segmental kinematics in 76% of studies and the analysis of UUS performance determinants in 36%. Information about the determinants of UUS performance was inconsistent due in part to inconsistencies in the definition of kinematic parameters. Further research studies where automatic motion capture systems are applied to the analysis of UUS on the aforementioned conditions should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Veiga
- Grupo de Análisis Biomecánico, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Lorenzo
- Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Trinidad
- Aqualab Research Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Robin Pla
- French Swimming Federation, 92110 Clichy, France
- Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d’Epidémiologie du Sport (IRMES), 75013 Paris, France
| | - Andrea Fallas-Campos
- Núcleo de Estudios para el Alto Rendimiento y la Salud (ACUAUNA-NARS), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Alfonso de la Rubia
- Deporte y Entrenamiento Research Group, Departamento de Deportes, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Kuhn J, Legerlotz K. Ankle joint flexibility affects undulatory underwater swimming speed. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:948034. [PMID: 36032263 PMCID: PMC9402090 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.948034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The movement of undulatory underwater swimming (UUS), a swimming technique adapted from whales, is mainly limited by human anatomy. A greater ankle joint flexibility could improve the imitation of the whale's flap of the fin and therefore enhance USS performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of ankle joint flexibility on swimming velocity and kick efficiency during UUS by comparing kinematics of swimming trials with reduced, normal, and enhanced maximum angles of plantar flexion. Ten well trained swimmers (5m and 5f; 22 ± 4years; 177 ± 7cm; 74 ± 15kg), performed multiple trials of UUS with normal, restricted, and increased ankle joint flexibility on two separate days in randomized order. Kick frequency was controlled by a metronome. Plantar flexion (PF) was restricted by tape application on both feet and increased by passive-dynamic stretching. All trials were filmed. Kinematics were obtained with two-dimensional motion analysis. Tape application restricted maximum PF by 10.42% while stretching increased PF by 6.87% compared to normal PF. Swimming velocity and kick efficiency significantly decreased during swimming with restricted PF (1.13 ± 0.13m*s−1; 0.69 ± 0.09m) compared to normal (1.20 ± 0.14 m*s−1; 0.72 ± 0.10m) and increased (1.22 ± 0.15m*s−1; 0.73 ± 0.10m) PF. Swimming velocity and kick efficiency did not differ between normal and increased PF. Body height normalized swimming velocity correlated significantly with PF angle (r = 0.538). The results suggest that UUS velocity is affected by impaired PF. Particularly swimmers with low or average maximum PF angles may benefit from a long-term ankle joint flexibility program to improve their UUS performance.
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Hill L, Mountjoy M, Miller J. Non-shoulder Injuries in Swimming: A Systematic Review. Clin J Sport Med 2022; 32:256-264. [PMID: 33852442 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The shoulder is the most common injury in swimming, followed by the knee and spine. The repetitive nature of swimming training may predispose a swimmer to injury. Several risk factors have been previously identified, but the level of evidence and level of certainty that these risk factors predispose a swimmer to injury risk has yet to be evaluated critically in a systematic review. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. DATA SOURCES Data were obtained through PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar. The database search was limited to articles that were published between January 1980 and December 2019. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Level I, II, and III studies were included in this review. All studies must have been conducted in swimmers or swimming, a description of the specific pathology and provide at least one identified risk factor with an association (P < 0.05). RESULTS A total of 19 critically appraised articles identified 28 potential risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in swimmers. The risk factors were grouped by the anatomical region: neck and back, pelvis and hip, and the knee. Only 2 risk factors were appraised at a moderate level of certainty, both occurring in the knee. The remaining 26 identified risk factors were appraised at a low level of certainty. There is a clear lack of research surrounding nonshoulder injuries in swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Federation International de Natation (aquatics) (FINA) Sports Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jim Miller
- Federation International de Natation (aquatics) (FINA) Sports Medicine, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
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Chen Z, Li T, Yang J, Zuo C. The Effect of the Swimmer's Trunk Oscillation on Dolphin Kick Performance Using a Computational Method with Multi-Body Motion: A Case Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19094969. [PMID: 35564363 PMCID: PMC9100937 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19094969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a specific Chinese swimmer’s trunk oscillation on dolphin kick was investigated in order to optimize competitive swimming movement. Using a numerical simulation method based on multi-body motion, different swimmer’s trunk oscillation during a dolphin kick was analyzed. The simulation was conducted using 3D incompressible Navier−Stokes equations and renormalization group k-ε turbulence model, combined with the Volume of Fluid method to capture the water surface. The simulation’s results were evaluated by comparing them with experimental data and with previous studies. The net streamwise forces, mean swimming velocity, and joint moments were also investigated. There was a positive correlation between the mean swimming velocity and the amplitudes of the swimmer’s trunk oscillation, where the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.986 and the selected model was statistically significant (p < 0.05). In addition, as the mean swimming velocity increased from 1.42 m/s in Variant 1 to 2 m/s in Variant 5, the maximum positive moments of joints increased by about 24.7% for the ankles, 27.4% for the knees, −3.9% for the hips, and 5.8% for the upper waist, whereas the maximum negative moments of joints increased by about 64.5% for the ankles, 28.1% for the knees, 23.1% for the hips, and 10.1% for the upper waist. The relationship between the trunk oscillation and the vortices was also investigated. Therefore, it is recommended that swimmers should try to increase the amplitudes of trunk oscillation to increase their swimming velocity. In order to achieve this goal, swimmers should increase strength training for the ankles, knees, and upper waist during the upkick. Moreover, extra strength training is warranted for the ankles, knees, hips, and upper waist during the downkick.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiya Chen
- School of Industrial Design and Ceramic Art, Foshan University, Foshan 528011, China;
| | - Tianzeng Li
- School of Industrial Design and Ceramic Art, Foshan University, Foshan 528011, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jin Yang
- Institute of Physical Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China;
| | - Chuan Zuo
- School of Sports Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China;
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Ruiz-Navarro JJ, Cuenca-Fernández F, Sanders R, Arellano R. The determinant factors of undulatory underwater swimming performance: A systematic review. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1243-1254. [PMID: 35384796 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2061259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The prominence of undulatory underwater swimming (UUS) has been clearly observed during recent international events. Improvement of this phase is important for overall performance. The aim of this systematic review was to identify the key factors that modulate UUS performance and provide coaches and sports science practitioners with valuable and practical information to optimise it. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched up to 14 October 2021. Studies involving competitive swimmers and which included UUS performance assessment were considered. Methodological quality assessment was conducted for the included articles. From the 193 articles screened, 15 articles were included. There was a substantial body of research conducted on kicking frequency, vertical toe and body wave velocity, angular velocity of the joints, distance per kick, joint amplitudes and mobility, and body position in UUS performance. However, further investigation is required for muscle activation and muscle strength influence. The results from this review contribute to understanding of how to optimise UUS performance, identifying the key aspects that must be addressed during training. Specifically, the caudal momentum transfer should be maximised, the upbeat duration reduced, and the frequency that best suits swimmers' characteristics should be identified individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús J Ruiz-Navarro
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Cuenca-Fernández
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ross Sanders
- Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Raúl Arellano
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Shen Y, Fu Y, Ge Y, Wen Y. The effect of ankle flexibility on the relationship between knee isokinetic strength and the speed of underwater dolphin kicks in male competitive swimmers. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-200255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Lower-extremity muscle strength and ankle flexibility play key roles in underwater swimming movements. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between knee isokinetic strength and the speed of underwater dolphin kicks (UDK-S) in competitive male swimmers and identify whether ankle flexibility affects the association between knee isokinetic strength and UDK-S. METHODS: Fifty-two highly trained male swimmers participated in this study. The speed at which the participants travelled 15 m performing UDKs was calculated as UDK-S. Knee flexor and extensor concentric isokinetic strength at fast (240∘/s) and slow (60∘/s) velocities and ankle flexibility were evaluated. Bayesian framework analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between these variables and determine whether this relationship is influenced by ankle flexibility. RESULTS: There was strong-to-extremely strong evidence (Bayes factor = 24.4 to 198.3) that knee extensor (60∘/s) and knee flexor (60∘/s and 240∘/s) strength are positively and generally moderately correlated with UDK-S. Ankle plantar flexion flexibility was identified to be a moderator between knee extensor strength (60∘/s) and UDK-S. CONCLUSIONS: Knee extensor and knee flexor strength were significantly correlated with UDK-S, and the relationship between knee muscle strength and UDK-S was influenced by ankle plantar flexion flexibility in male competitive swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Shen
- The School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The College of Swimming, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqing Fu
- The School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Ge
- The School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuhong Wen
- The College of Recreation Sport and Tourism, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China
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Yang J, Li T, Chen Z, Zuo C, Li X. Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Different Undulatory Underwater Swimming Positions Based on Multi-Body Motion Numerical Simulation Method. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182212263. [PMID: 34832017 PMCID: PMC8621584 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study of hydrodynamic characteristics of swimming is the main way to optimize the swimming movement. The relationship between position, water depth, and swimming performance of undulatory underwater swimming are one of the main concerns of scholars. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the swimming performance of three different undulatory underwater swimming positions under various swimming depths using a numerical simulation method based on multi-body motion. The simulation was conducted using 3D incompressible Navier–Stokes equations using the RNG k-ε turbulence closure equations, and in combination with the VOF method thus that we could include the water surface in our calculations. Different swimming depths based on the distance from the shoulder joint center to the initial water surface were considered. The velocity of the shoulder joint center was captured with a swimming motion monitoring system (KiSwim) and compared with the calculated results. The study found that there was a significant difference in the hydrodynamic characteristics of the three undulatory underwater swimming positions (i.e., the dorsal, lateral, and frontal positions) when swimming near the water surface, and the difference decreased as the swimming depth increased. There was a negative correlation (R(dorsal) = −0.928, R(frontal) = −0.937, R(lateral) = −0.930) between the swimming velocities of the three undulatory underwater swimming positions and the water depth (water depth = 0.2–0.7 m) and that the lateral position had the greatest average velocity. Therefore, it is recommended that swimmers travel at least 0.5 m below the water surface in any undulatory underwater swimming position in order to avoid excessive drag forces. As the swimmer approaches the water surface, the lateral position is worth considering, which has better velocity and hydrodynamic advantage than the other two undulatory underwater swimming positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yang
- Institute of Physical Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; (J.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Tianzeng Li
- School of Industrial Design and Ceramic Art, Foshan University, Foshan 528011, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Zhiya Chen
- School of Industrial Design and Ceramic Art, Foshan University, Foshan 528011, China;
| | - Chuan Zuo
- School of Sports Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China;
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Institute of Physical Education, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; (J.Y.); (X.L.)
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12
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Matsuda Y, Kaneko M, Sakurai Y, Akashi K, Yasuo S. Three-dimensional lower-limb kinematics during undulatory underwater swimming. Sports Biomech 2021:1-15. [PMID: 34784836 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1995475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) motion of lower-limb joints is evaluated during various sports. However, few studies have reported the 3D lower-limb joint movement during undulatory underwater swimming (UUS). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between 3D lower-limb kinematics and forward-swimming velocity during UUS at maximal velocity. A total of 26 male international- and national-level swimmers were assessed during UUS using a motion-capture system. The 3D angle and angular velocity of the lower-limb joints were calculated and relationships between forward-swimming velocity, angle, and angular velocity were investigated using correlation analysis. The peak angular velocities of hip internal and external rotation were significantly correlated with forward-swimming velocity (r = .48, p = .01 and r =- .74, p < .01, respectively). Peak hip internal rotation was observed at the middle of down-kicking (25% kick cycle, 243 ∘ /s), whereas peak external rotation was observed at the terminal of down-kicking (50% kick cycle, -351 ∘ /s). The swimmers showed a higher peak angular velocity of hip internal/external rotation with a large active range of motion for hip rotation. The swimmers moved their lower-limb joints three-dimensionally, and aside from flexion/extension movements, and hip rotation may increase UUS proficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Matsuda
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Nihon fukushi University, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Kaneko
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Keita Akashi
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physical Education, International Pacific University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Sengoku Yasuo
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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13
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Pla R, Poszalczyk G, Souaissia C, Joulia F, Guimard A. Underwater and Surface Swimming Parameters Reflect Performance Level in Elite Swimmers. Front Physiol 2021; 12:712652. [PMID: 34539436 PMCID: PMC8442910 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.712652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the role of underwater phases is well-known, no study has taken an interest in describing and quantifying the distance and time spent in apnea as a condition for optimal performance. This study aimed to investigate the impact of time and distance spent underwater and surface parameters on the swimming performance of elite swimmers. The performances of 79 swimmers in 100-m freestyle were analyzed (short-course). The underwater and spatiotemporal parameters of three groups have been recorded: finalists of the 2018 World Swimming Championships (WORLD), French swimmers who reached a 100 m performance time under 50 s at the 2018 French National Championships (UND50), and those who reached a 100 m performance time above 50 s (UP50). The WORLD group spent more distance underwater (37.50 ± 4.92 m) in comparison with UND50 (31.90 ± 4.88 m, p < 0.05) and UP50 (31.94 ± 4.93 m, p < 0.01) groups. The total percentage of non-swimming time was higher for WORLD (39.11 ± 4.73%) vs. UND50 (34.21 ± 4.55%, p < 0.05) and UP50 (33.94 ± 5.00%, p < 0.01). In addition, underwater speed was higher for WORLD (2.54 ± 0.05 m/s) compared with UND50 (2.46 ± 0.09 m/s, p < 0.05) and UP50 (2.38 ± 0.11 m/s, p < 0.01). Three parameters among the underwater phases (i.e. distance underwater, speed underwater, and total percentage of non-swimming time) determine the 100-m freestyle short course performance. These data suggest an appropriate focus on specific apnea training to improve underwater skills during short-course swimming performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Pla
- French Swimming Federation, Clichy, France.,Institut de Recherche bioMédicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, IRMES, Paris, France
| | - Gauthier Poszalczyk
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Hypoxie et Poumon, H&P, INSERM, UMR 1272, Bobigny, France.,Département STAPS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
| | - Cyrine Souaissia
- National Health Service (NHS) Grampian, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrice Joulia
- Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research CV2N, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM 1263, INRAE 1260, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Guimard
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Hypoxie et Poumon, H&P, INSERM, UMR 1272, Bobigny, France.,Département STAPS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
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14
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Abstract
Flexibility refers to the intrinsic properties of body tissues that determine maximal joint range of motion without causing injury. For many years, flexibility has been classified by the American College of Sports Medicine as a major component of physical fitness. The notion flexibility is important for fitness has also led to the idea static stretching should be prescribed to improve flexibility. The current paper proposes flexibility be retired as a major component of physical fitness, and consequently, stretching be de-emphasized as a standard component of exercise prescriptions for most populations. First, I show flexibility has little predictive or concurrent validity with health and performance outcomes (e.g., mortality, falls, occupational performance) in apparently healthy individuals, particularly when viewed in light of the other major components of fitness (i.e., body composition, cardiovascular endurance, muscle endurance, muscle strength). Second, I explain that if flexibility requires improvement, this does not necessitate a prescription of stretching in most populations. Flexibility can be maintained or improved by exercise modalities that cause more robust health benefits than stretching (e.g., resistance training). Retirement of flexibility as a major component of physical fitness will simplify fitness batteries; save time and resources dedicated to flexibility instruction, measurement, and evaluation; and prevent erroneous conclusions about fitness status when interpreting flexibility scores. De-emphasis of stretching in exercise prescriptions will ensure stretching does not negatively impact other exercise and does not take away from time that could be allocated to training activities that have more robust health and performance benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, Australia, 2031.
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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15
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Wadrzyk L, Staszkiewicz R, Zeglen M, Kryst L. Relationship between somatic build and kinematic indices of underwater undulatory swimming performed by young male swimmers. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1909450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Wadrzyk
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Robert Staszkiewicz
- Department of Biomechanics, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Lukasz Kryst
- Department of Anthropology, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Cañas-Jamett R, Figueroa-Puig J, Ramirez-Campillo R, Tuesta M. PLYOMETRIC TRAINING IMPROVES SWIMMING PERFORMANCE IN RECREATIONALLY-TRAINED SWIMMERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202026052019_0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Plyometric training significantly improves strength performance, including in aquatic sports. Objective: To compare changes in thigh girth, hamstring flexibility, squat jump height, and 200m swimming trial time induced by plyometric training in recreationally-trained swimmers. Methods: Eighteen recreationally-trained male swimmers (age=18-20 years) were randomly divided into a plyometric training group (PTG) and a control group (CG). All the swimmers completed a six-week speed swimming training plan. In the PTG only, the last ~15 min of each session was replaced with plyometric exercises. The physical characteristics and the thigh girth were measured before and after the six weeks of training. In addition, sit-and-reach flexibility and squat jump tests were conducted, as well as a 200m swimming trial. Results: Two-way ANOVA with post-hoc analysis revealed an increase in sit-and-reach flexibility (PRE: 4.5±5.3 cm; POST: 10.9±5.9 cm, p<0.01) and squat jump height (PRE: 24.9±3.7 cm; POST: 28.3±4.2 cm, p<0.01) and a decrease in 200m-swimming time (PRE: 220±26.5 sec; POST: 204±24.4 sec, p<0.01) for the PTG only. Comparing the absolute changes (post-pre) between the groups by the Student's t-test, the PTG showed a greater increase in distance reached in the sit-and-reach flexibility (PTG: 6.34±0.6 cm vs. CG: 2.4±1.2 cm, p<0.01) and squat jump height (PTG: 3.4±0.7 cm vs. CG: 0.7±0.3 cm, p<0.01) than the CG. In addition, the 200m swimming time decreased significantly more than in the CG (PTG: -15.1±2.4 sec vs. CG: -0.8±2.7 sec, p<0.01). Conclusion: Plyometric training improves jump height, flexibility, and 200m swimming performance in recreationally-trained adult swimmers. Level of Evidence II; Lesser quality RCT.
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Noto-Bell L, Vogel BN, Senn DE. Effects of Post-Isometric Relaxation on Ankle Plantarflexion and Timed Flutter Kick in Pediatric Competitive Swimmers. J Osteopath Med 2019; 119:569-577. [PMID: 31449303 DOI: 10.7556/jaoa.2019.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Context Ankle plantarflexion is thought to play an important role in swimming performance; thus, coaches and swimmers often seek ways to increase range of motion (ROM) in the ankles. Objective To assess whether osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT), specifically applying the muscle energy technique (MET) principle of post-isometric relaxation, increases ankle plantarflexion and therefore improves swimming performance. Methods Healthy young male and female competitive swimmers were randomly assigned to either a control, sham, or MET group. At baseline, ankle plantarflexion was measured via goniometer, and a 25-yard flutter kick swim with a kickboard was timed. After receiving the ascribed intervention, the ankle plantarflexion measurements and timed flutter kick were repeated. The initial plantarflexion measurement was retrospectively used to determine the presence of somatic dysfunction, by way of restricted motion, with reference to expected normal ranges based on age and gender. Paired t tests were used to analyze the pre- to postintervention changes in ROM and flutter kick speed within each group. Results Fifty-five swimmers (32 girls and 23 boys; mean age, 12 years) participated in this study. Sixteen participants were in the control group, 17 in the sham group, and 22 in the MET intervention group. Among participants with restricted ROM, those in the MET group showed a statistically significant increase in ankle plantarflexion for the left and right ankles (P=.041 and P=.011, respectively). There was no significant difference in ROM of the control or sham groups. For flutter kick speed, there was no significant pre- to postintervention difference in any group. Conclusion Although a single application of MET, using post-isometric relaxation, on participants with restricted ROM immediately significantly increased swimmers' ROM for bilateral ankle plantarflexion, it did not immediately improve their swimming performance.
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Shimojo H, Nara R, Baba Y, Ichikawa H, Ikeda Y, Shimoyama Y. Does ankle joint flexibility affect underwater kicking efficiency and three-dimensional kinematics? J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2339-2346. [PMID: 31216935 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1633157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ankle flexibility is critical to obtain a high swimming velocity in undulatory underwater swimming (UUS). The present study investigated the Froude (propelling) efficiency and three-dimensional (3D) kinematics of human UUS following the extrinsic restriction of the ankle by tape application. In Experiment 1, swimmers (9 male and 8 female college swimmers) performed UUS trials involving normal swimming (Normal) and swimming with tape application at the ankle (Tape). Kicking frequency was controlled in both settings. UUS kinematics were obtained with a two-dimensional motion analysis. Swimming velocity significantly decreased during swimming with tape application compared with that during normal swimming (Normal, 1.33 m·s-1; Tape, 1.26 m·s-1, p < 0.05). The Froude efficiency was not affected (Normal, 0.77; Tape, 0.76), and ankle plantar angle did not decrease during swimming (Normal, 159.02°; Tape, 160.38°). In Experiment 2, lower limb rotations of a male swimmer were analysed using 3D motion analysis under the same conditions as Experiment 1. An insufficient forefoot rotation was observed during downstroke kicks (the phase of the highest acceleration to forward direction). These findings suggest that UUS velocity is affected by the mobility of end effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Shimojo
- a Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare , Niigata , Japan.,b Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare , Niigata , Japan
| | - Rio Nara
- a Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare , Niigata , Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Baba
- a Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare , Niigata , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ichikawa
- a Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare , Niigata , Japan
| | - Yusuke Ikeda
- a Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare , Niigata , Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Shimoyama
- a Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare , Niigata , Japan
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19
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Beethe AZ, Nagle EF, Lovalekar M, Nagai T, Nindl BC, Connaboy C. Improvement of Flutter-Kick Performance in Novice Surface Combat Swimmers With Increased Hip Strength. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:1392-1399. [PMID: 29809076 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine strength, range of motion, anthropometric, and physiological contributions to novice surface-combat-swimming (sCS) performance and establish differences from freestyle-swimming (FS) performance to further understand the transition of FS to sCS performance. METHODS A total of 13 competitive swimmers (7 male and 6 female; 27.7 [2.3] y; 176.2 [2.6] cm; 75.4 [3.9] kg) completed 8 testing sessions consisting of the following: physiological land-based measurements for maximal anaerobic and aerobic capacity and upper- and lower-extremity strength and range of motion, an sCS anaerobic capacity swim test measuring peak and mean force and fatigue index, 2 aerobic capacity tests measuring maximal aerobic capacity for both FS and sCS, and four 500-m performance swims for time, 1 FS, and 3 sCS. Separate multiple linear-regression analysis was used to analyze predictors of both sCS and FS performance models. RESULTS FS performance was predicted by the final FS maximal oxygen uptake with an R2 of 42.03% (F1,10 = 7.25; P = .0226), whereas sCS performance was predicted by isometric hip-extension peak strength with an R2 of 41.46% (F1,11 = 7.79; P = .0176). CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrate that different physiological characteristics predict performance, suggesting that an altered strategy is used for novice sCS than FS. It is suggested that this may be due to the added constraints as mandated by mission requirements including boots, weighted gear, and clandestine requirements with hips lowered beneath the surface. Further research should examine the kinematics of the sCS flutter kick to improve performance by developing training strategies specific for the task.
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20
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Gunn LJ, Stewart JC, Morgan B, Metts ST, Magnuson JM, Iglowski NJ, Fritz SL, Arnot C. Instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques improve hamstring flexibility better than static stretching alone: a randomized clinical trial. J Man Manip Ther 2018; 27:15-23. [PMID: 30692839 DOI: 10.1080/10669817.2018.1475693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Tight hamstrings contribute to inefficiency of movement and increased risk for injury. Static stretching is the most common intervention for this problem, but the use of alternatives like instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is increasing among clinicians. This study examined two prospective studies with the common aim of demonstrating the effectiveness of IASTM or PNF over static stretching for improving hamstring tightness. Methods: Nondisabled adults were recruited on a university campus. IASTM study: N = 17 (11 males and 6 females). PNF study: N = 23 (7 males and 16 females). Hip flexion range of motion was measured with a passive straight leg raise (for IASTM) or active straight leg raise (for PNF) before and after stretching. Participants performed a self-static stretch on one leg and received the alternative intervention on the contralateral leg. The two studies were analyzed separately for reliability indices and significant differences between interventions. Results: Hip flexion measures showed good reliability in both studies (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.97) with a minimal detectable change of <4.26. Both studies showed significant interactions between time and intervention (p < 0.05). Follow-up analyses revealed PNF and IASTM interventions resulted in greater increases in hip flexion range than static stretching. Discussion: These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of PNF and IASTM techniques over static stretching for hamstring flexibility. These interventions provide more efficient alternatives for improving flexibility in the clinic, allowing greater progress in a shorter period of time than an equivalent static stretching program. Level of Evidence: 1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna J Gunn
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States of America
| | - Jill Campbell Stewart
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States of America
| | - Brittany Morgan
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States of America
| | - Steven T Metts
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States of America
| | - Justin M Magnuson
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J Iglowski
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States of America
| | - Stacy L Fritz
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States of America
| | - Catherine Arnot
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States of America
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21
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Nugent FJ, Comyns TM, Warrington GD. Strength and Conditioning Considerations for Youth Swimmers. Strength Cond J 2018. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wądrzyk Ł, Nosiadek L, Staszkiewicz R. Underwater dolphin kicks of young swimmers – evaluation of effectiveness based on kinematic analysis. HUMAN MOVEMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/humo-2017-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPurpose. The aim of the study was to distinguish the kinematic indicators influencing the average horizontal velocity of swimming (v
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23
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Markovic G. Acute effects of instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization vs. foam rolling on knee and hip range of motion in soccer players. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2015; 19:690-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Eissa AE, M. Abu-Sei A. Synopsis on the Most Common Pathologies of Dolphins. JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/jfas.2015.307.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Yu KH, Suk MH, Kang SW, Shin YA. Effects of combined linear and nonlinear periodic training on physical fitness and competition times in finswimmers. J Exerc Rehabil 2014; 10:306-12. [PMID: 25426469 PMCID: PMC4237847 DOI: 10.12965/jer.140151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of combined linear and nonlinear periodic training on physical fitness and competition times in finswimmers. The linear resistance training model (6 days/week) and nonlinear underwater training (4 days/week) were applied to 12 finswimmers (age, 16.08± 1.44 yr; career, 3.78± 1.90 yr) for 12 weeks. Body composition measures included weight, body mass index (BMI), percent fat, and fat-free mass. Physical fitness measures included trunk flexion forward, trunk extension backward, sargent jump, 1-repetition-maximum (1 RM) squat, 1 RM dead lift, knee extension, knee flexion, trunk extension, trunk flexion, and competition times. Body composition and physical fitness were improved after the 12-week periodic training program. Weight, BMI, and percent fat were significantly decreased, and trunk flexion forward, trunk extension backward, sargent jump, 1 RM squat, 1 RM dead lift, and knee extension (right) were significantly increased. The 50- and 100-m times significantly decreased in all 12 athletes. After 12 weeks of training, all finswimmers who participated in this study improved their times in a public competition. These data indicate that combined linear and nonlinear periodic training enhanced the physical fitness and competition times in finswimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hun Yu
- Department of Kinesiology and Medical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Min-Hwa Suk
- Department of Kinesiology and Medical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Shin-Woo Kang
- Department of Kinesiology and Medical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Yun-A Shin
- Department of Kinesiology and Medical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
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