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Barbosa HJ, Quevedo YS, Torres AM, Veloza GAG, Carranza Martínez JC, Urrea-Montes DA, Robello-Porto C, Vallejo GA. Comparative proteomic analysis of the hemolymph and salivary glands of Rhodnius prolixus and R. colombiensis reveals candidates associated with differential lytic activity against Trypanosoma cruzi Dm28c and T. cruzi Y. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011452. [PMID: 38568999 PMCID: PMC10990223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune response of triatomines plays an important role in the success or failure of transmission of T. cruzi. Studies on parasite-vector interaction have shown the presence of trypanolytic factors and have been observed to be differentially expressed among triatomines, which affects the transmission of some T. cruzi strains or DTUs (Discrete Typing Units). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Trypanolytic factors were detected in the hemolymph and saliva of R. prolixus against epimastigotes and trypomastigotes of the Y strain (T. cruzi II). To identify the components of the immune response that could be involved in this lytic activity, a comparative proteomic analysis was carried out, detecting 120 proteins in the hemolymph of R. prolixus and 107 in R. colombiensis. In salivary glands, 1103 proteins were detected in R. prolixus and 853 in R. colombiensis. A higher relative abundance of lysozyme, prolixin, nitrophorins, and serpin as immune response proteins was detected in the hemolymph of R. prolixus. Among the R. prolixus salivary proteins, a higher relative abundance of nitrophorins, lipocalins, and triabins was detected. The higher relative abundance of these immune factors in R. prolixus supports their participation in the lytic activity on Y strain (T. cruzi II), but not on Dm28c (T. cruzi I), which is resistant to lysis by hemolymph and salivary proteins of R. prolixus due to mechanisms of evading oxidative stress caused by immune factors. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The lysis resistance observed in the Dm28c strain would be occurring at the DTU I level. T. cruzi I is the DTU with the greatest geographic distribution, from the south of the United States to central Chile and Argentina, a distribution that could be related to resistance to oxidative stress from vectors. Likewise, we can say that lysis against strain Y could occur at the level of DTU II and could be a determinant of the vector inability of these species to transmit T. cruzi II. Future proteomic and transcriptomic studies on vectors and the interactions of the intestinal microbiota with parasites will help to confirm the determinants of successful or failed vector transmission of T. cruzi DTUs in different parts of the Western Hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamilton J. Barbosa
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Yazmin Suárez Quevedo
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Arlid Meneses Torres
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Gustavo A. Gaitán Veloza
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Julio C. Carranza Martínez
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Daniel A. Urrea-Montes
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Carlos Robello-Porto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo A. Vallejo
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
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Da Lage JL, Fontenelle A, Filée J, Merle M, Béranger JM, Almeida CE, Folly Ramos E, Harry M. Evidence that hematophagous triatomine bugs may eat plants in the wild. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 165:104059. [PMID: 38101706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.104059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Blood feeding is a secondary adaptation in hematophagous bugs. Many proteins are secreted in the saliva that are devoted to coping with the host's defense and to process the blood meal. Digestive enzymes that are no longer required for a blood meal would be expected to be eventually lost. Yet, in many strictly hematophagous arthropods, α-amylase genes, which encode the enzymes that digest starch from plants, are still present and transcribed, including in the kissing bug Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and its related species, which transmit the Chagas disease. We hypothesized that retaining α-amylase could be advantageous if the bugs occasionally consume plant tissues. We first checked that the α-amylase protein of Rhodnius robustus retains normal amylolytic activity. Then we surveyed hundreds of gut DNA extracts from the sylvatic R. robustus to detect traces of plants. We found plant DNA in 8% of the samples, mainly identified as Attalea palm trees, where R. robustus are usually found. We suggest that although of secondary importance in the blood-sucking bugs, α-amylase may be needed during occasional plant feeding and thus has been retained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Da Lage
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR 9191 Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Alice Fontenelle
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR 9191 Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jonathan Filée
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR 9191 Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie Merle
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR 9191 Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Michel Béranger
- Département Systématique and Evolution, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Carlos Eduardo Almeida
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elaine Folly Ramos
- Departamento de Engenharia e Meio Ambiente - DEMA, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Myriam Harry
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR 9191 Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Cheatle Jarvela AM, Wexler JR. Advances in genome sequencing reveal changes in gene content that contribute to arthropod macroevolution. Dev Genes Evol 2023; 233:59-76. [PMID: 37982820 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-023-00712-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Current sequencing technology allows for the relatively affordable generation of highly contiguous genomes. Technological advances have made it possible for researchers to investigate the consequences of diverse sorts of genomic variants, such as gene gain and loss. With the extraordinary number of high-quality genomes now available, we take stock of how these genomic variants impact phenotypic evolution. We take care to point out that the identification of genomic variants of interest is only the first step in understanding their impact. Painstaking lab or fieldwork is still required to establish causal relationships between genomic variants and phenotypic evolution. We focus mostly on arthropod research, as this phylum has an impressive degree of phenotypic diversity and is also the subject of much evolutionary genetics research. This article is intended to both highlight recent advances in the field and also to be a primer for learning about evolutionary genetics and genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alys M Cheatle Jarvela
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA.
| | - Judith R Wexler
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, The Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Lu S, Martins LA, Kotál J, Ribeiro JMC, Tirloni L. A longitudinal transcriptomic analysis from unfed to post-engorgement midguts of adult female Ixodes scapularis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11360. [PMID: 37443274 PMCID: PMC10345007 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The hematophagy behavior has evolved independently several times within the Arthropoda phylum. Interestingly, the process of acquiring a blood meal in ticks is considerably distinct from that observed in other blood-feeding arthropods. Instead of taking seconds to minutes to complete a blood meal, an adult female Ixodes scapularis tick can remain attached to its host for numerous days. During this extended feeding period, the tick undergoes drastic morphological changes. It is well established that the tick midgut plays a pivotal role not only in blood meal digestion but also in pathogen acquisition and transmission. However, our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in these events remains limited. To expedite tick research, we conducted a comprehensive longitudinal RNA-sequencing of the tick midgut before, during, and after feeding. By collecting ticks in different feeding stages (unfed, slow feeding, rapid feeding, and early post-detached), we obtained a comprehensive overview of the transcripts present in each stage and the dynamic transcriptional changes that occur between them. This provides valuable insights into tick physiology. Additionally, through unsupervised clustering, we identified transcripts with similar patterns and stage-specific sequences. These findings serve as a foundation for selecting targets in the development of anti-tick control strategies and facilitate a better understanding of how blood feeding and pathogen infection impact tick physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Lu
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Larissa A Martins
- Tick-Pathogen Transmission Unit, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Neuroimmunology Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jan Kotál
- Tick-Pathogen Transmission Unit, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - José M C Ribeiro
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lucas Tirloni
- Tick-Pathogen Transmission Unit, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA.
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Meiser CK, Klenner L, Balczun C, Schaub GA. Bacteriolytic activity in saliva of the hematophagous Triatoma infestans (Reduviidae) and novel characterization and expression site of a third lysozyme. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 113:e22013. [PMID: 36973856 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Saliva of hematophagous insects contains many different compounds, mainly acting as anticoagulants. Investigating the bacteriolytic compounds of the saliva of the bloodsucking Triatoma infestans photometrically between pH 3 and pH 10 using unfed fifth instars and nymphs up to 15 days after feeding, we found bacteriolytic activity against lyophilized Micrococcus luteus was stronger at pH 4 and pH 6. After feeding, the activity level at pH 4 was unchanged, but at pH 6 more than doubled between 3 and 7 days after feeding. In zymographs of the saliva and after incubation at pH 4, bacteriolytic activity against Micrococcus luteus was present at eight lysis zones between 14.1 and 38.5 kDa, showing the strongest activity at 24.5 kDa. After incubation at pH 6, lysis zones only appeared at 15.3, 17, and 31.4 kDa. Comparing zymographs of the saliva of unfed and fed nymphs, bacteriolytic activity at 17 kDa increased after feeding. In total nine lysis bands appeared, also at >30 kDa, so far unreported in the saliva of triatomines. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction using oligonucleotides based on the previously described lysozyme gene of T. infestans, TiLys1, verified expression of genes encoding TiLys1 and TiLys2 in the salivary glands, but also of an undescribed third lysozyme, TiLys3, of which the cloned cDNA shares characteristics with other c-type lysozymes of insects. While TiLys1 was expressed in the tissue of all three salivary glands, transcripts of TiLys2 and of TiLys3 seem to be present only in the gland G1 and G3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars Klenner
- Zoology/Parasitology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Carsten Balczun
- Zoology/Parasitology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Central Hospital Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Günter A Schaub
- Zoology/Parasitology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Nevoa JC, Latorre-Estivalis JM, Pais FSM, Marliére NP, Fernandes GDR, Lorenzo MG, Guarneri AA. Global characterization of gene expression in the brain of starved immature Rhodnius prolixus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282490. [PMID: 36867641 PMCID: PMC9983911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhodnius prolixus is a vector of Chagas disease and has become a model organism to study physiology, behavior, and pathogen interaction. The publication of its genome allowed initiating a process of comparative characterization of the gene expression profiles of diverse organs exposed to varying conditions. Brain processes control the expression of behavior and, as such, mediate immediate adjustment to a changing environment, allowing organisms to maximize their chances to survive and reproduce. The expression of fundamental behavioral processes like feeding requires fine control in triatomines because they obtain their blood meals from potential predators. Therefore, the characterization of gene expression profiles of key components modulating behavior in brain processes, like those of neuropeptide precursors and their receptors, seems fundamental. Here we study global gene expression profiles in the brain of starved R. prolixus fifth instar nymphs by means of RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). RESULTS The expression of neuromodulatory genes such as those of precursors of neuropeptides, neurohormones, and their receptors; as well as the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and processing of neuropeptides and biogenic amines were fully characterized. Other important gene targets such as neurotransmitter receptors, nuclear receptors, clock genes, sensory receptors, and takeouts genes were identified and their gene expression analyzed. CONCLUSION We propose that the set of neuromodulatory-related genes highly expressed in the brain of starved R. prolixus nymphs deserves functional characterization to allow the subsequent development of tools targeting them for bug control. As the brain is a complex structure that presents functionally specialized areas, future studies should focus on characterizing gene expression profiles in target areas, e.g. mushroom bodies, to complement our current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Coraiola Nevoa
- Vector Behaviour and Pathogen Interaction Group, Instituto René Rachou – FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jose Manuel Latorre-Estivalis
- Laboratorio de Insectos Sociales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Newmar Pinto Marliére
- Vector Behaviour and Pathogen Interaction Group, Instituto René Rachou – FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Gustavo Lorenzo
- Vector Behaviour and Pathogen Interaction Group, Instituto René Rachou – FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Aparecida Guarneri
- Vector Behaviour and Pathogen Interaction Group, Instituto René Rachou – FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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7
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Santos DV, Gontijo NF, Pessoa GCD, Sant'Anna MRV, Araujo RN, Pereira MH, Koerich LB. An updated catalog of lipocalins of the chagas disease vector Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 146:103797. [PMID: 35640811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The haematophagy process by arthropods has been one of the main targets of studies in the parasite-host interaction, and the kissing-bug Rhodnius prolixus, vector of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, has been one of the main models for such studies. Still in the 1980s, it was identified that among the salivary proteins for disrupting vertebrate host homeostasis, lipocalins were among the most relevant proteins for this process. Since then, 30 lipocalins have been identified in the salivary glands of R. prolixus, that promotes vasodilatation, prevents inflammation, act as anticoagulants and inhibits platelet aggregation. The present work aims to identify new lipocalins from R. prolixus, combining transcriptome and genome data. Identified new genes were mapped and had their structure annotated. To infer an evolutionary relationship between lipocalins, and to support the predicted functions for each lipocalin, all amino acid sequences were used to construct phylogenetic trees. We identified a total of 29 new lipocalins, 3 new bioaminogenic-biding proteins (which act to inhibit platelet aggregation and vasodilation), 9 new inhibitors of platelet aggregation, 7 new apolipoproteins and 10 lipocalins with no putative function. In addition, we observed that several of the lipocalins are also expressed in different R. prolxius tissues, including gut, central nervous system, antennae, and reproductive organs. In addition to newly identified lipocalins and a mapping the new and old lipocalins in the genome of R. prolixus, our study also carried out a review on functional status and nomenclature of some of the already identified lipocalins. Our study reinforces that we are far from understanding the role of lipocalins in the physiology of R. prolixus, and that studies of this family are still of great relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela V Santos
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematofagos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nelder F Gontijo
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematofagos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Garsielle C D Pessoa
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematofagos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mauricio R V Sant'Anna
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematofagos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo N Araujo
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematofagos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos H Pereira
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematofagos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leonardo B Koerich
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematofagos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Rocha FF, Gazzinelli-Guimarães PH, Soares AC, Lourdes RA, Estevão LRM, Rachid MA, Bueno LL, Gontijo NF, Pereira MH, Sant'Anna MRV, Natividade UA, Fujiwara RT, Araujo RN. Effect of Triatoma infestans saliva on mouse immune system cells: The role of the pore-forming salivary protein trialysin. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 143:103739. [PMID: 35149206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Triatoma infestans is one of the most important vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Americas. While feeding, they release large amounts of saliva that will counteract the host's responses triggered at the bite site. Despite the various activities described on T. infestans saliva, little is known about its effect on the modulation of the host's immune system. This work aimed to describe the effects of T. infestans saliva on cells of the mouse immune system and access the role in hematophagy. The effect of saliva or salivary gland extract (SGE) was evaluated in vivo and in vitro by direct T. infestans feeding on mice or using different biological assays. Mice that were submitted to four bites by three specimens of T. infestans had their anti-saliva IgG serum levels approximately 2.4 times higher than controls, but no change in serum IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-γ, and TNF-α levels was observed. No macroscopic alterations were seen at the bite site, but an accumulation of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells shortly after the bite and 24 h later were observed in histological cuts. At low concentrations (up to ∼5 μg/well), SGE induced TNF-α production by macrophages and spleen cells, IFN-γ and IL-10 by spleen cells and NO by macrophages. However, at higher concentrations (10 and 20 μg/well), viability of macrophages and spleen cells was reduced by SGE, reducing the production of NO and cytokines (except TNF-α). The salivary trialysin was the main inducer of cell death as macrophage viability and NO production was restored in assays carried out with SGE from trialysin knockdown insects. The reduction of the salivary trialysin by RNAi affected the total ingestion rate, the weight gain, and retarded the molt from second to the fifth instar of T. infestans nymphs fed on mice. The results show that T. infestans saliva modulates the activity of cells of the host immune system and trialysin is an important salivary molecule that reduces host cells viability and impacts the feeding performance of T. infestans feeding on live hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda F Rocha
- Laboratory of Physiology of Hematophagous Insects, Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Gazzinelli-Guimarães
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Adriana C Soares
- Laboratory of Physiology of Hematophagous Insects, Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Lourdes
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lígia R M Estevão
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Milene A Rachid
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lilian L Bueno
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Nelder F Gontijo
- Laboratory of Physiology of Hematophagous Insects, Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos H Pereira
- Laboratory of Physiology of Hematophagous Insects, Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mauricio R V Sant'Anna
- Laboratory of Physiology of Hematophagous Insects, Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ulisses A Natividade
- Laboratory of Hematophagous Arthopods, Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Laboratory of Immunology and Genomics of Parasites, Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ricardo N Araujo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory of Hematophagous Arthopods, Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Hernandez-Castro LE, Villacís AG, Jacobs A, Cheaib B, Day CC, Ocaña-Mayorga S, Yumiseva CA, Bacigalupo A, Andersson B, Matthews L, Landguth EL, Costales JA, Llewellyn MS, Grijalva MJ. Population genomics and geographic dispersal in Chagas disease vectors: Landscape drivers and evidence of possible adaptation to the domestic setting. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010019. [PMID: 35120121 PMCID: PMC8849464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate prediction of vectors dispersal, as well as identification of adaptations that allow blood-feeding vectors to thrive in built environments, are a basis for effective disease control. Here we adopted a landscape genomics approach to assay gene flow, possible local adaptation, and drivers of population structure in Rhodnius ecuadoriensis, an important vector of Chagas disease. We used a reduced-representation sequencing technique (2b-RADseq) to obtain 2,552 SNP markers across 272 R. ecuadoriensis samples from 25 collection sites in southern Ecuador. Evidence of high and directional gene flow between seven wild and domestic population pairs across our study site indicates insecticide-based control will be hindered by repeated re-infestation of houses from the forest. Preliminary genome scans across multiple population pairs revealed shared outlier loci potentially consistent with local adaptation to the domestic setting, which we mapped to genes involved with embryogenesis and saliva production. Landscape genomic models showed elevation is a key barrier to R. ecuadoriensis dispersal. Together our results shed early light on the genomic adaptation in triatomine vectors and facilitate vector control by predicting that spatially-targeted, proactive interventions would be more efficacious than current, reactive approaches. Re-infestation of recently insecticide-treated houses by wild/secondary triatomine, their potential adaptation to this new environment and capabilities to geographically disperse across multiple human communities jeopardise sustainable Chagas disease control. This is the first study in Chagas disease vectors that identifies genomic regions possibly linked to adaptations to the built environment and describes landscape drivers for accurate prediction of geographic dispersal. We sampled multiple domestic and wild Rhodnius ecuadoriensis population pairs across a mountainous terrain in southern Ecuador. We evidenced that triatomine movement from forest to built enviroments does occur at a high rate. In these highly connected population pairs we detected loci possibly linked to local adaptation among the genomic makers we evaluated and in doing so we pave the way for future triatomine genomic research. We highlighted that current haphazardous vector control in the zone will be hindered by reinfestation of triatomines from the forest. Instead, we recommend frequent and spatially-targeted vector control and provided a landacape genomic model that identifies highly connected and isolated triatomine populations to facilitate efficient vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E. Hernandez-Castro
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment Group, The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LEH-C); (MSL)
| | - Anita G. Villacís
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Arne Jacobs
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Bachar Cheaib
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Casey C. Day
- Computational Ecology Lab, School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Sofía Ocaña-Mayorga
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cesar A. Yumiseva
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Antonella Bacigalupo
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Björn Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Louise Matthews
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Erin L. Landguth
- Computational Ecology Lab, School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
- Center for Population Health Research, School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Jaime A. Costales
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Martin S. Llewellyn
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LEH-C); (MSL)
| | - Mario J. Grijalva
- Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
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10
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Pelosi P, Knoll W. Odorant-binding proteins of mammals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:20-44. [PMID: 34480392 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) of vertebrates belong to the lipocalin superfamily and perform a dual function: solubilizing and ferrying volatile pheromones to the olfactory receptors, and complexing the same molecules in specialized glands and assisting their release into the environment. Within vertebrates, to date they have been reported only in mammals, apart from two studies on amphibians. Based on the small number of OBPs expressed in each species, on their sites of production outside the olfactory area and their presence in biological fluids known to be pheromone carriers, such as urine, saliva and sexual secretions, we conclude that OBPs of mammals are specifically dedicated to pheromonal communication. This assumption is further supported by the observation that some OBPs present in biological secretions are endowed with their own pheromonal activity, adding renewed interest to these proteins. Another novel piece of evidence is the recent discovery that glycosylation and phosphorylation can modulate the binding activity of these proteins, improving their affinity to pheromones and narrowing their specificity. A comparison with insects and other arthropods shows a completely different scenario. While mammalian OBPs are specifically tuned to pheromones, those of insects, which are completely different in sequence and structure, include carriers for general odorants in addition to those dedicated to pheromones. Additionally, whereas mammals adopted a single family of carrier proteins for chemical communication, insects and other arthropods are endowed with several families of semiochemical-binding proteins. Here, we review the literature on the structural and functional properties of vertebrate OBPs, summarize the most interesting new findings and suggest possible exciting future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Pelosi
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Konrad-Lorenz Straße 24, Tulln, 3430, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Konrad-Lorenz Straße 24, Tulln, 3430, Austria
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11
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Praça YR, Santiago PB, Charneau S, Mandacaru SC, Bastos IMD, Bentes KLDS, Silva SMM, da Silva WMC, da Silva IG, de Sousa MV, Soares CMDA, Ribeiro JMC, Santana JM, de Araújo CN. An Integrative Sialomic Analysis Reveals Molecules From Triatoma sordida (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:798924. [PMID: 35047420 PMCID: PMC8762107 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.798924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triatomines have evolved salivary glands that produce versatile molecules with various biological functions, including those leading their interactions with vertebrate hosts’ hemostatic and immunological systems. Here, using high-throughput transcriptomics and proteomics, we report the first sialome study on the synanthropic triatomine Triatoma sordida. As a result, 57,645,372 reads were assembled into 26,670 coding sequences (CDS). From these, a total of 16,683 were successfully annotated. The sialotranscriptomic profile shows Lipocalin as the most abundant protein family within putative secreted transcripts. Trialysins and Kazal-type protease inhibitors have high transcript levels followed by ubiquitous protein families and enzyme classes. Interestingly, abundant trialysin and Kazal-type members are highlighted in this triatomine sialotranscriptome. Furthermore, we identified 132 proteins in T. sordida salivary gland soluble extract through LC-MS/MS spectrometry. Lipocalins, Hemiptera specific families, CRISP/Antigen-5 and Kazal-type protein inhibitors proteins were identified. Our study provides a comprehensive description of the transcript and protein compositions of the salivary glands of T. sordida. It significantly enhances the information in the Triatominae sialome databanks reported so far, improving the understanding of the vector’s biology, the hematophagous behaviour, and the Triatominae subfamily’s evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Reis Praça
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.,Programa Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Paula Beatriz Santiago
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Sébastien Charneau
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Samuel Coelho Mandacaru
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Kaio Luís da Silva Bentes
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.,Programa Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marcelo Valle de Sousa
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - José Marcos Chaves Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jaime Martins Santana
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.,Programa Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Carla Nunes de Araújo
- Pathogen-Host Interface Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.,Programa Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.,Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
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12
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Carvalho-Costa TM, Tiveron RDR, Mendes MT, Barbosa CG, Nevoa JC, Roza GA, Silva MV, Figueiredo HCP, Rodrigues V, Soares SDC, Oliveira CJF. Salivary and Intestinal Transcriptomes Reveal Differential Gene Expression in Starving, Fed and Trypanosoma cruzi-Infected Rhodnius neglectus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:773357. [PMID: 34988032 PMCID: PMC8722679 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.773357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodnius neglectus is a potential vector of Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc), the causative agent of Chagas disease. The salivary glands (SGs) and intestine (INT) are actively required during blood feeding. The saliva from SGs is injected into the vertebrate host, modulating immune responses and favoring feeding for INT digestion. Tc infection significantly alters the physiology of these tissues; however, studies that assess this are still scarce. This study aimed to gain a better understanding of the global transcriptional expression of genes in SGs and INT during fasting (FA), fed (FE), and fed in the presence of Tc (FE + Tc) conditions. In FA, the expression of transcripts related to homeostasis maintenance proteins during periods of stress was predominant. Therefore, the transcript levels of Tret1-like and Hsp70Ba proteins were increased. Blood appeared to be responsible for alterations found in the FE group, as most of the expressed transcripts, such as proteases and cathepsin D, were related to digestion. In FE + Tc group, there was a decreased expression of blood processing genes for insect metabolism (e.g., Antigen-5 precursor, Pr13a, and Obp), detoxification (Sult1) in INT and acid phosphatases in SG. We also found decreased transcriptional expression of lipocalins and nitrophorins in SG and two new proteins, pacifastin and diptericin, in INT. Several transcripts of unknown proteins with investigative potential were found in both tissues. Our results also show that the presence of Tc can change the expression in both tissues for a long or short period of time. While SG homeostasis seems to be re-established on day 9, changes in INT are still evident. The findings of this study may be used for future research on parasite-vector interactions and contribute to the understanding of food physiology and post-meal/infection in triatomines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamires Marielem Carvalho-Costa
- Laboratory of Immunology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Rafael Destro Rosa Tiveron
- Laboratory of Immunology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Maria Tays Mendes
- Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Cecília Gomes Barbosa
- Laboratory of Immunology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Jessica Coraiola Nevoa
- Laboratory of Immunology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Augusto Roza
- Laboratory of Immunology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinícius Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | | | - Virmondes Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Siomar de Castro Soares
- Laboratory of Immunology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Carlo José Freire Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
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13
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Lehnert N, Kim E, Dong HT, Harland JB, Hunt AP, Manickas EC, Oakley KM, Pham J, Reed GC, Alfaro VS. The Biologically Relevant Coordination Chemistry of Iron and Nitric Oxide: Electronic Structure and Reactivity. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14682-14905. [PMID: 34902255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule that is involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological events in biology. Metal coordination chemistry, especially with iron, is at the heart of many biological transformations involving NO. A series of heme proteins, nitric oxide synthases (NOS), soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), and nitrophorins, are responsible for the biosynthesis, sensing, and transport of NO. Alternatively, NO can be generated from nitrite by heme- and copper-containing nitrite reductases (NIRs). The NO-bearing small molecules such as nitrosothiols and dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNICs) can serve as an alternative vehicle for NO storage and transport. Once NO is formed, the rich reaction chemistry of NO leads to a wide variety of biological activities including reduction of NO by heme or non-heme iron-containing NO reductases and protein post-translational modifications by DNICs. Much of our understanding of the reactivity of metal sites in biology with NO and the mechanisms of these transformations has come from the elucidation of the geometric and electronic structures and chemical reactivity of synthetic model systems, in synergy with biochemical and biophysical studies on the relevant proteins themselves. This review focuses on recent advancements from studies on proteins and model complexes that not only have improved our understanding of the biological roles of NO but also have provided foundations for biomedical research and for bio-inspired catalyst design in energy science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Lehnert
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Eunsuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Hai T Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Jill B Harland
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Andrew P Hunt
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Manickas
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Kady M Oakley
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - John Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Garrett C Reed
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Victor Sosa Alfaro
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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14
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Zhu J, Iannucci A, Dani FR, Knoll W, Pelosi P. Lipocalins in Arthropod Chemical Communication. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6261314. [PMID: 33930146 PMCID: PMC8214410 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipocalins represent one of the most successful superfamilies of proteins. Most of them are extracellular carriers for hydrophobic ligands across aqueous media, but other functions have been reported. They are present in most living organisms including bacteria. In animals they have been identified in mammals, molluscs, and arthropods; sequences have also been reported for plants. A subgroup of lipocalins, referred to as odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), mediate chemical communication in mammals by ferrying specific pheromones to the vomeronasal organ. So far, these proteins have not been reported as carriers of semiochemicals in other living organisms; instead chemical communication in arthropods is mediated by other protein families structurally unrelated to lipocalins. A search in the databases has revealed extensive duplication and differentiation of lipocalin genes in some species of insects, crustaceans, and chelicerates. Their large numbers, ranging from a handful to few dozens in the same species, their wide divergence, both within and between species, and their expression in chemosensory organs suggest that such expansion may have occurred under environmental pressure, thus supporting the hypothesis that lipocalins may be involved in chemical communication in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhu
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Tulln, Austria.,Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alessio Iannucci
- Departement of Biology, University of Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Wolfgang Knoll
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Tulln, Austria
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Biosensor Technologies, Tulln, Austria
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15
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Mizushima D, Tabbabi A, Yamamoto DS, Kien LT, Kato H. Salivary gland transcriptome of the Asiatic Triatoma rubrofasciata. Acta Trop 2020; 210:105473. [PMID: 32505596 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Salivary gland transcriptome analysis of the Asiatic Triatoma rubrofasciata was performed by high-throughput RNA sequencing. This analysis showed that the majority of reads accounting for 85.38% FPKM (fragments per kilobase of exon per million mapped fragments) were mapped with a secreted class. Of these, the most abundant subclass accounting for 89.27% FPKM was the lipocalin family. In the lipocalin family, the most dominant molecules making up 70.49% FPKM were homologues of procalin, a major allergen identified from T. protracta saliva, suggesting an important role in blood-sucking of T. rubrofasciata. Other lipocalins showed similarities to pallidipin and triplatin, inhibitors of collagen-induced platelet aggregation identified from T. pallidipennis and T. infestans, respectively, Td38 from T. dimidiata with unknown function, triatin-like lipocalin with unknown function, and triafestin, an inhibitor of the activation of the kallikrein-kinin system, identified from T. infestans saliva. Other than lipocalin family proteins, homologues of antigen-5 (3.38% FPKM), Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor (1.36% FPKM), inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (1.32% FPKM), and apyrase/5'-nucleotidase (0.64% FPKM) were identified as abundant molecules in T. rubrofasciata saliva. Through this study, de novo assembly of 42,580,822 trimmed reads generated 35,781 trinity transcripts, and a total of 1,272 coding sequences for the secreted class were deposited in GenBank. The results provide further insights into the evolution of salivary components in blood-sucking arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Mizushima
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Ahmed Tabbabi
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Daisuke S Yamamoto
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Le Trung Kien
- Department of Experimental Chemistry, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Vietnam
| | - Hirotomo Kato
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
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16
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Lüddecke T, von Reumont BM, Förster F, Billion A, Timm T, Lochnit G, Vilcinskas A, Lemke S. An Economic Dilemma Between Molecular Weapon Systems May Explain an Arachno-atypical Venom in Wasp Spiders ( Argiope bruennichi). Biomolecules 2020; 10:E978. [PMID: 32630016 PMCID: PMC7407881 DOI: 10.3390/biom10070978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiders use venom to subdue their prey, but little is known about the diversity of venoms in different spider families. Given the limited data available for orb-weaver spiders (Araneidae), we selected the wasp spider Argiope bruennichi for detailed analysis. Our strategy combined a transcriptomics pipeline based on multiple assemblies with a dual proteomics workflow involving parallel mass spectrometry techniques and electrophoretic profiling. We found that the remarkably simple venom of A. bruennichi has an atypical composition compared to other spider venoms, prominently featuring members of the cysteine-rich secretory protein, antigen 5 and pathogenesis-related protein 1 (CAP) superfamily and other, mostly high-molecular-weight proteins. We also detected a subset of potentially novel toxins similar to neuropeptides. We discuss the potential function of these proteins in the context of the unique hunting behavior of wasp spiders, which rely mostly on silk to trap their prey. We propose that the simplicity of the venom evolved to solve an economic dilemma between two competing yet metabolically expensive weapon systems. This study emphasizes the importance of cutting-edge methods to encompass the lineages of smaller venomous species that have yet to be characterized in detail, allowing us to understand the biology of their venom systems and to mine this prolific resource for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Lüddecke
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Gießen, Germany; (A.B.); (A.V.)
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany; (B.M.v.R.); (S.L.)
| | - Björn M. von Reumont
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany; (B.M.v.R.); (S.L.)
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Frank Förster
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Gießen, Germany;
| | - André Billion
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Gießen, Germany; (A.B.); (A.V.)
| | - Thomas Timm
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, Friedrichstr. 24, 35392 Gießen, Germany; (T.T.); (G.L.)
| | - Günter Lochnit
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, Friedrichstr. 24, 35392 Gießen, Germany; (T.T.); (G.L.)
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Gießen, Germany; (A.B.); (A.V.)
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany; (B.M.v.R.); (S.L.)
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Sarah Lemke
- LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics (LOEWE-TBG), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany; (B.M.v.R.); (S.L.)
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany
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17
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Salivary proteins electrophoretic patterns enabled differentiating Colombian Rhodnius Trans-Andean and Cis-Andean groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 40:404-411. [PMID: 32673466 PMCID: PMC7505504 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.4992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Rhodnius (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) species are made up of haematophagous insect vectors for Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas’ disease aetiological agent) and T. rangeli, an infective parasite that is not pathogenic for vertebrate hosts. The study of their salivary protein diversity enables the obtention of characteristic one-dimensional electrophoretic profiles of some triatomine species; however, few reports have dealt with Rhodnius species salivary proteins electrophoretic patterns.
Objective: To compare R. colombiensis, R. pallescens, R. pictipes, R. prolixus, and R. robustus’ salivary proteins one-dimensional electrophoretic profiles.
Materials and methods: SDS-PAGE was used for obtaining electrophoretic profiles of saliva from the species under study. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) was used for constructing a phenogram.
Results: Electrophoretic profiles of soluble saliva had protein bands ranging from 15 to 45 kDa, thereby enabling the five species studied to be differentiated. The phenogram revealed two main groups, one formed by the Pictipes and Prolixus cis-Andean groups and another consisting of the Pallescens trans-Andean group.
Conclusion: Differences were revealed regarding R. colombiensis, R. pallescens, R. pictipes, R. prolixus, and R. robustus electrophoretic profiles of salivary proteins; their variability facilitated constructing a phenogram which was taxonomically congruent with the groups from the genus Rhodnius.
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18
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The Pharmacopea within Triatomine Salivary Glands. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:250-265. [PMID: 32007395 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Triatomines are blood-feeding insects that prey on vertebrate hosts. Their saliva is largely responsible for their feeding success. The triatomine salivary content has been studied over the past decades, revealing multifunctional bioactive proteins targeting the host´s hemostasis and immune system. Recently, sequencing of salivary-gland mRNA libraries revealed increasingly complex and complete transcript databases that have been used to validate the expression of deduced proteins through proteomics. This review provides an insight into the journey of discovery and characterization of novel molecules in triatomine saliva.
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19
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Nevoa JC, Mendes MT, da Silva MV, Soares SC, Oliveira CJF, Ribeiro JMC. An insight into the salivary gland and fat body transcriptome of Panstrongylus lignarius (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), the main vector of Chagas disease in Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006243. [PMID: 29462134 PMCID: PMC5834209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triatomines are hematophagous arthropod vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas Disease. Panstrongylus lignarius, also known as Panstrongylus herreri, is considered one of the most versatile triatomines because it can parasitize different hosts, it is found in different habitats and countries, it has sylvatic, peridomestic and domestic behavior and it is a very important vector of Chagas disease, especially in Peru. Molecules produced and secreted by salivary glands and fat body are considered of important adaptational value for triatomines because, among other functions, they subvert the host haemostatic, inflammatory and immune systems and detoxify or protect them against environmental aggressors. In this context, the elucidation of the molecules produced by these tissues is highly valuable to understanding the ability of this species to adapt and transmit pathogens. Here, we use high-throughput sequencing techniques to assemble and describe the coding sequences resulting from the transcriptome of the fat body and salivary glands of P. lignarius. The final assembly of both transcriptomes together resulted in a total of 11,507 coding sequences (CDS), which were mapped from a total of 164,676,091 reads. The CDS were subdivided according to their 10 folds overexpression on salivary glands (513 CDS) or fat body (2073 CDS). Among the families of proteins found in the salivary glands, lipocalins were the most abundant. Other ubiquitous families of proteins present in other sialomes were also present in P. lignarius, including serine protease inhibitors, apyrase and antigen-5. The unique transcriptome of fat body showed proteins related to the metabolic function of this organ. Remarkably, nearly 20% of all reads mapped to transcripts coded by Triatoma virus. The data presented in this study improve the understanding on triatomines' salivary glands and fat body function and reveal important molecules used in the interplay between vectors and vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C. Nevoa
- Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Immunology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria T. Mendes
- University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marcos V. da Silva
- Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Immunology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Siomar C. Soares
- Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Immunology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlo J. F. Oliveira
- Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Immunology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - José M. C. Ribeiro
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research (LMVR), Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Santiago PB, de Araújo CN, Charneau S, Bastos IMD, Assumpção TCF, Queiroz RML, Praça YR, Cordeiro TDM, Garcia CHS, da Silva IG, Raiol T, Motta FN, de Araújo Oliveira JV, de Sousa MV, Ribeiro JMC, de Santana JM. Exploring the molecular complexity of Triatoma dimidiata sialome. J Proteomics 2017; 174:47-60. [PMID: 29288089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Triatoma dimidiata, a Chagas disease vector widely distributed along Central America, has great capability for domestic adaptation as the majority of specimens caught inside human dwellings or in peridomestic areas fed human blood. Exploring the salivary compounds that overcome host haemostatic and immune responses is of great scientific interest. Here, we provide a deeper insight into its salivary gland molecules. We used high-throughput RNA sequencing to examine in depth the T. dimidiata salivary gland transcriptome. From >51 million reads assembled, 92.21% are related to putative secreted proteins. Lipocalin is the most abundant gene family, confirming it is an expanded family in Triatoma genus salivary repertoire. Other putatively secreted members include phosphatases, odorant binding protein, hemolysin, proteases, protease inhibitors, antigen-5 and antimicrobial peptides. This work expands the previous set of functionally annotated sequences from T. dimidiata salivary glands available in NCBI from 388 to 3815. Additionally, we complemented the salivary analysis through proteomics (available data via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD008510), disclosing the set complexity of 119 secreted proteins and validating the transcriptomic results. Our large-scale approach enriches the pharmacologically active molecules database and improves our knowledge about the complexity of salivary compounds from haematophagous vectors and their biological interactions. SIGNIFICANCE Several haematophagous triatomine species can transmit Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Due to the reemergence of this disease, new drugs for its prevention and treatment are considered priorities. For this reason, the knowledge of vector saliva emerges as relevant biological finding, contributing to the design of different strategies for vector control and disease transmission. Here we report the transcriptomic and proteomic compositions of the salivary glands (sialome) of the reduviid bug Triatoma dimidiata, a relevant Chagas disease vector in Central America. Our results are robust and disclosed unprecedented insights into the notable diversity of its salivary glands content, revealing relevant anti-haemostatic salivary gene families. Our work expands almost ten times the previous set of functionally annotated sequences from T. dimidiata salivary glands available in NCBI. Moreover, using an integrated transcriptomic and proteomic approach, we showed a correlation pattern of transcription and translation processes for the main gene families found, an important contribution to the research of triatomine sialomes. Furthermore, data generated here reinforces the secreted proteins encountered can greatly contribute for haematophagic habit, Trypanosoma cruzi transmission and development of therapeutic agent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Beatriz Santiago
- Programa Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Carla Nunes de Araújo
- Programa Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; Faculty of Ceilândia, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Sébastien Charneau
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Teresa Cristina F Assumpção
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Rockville, United States
| | | | - Yanna Reis Praça
- Programa Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Tainá Raiol
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - José Marcos C Ribeiro
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Rockville, United States
| | - Jaime Martins de Santana
- Programa Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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21
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Paim RMM, Nascimento BWL, Nascimento AMD, Pacheco DE, Soares AC, Araujo RN, Sant'Anna MRV, Pessoa GCD, Gontijo NF, Pereira MH. Functional aspects of salivary nitric oxide synthase of Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and nitric oxide trafficking at the vector-host interface. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16036. [PMID: 29167493 PMCID: PMC5700186 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodnius prolixus expresses nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the cytosol of the salivary gland (SG) cells. The NO produced is stored in the SG lumen bound to NO-carrier haemeproteins called nitrophorins (NPs). NPs bind tightly to NO in the acidic SG lumen, but release NO when the pH becomes high, e.g., at the host skin (pH~7.4). NO elicits potent and transient relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. Here, we investigated the role of salivary NO in the R. prolixus feeding behaviour and the salivary vasodilator activity of the host microcirculation. NOS knockdown in R. prolixus changed the SG colour, decreased the number of NO-loaded NPs and caused impairment of feeding performance. When salivary gland extracts (SGEs) were obtained from NOS- and NPs-knockdown insects and prepared in pH 5.0 solution and injected (i.v.) into mice via the tail vein, no vasodilation was observed, whereas SGEs from control insects caused long-term venodilation in the mouse skin. SGs disrupted directly in PBS (pH 7.4) containing BSA produced long-term vasodilation compared to the controls without BSA due to the possible formation of nitroso-albumin, suggesting that host serum albumin extends the NO half-life when NO is injected into the host skin by triatomine during their blood-feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela M M Paim
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruno W L Nascimento
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Mércia D Nascimento
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Dimitri E Pacheco
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriana C Soares
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ricardo N Araujo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauricio R V Sant'Anna
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Grasielle C D Pessoa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Nelder F Gontijo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos H Pereira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Kato H, Jochim RC, Gomez EA, Tsunekawa S, Valenzuela JG, Hashiguchi Y. Salivary gland transcripts of the kissing bug, Panstrongylus chinai, a vector of Chagas disease. Acta Trop 2017; 174:122-129. [PMID: 28690145 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The saliva of hematophagous arthropods injected during blood feeding contains potent pharmacologically active components to counteract the host hemostatic and inflammatory systems. In the present study, dominant salivary gland transcripts of Panstrongylus chinai, a vector of Chagas disease, were analyzed by sequencing randomly selected clones of the salivary gland cDNA library. This analysis showed that 56.5% of the isolated transcripts coded for putative secreted proteins, of which 73.7% coded for proteins belonging to the lipocalin family. The most abundant transcript of lipocalin family proteins was a homologue of pallidipin 2, an inhibitor of collagen-induced platelet aggregation of Triatoma pallidipennis. In addition, homologues of triafestin, an inhibitor of the kallikrein-kinin system of T. infestans, were identified as the dominant transcript. Other salivary transcripts encoding lipocalin family proteins had homology to triplatin (an inhibitor of platelet aggregation) and others with unknown function. Other than lipocalin family proteins, homologues of a Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor (putative anticoagulant), a hemolysin-like protein (unknown function), inositol polyphosphate 5-related protein (a regulator of membrane phosphoinositide), antigen 5-related protein (unknown function) and apyrase (platelet aggregation inhibitor) were identified.
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Oliveira DS, Brito NF, Nogueira FCS, Moreira MF, Leal WS, Soares MR, Melo ACA. Proteomic analysis of the kissing bug Rhodnius prolixus antenna. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 100:108-118. [PMID: 28606853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Reception of odorants is essential in insects' life since the chemical signals in the environment (=semiochemicals) convey information about availability of hosts for a blood meal, mates for reproduction, sites for oviposition and other relevant information for fitness in the environment. Once they reach the antennae, these semiochemicals bind to odorant-binding proteins and are transported through the sensillar lymph until reach the odorant receptors. Such perireceptor events, particularly the interactions with transport proteins, are the liaison between the external environment and the entire neuroethological system and, therefore, a potential target to disrupt insect chemical communication. In this study, a proteomic profile of female and male antennae of Rhodnius prolixus, a vector of Chagas disease, was obtained in an attempt to unravel the entire repertoire of olfactory proteins involved in perireceptor events. Using shotgun proteomics and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis approaches followed by nano liquid chromatography coupled with tandem LTQ Velos Orbitrap mass spectrometry, we have identified 581 unique proteins. Putative olfactory proteins, including 17 odorant binding proteins, 6 chemosensory proteins, 2 odorant receptors, 3 transient receptor channels and 1 gustatory receptor were identified. Proteins involved in general cellular functions such as generation of precursor metabolites, energy generation and catabolism were expressed at high levels. Additionally, proteins that take part in signal transduction, ion binding, and stress response, kinase and oxidoreductase activity were frequent in antennae from both sexes. This proteome strategy unraveled for the first time the complex nature of perireceptor and other olfactory events that occur in R. prolixus antennae, including evidence for phosphorylation of odorant-binding and chemosensory proteins. These findings not only increase our understanding of the olfactory process in triatomine species, but also identify potential molecular targets to be explored for population control of such insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele S Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nathalia F Brito
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabio C S Nogueira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Monica F Moreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Walter S Leal
- University of California-Davis, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, 95616 Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marcia R Soares
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana C A Melo
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Hernández-Vargas MJ, Gil J, Lozano L, Pedraza-Escalona M, Ortiz E, Encarnación-Guevara S, Alagón A, Corzo G. Proteomic and transcriptomic analysis of saliva components from the hematophagous reduviid Triatoma pallidipennis. J Proteomics 2017; 162:30-39. [PMID: 28442446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Species belonging to the Triatominae subfamily are commonly associated with Chagas disease, as they are potential vectors of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. However, their saliva contains a cocktail of diverse anti-hemostatic proteins that prevent blood coagulation, vasodilation and platelet aggregation of blood; components with indisputable therapeutic potential. We performed a transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of salivary glands and protein spots from 2DE gels of milked saliva, respectively, from the Mexican Triatoma pallidipennis. Massive sequencing techniques were used to reveal this protein diversity. A total of 78 out of 233 transcripts were identified as proteins in the saliva, divided among 43 of 55 spots from 2DE gels of saliva, identified by LC-MS/MS analysis. Some of the annotated transcripts putatively code for anti-hemostatic proteins, which share sequence similarities with proteins previously described for South American triatomines. The most abundant as well as diverse transcripts and proteins in the saliva were the anti-hemostatic triabins. For the first time, a transcriptomic analysis uncovered other unrelated but relevant components in triatomines, including antimicrobial and thrombolytic polypeptides. Likewise, unique proteins such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme were identified not just in the salivary gland transcriptome but also at saliva proteome of this North American bloodsucking insect. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This manuscript is the first report of the correlation between proteome and transcriptome of Triatoma pallidipennis, which shows for the first time the presence of proteins in this insect that have not been characterized in other species of this family. This information contributes to a better understanding of the multiple host defense mechanisms that are being affected at the moment of blood ingestion by the insect. Furthermore, this report gives a repertoire of possible therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Hernández-Vargas
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 61500, Mexico
| | - Jeovanis Gil
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas - UNAM, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Luis Lozano
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas - UNAM, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Martha Pedraza-Escalona
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 61500, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Ortiz
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 61500, Mexico
| | | | - Alejandro Alagón
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 61500, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Corzo
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 61500, Mexico.
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25
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Guarneri AA, Lorenzo MG. Triatomine physiology in the context of trypanosome infection. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 97:66-76. [PMID: 27401496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Triatomines are hematophagous insects that feed on the blood of vertebrates from different taxa, but can occasionally also take fluids from invertebrate hosts, including other insects. During the blood ingestion process, these insects can acquire diverse parasites that can later be transmitted to susceptible vertebrates if they complete their development inside bugs. Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, and Trypanosoma rangeli are protozoan parasites transmitted by triatomines, the latter only transmitted by Rhodnius spp. The present work makes an extensive revision of studies evaluating triatomine-trypanosome interaction, with special focus on Rhodnius prolixus interacting with the two parasites. The sequences of events encompassing the development of these trypanosomes inside bugs and the consequent responses of insects to this infection, as well as many pathological effects produced by the parasites are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Aparecida Guarneri
- Vector Behavior and Pathogen Interaction Group, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Gustavo Lorenzo
- Vector Behavior and Pathogen Interaction Group, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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26
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Sant'Anna MRV, Soares AC, Araujo RN, Gontijo NF, Pereira MH. Triatomines (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) blood intake: Physical constraints and biological adaptations. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 97:20-26. [PMID: 27521585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to efficiently obtain blood from their vertebrate hosts, bloodsucking arthropods have undergone an evolutionary selection process leading to specialist adaptations in their feeding apparatus (mouthparts and suction pumps) and salivary molecules. These adaptations act to counteract haemostasis, inflammation, and immune responses in their vertebrate hosts. The association of haematophagous arthropods with vertebrate hosts during a blood feed allows the transmission of pathogens between their hosts and vectors in a tripartite interaction. Feeding mechanisms in haematophagous arthropod species have been the subject of studies over at least eight decades worldwide, as a consequence of the importance of vector-borne diseases and their impact on human health. Here we review studies of the feeding mechanisms of triatomine bugs, with a particular focus on factors that influence their feeding performance when obtaining a blood meal from different vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício Roberto Viana Sant'Anna
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Adriana Coelho Soares
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Nascimento Araujo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Nelder Figueiredo Gontijo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marcos Horácio Pereira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
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27
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Azambuja P, Garcia ES, Waniek PJ, Vieira CS, Figueiredo MB, Gonzalez MS, Mello CB, Castro DP, Ratcliffe NA. Rhodnius prolixus: from physiology by Wigglesworth to recent studies of immune system modulation by Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 97:45-65. [PMID: 27866813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This review is dedicated to the memory of Professor Sir Vincent B. Wigglesworth (VW) in recognition of his many pioneering contributions to insect physiology which, even today, form the basis of modern-day research in this field. Insects not only make vital contributions to our everyday lives by their roles in pollination, balancing eco-systems and provision of honey and silk products, but they are also outstanding models for studying the pathogenicity of microorganisms and the functioning of innate immunity in humans. In this overview, the immune system of the triatomine bug, Rhodnius prolixus, is considered which is most appropriate to this dedication as this insect species was the favourite subject of VW's research. Herein are described recent developments in knowledge of the functioning of the R. prolixus immune system. Thus, the roles of the cellular defences, such as phagocytosis and nodule formation, as well as the role of eicosanoids, ecdysone, antimicrobial peptides, reactive oxygen and nitrogen radicals, and the gut microbiota in the immune response of R. prolixus are described. The details of many of these were unknown to VW although his work gives indications of his awareness of the importance to R. prolixus of cellular immunity, antibacterial activity, prophenoloxidase and the gut microbiota. This description of R. prolixus immunity forms a backdrop to studies on the interaction of the parasitic flagellates, Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli, with the host defences of this important insect vector. These parasites remarkably utilize different strategies to avoid/modulate the triatomine immune response in order to survive in the extremely hostile host environments present in the vector gut and haemocoel. Much recent information has also been gleaned on the remarkable diversity of the immune system in the R. prolixus gut and its interaction with trypanosome parasites. This new data is reviewed and gaps in our knowledge of R. prolixus immunity are identified as subjects for future endeavours. Finally, the publication of the T. cruzi, T. rangeli and R. prolixus genomes, together with the use of modern molecular techniques, should lead to the enhanced identification of the determinants of infection derived from both the vector and the parasites which, in turn, could form targets for new molecular-based control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Azambuja
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Entomologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - E S Garcia
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Entomologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - P J Waniek
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - C S Vieira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - M B Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - M S Gonzalez
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - C B Mello
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - D P Castro
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IOC/FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Entomologia Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - N A Ratcliffe
- Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom.
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Marchant A, Mougel F, Jacquin-Joly E, Costa J, Almeida CE, Harry M. Under-Expression of Chemosensory Genes in Domiciliary Bugs of the Chagas Disease Vector Triatoma brasiliensis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005067. [PMID: 27792774 PMCID: PMC5085048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Latin America, the bloodsucking bugs Triatominae are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite that causes Chagas disease. Chemical elimination programs have been launched to control Chagas disease vectors. However, the disease persists because native vectors from sylvatic habitats are able to (re)colonize houses-a process called domiciliation. Triatoma brasiliensis is one example. Because the chemosensory system allows insects to interact with their environment and plays a key role in insect adaption, we conducted a descriptive and comparative study of the chemosensory transcriptome of T. brasiliensis samples from different ecotopes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING In a reference transcriptome built using de novo assembly, we found transcripts encoding 27 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), 17 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 3 odorant receptors (ORs), 5 transient receptor potential channel (TRPs), 1 sensory neuron membrane protein (SNMPs), 25 takeout proteins, 72 cytochrome P450s, 5 gluthatione S-transferases, and 49 cuticular proteins. Using protein phylogenies, we showed that most of the OBPs and CSPs for T. brasiliensis had well supported orthologs in the kissing bug Rhodnius prolixus. We also showed a higher number of these genes within the bloodsucking bugs and more generally within all Hemipterans compared to the other species in the super-order Paraneoptera. Using both DESeq2 and EdgeR software, we performed differential expression analyses between samples of T. brasiliensis, taking into account their environment (sylvatic, peridomiciliary and domiciliary) and sex. We also searched clusters of co-expressed contigs using HTSCluster. Among differentially expressed (DE) contigs, most were under-expressed in the chemosensory organs of the domiciliary bugs compared to the other samples and in females compared to males. We clearly identified DE genes that play a role in the chemosensory system. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Chemosensory genes could be good candidates for genes that contribute to adaptation or plastic rearrangement to an anthropogenic system. The domiciliary environment probably includes less diversity of xenobiotics and probably has more stable abiotic parameters than do sylvatic and peridomiciliary environments. This could explain why both detoxification and cuticle protein genes are less expressed in domiciliary bugs. Understanding the molecular basis for how vectors adapt to human dwellings may reveal new tools to control disease vectors; for example, by disrupting chemical communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axelle Marchant
- UMR Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie, CNRS-IRD- Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Campus CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette – France
- UFR Sciences, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Florence Mougel
- UMR Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie, CNRS-IRD- Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Campus CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette – France
- UFR Sciences, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly
- INRA, UMR 1392, Institut d’Ecologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris, Route de Saint Cyr, Versailles, France
| | - Jane Costa
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz; Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz – Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Almeida
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Uncamp), Campinas São Paulo – Brazil
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Paraíba – Brazil
| | - Myriam Harry
- UMR Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie, CNRS-IRD- Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Campus CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette – France
- UFR Sciences, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
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Jablonka W, Pham V, Nardone G, Gittis A, Silva-Cardoso L, Atella GC, Ribeiro JM, Andersen JF. Structure and Ligand-Binding Mechanism of a Cysteinyl Leukotriene-Binding Protein from a Blood-Feeding Disease Vector. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1934-44. [PMID: 27124118 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Blood-feeding disease vectors mitigate the negative effects of hemostasis and inflammation through the binding of small-molecule agonists of these processes by salivary proteins. In this study, a lipocalin protein family member (LTBP1) from the saliva of Rhodnius prolixus, a vector of the pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi, is shown to sequester cysteinyl leukotrienes during feeding to inhibit immediate inflammatory responses. Calorimetric binding experiments showed that LTBP1 binds leukotrienes C4 (LTC4), D4 (LTD4), and E4 (LTE4) but not biogenic amines, adenosine diphosphate, or other eicosanoid compounds. Crystal structures of ligand-free LTBP1 and its complexes with LTC4 and LTD4 reveal a conformational change during binding that brings Tyr114 into close contact with the ligand. LTC4 is cleaved in the complex, leaving free glutathione and a C20 fatty acid. Chromatographic analysis of bound ligands showed only intact LTC4, suggesting that cleavage could be radiation-mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy Jablonka
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Van Pham
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Glenn Nardone
- Research Technologies Branch, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Apostolos Gittis
- Research Technologies Branch, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Lívia Silva-Cardoso
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica
Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Georgia C. Atella
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica
Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - José M.C. Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - John F. Andersen
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
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Santiago PB, Assumpção TCF, de Araújo CN, Bastos IMD, Neves D, da Silva IG, Charneau S, Queiroz RML, Raiol T, Oliveira JVDA, de Sousa MV, Calvo E, Ribeiro JMC, Santana JM. A Deep Insight into the Sialome of Rhodnius neglectus, a Vector of Chagas Disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004581. [PMID: 27129103 PMCID: PMC4851354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triatomines are hematophagous insects that act as vectors of Chagas disease. Rhodnius neglectus is one of these kissing bugs found, contributing to the transmission of this American trypanosomiasis. The saliva of hematophagous arthropods contains bioactive molecules responsible for counteracting host haemostatic, inflammatory, and immune responses. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Next generation sequencing and mass spectrometry-based protein identification were performed to investigate the content of triatomine R. neglectus saliva. We deposited 4,230 coding DNA sequences (CDS) in GenBank. A set of 636 CDS of proteins of putative secretory nature was extracted from the assembled reads, 73 of them confirmed by proteomic analysis. The sialome of R. neglectus was characterized and serine protease transcripts detected. The presence of ubiquitous protein families was revealed, including lipocalins, serine protease inhibitors, and antigen-5. Metalloproteases, disintegrins, and odorant binding protein families were less abundant. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The data presented improve our understanding of hematophagous arthropod sialomes, and aid in understanding hematophagy and the complex interplay among vectors and their vertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teresa C. F. Assumpção
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Carla Nunes de Araújo
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Ceilândia Faculty, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - David Neves
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Sébastien Charneau
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Tainá Raiol
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - Fiocruz Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eric Calvo
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - José M. C. Ribeiro
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jaime M. Santana
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Montandon CE, Barros E, Vidigal PM, Mendes MT, Anhê ACBM, de Oliveira Ramos HJ, de Oliveira CJF, Mafra C. Comparative proteomic analysis of the saliva of the Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma lecticularia and Panstrongylus herreri triatomines reveals a high interespecific functional biodiversity. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 71:83-90. [PMID: 26940473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Triatomines are hematophagous arthropods that transmit Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli. Feeding behavior and pathogen transmission is known to vary between the different species, and this characteristic is directly or indirectly dependent on the bioactive molecules of the saliva that facilitate the vector-host-parasite interaction. Here, we identify, characterize and compare the sialoproteomic (from the Greek sialo: saliva) repertoire of important species of the main triatomine genera in the Americas (Rhodnius prolixus, Triatoma lecticularia and Panstrongylus herreri) to better explain this interaction through two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. We identified 221 proteins, 69 from R. prolixus, 100 from T. lecticularia and 52 from P. herreri. We identified high abundance molecules with a great potential to modulate host defenses and homeostasis, highlighting Nitrophorin-4 (28.7%), Salivary lipocalin-5 (65.2%) and Putative triabin (20.5%) in R. prolixus, T. lecticularia and P. herreri, respectively. We also observed that only a single hypothetical protein is shared among three species, which was not functionally categorized. This study corroborates previous findings with R. prolixus, increasing the knowledge about this species with relevant proteomic information and comparisons with the other two targets of the study, T. lecticularia and P. herreri, for which no studies are available from a proteomics perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Emmanuel Montandon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Edvaldo Barros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Biomolecules Analysis Center, Federal University of Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Marcus Vidigal
- Biomolecules Analysis Center, Federal University of Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Maria Tays Mendes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carolina Borella Marfil Anhê
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | - Carlo José Freire de Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Cláudio Mafra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Walker AA, Weirauch C, Fry BG, King GF. Venoms of Heteropteran Insects: A Treasure Trove of Diverse Pharmacological Toolkits. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:43. [PMID: 26907342 PMCID: PMC4773796 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The piercing-sucking mouthparts of the true bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera) have allowed diversification from a plant-feeding ancestor into a wide range of trophic strategies that include predation and blood-feeding. Crucial to the success of each of these strategies is the injection of venom. Here we review the current state of knowledge with regard to heteropteran venoms. Predaceous species produce venoms that induce rapid paralysis and liquefaction. These venoms are powerfully insecticidal, and may cause paralysis or death when injected into vertebrates. Disulfide-rich peptides, bioactive phospholipids, small molecules such as N,N-dimethylaniline and 1,2,5-trithiepane, and toxic enzymes such as phospholipase A2, have been reported in predatory venoms. However, the detailed composition and molecular targets of predatory venoms are largely unknown. In contrast, recent research into blood-feeding heteropterans has revealed the structure and function of many protein and non-protein components that facilitate acquisition of blood meals. Blood-feeding venoms lack paralytic or liquefying activity but instead are cocktails of pharmacological modulators that disable the host haemostatic systems simultaneously at multiple points. The multiple ways venom is used by heteropterans suggests that further study will reveal heteropteran venom components with a wide range of bioactivities that may be recruited for use as bioinsecticides, human therapeutics, and pharmacological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Walker
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Christiane Weirauch
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Bryan G Fry
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Glenn F King
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Marchant A, Mougel F, Mendonça V, Quartier M, Jacquin-Joly E, da Rosa JA, Petit E, Harry M. Comparing de novo and reference-based transcriptome assembly strategies by applying them to the blood-sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 69:25-33. [PMID: 26005117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
High Throughput Sequencing capabilities have made the process of assembling a transcriptome easier, whether or not there is a reference genome. But the quality of a transcriptome assembly must be good enough to capture the most comprehensive catalog of transcripts and their variations, and to carry out further experiments on transcriptomics. There is currently no consensus on which of the many sequencing technologies and assembly tools are the most effective. Many non-model organisms lack a reference genome to guide the transcriptome assembly. One question, therefore, is whether or not a reference-based genome assembly gives better results than de novo assembly. The blood-sucking insect Rhodnius prolixus-a vector for Chagas disease-has a reference genome. It is therefore a good model on which to compare reference-based and de novo transcriptome assemblies. In this study, we compared de novo and reference-based genome assembly strategies using three datasets (454, Illumina, 454 combined with Illumina) and various assembly software. We developed criteria to compare the resulting assemblies: the size distribution and number of transcripts, the proportion of potentially chimeric transcripts, how complete the assembly was (completeness evaluated both through CEGMA software and R. prolixus proteome fraction retrieved). Moreover, we looked for the presence of two chemosensory gene families (Odorant-Binding Proteins and Chemosensory Proteins) to validate the assembly quality. The reference-based assemblies after genome annotation were clearly better than those generated using de novo strategies alone. Reference-based strategies revealed new transcripts, including new isoforms unpredicted by automatic genome annotation. However, a combination of both de novo and reference-based strategies gave the best result, and allowed us to assemble fragmented transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marchant
- UMR EGCE (Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie), Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, IRD, IDEEV, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Bâtiment 13, BP1 - 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - F Mougel
- UMR EGCE (Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie), Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, IRD, IDEEV, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Bâtiment 13, BP1 - 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - V Mendonça
- UMR EGCE (Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie), Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, IRD, IDEEV, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Bâtiment 13, BP1 - 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - M Quartier
- UMR EGCE (Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie), Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, IRD, IDEEV, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Bâtiment 13, BP1 - 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University of Neuchâtel, Institute of Biology, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - E Jacquin-Joly
- INRA, UMR 1392, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Versailles, France
| | - J A da Rosa
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - E Petit
- UMR EGCE (Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie), Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, IRD, IDEEV, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Bâtiment 13, BP1 - 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - M Harry
- UMR EGCE (Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes, Comportement, Ecologie), Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, IRD, IDEEV, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Bâtiment 13, BP1 - 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France.
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Guiguet A, Dubreuil G, Harris MO, Appel HM, Schultz JC, Pereira MH, Giron D. Shared weapons of blood- and plant-feeding insects: Surprising commonalities for manipulating hosts. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 84:4-21. [PMID: 26705897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Insects that reprogram host plants during colonization remind us that the insect side of plant-insect story is just as interesting as the plant side. Insect effectors secreted by the salivary glands play an important role in plant reprogramming. Recent discoveries point to large numbers of salivary effectors being produced by a single herbivore species. Since genetic and functional characterization of effectors is an arduous task, narrowing the field of candidates is useful. We present ideas about types and functions of effectors from research on blood-feeding parasites and their mammalian hosts. Because of their importance for human health, blood-feeding parasites have more tools from genomics and other - omics than plant-feeding parasites. Four themes have emerged: (1) mechanical damage resulting from attack by blood-feeding parasites triggers "early danger signals" in mammalian hosts, which are mediated by eATP, calcium, and hydrogen peroxide, (2) mammalian hosts need to modulate their immune responses to the three "early danger signals" and use apyrases, calreticulins, and peroxiredoxins, respectively, to achieve this, (3) blood-feeding parasites, like their mammalian hosts, rely on some of the same "early danger signals" and modulate their immune responses using the same proteins, and (4) blood-feeding parasites deploy apyrases, calreticulins, and peroxiredoxins in their saliva to manipulate the "danger signals" of their mammalian hosts. We review emerging evidence that plant-feeding insects also interfere with "early danger signals" of their hosts by deploying apyrases, calreticulins and peroxiredoxins in saliva. Given emerging links between these molecules, and plant growth and defense, we propose that these effectors interfere with phytohormone signaling, and therefore have a special importance for gall-inducing and leaf-mining insects, which manipulate host-plants to create better food and shelter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Guiguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS - Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France; Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Géraldine Dubreuil
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS - Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Marion O Harris
- Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, USA; Le Studium Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, 45000 Orléans, France
| | - Heidi M Appel
- Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jack C Schultz
- Life Science Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Marcos H Pereira
- Le Studium Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, 45000 Orléans, France; Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insectos Hematófagos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - David Giron
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS - Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.
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Ribeiro JMC, Schwarz A, Francischetti IMB. A Deep Insight Into the Sialotranscriptome of the Chagas Disease Vector, Panstrongylus megistus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:351-358. [PMID: 26334808 PMCID: PMC4581482 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Saliva of blood-sucking arthropods contains a complex cocktail of pharmacologically active compounds that assists feeding by counteracting their hosts' hemostatic and inflammatory reactions. Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister) is an important vector of Chagas disease in South America, but despite its importance there is only one salivary protein sequence publicly deposited in GenBank. In the present work, we used Illumina technology to disclose and publicly deposit 3,703 coding sequences obtained from the assembly of >70 million reads. These sequences should assist proteomic experiments aimed at identifying pharmacologically active proteins and immunological markers of vector exposure. A supplemental file of the transcriptome and deducted protein sequences can be obtained from http://exon.niaid.nih.gov/transcriptome/P_megistus/Pmeg-web.xlsx.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M C Ribeiro
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, MD 20852.
| | - Alexandra Schwarz
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, CZ-370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo M B Francischetti
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, MD 20852
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An updated insight into the Sialotranscriptome of Triatoma infestans: developmental stage and geographic variations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3372. [PMID: 25474469 PMCID: PMC4256203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Triatoma infestans is the main vector of Chagas disease in South America. As in all hematophagous arthropods, its saliva contains a complex cocktail that assists blood feeding by preventing platelet aggregation and blood clotting and promoting vasodilation. These salivary components can be immunologically recognized by their vector's hosts and targeted with antibodies that might disrupt blood feeding. These antibodies can be used to detect vector exposure using immunoassays. Antibodies may also contribute to the fast evolution of the salivary cocktail. Methodology Salivary gland cDNA libraries from nymphal and adult T. infestans of breeding colonies originating from different locations (Argentina, Chile, Peru and Bolivia), and cDNA libraries originating from F1 populations of Bolivia, were sequenced using Illumina technology. Coding sequences (CDS) were extracted from the assembled reads, the numbers of reads mapped to these CDS, sequences were functionally annotated and polymorphisms determined. Main findings/Significance Over five thousand CDS, mostly full length or near full length, were publicly deposited on GenBank. Transcripts that were over 10-fold overexpressed from different geographical regions, or from different developmental stages were identified. Polymorphisms were mapped to derived coding sequences, and found to vary between developmental instars and geographic origin of the biological material. This expanded sialome database from T. infestans should be of assistance in future proteomic work attempting to identify salivary proteins that might be used as epidemiological markers of vector exposure, or proteins of pharmacological interest. Triatoma infestans is the main vector of Chagas disease in South America. As in all hematophagous arthropods, its saliva contains a complex cocktail that assists blood feeding by preventing platelet aggregation and blood clotting and promoting vasodilation. These salivary components can be immunologically recognized by their hosts and targeted with antibodies that might disrupt blood feeding. The respective antibodies can be used to detect vector exposure using immunoassays. On the other hand, antibodies may also contribute to the fast evolution of the salivary cocktail. In this work, we attempted to identify variations in the salivary proteins of T. infestans using Illumina technology that allowed identification of over five thousand proteins based on over 300 million sequences obtained from ten salivary gland libraries. This expanded sialome database from T. infestans should be of assistance in future work attempting to identify salivary proteins that might be used as epidemiological markers of vector exposure, or proteins of pharmacological interest.
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Toll signals regulate dorsal-ventral patterning and anterior-posterior placement of the embryo in the hemipteran Rhodnius prolixus. EvoDevo 2014; 5:38. [PMID: 25908955 PMCID: PMC4407881 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-5-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect embryonic dorso-ventral patterning depends greatly on two pathways: the Toll pathway and the Bone Morphogenetic Protein pathway. While the relative contribution of each pathway has been investigated in holometabolous insects, their role has not been explored in insects with a hemimetabolous type of development. The hemimetabolous insect Rhodnius prolixus, an important vector of Chagas disease in the Americas, develops from an intermediate germ band and displays complex movements during katatrepsis that are not observed in other orders. However, little is known about the molecular events that regulate its embryogenesis. Here we investigate the expression and function of genes potentially involved in the initial patterning events that establish the embryonic dorso-ventral axis in this hemipteran. RESULTS We establish a staging system for early embryogenesis that allows us to correlate embryo morphology with gene expression profiles. Using this system, we investigate the role of Toll pathway genes during embryogenesis. Detailed analyses of gene expression throughout development, coupled with functional analyses using parental RNA interference, revealed that maternal Toll is required to establish germ layers along the dorso-ventral axis and for embryo placement along the anterior-posterior axis. Interestingly, knockdown of the Toll pathway effector Rp-dorsal appears to regulate the expression of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein antagonist Rp-short-gastrulation. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that Toll signals are the initiating event in dorso-ventral patterning during Rhodnius embryogenesis, and this is the first report of a conserved role for Toll in a hemipteran. Furthermore, as Rp-dorsal RNA interference generates anteriorly misplaced embryos, our results indicate a novel role for Toll signals in establishment of the anterior-posterior axis in Rhodnius.
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Hull JJ, Perera OP, Snodgrass GL. Cloning and expression profiling of odorant-binding proteins in the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 23:78-97. [PMID: 24224606 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In insects, the perception and discrimination of odorants requires the involvement of odorant-binding proteins (OBPs). To gain a better molecular understanding of olfaction in the agronomic pest Lygus lineolaris (the tarnished plant bug), we used a transcriptomics-based approach to identify potential OBPs. In total, 33 putative OBP transcripts, including the previously reported Lygus antennal protein (LAP), were identified based on the characteristic OBP Cys signature and/or sequence similarity with annotated orthologous sequences. The L. lineolaris OBP (LylinOBP) repertoire consists of 20 'classic' OBPs, defined by the spacing of six conserved Cys residues, and 12 'Plus-C' OBPs, defined by the spacing of eight conserved Cys and one conserved Pro residue. Alternative splicing of OBP genes appears to contribute significantly to the multiplicity of LylinOBP sequences. Microarray-based analysis of chemosensory tissues (antennae, legs and proboscis) revealed enrichment of 21 LylinOBP transcripts in antennae, 12 in legs, and 15 in proboscis, suggesting potential roles in olfaction and gustation respectively. PCR-based determination of transcript abundance for a subset of the LylinOBP genes across multiple adult tissues yielded results consistent with the hybridization data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Hull
- USDA-ARS Arid Land Agricultural Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
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Paim RMM, Araujo RN, Lehane MJ, Gontijo NF, Pereira MH. Application of RNA interference in triatomine (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) studies. INSECT SCIENCE 2013; 20:40-52. [PMID: 23955824 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2012.01540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) are obligate hematophagous insects. They are of medical importance because they are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease in the Americas. In recent years, the RNA interference (RNAi) technology has emerged as a practical and useful alternative means of studying gene function in insects, including triatomine bugs. RNAi research in triatomines is still in its early stages, several issues still need to be elucidated, including the description of the molecules involved in the RNAi machinery and aspects related to phenotype evaluation and persistence of the knockdown in different tissues and organs. This review considers recent applications of RNAi to triatomine research, describing the major methods that have been applied during the knockdown process such as the double-stranded RNA delivery mechanism (injection, microinjection, or ingestion) and the phenotype characterization (mRNA and target protein levels) in studies conducted with the intent to provide greater insights into the biology of these insects. In addition to the characterization of insect biomolecules, some with biopharmacological potential, RNAi may provide a new view of the interaction between triatomine and trypanosomatids, enabling the development of new measures for vector control and transmission of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela M M Paim
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Bloco I4, Sala 177, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, CEP 30270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Xu X, Chang BW, Mans BJ, Ribeiro JMC, Andersen JF. Structure and ligand-binding properties of the biogenic amine-binding protein from the saliva of a blood-feeding insect vector of Trypanosoma cruzi. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2013; 69:105-13. [PMID: 23275168 PMCID: PMC3532134 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444912043326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Proteins that bind small-molecule mediators of inflammation and hemostasis are essential for blood-feeding by arthropod vectors of infectious disease. In ticks and triatomine insects, the lipocalin protein family is greatly expanded and members have been shown to bind biogenic amines, eicosanoids and ADP. These compounds are potent mediators of platelet activation, inflammation and vascular tone. In this paper, the structure of the amine-binding protein (ABP) from Rhodnius prolixus, a vector of the trypanosome that causes Chagas disease, is described. ABP binds the biogenic amines serotonin and norepinephrine with high affinity. A complex with tryptamine shows the presence of a binding site for a single ligand molecule in the central cavity of the β-barrel structure. The cavity contains significant additional volume, suggesting that this protein may have evolved from the related nitrophorin proteins, which bind a much larger heme ligand in the central cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Xu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIH/NIAID, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Bianca W. Chang
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIH/NIAID, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Ben J. Mans
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIH/NIAID, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
- Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Jose M. C. Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIH/NIAID, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - John F. Andersen
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIH/NIAID, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Santos R, Alves-Bezerra M, Rosas-Oliveira R, Majerowicz D, Meyer-Fernandes JR, Gondim KC. Gene identification and enzymatic properties of a membrane-bound trehalase from the ovary of Rhodnius prolixus. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 81:199-213. [PMID: 22851503 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose represents the main hemolymph sugar in most insects and its metabolic availability is regulated by trehalase. In this study, trehalase activity associated with the reproductive system was investigated in the insect Rhodnius prolixus, a hematophagous hemipteran vector of Chagas' disease. A single-copy gene that encodes a membrane-bound trehalase (RpTre-2) was identified in the genome of R. prolixus. RpTre-2 deduced amino acid sequence is closely related to other insect membrane-bound trehalases. The expression of this gene was detected in all analyzed organs, including ovary, where total trehalase enzymatic activity was determined, and was highest at day 7 after blood meal. Ovary membranes showed a major trehalase specific activity, which confirmed the presence of a membrane-bound trehalase in this insect. This trehalase activity seemed not to be regulated at transcriptional level, as the expression of RpTre-2 gene in the ovary did not change over the days after feeding. Similarly, ovarian follicles at different developmental stages did not show any variation in the transcription level of this gene. The RpTre-2 kinetic parameters were also investigated. Activity was highest at pH 5.5 and followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with an apparent K(m) = 1.42 ± 0.36 mM and Vmax = 167.90 ± 12.91 nmol/mg protein/h. These data reveal the presence of a membrane-bound trehalase in R. prolixus that is active in ovary and probably takes part in the insect carbohydrate metabolism associated with the reproductive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Santos
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Patramool S, Choumet V, Surasombatpattana P, Sabatier L, Thomas F, Thongrungkiat S, Rabilloud T, Boulanger N, Biron DG, Missé D. Update on the proteomics of major arthropod vectors of human and animal pathogens. Proteomics 2012; 12:3510-23. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Valérie Choumet
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Bunyavirus; Institut Pasteur; Paris; France
| | | | - Laurence Sabatier
- Département des Sciences Analytiques Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien; Strasbourg; France
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC; UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224/UM1; Montpellier; France
| | - Supatra Thongrungkiat
- Department of Medical Entomology; Faculty of Tropical Medicine; Mahidol University; Bangkok; Thailand
| | - Thierry Rabilloud
- CNRS UMR 5249; Chemistry and Biology of Metals; CEA; Grenoble; France
| | - Nathalie Boulanger
- EA4438 Physiopathologie et médecine translationnelle; Faculté de Pharmacie; Illkirch; France
| | - David G. Biron
- CNRS UMR 6023; Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement; Aubière; France
| | - Dorothée Missé
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC; UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224/UM1; Montpellier; France
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Gazos-Lopes F, Mesquita RD, Silva-Cardoso L, Senna R, Silveira AB, Jablonka W, Cudischevitch CO, Carneiro AB, Machado EA, Lima LG, Monteiro RQ, Nussenzveig RH, Folly E, Romeiro A, Vanbeselaere J, Mendonça-Previato L, Previato JO, Valenzuela JG, Ribeiro JMC, Atella GC, Silva-Neto MAC. Glycoinositolphospholipids from Trypanosomatids subvert nitric oxide production in Rhodnius prolixus salivary glands. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47285. [PMID: 23077586 PMCID: PMC3471836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rhodnius prolixus is a blood-sucking bug vector of Trypanosoma cruzi and T. rangeli. T. cruzi is transmitted by vector feces deposited close to the wound produced by insect mouthparts, whereas T. rangeli invades salivary glands and is inoculated into the host skin. Bug saliva contains a set of nitric oxide-binding proteins, called nitrophorins, which deliver NO to host vessels and ensure vasodilation and blood feeding. NO is generated by nitric oxide synthases (NOS) present in the epithelium of bug salivary glands. Thus, T. rangeli is in close contact with NO while in the salivary glands. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we show by immunohistochemical, biochemical and molecular techniques that inositolphosphate-containing glycolipids from trypanosomatids downregulate NO synthesis in the salivary glands of R. prolixus. Injecting insects with T. rangeli-derived glycoinositolphospholipids (Tr GIPL) or T. cruzi-derived glycoinositolphospholipids (Tc GIPL) specifically decreased NO production. Salivary gland treatment with Tc GIPL blocks NO production without greatly affecting NOS mRNA levels. NOS protein is virtually absent from either Tr GIPL- or Tc GIPL-treated salivary glands. Evaluation of NO synthesis by using a fluorescent NO probe showed that T. rangeli-infected or Tc GIPL-treated glands do not show extensive labeling. The same effect is readily obtained by treatment of salivary glands with the classical protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inhibitor, sodium orthovanadate (SO). This suggests that parasite GIPLs induce the inhibition of a salivary gland PTP. GIPLs specifically suppressed NO production and did not affect other anti-hemostatic properties of saliva, such as the anti-clotting and anti-platelet activities. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, these data suggest that trypanosomatids have overcome NO generation using their surface GIPLs. Therefore, these molecules ensure parasite survival and may ultimately enhance parasite transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Gazos-Lopes
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dias Mesquita
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lívia Silva-Cardoso
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel Senna
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alan Barbosa Silveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Willy Jablonka
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cecília Oliveira Cudischevitch
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alan Brito Carneiro
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ednildo Alcantara Machado
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luize G. Lima
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson Queiroz Monteiro
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Evelize Folly
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Biologia. Campus Valonguinho, Prédio do Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Romeiro
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorick Vanbeselaere
- Université de Lille 1, Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Lucia Mendonça-Previato
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Osvaldo Previato
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - José Marcos Chaves Ribeiro
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Georgia Correa Atella
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mário Alberto Cardoso Silva-Neto
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Kato H, Jochim RC, Gomez EA, Uezato H, Mimori T, Korenaga M, Sakurai T, Katakura K, Valenzuela JG, Hashiguchi Y. Analysis of salivary gland transcripts of the sand fly Lutzomyia ayacuchensis, a vector of Andean-type cutaneous leishmaniasis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 13:56-66. [PMID: 23000112 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The saliva of blood sucking insects contains potent pharmacologically active components that assist them in counteracting the host hemostatic and inflammatory systems during blood feeding. In addition, sand fly salivary proteins affect host immunity and have the potential to be a vaccine against Leishmania infection. In the present study, the salivary gland transcripts of Lutzomyia ayacuchensis, a vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ecuadorian and Peruvian Andes, were analyzed by sequencing randomly selected clones of the salivary gland cDNA library of this sand fly. This resulted in the identification of the most abundant transcripts coding for secreted proteins. These proteins were homologous to the salivary molecules present in other sand flies including the RGD-containing peptide, PpSP15/SL1 family protein, yellow-related protein, putative apyrase, antigen 5-related protein, D7 family protein, and 27 kDa salivary protein. Of note, homologues of maxadilan, an active vasodilator abundantly present in saliva of Lutzomyia longipalpis, were not identified. This analysis is the first description of salivary proteins from a sand fly of the subgenus Helcocyrtomyia and from vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the New World. The present analysis will provide further insights into the evolution of salivary components in blood sucking arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotomo Kato
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan.
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Assumpção TCF, Eaton DP, Pham VM, Francischetti IMB, Aoki V, Hans-Filho G, Rivitti EA, Valenzuela JG, Diaz LA, Ribeiro JMC. An insight into the sialotranscriptome of Triatoma matogrossensis, a kissing bug associated with fogo selvagem in South America. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 86:1005-14. [PMID: 22665609 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Triatoma matogrossensis is a Hemiptera that belongs to the oliveirai complex, a vector of Chagas' disease that feeds on vertebrate blood in all life stages. Hematophagous insects' salivary glands (SGs) produce potent pharmacologic compounds that counteract host hemostasis, including anticlotting, antiplatelet, and vasodilatory molecules. Exposure to T. matogrossensis was also found to be a risk factor associated with the endemic form of the autoimmune skin disease pemphigus foliaceus, which is described in the same regions where Chagas' disease is observed in Brazil. To obtain a further insight into the salivary biochemical and pharmacologic diversity of this kissing bug and to identify possible allergens that might be associated with this autoimmune disease, a cDNA library from its SGs was randomly sequenced. We present the analysis of a set of 2,230 (SG) cDNA sequences, 1,182 of which coded for proteins of a putative secretory nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa C F Assumpção
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.
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Su YL, Li JM, Li M, Luan JB, Ye XD, Wang XW, Liu SS. Transcriptomic analysis of the salivary glands of an invasive whitefly. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39303. [PMID: 22745728 PMCID: PMC3379992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some species of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci complex cause tremendous losses to crops worldwide through feeding directly and virus transmission indirectly. The primary salivary glands of whiteflies are critical for their feeding and virus transmission. However, partly due to their tiny size, research on whitefly salivary glands is limited and our knowledge on these glands is scarce. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We sequenced the transcriptome of the primary salivary glands of the Mediterranean species of B. tabaci complex using an effective cDNA amplification method in combination with short read sequencing (Illumina). In a single run, we obtained 13,615 unigenes. The quantity of the unigenes obtained from the salivary glands of the whitefly is at least four folds of the salivary gland genes from other plant-sucking insects. To reveal the functions of the primary glands, sequence similarity search and comparisons with the whole transcriptome of the whitefly were performed. The results demonstrated that the genes related to metabolism and transport were significantly enriched in the primary salivary glands. Furthermore, we found that a number of highly expressed genes in the salivary glands might be involved in secretory protein processing, secretion and virus transmission. To identify potential proteins of whitefly saliva, the translated unigenes were put into secretory protein prediction. Finally, 295 genes were predicted to encode secretory proteins and some of them might play important roles in whitefly feeding. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The combined method of cDNA amplification, Illumina sequencing and de novo assembly is suitable for transcriptomic analysis of tiny organs in insects. Through analysis of the transcriptome, genomic features of the primary salivary glands were dissected and biologically important proteins, especially secreted proteins, were predicted. Our findings provide substantial sequence information for the primary salivary glands of whiteflies and will be the basis for future studies on whitefly-plant interactions and virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Lin Su
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Min Li
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Identification and Quarantine of Peony Germplasm Resource, Luoyang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Luoyang, China
| | - Jun-Bo Luan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Ye
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XWW); (SSL)
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XWW); (SSL)
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Garcia ES, Castro DP, Figueiredo MB, Azambuja P. Parasite-mediated interactions within the insect vector: Trypanosoma rangeli strategies. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:105. [PMID: 22647620 PMCID: PMC3407744 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 03/24/2025] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma rangeli is a protozoan that is non-pathogenic for humans and other mammals but causes pathology in the genus Rhodnius. T. rangeli and R. prolixus is an excellent model for studying the parasite-vector interaction, but its cycle in invertebrates remains unclear. The vector becomes infected on ingesting blood containing parasites, which subsequently develop in the gut, hemolymph and salivary glands producing short and large epimastigotes and metacyclic trypomastigotes, which are the infective forms. The importance of the T. rangeli cycle is the flagellate penetration into the gut cells and invasion of the salivary glands. The establishment of the parasite depends on the alteration of some vector defense mechanisms. Herein, we present our understanding of T. rangeli infection on the vector physiology, including gut and salivary gland invasions, hemolymph reactions and behavior alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloi S Garcia
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz , Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. @fiocruz.br
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de Araújo CN, Bussacos AC, Sousa AO, Hecht MM, Teixeira ARL. Interactome: Smart hematophagous triatomine salivary gland molecules counteract human hemostasis during meal acquisition. J Proteomics 2012; 75:3829-41. [PMID: 22579750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human populations are constantly plagued by hematophagous insects' bites, in particular the triatomine insects that are vectors of the Trypanosoma cruzi agent in Chagas disease. The pharmacologically-active molecules present in the salivary glands of hematophagous insects are injected into the human skin to initiate acquisition of blood meals. Sets of vasodilators, anti-platelet aggregators, anti-coagulants, immunogenic polypeptides, anesthetics, odorants, antibiotics, and detoxifying molecules have been disclosed with the aid of proteomics and recombinant cDNA techniques. These molecules can provide insights about the insect-pathogen-host interactions essential for understanding the physiopathology of the insect bite. The data and information presented in this review aim for the development of new drugs to prevent insect bites and the insect-transmitted endemic of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Nunes de Araújo
- Chagas Disease Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Brasilia, 70.910.900, Brasília Federal District, Brazil.
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Ribeiro JMC, Labruna MB, Mans BJ, Maruyama SR, Francischetti IMB, Barizon GC, de Miranda Santos IKF. The sialotranscriptome of Antricola delacruzi female ticks is compatible with non-hematophagous behavior and an alternative source of food. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 42:332-42. [PMID: 22306723 PMCID: PMC3351099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The hosts for Antricola delacruzi ticks are insectivorous, cave-dwelling bats on which only larvae are found. The mouthparts of nymphal and adult A. delacruzi are compatible with scavenging feeding because the hypostome is small and toothless. How a single blood meal of a larva provides energy for several molts as well as for oviposition by females is not known. Adults of A. delacruzi possibly feed upon an unknown food source in bat guano, a substrate on which nymphal and adult stages are always found. Guano produced by insectivorous bats contains twice the amount of protein and 60 times the amount of iron as beef. In addition, bacteria and chitin-rich fungi proliferate on guano. Comparative data on the transcriptome of the salivary glands of A. delacruzi is nonexistent and would help to understand the physiological adaptations of salivary glands that accompany different sources of food as well as the steps taken by the Acari toward haematophagy, believed to have evolved from scavenging dead animals. Annotation of the transcriptome of salivary glands from female instars of A. delacruzi collected on guano categorized 5.7% of the clusters of expressed genes as putative secreted proteins. They included abundantly expressed TIL-domain-containing proteins (possible anti-microbials), an abundantly expressed protein similar to a serum amyloid found in the sialotranscriptomes of Ornithodoros spp., a savignygrin, a family of mucin/peritrophin/cuticle-like proteins, anti-microbials and an HIV envelope-like glycoprotein also found in soft ticks. When comparing the transcriptome of A. delacruzi with those of blood-feeding female soft and hard ticks some notable differences were observed; they consisted of the following transcripts over- or under-represented or absent in the sialotranscriptome of A. delacruzi that may reflect its source of food: ferritin, mucins with chitin-binding domains and TIL-domain-containing proteins versus lipocalins, basic tail proteins, metalloproteases, glycine-rich proteins and Kunitz protease inhibitors, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Marcos C. Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marcelo B. Labruna
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ben J. Mans
- Parasites, Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- The Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sandra Regina Maruyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivo M. B. Francischetti
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gustavo Canavaci Barizon
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Isabel K. F. de Miranda Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Correspondance to: Isabel K. F. de Miranda Santos, Departmento de of Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, Tel: +55 16 3602 3267, Fax: +55 16 3602 4590,
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Ribeiro JMC, Assumpção TCF, Pham VM, Francischetti IMB, Reisenman CE. An insight into the sialotranscriptome of Triatoma rubida (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 49:563-72. [PMID: 22679863 PMCID: PMC3544468 DOI: 10.1603/me11243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The kissing bug Triatoma rubida (Uhler, 1894) is found in southwestern United States and parts of Mexico where it is found infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, invades human dwellings and causes allergies from their bites. Although the protein salivary composition of several triatomine species is known, not a single salivary protein sequence is known from T. rubida. Furthermore, the salivary diversity of related hematophagous arthropods is very large probably because of the immune pressure from their hosts. Here we report the sialotranscriptome analysis of T. rubida based on the assembly of 1,820 high-quality expressed sequence tags, 51% of which code for putative secreted peptides, including lipocalins, members of the antigen five family, apyrase, hemolysin, and trialysin families. Interestingly, T. rubida lipocalins are at best 40% identical in primary sequence to those of T. protracta, a kissing bug that overlaps its range with T. rubida, indicating the diversity of the salivary lipocalins among species of the same hematophagous genus. We additionally found several expressed sequence tags coding for proteins of clear Trypanosoma spp. origin. This work contributes to the future development of markers of human and pet exposure to T. rubida and to the possible development of desensitization therapies. Supp. Data 1 and 2 (online only) of the transcriptome and deducted protein sequences can be obtained from http://exon.niaid.nih.gov/transcriptome/Trubida/Triru-S1-web.xlsx and http://exon.niaid.nih.gov/transcriptome/Trubida/Triru-S2-web.xlsx.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M C Ribeiro
- Section of Vector Biology, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway room 2E32D, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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