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Kolonko M, Bystranowska D, Taube M, Kozak M, Bostock M, Popowicz G, Ożyhar A, Greb-Markiewicz B. The intrinsically disordered region of GCE protein adopts a more fixed structure by interacting with the LBD of the nuclear receptor FTZ-F1. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:180. [PMID: 33153474 PMCID: PMC7643343 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster Germ cell-expressed protein (GCE) is a paralog of the juvenile hormone (JH) receptor - Methoprene tolerant protein (MET). Both proteins mediate JH function, preventing precocious differentiation during D. melanogaster development. Despite that GCE and MET are often referred to as equivalent JH receptors, their functions are not fully redundant and show tissue specificity. Both proteins belong to the family of bHLH-PAS transcription factors. The similarity of their primary structure is limited to defined bHLH and PAS domains, while their long C-terminal fragments (GCEC, METC) show significant differences and are expected to determine differences in GCE and MET protein activities. In this paper we present the structural characterization of GCEC as a coil-like intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) with highly elongated and asymmetric conformation. In comparison to previously characterized METC, GCEC is less compacted, contains more molecular recognition elements (MoREs) and exhibits a higher propensity for induced folding. The NMR shifts perturbation experiment and pull-down assay clearly demonstrated that the GCEC fragment is sufficient to form an interaction interface with the ligand binding domain (LBD) of the nuclear receptor Fushi Tarazu factor-1 (FTZ-F1). Significantly, these interactions can force GCEC to adopt more fixed structure that can modulate the activity, structure and functions of the full-length receptor. The discussed relation of protein functionality with the structural data of inherently disordered GCEC fragment is a novel look at this protein and contributes to a better understanding of the molecular basis of the functions of the C-terminal fragments of the bHLH-PAS family. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kolonko
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry,
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
- , Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Dominika Bystranowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry,
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
- , Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Michał Taube
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Kozak
- Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.,National Synchrotron Radiation Centre SOLARIS, Jagiellonian University, Czerwone Maki 98, 30-392, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mark Bostock
- Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department Chemie, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Grzegorz Popowicz
- Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Department Chemie, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Andrzej Ożyhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry,
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
- , Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Beata Greb-Markiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry,
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
- , Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Shin SW, Jeon JH, Jeong SA, Kim JA, Park DS, Shin Y, Oh HW. A plant diterpene counteracts juvenile hormone-mediated gene regulation during Drosophila melanogaster larval development. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200706. [PMID: 30011330 PMCID: PMC6047816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant species possess compounds with juvenile hormone disruptor (JHD) activity. In some plant species, such activity has been attributed to diterpene secondary metabolites. Plant JHD diterpenes disrupt insect development by interfering with the juvenile hormone (JH)-mediated formation of JH receptor complexes. Here, we demonstrate that a plant extract and a diterpene from Lindera erythrocarpa (methyl lucidone) interfere with the formation of both methoprene-tolerant (Met)/Taiman and Germ cell-expressed (GCE)/Taiman heterodimer complexes in yeast two-hybrid assays in vitro. In addition to the in vitro JHD activity, the diterpene and the plant extract from L. erythrocarpa also disrupt the development of larvae and pupae in Drosophila melanogaster. Comparing the transcriptomes of juvenile hormone analog (JHA, methoprene)- and JHD (methyl lucidone)-fed wandering third-instar larvae revealed a large number of genes that were coregulated by JHA and JHD. Moreover, most (83%) of the genes that were repressed by methyl lucidone were significantly activated by methoprene, indicating that JHDs and JHAs have opposing effects on the transcriptional regulation of many JH-dependent genes. Gene ontology analysis also suggested that some of the genes activated-by-JHA/repressed-by-JHD play roles in spermatogenesis. Affymetrix microarray-based analysis indicated that the expression of genes activated-by-JHA/repressed-by-JHD was testis-specific. Together, these results suggest that JH is involved in testis-specific gene expression and that plant JHD diterpenes function as JH antagonists in such JHA-mediated gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Woon Shin
- Core Facility Management Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SWS); (HWO)
| | - Jun Hyoung Jeon
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Ah Jeong
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Kim
- Core Facility Management Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Sang Park
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunhee Shin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkley, California, United States of America
| | - Hyun-Woo Oh
- Core Facility Management Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (SWS); (HWO)
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Baumann AA, Texada MJ, Chen HM, Etheredge JN, Miller DL, Picard S, Warner R, Truman JW, Riddiford LM. Genetic tools to study juvenile hormone action in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2132. [PMID: 28522854 PMCID: PMC5437021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect juvenile hormone receptor is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain protein, a novel type of hormone receptor. In higher flies like Drosophila, the ancestral receptor germ cell-expressed (gce) gene has duplicated to yield the paralog Methoprene-tolerant (Met). These paralogous receptors share redundant function during development but play unique roles in adults. Some aspects of JH function apparently require one receptor or the other. To provide a foundation for studying JH receptor function, we have recapitulated endogenous JH receptor expression with single cell resolution. Using Bacteria Artificial Chromosome (BAC) recombineering and a transgenic knock-in, we have generated a spatiotemporal expressional atlas of Met and gce throughout development. We demonstrate JH receptor expression in known JH target tissues, in which temporal expression corresponds with periods of hormone sensitivity. Larval expression largely supports the notion of functional redundancy. Furthermore, we provide the neuroanatomical distribution of JH receptors in both the larval and adult central nervous system, which will serve as a platform for future studies regarding JH action on insect behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Baumann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, 21047, USA. .,University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | - M J Texada
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, 21047, USA
| | - H M Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, 21047, USA
| | - J N Etheredge
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, 21047, USA
| | - D L Miller
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, 21047, USA.,National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - S Picard
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, 21047, USA
| | - R Warner
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, 21047, USA
| | - J W Truman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, 21047, USA.,Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA, 98250, USA
| | - L M Riddiford
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, 21047, USA.,Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA, 98250, USA
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Shi ZH, Shi FF, Wang YQ, Sheftel AD, Nie G, Zhao YS, You LH, Gou YJ, Duan XL, Zhao BL, Xu HM, Li CY, Chang YZ. Mitochondrial ferritin, a new target for inhibiting neuronal tumor cell proliferation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 72:983-97. [PMID: 25213357 PMCID: PMC4323545 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1730-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial ferritin (FtMt) has a significant effect on the regulation of cytosolic and mitochondrial iron levels. However, because of the deficiency of iron regulatory elements (IRE) in FtMt’s gene sequence, the exact function of FtMt remains unclear. In the present study, we found that FtMt dramatically inhibited SH-SY5Y cell proliferation and tumor growth in nude mice. Interestingly, excess FtMt did not adversely affect the development of drosophila. Additionally, we found that the expression of FtMt in human normal brain tissue was significantly higher than that of neuroblastoma, but not higher than that of neurospongioma. However, the expression of transferrin receptor 1 is completely opposite. We therefore hypothesized that increased expression of FtMt may negatively affect the vitality of neuronal tumor cells. Therefore, we further investigated the underlying mechanisms of FtMt’s inhibitory effects on neuronal tumor cell proliferation. As expected, FtMt overexpression disturbed the iron homeostasis of tumor cells and significantly downregulated the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Moreover, FtMt affected cell cycle, causing G1/S arrest by modifying the expression of cyclinD1, cyclinE, Cdk2, Cdk4 and p21. Remarkably, FtMt strongly upregulated the expression of the tumor suppressors, p53 and N-myc downstream-regulated gene-1 (NDRG1), but dramatically decreased C-myc, N-myc and p-Rb levels. This study demonstrates for the first time a new role and mechanism for FtMt in the regulation of cell cycle. We thus propose FtMt as a new candidate target for inhibiting neuronal tumor cell proliferation. Appropriate regulation of FtMt expression may prevent tumor cell growth. Our study may provide a new strategy for neuronal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hua Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, China,
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Juvenile hormone regulates body size and perturbs insulin signaling in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:7018-23. [PMID: 24778227 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1313058111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of juvenile hormone (JH) in regulating the timing and nature of insect molts is well-established. Increasing evidence suggests that JH is also involved in regulating final insect size. Here we elucidate the developmental mechanism through which JH regulates body size in developing Drosophila larvae by genetically ablating the JH-producing organ, the corpora allata (CA). We found that larvae that lack CA pupariated at smaller sizes than control larvae due to a reduced larval growth rate. Neither the timing of the metamorphic molt nor the duration of larval growth was affected by the loss of JH. Further, we show that the effects of JH on growth rate are dependent on the forkhead box O transcription factor (FOXO), which is negatively regulated by the insulin-signaling pathway. Larvae that lacked the CA had elevated levels of FOXO activity, whereas a loss-of-function mutation of FOXO rescued the effects of CA ablation on final body size. Finally, the effect of JH on growth appears to be mediated, at least in part, via ecdysone synthesis in the prothoracic gland. These results indicate a role of JH in regulating growth rate via the ecdysone- and insulin-signaling pathways.
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Abstract
The past 60 years have seen a revolution in our understanding of the molecular genetics of insecticide resistance. While at first the field was split by arguments about the relative importance of mono- vs. polygenic resistance and field- vs. laboratory-based selection, the application of molecular cloning to insecticide targets and to the metabolic enzymes that degrade insecticides before they reach those targets has brought out an exponential growth in our understanding of the mutations involved. Molecular analysis has confirmed the relative importance of single major genes in target-site resistance and has also revealed some interesting surprises about the multi-gene families, such as cytochrome P450s, involved in metabolic resistance. Identification of the mutations involved in resistance has also led to parallel advances in our understanding of the enzymes and receptors involved, often with implications for the role of these receptors in humans. This Review seeks to provide an historical perspective on the impact of molecular biology on our understanding of resistance and to begin to look forward to the likely impact of rapid advances in both sequencing and genome-wide association analysis.
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Baumann AA, Benoit JB, Michalkova V, Mireji P, Attardo GM, Moulton JK, Wilson TG, Aksoy S. Juvenile hormone and insulin suppress lipolysis between periods of lactation during tsetse fly pregnancy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 372:30-41. [PMID: 23499946 PMCID: PMC4222070 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tsetse flies are viviparous insects that nurture a single intrauterine progeny per gonotrophic cycle. The developing larva is nourished by the lipid-rich, milk-like secretions from a modified female accessory gland (milk gland). An essential feature of the lactation process involves lipid mobilization for incorporation into the milk. In this study, we examined roles for juvenile hormone (JH) and insulin/IGF-like (IIS) signaling pathways during tsetse pregnancy. In particular, we examined the roles for these pathways in regulating lipid homeostasis during transitions between non-lactating (dry) and lactating periods. The dry period occurs over the course of oogenesis and embryogenesis, while the lactation period spans intrauterine larvigenesis. Genes involved in the JH and IIS pathways were upregulated during dry periods, correlating with lipid accumulation between bouts of lactation. RNAi suppression of Forkhead Box Sub Group O (FOXO) expression impaired lipolysis during tsetse lactation and reduced fecundity. Similar reduction of the JH receptor Methoprene tolerant (Met), but not its paralog germ cell expressed (gce), reduced lipid accumulation during dry periods, indicating functional divergence between Met and gce during tsetse reproduction. Reduced lipid levels following Met knockdown led to impaired fecundity due to inadequate fat reserves at the initiation of milk production. Both the application of the JH analog (JHA) methoprene and injection of insulin into lactating females increased stored lipids by suppressing lipolysis and reduced transcripts of lactation-specific genes, leading to elevated rates of larval abortion. To our knowledge, this study is the first to address the molecular physiology of JH and IIS in a viviparous insect, and specifically to provide a role for JH signaling through Met in the regulation of lipid metabolism during insect lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A. Baumann
- Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Joshua B. Benoit
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Veronika Michalkova
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
- Section of Molecular and Applied Zoology, Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Paul Mireji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya
| | - Geoffrey M. Attardo
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - John K. Moulton
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville TN
| | - Thomas G. Wilson
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
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Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) is critical for multiple aspects of insect development and physiology. Although roles for the hormone have received considerable study, an understanding of the molecules necessary for JH action in insects has been frustratingly slow to evolve. Methoprene-tolerant (Met) in Drosophila melanogaster fulfills many of the requirements for a hormone receptor gene. A paralogous gene, germ-cell expressed (gce), possesses homology and is a candidate as a Met partner in JH action. Expression of gce was found to occur at multiple times and in multiple tissues during development, similar to that previously found for Met. To probe roles of this gene in JH action, we carried out in vivo gce over- and underexpression studies. We show by overexpression studies that gce can substitute in vivo for Met, alleviating preadult but not adult phenotypic characters. We also demonstrate that RNA interference-driven knockdown of gce expression in transgenic flies results in preadult lethality in the absence of MET. These results show that (1) unlike Met, gce is a vital gene and shows functional flexibility and (2) both gene products appear to promote JH action in preadult but not adult development.
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Jones D, Jones G, Teal P, Hammac C, Messmer L, Osborne K, Belgacem YH, Martin JR. Suppressed production of methyl farnesoid hormones yields developmental defects and lethality in Drosophila larvae. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 165:244-54. [PMID: 19595690 PMCID: PMC3277837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A long-unresolved question in the developmental biology of Drosophila melanogaster has been whether methyl farnesoid hormones secreted by the ring gland are necessary for larval maturation and metamorphosis. In this study, we have used RNAi techniques to inhibit 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl CoA Reductase (HMGCR) expression selectively in the corpora allatal cells that produce the circulating farnesoid hormones. The developing larvae manifest a number of developmental, metabolic and morphogenetic derangements. These defects included the exhibition of an "ultraspiracle" death phenotype at the 1st to 2nd instar larval molt, similar to that exhibited by animals that are null for the farnesoid receptor ultraspiracle. The few larvae surviving past a second lethal period at the 2nd to 3rd instar larval molt, again with "ultraspiracle" phenotype, often became developmentally arrested after either attaining a misformed puparium or after formation of the white pupa. Survival past the "ultraspiracle" lethal phenotype could be rescued by dietary provision of an endogenous dedicated precursor to the three naturally secreted methyl farnesoid hormones. In addition to these developmental and morphogenetic defects, most larvae that survived to the late second instar exhibited a posterior-originating melanization of the tracheal system. These results support the hypothesis that larval methyl farnesoid hormones are necessary for larval survival and morphogenetic transformation through the larval and pupal metamorphic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davy Jones
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
- Corresponding authors: Davy Jones, ; Grace Jones, ; fax 859-257-1717; phone 859-257-3795
| | - Grace Jones
- Dept. of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
- Corresponding authors: Davy Jones, ; Grace Jones, ; fax 859-257-1717; phone 859-257-3795
| | - Peter Teal
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Chemistry Research Unit, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Courey Hammac
- Dept. of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - Lexa Messmer
- Dept. of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - Kara Osborne
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - Yasser Hadj Belgacem
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire (NBCM) CNRS, UOR-9040, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Rene Martin
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Moleculaire (NBCM) CNRS, UOR-9040, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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