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6-Ethoxy-4- N-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl) -2-N-propan-2-yl-1,3, 5-triazine-2, 4-diamine endows herbicidal activity against Phalaris minor a weed of wheat crop field: An in -silico and experimental approaches of herbicide discovery. J Mol Model 2022; 28:77. [PMID: 35244782 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-05006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Phalaris minor is a major weed of wheat crop which has evolved resistance against herbicides. Isoproturon is the most accepted herbicide developed resistance in 1992. Later, introduced herbicides also developed resistance and cross-resistance to their respective binding sites. Isoproturon binds at the QB binding site of the D1 protein of photosystem-II (PS-II), which blocks the electron transfer in photosynthesis. In this work, we have carried out a series of computational studies to prioritize the promising herbicides against D1 protein of P. minor. Through the computational studies, twenty-four lead molecules are prioritized which have shown a higher binding affinity and inhibition constant than the reference ligand molecule. The binding and conformational stability of docked complexes was evaluated by molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations i.e., MM/PBSA. A list of amino acids such as Ala225, Ser226, Phe227, and Asn229 present in the binding site of protein is obtained to be playing an important role in the stability of the protein-lead complex via hydrogen bond and π-π interactions. Binding free energy calculation revealed that the selected lead molecule binding is energetically favorable and driven by electrostatic interactions. Among 24 leads, computational results have uncovered eight promising compounds as potential herbicides which have shown comparable physiochemical profile, better docking scores, system stability, H-bond occupancy, and binding free energy than terbutryn, a reference molecule. These prioritized molecules were custom synthesized and evaluated for their herbicidal activity and specificity through whole plant assay under laboratory-controlled conditions. The lead molecule ELC5 (6-ethoxy-4-N-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-2-N-propan-2-yl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) has shown comparable activity to the reference herbicide(isoproturon) against P. minor.
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Rationally engineered prolyl endopeptidases from Sphingomonas capsulata with improved hydrolytic activity towards pathogenic peptides of celiac diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 202:112499. [PMID: 32668378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease affects approximately 1% of the population and is a major public health problem worldwide. It is trigged by gluten-derived peptides, which have unusually high proline-glutamine motif content and are highly resistant to proteolysis by digestive enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract. The only treatment for celiac disease is strict, lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet, which is effective but costly and difficult to maintain. Therefore, novel non-dietary therapies for celiac disease are urgently needed. Gluten-degrading enzymes are promising non-dietary treatments, and some enzymes have been investigated in preclinical or clinical studies. A combination of prolyl endopeptidase from Sphingomonas capsulata (SC PEP) and a glutamine-specific endoprotease (EP-B2 from barley) known as latiglutenase showed insufficient benefits in phase II clinical trials, likely because of its low enzyme activity in the gastric environment. Therefore, improving enzyme activity is essential for the clinical application of SC PEP. Enzyme activity can be enhanced using computer-aided rational protein design tools. In this study, we combined molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation to rationally design SC PEP mutants and experimentally evaluated their activities. We identified mutants with up to 90-103% increases in specific activity and up to 80-202% increases in the catalytic rate. We have investigated the mechanism underlying the enhanced activity of these mutants, and found that a conformational transition of the β-propeller domain and catalytic domain of SC PEP was important for enzyme activity, and this transition was affected by residues in the catalytic domain and at the domain interface; a shorter distance between the substrate Pro and the oxyanion holes was also crucial for improving SC PEP catalytic activity. Our results provide useful information for the rational design of highly active SC PEPs to accelerate the development of enzyme therapeutics candidates for Celiac disease.
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Ye Y, An Y, Wang M, Liu H, Guan L, Wang Z, Li W. Expression of Carboxypeptidase X M14 Family Member 2 Accelerates the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Regulation of the gp130/JAK2/Stat1 Pathway. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:2353-2364. [PMID: 32280274 PMCID: PMC7127851 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s228984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carboxypeptidase X, M14 family member 2 (CPXM2) has been reported to be involved with several human malignancies. However, the impact of CPXM2 on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumorigenesis has not been studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using immunohistochemistry, the detailed CPXM2 expression patterns were examined in HCC cell lines and tissues. Additionally, a hepatic stellate cell line overexpressing CPXM2 and an HCC CPXM2-knockdown cell line were established by lipofection of an expression plasmid or short hairpin RNA, respectively. The transfection efficiencies were confirmed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Moreover, Western blotting was conducted to determine the phosphorylation levels of the tyrosine kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat1) pathway. Furthermore, gp130-specific hairpin RNA was used to knockdown gp130 expression in hepatic stellate cells overexpressing CPXM2. The malignant phenotype of cultured HCC cells was assessed by a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay, plate cloning assay, Matrigel invasion assay and wound-healing assay in vitro. RESULTS It was demonstrated that CPXM2 was upregulated in HCC, and its upregulation predicted a poor prognosis. Besides, the upregulation of CPXM2 markedly enhanced the metastatic potential of HCC via the gp130/JAK2/Stat1 signaling pathway in vitro. CONCLUSION In summary, this evidence suggests a positive role for CPXM2 in HCC progression via modulation of the gp130/JAK2/Stat1 signaling pathway in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshuo Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan An
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Pathology, Jilin Provincial Cancer Hospital, Changchun130012, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lianyue Guan
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhanpeng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
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Pandey B, Grover S, Goyal S, Kumari A, Singh A, Jamal S, Kaur J, Grover A. Alanine mutation of the catalytic sites of Pantothenate Synthetase causes distinct conformational changes in the ATP binding region. Sci Rep 2018; 8:903. [PMID: 29343701 PMCID: PMC5772511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme Pantothenate synthetase (PS) represents a potential drug target in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Its X-ray crystallographic structure has demonstrated the significance and importance of conserved active site residues including His44, His47, Asn69, Gln72, Lys160 and Gln164 in substrate binding and formation of pantoyl adenylate intermediate. In the current study, molecular mechanism of decreased affinity of the enzyme for ATP caused by alanine mutations was investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and free energy calculations. A total of seven systems including wild-type + ATP, H44A + ATP, H47A + ATP, N69A + ATP, Q72A + ATP, K160A + ATP and Q164A + ATP were subjected to 50 ns MD simulations. Docking score, MM-GBSA and interaction profile analysis showed weak interactions between ATP (substrate) and PS (enzyme) in H47A and H160A mutants as compared to wild-type, leading to reduced protein catalytic activity. However, principal component analysis (PCA) and free energy landscape (FEL) analysis revealed that ATP was strongly bound to the catalytic core of the wild-type, limiting its movement to form a stable complex as compared to mutants. The study will give insight about ATP binding to the PS at the atomic level and will facilitate in designing of non-reactive analogue of pantoyl adenylate which will act as a specific inhibitor for PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharati Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Sonam Grover
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Sukriti Goyal
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Tonk, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Anchala Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI University, VasantKunj, New Delhi, 110070, India
| | - Aditi Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI University, VasantKunj, New Delhi, 110070, India
| | - Salma Jamal
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Tonk, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Abhinav Grover
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Wang J, Guo Z, Fu Y, Wu Z, Huang C, Zheng C, Shar PA, Wang Z, Xiao W, Wang Y. Weak-binding molecules are not drugs?-toward a systematic strategy for finding effective weak-binding drugs. Brief Bioinform 2017; 18:321-332. [PMID: 26962012 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbw018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing maximally selective ligands that act on individual drug targets with high binding affinity has been the central dogma of drug discovery and development for the past two decades. However, many low-affinity drugs that aim for several targets at the same time are found more effective than the high-affinity binders when faced with complex disease conditions, such as cancers, Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to appreciate the importance and reveal the features of weak-binding drugs and propose an integrated strategy for discovering them. Weak-binding drugs can be characterized by their high dissociation rates and transient interactions with their targets. In addition, network topologies and dynamics parameters involved in the targets of weak-binding drugs also influence the effects of the drugs. Here, we first performed a dynamics analysis for 33 elementary subgraphs to determine the desirable topology and dynamics parameters among targets. Then, by applying the elementary subgraphs to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, several optimal target combinations were obtained. Combining drug-target interaction prediction with molecular dynamics simulation, we got two potential weak-binding drug candidates, luteolin and tanshinone IIA, acting on these targets. Further, the binding affinity of these two compounds to their targets and the anti-inflammatory effects of them were validated through in vitro experiments. In conclusion, weak-binding drugs have real opportunities for maximum efficiency and may show reduced adverse reactions, which can offer a bright and promising future for new drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinan Wang
- Lab of Systems Pharmacology, Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, School of Chemical engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, ChaoYang District, Beijing, China and School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Zihu Guo
- Lab of Systems Pharmacology, Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, School of Chemical engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, ChaoYang District, Beijing, China and School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Yingxue Fu
- Lab of Systems Pharmacology, Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, School of Chemical engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, ChaoYang District, Beijing, China and School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Ziyin Wu
- Lab of Systems Pharmacology, Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, School of Chemical engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, ChaoYang District, Beijing, China and School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Chao Huang
- Lab of Systems Pharmacology, Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, School of Chemical engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, ChaoYang District, Beijing, China and School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Chunli Zheng
- Lab of Systems Pharmacology, Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, School of Chemical engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, ChaoYang District, Beijing, China and School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Piar Ali Shar
- College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Center of Bioinformatics, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Lianyungang, PR China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of New-Tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- Lab of Systems Pharmacology, Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, School of Chemical engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, ChaoYang District, Beijing, China and School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
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Lufrano D, Cotabarren J, Garcia-Pardo J, Fernandez-Alvarez R, Tort O, Tanco S, Avilés FX, Lorenzo J, Obregón WD. Biochemical characterization of a novel carboxypeptidase inhibitor from a variety of Andean potatoes. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 120:36-45. [PMID: 26521146 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural protease inhibitors of metallocarboxypeptidases are rarely reported. In this work, the cloning, expression and characterization of a proteinaceous inhibitor of the A/B-type metallocarboxypeptidases, naturally occurring in tubers of Solanum tuberosum, subsp. andigenum cv. Imilla morada, are described. The obtained cDNA encoded a polypeptide of 80 residues, which displayed the features of metallocarboxypeptidase inhibitor precursors from the Potato Carboxypeptidase Inhibitor (PCI) family. The mature polypeptide (39 residues) was named imaPCI and in comparison with the prototype molecule of the family (PCI from S. tuberosum subsp. tuberosum), its sequence showed one difference at its N-terminus and another three located at the secondary binding site, a region described to contribute to the stabilization of the complex inhibitor-target enzyme. In order to gain insights into the relevance of the secondary binding site in nature, a recombinant form of imaPCI (rimaPCI) having only differences at the secondary binding site with respect to recombinant PCI (rPCI) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The rimaPCI exhibited a molecular mass of 4234.8Da by MALDI-TOF/MS. It displayed potent inhibitory activity towards A/B-type carboxypeptidases (with a Ki in the nanomolar range), albeit 2-4-fold lower inhibitory capacity compared to its counterpart rPCI. This result is in agreement with our bioinformatic analysis, which showed that the main interaction established between the secondary binding site of rPCI and the bovine carboxypeptidase A is likely lost in the case of rimaPCI. These observations reinforce the importance of the secondary binding site of PCI-family members on inhibitory effects towards A/B-type metallocarboxypeptidases. Furthermore, as a simple proof of concept of its applicability in biotechnology and biomedicine, the ability of rimaPCI to protect human epidermal growth factor from C-terminal cleavage and inactivation by carboxypeptidases A and B was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lufrano
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juliana Cotabarren
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 115 y 47 s/N, B1900AVW La Plata, Argentina
| | - Javier Garcia-Pardo
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Alvarez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olivia Tort
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastián Tanco
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Xavier Avilés
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia Lorenzo
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Walter D Obregón
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 115 y 47 s/N, B1900AVW La Plata, Argentina.
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Chen F, Liu SS, Duan XT, Xiao QF. Predicting the mixture effects of three pesticides by integrating molecular simulation with concentration addition modeling. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02698e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular simulation techniques are used to identify the mode of inhibition of chemicals at the ligand–receptor level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment
- Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment
- Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
| | - Xin-Tian Duan
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment
- Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Qian-Fen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment
- Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
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Chen J, Chen H, Shi Y, Hu F, Lao X, Gao X, Zheng H, Yao W. Probing the effect of the non-active-site mutation Y229W in New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 by site-directed mutagenesis, kinetic studies, and molecular dynamics simulations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82080. [PMID: 24339993 PMCID: PMC3858288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
New Delhi metallo-β-lactmase-1 (NDM-1) has attracted extensive attention for its high catalytic activities of hydrolyzing almost all β-lactam antibiotics. NDM-1 shows relatively higher similarity to subclass B1 metallo-β-lactmases (MβLs), but its residue at position 229 is identical to that of B2/B3 MβLs, which is a Tyr instead of a B1-MβL-conserved Trp. To elucidate the possible role of Y229 in the bioactivity of NDM-1, we performed mutagenesis study and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Although residue Y229 is spatially distant from the active site and not contacting directly with the substrate or zinc ions, the Y229W mutant was found to have higher kcat and Km values than those of wild-type NDM-1, resulting in 1∼7 fold increases in kcat/Km values against tested antibiotics. In addition, our MD simulations illustrated the enhanced flexibility of Loop 2 upon Y229W mutation, which could increase the kinetics of both substrate entrance (kon) and product egress (koff). The enhanced flexibility of Loop 2 might allow the enzyme to adjust the geometry of its active site to accommodate substrates with different structures, broadening its substrate spectrum. This study indicated the possible role of the residue at position 229 in the evolution of NDM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingzhen Lao
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangdong Gao
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Heng Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (WY)
| | - Wenbing Yao
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (WY)
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