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Argirova P, Kalchev Y, Baltadzhiev I, Stoycheva M, Murdjeva M. Streptococcus zooepidemicus Meningitis in an HIV-Positive Horse Breeder Patient: A Case Study and Literature Review. Infect Dis Rep 2023; 15:527-534. [PMID: 37736999 PMCID: PMC10514876 DOI: 10.3390/idr15050052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus is a rare etiologic agent of bacterial meningitis in humans. The disease is a zoonotic infection and is transmitted through close contact with domestic animals, mainly horses. Only 37 cases of Streptococcus zooepidemicus meningitis have been reported in the literature until July 2023. The aim of this study is to present a rare clinical case of S. zooepidemicus-related meningitis in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patient and analyze the literature. We present a 23-year-old horse breeder patient with advanced immunosuppression due to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and S. zooepidemicus meningitis, admitted at the Clinic of Infectious Diseases, St. George University Hospital, Plovdiv. The course of meningitis was severe since the beginning, with significant cerebral edema, disturbances in consciousness, persistent fever, and the development of complications against the background of AIDS-related conditions. S. zooepidemicus was microbiologically detected from cerebrospinal fluid culture. After prolonged treatment and a long hospital stay, the patient's condition improved, and eventually he was discharged and recovered from the acute neuroinfection. Although extremely rare, S. zooepidemicus should be considered in patients with clinical and laboratory evidence of bacterial meningitis who have contact with animals, especially horses, other domestic animals, and their dairy products, as well as in immunocompromised patients. To the best of our knowledge, the current clinical case is the first report of S. zooepidemicus-related meningitis in a patient with HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petya Argirova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Yordan Kalchev
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology “Prof. Dr. ElissayYanev”, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (Y.K.); (M.M.)
- Laboratory of Microbiology, St. George University Hospital, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Ivan Baltadzhiev
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
- Clinic for Infectious Diseases, St. George University Hospital, 4001 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | - Marianna Murdjeva
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology “Prof. Dr. ElissayYanev”, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (Y.K.); (M.M.)
- Laboratory of Microbiology, St. George University Hospital, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute, Medical University-Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
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Pan F, Zhu M, Liang Y, Yuan C, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Fan H, Waldor MK, Ma Z. Membrane vesicle delivery of a streptococcal M protein disrupts the blood-brain barrier by inducing autophagic endothelial cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219435120. [PMID: 37276410 PMCID: PMC10268326 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219435120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
M family proteins are critical virulence determinants of Streptococci. Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (SEZ) are Group C streptococci that cause meningitis in animals and humans. SzM, the M protein of SEZ, has been linked to SEZ brain invasion. Here, we demonstrate that SzM is important in SEZ disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). SEZ release SzM-bound membrane vesicles (MVs), and endocytosis of these vesicles by human brain endothelial microvascular cells (hBMECs) results in SzM-dependent cytotoxicity. Furthermore, administration of SzM-bound MVs disrupted the murine BBB. A CRISPR screen revealed that SzM cytotoxicity in hBMECs depends on PTEN-related activation of autophagic cell death. Pharmacologic inhibition of PTEN activity prevented SEZ disruption of the murine BBB and delayed mortality. Our data show that MV delivery of SzM to host cells plays a key role in SEZ pathogenicity and suggests that MV delivery of streptococcal M family proteins is likely a common streptococcal virulence mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Pan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, the International Joint Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - Mingli Zhu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, the International Joint Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, the International Joint Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - Chen Yuan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, the International Joint Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, the International Joint Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - Yuchang Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, the International Joint Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, the International Joint Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou225009, China
| | - Matthew K. Waldor
- HHMI, Boston, MA02115
- Brigham and Women’s HospitalDivision of Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Zhe Ma
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, the International Joint Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou225009, China
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Occurrence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus Strains Isolated from Mares with Fertility Problems. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 11:antibiotics11010025. [PMID: 35052902 PMCID: PMC8773361 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus), is a β-hemolytic Streptococcus belonging to the Lancefield group C; it is a rare human pathogen, but in horses, it is frequently associated with endometritis. This study aimed to isolate S. zooepidemicus strains, associated with bacterial endometritis in mares, and to define their antimicrobial resistance profile. Twenty-three isolates were recovered from one hundred ninety-six equine uterine swabs (11.7%). Bacterial identification was carried out by Api 20 Strep and confirmed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), while antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar plates. The antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates revealed a high percentage of resistance to amikacin (95.6%), ampicillin (73.9%) and tetracycline (69.6%), while ceftiofur and ceftriaxone were highly effective with 82.6% and 78.3% of the isolates inhibited, respectively. An intriguing value of resistance to penicillin (34.8%), which represents the first-choice antibiotic in equine S. zooepidemicus infections, was observed. Furthermore, a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains (82.6%) was recorded. Continuous surveillance of this potential zoonotic pathogen and an appropriate antimicrobial stewardship program with the promotion of correct use of antimicrobials, after a proper diagnosis, are needed to allow an effective therapy.
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Sevilla-Acosta F, Ballestero-Pernudi A, Jiménez-Cruz E, Álvarez-Cabalceta H, Naranjo-Zuñiga G. Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus Meningitis, Septicemia, and Brain Infarcts in a Costa Rican Infant. Cureus 2021; 13:e17286. [PMID: 34552827 PMCID: PMC8448576 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus equi, an equine commensal bacterium, is a rare etiology of septicemia and meningoencephalitis in humans and is extremely infrequent in children. Scarce literature has been published about its clinical presentation, treatment and outcomes in infants. Here, we describe a case of S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus septicemia and meningoencephalitis in a five-month-old Costa Rican infant that was confirmed by peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures in a regional hospital of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica who developed multiple ischemic cerebral infarcts secondary to infectious vasculitis, a subdural empyema and serious neurological sequelae. We also reviewed the literature on S. equi meningitis in infants under one year of age. This is the first reported case in our country, the fourth reported in infants under one year of age and the second describing multiple cerebral infarcts and subdural empyema in an infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Sevilla-Acosta
- Pediatrics, Hospital Nacional De Niños "Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera", San José, CRI
- Pediatrics, Hospital La Anexión, Nicoya, CRI
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Glajzner P, Szewczyk EM, Szemraj M. Pathogenicity and drug resistance of animal streptococci responsible for human infections. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 33750514 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Streptococcus, earlier considered typically animal, currently have also been causing infections in humans. It is necessary to make clinicians aware of the emergence of new species that may cause the development of human diseases. There is an increasing frequency of isolation of streptococci such as S. suis, S. dysgalactiae, S. iniae and S. equi from people. Isolation of Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex bacteria has also been reported. The streptococcal species described in this review are gaining new properties and virulence factors by which they can thrive in new environments. It shows the potential of these bacteria to changes in the genome and the settlement of new hosts. Information is presented on clinical cases that concern streptococcus species belonging to the groups Bovis, Pyogenic and Suis. We also present the antibiotic resistance profiles of these bacteria. The emerging resistance to β-lactams has been reported. In this review, the classification, clinical characteristics and antibiotic resistance of groups and species of streptococci considered as animal pathogens are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Glajzner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Eligia Maria Szewczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Szemraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Mitchell CM, Johnson LK, Crim MJ, Wiedmeyer CE, Pugazhenthi U, Tousey S, Tollin DJ, Habenicht LM, Fink MK, Fong DL, Leszczynski JK, Manuel CA. Diagnosis, Surveillance and Management of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus Infections in Chinchillas ( Chinchilla lanigera). Comp Med 2020; 70:370-375. [PMID: 32731906 PMCID: PMC7446643 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-20-000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During a 6-mo period, two 5-6 mo old female chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) were examined at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus after the discovery of firm, nonmobile masses in the left ventral cervical and left axillary region. Other than these findings and mild weight loss, both chinchillas' physical exams were normal. Bloodwork revealed an inflammatory leukogram characterized by leukocytosis, toxic neutrophils, lymphopenia, and monocytosis with mild, nonregenerative anemia. At necropsy, both masses were identified as abscesses. Streptococcus equi, subspecies zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) was isolated in pure culture. Histology of the lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys showed a marked increase in the numbers of both polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes. Both animals were deemed unsuitable for research and were euthanized under isoflurane anesthesia by an intracardiac injection of pentobarbital sodium solution. S. zooepidemicus is an opportunistic, commensal organism found in the upper respiratory tract of horses. This organism has been documented to cause disease in other species and is zoonotic. Infections in humans have been reported, resulting in glomerulonephritis, endocarditis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, meningitis, and death. To aid in diagnosis and prospective surveillance of this bacteria, oral and nasal swabs were collected from the remaining cohort of chinchillas, and a qPCR screening assay was implemented. Within 12 mo, 4 of 41 additional females tested positive by culture or qPCR, resulting in a disease prevalence of 14% (6 of 43). However, only 2 of the additional 4 S. zooepidemicus positive animals developed clinical signs. The potential for the spread of infection, zoonosis, and adverse effects on research demonstrate that surveillance for S. zooepidemicus should be considered in a biomedical research environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara M Mitchell
- Animal Resources Center Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Linda K Johnson
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marcus J Crim
- IDEXX BioAnalytics Diagnostic Services, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Charles E Wiedmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Umarani Pugazhenthi
- School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Susan Tousey
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Daniel J Tollin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lauren M Habenicht
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael K Fink
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Derek L Fong
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jori K Leszczynski
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Christopher A Manuel
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado;,
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Yi L, Yang W, Sun L, Li J, Li X, Wang Y. Identification of a novel protective antigen, 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase II of Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus which confers protective effects. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 71:101493. [PMID: 32447155 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus (SEZ) is an important swine pathogen and responsible for a wide variety of infections in many animal species. FabF was a novel protein identified in the previous study. However, its protective efficacy remained to be evaluated. In this study, recombinant fabF of SEZ was expressed and showed a strong immunoreactivity with mini-pig convalescent sera. Study in mice revealed that the recombinant protein induced a marked antibody response and protected 80% of mice against SEZ infection. The hyperimmune sera against fabF could efficiently kill the bacteria in the phagocytosis test. In addition, it was also found that anti- fabF antibodies can significantly inhibit the formation of SEZ biofilm. These study suggest that fabF may represent immunogens of interest for vaccine development against SEZ infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yi
- College of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathogen and Immunology of Animal of Luoyang, Luoyang, China
| | - Weiping Yang
- College of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Liyun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathogen and Immunology of Animal of Luoyang, Luoyang, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jinpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathogen and Immunology of Animal of Luoyang, Luoyang, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathogen and Immunology of Animal of Luoyang, Luoyang, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathogen and Immunology of Animal of Luoyang, Luoyang, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.
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Torpiano P, Nestorova N, Vella C. Streptococcus equi subsp. equi meningitis, septicemia and subdural empyema in a child. IDCases 2020; 21:e00808. [PMID: 32489871 PMCID: PMC7256365 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus equi subsp. equi is a rare cause of meningitis in human hosts. Infection may lead to important suppurative complications such as subdural empyema. Infection often follows reported contact with horses. Outcome is often poor following S. equi subsp. equi meningitis.
Streptococcus equi subsp. equi is a group C β-hemolytic streptococcus, and is an invasive pathogen with a very restricted host, causing the equine infection known as ‘strangles’. It is a poor colonizer in horses, preferentially causing invasion and infection, compared with its ancestor Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, which is considered an opportunistic commensal of the equine upper respiratory tract. In humans, S. equi subsp. equi causes invasive infections in immunocompromised hosts, often following close contact with horses. Such infections are associated with a high mortality, as well as a poor neurological outcome in survivors. Beta-lactam antimicrobials form the mainstay of treatment, while neurosurgical intervention is occasionally required. We present the case of a 13-year old boy with systemic lupus erythematosus being treated with hydroxychloroquine, who presented with S. equi subsp. equi meningitis and sepsis after contact with a sick pony. Although he recovered fully following eight weeks of intravenous ceftriaxone and oral rifampin, the clinical course was complicated by subdural empyema requiring neurosurgical evacuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Torpiano
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Health, Mater Dei Hospital, Triq id-Donaturitad-Demm, MSD2090 Tal-Qroqq, Malta
| | - Nina Nestorova
- Department of Pathology, Mater Dei Hospital, Triq id-Donaturitad-Demm, MSD2090 Tal-Qroqq, Malta
| | - Cecil Vella
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Health, Mater Dei Hospital, Triq id-Donaturitad-Demm, MSD2090 Tal-Qroqq, Malta
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