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Neog PR, Saini S, Konwar BK. Purification, and characterization of detergent-compatible serine protease from Bacillussafensis strain PRN1: A sustainable alternative to hazardous chemicals in detergent industry. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 219:106479. [PMID: 38574878 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Owing to vast therapeutic, commercial, and industrial applications of microbial proteases microorganisms from different sources are being explored. In this regard, the gut microbiota of Monopteruscuchia were isolated and examined for the production of protease. All the isolates were primarily and secondarily screened on skim milk and gelatin agar plates. The protease-positive isolates were characterized morphologically, biochemically, and molecularly. Out of the 20 isolated strains,6 belonging to five different genera viz.Bacillus,Priestia,Aeromonas,Staphylococcus, and Serratia demonstrated proteolytic activity. Bacillussafensis strain PRN1 demonstrated the highest protease production and, thus, the largest hydrolytic clear zones in both skim milk agar (15 ± 1 mm) and gelatin (16 ± 1 mm) plates. The optimized parameters (time, pH, temperature, carbon, nitrogen) for highest protease activity and microbial growth of B.safensis strain PRN1 includes 72 h (OD600 = 0.56,1303 U/mL), pH 8 (OD600 = 0.83, 403.29 U/mL), 40 °C (OD600 = 1.75, 1849.11 U/mL), fructose (OD600 = 1.22, 1502 U/mL), and gelatin (OD600 = 1.88, 1015.33 U/mL). The enzyme was purified to homogeneity using salt-precipitation and gel filtration chromatography. The sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) demonstrated that the purified enzyme was a monomer of a molecular weight of ∼33 kDa. The protease demonstrated optimal activity at pH 8 and 60 °C. It was strongly inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), demonstrating that it belongs to the serine-proteases family. The compatibility of the enzyme with surfactants and commercial detergents demonstrates its potential use in the detergent industry. Furthermore, the purified enzyme showed antibacterial and blood-stain removal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panchi Rani Neog
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Shubhangi Saini
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Bolin Kumar Konwar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India.
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Elaine Mankge M, Penistacia Maela M, Mark Abrahams A, Hope Serepa-Dlamini M. Screening of Bacillus spp. bacterial endophytes for protease production, and application in feather degradation and bio-detergent additive. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30736. [PMID: 38765083 PMCID: PMC11098850 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Research on proteases and secondary metabolites from endophytes is an area that requires attention from researchers. In this study, proteases from Bacillus sp. strain MHSD16 and Bacillus sp. strain MHSD17 endophytes were characterised, and their potential biotechnological applications were investigated. Optimum protease production was achieved when isolates were grown in media containing (g/L): glucose 10g, casein 5g, yeast extract 5g, KH2PO4 2g, Na2CO3 10g at pH 9. The crude protease extracts were active in alkaline environments, thus referred to as alkaline proteases with optimal pH of 10. Additionally, Bacillus sp. strain MHSD 16 and Bacillus sp. strain MHSD17 proteases were active at high temperatures, with optimum enzyme activity at 50 °C. Thermostability profiles of these proteases showed that the enzymes were highly stable between (40-60 °C), maintaining over 85 % stability after 120 min incubation at 60 °C. Furthermore, the enzymes were stable and compatible with various household and laundry detergents. In the presence of commercial laundry detergent, OMO® 68 % and 72 % activity was retained for Bacillus sp. strain MHSD16 and Bacillus sp. strain MHSD17, respectively, while 67 % and 68 % activity were retained in the presence of Sunlight®. The potential application for use in detergents was investigated through the removal of blood stains with the crude alkaline extracts displaying efficient stain removal abilities. Feather degradation was also investigated and Bacillus sp. MHSD17 exhibited feather keratin degrading properties more effectively than Bacillus sp. MHSD16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malese Elaine Mankge
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - Mehabo Penistacia Maela
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - Adrian Mark Abrahams
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
| | - Mahloro Hope Serepa-Dlamini
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa
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3
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Allison SD, AdeelaYasid N, Shariff FM, Abdul Rahman N. Molecular Cloning, Characterization, and Application of Organic Solvent-Stable and Detergent-Compatible Thermostable Alkaline Protease from Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius SKF4. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:436-456. [PMID: 38044750 PMCID: PMC10940756 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2306.06050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Several thermostable proteases have been identified, yet only a handful have undergone the processes of cloning, comprehensive characterization, and full exploitation in various industrial applications. Our primary aim in this study was to clone a thermostable alkaline protease from a thermophilic bacterium and assess its potential for use in various industries. The research involved the amplification of the SpSKF4 protease gene, a thermostable alkaline serine protease obtained from the Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius SKF4 bacterium through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The purified recombinant SpSKF4 protease was characterized, followed by evaluation of its possible industrial applications. The analysis of the gene sequence revealed an open reading frame (ORF) consisting of 1,206 bp, coding for a protein containing 401 amino acids. The cloned gene was expressed in Escherichia coli. The molecular weight of the enzyme was measured at 28 kDa using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The partially purified enzyme has its highest activity at a pH of 10 and a temperature of 80°C. In addition, the enzyme showed a half-life of 15 h at 80°C, and there was a 60% increase in its activity at 10 mM Ca2+ concentration. The activity of the protease was completely inhibited (100%) by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF); however, the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) resulted in a 20% increase in activity. The enzyme was also stable in various organic solvents and in certain commercial detergents. Furthermore, the enzyme exhibited strong potential for industrial use, particularly as a detergent additive and for facilitating the recovery of silver from X-ray film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleiman D Allison
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Moddibo Adama University, Yola 640230, Nigeria
| | - Nur AdeelaYasid
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fairolniza Mohd Shariff
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor'Aini Abdul Rahman
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
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4
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Hemsinli A, Gurkok S. Evaluation of a novel purified and characterized alkaline protease from the extremophile Exiguobacterium alkaliphilum VLP1 as a detergent additive. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300441. [PMID: 38010865 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the isolation and identification of a novel alkaline protease-producing strain from Lake Van, the largest soda lake on Earth. The objective was to purify, characterize, and investigate the potential application of protease in the detergent industry. Through a combination of classical and molecular methods, the most potent protease producer was identified as Exiguobacterium alkaliphilum VLP1. The purification process, involving ammonium sulfate precipitation, ultrafiltration, and anion exchange chromatography, resulted in a 45-fold purification with a yield of 6.4% and specific activity of 1169 U mg-1 protein. The enzyme exhibited a molecular weight of 69 kDa, a Km value of 0.4 mm, and a maximal velocity (Vmax ) value of 2000 U mg-1 . The optimum activity was observed at 40°C and potential of hydrogen (pH) 9, while the enzyme also exhibited remarkable stability in the ranges of 30-60°C and pH 9-12. Notably, this study represents the first report of an alkaline protease isolated and characterized from E. alkaliphilum. This study also highlighted the potential of the enzyme as a detergent additive, as it showed compatibility with commercial detergents and effectively removed blood and chocolate stains from fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiye Hemsinli
- Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sumeyra Gurkok
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Li Z, Li D, Pan D, Xia Q, Sun Y, Du L, He J, Zhou C, Geng F, Cao J. Insights into the mechanism of extracellular proteases from Penicillium on myofibrillar protein hydrolysis and volatile compound evolutions. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113774. [PMID: 38129063 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism of Penicillium proteases on the hydrolysis of myofibrillar protein (MP) and volatile compound evolutions, enzymatic characteristics of Penicillium proteases, hydrolysis capacities for MP, interactions between Penicillium proteases and MP, and profile changes of volatile compounds were investigated. P. aethiopicum (PA) and P. chrysogenum (PC) proteases showed the largest hydrolysis activities at pH 9.0 and 7.0, and were identified as alkaline serine protease and serine protease by LC-MS/MS, respectively. The proteases of PA and PC significantly degraded myosin and actin, and PA protease showed higher hydrolysis capacity for myosin than that of PC protease, which was confirmed by higher proteolysis index (56.06 %) and lower roughness (3.99 nm) of MP after PA treatment. Molecular docking revealed that hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction were the major interaction forces of Penicillium proteases with myosin and actin, and PA protease showed more binding sites with myosin compared with PC protease. The total content of free amino acids increased to 6.02-fold for PA treatment and to 5.51-fold for PC treatment after 4 h hydrolysis of MP, respectively. GC-MS showed that aromatic aldehydes and pyrazines in PA showed the largest increase compared with the control and PC during the hydrolysis of MP. Correlation analysis demonstrated that Phe, Leu and Ile were positively related with the accumulation of benzaldehyde, benzeneacetaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl benzaldehyde and 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimu Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province; College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Danni Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province; College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Daodong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province; College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province; College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yangying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province; College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Lihui Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province; College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province; College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Changyu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province; College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Fang Geng
- Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, No. 2025 Chengluo Avenue, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Jinxuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province; College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
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6
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Sun B, Zou K, Zhao Y, Tang Y, Zhang F, Chen W, Tang X, Chang C, Zheng Y. The fermentation optimization for alkaline protease production by Bacillus subtilis BS-QR-052. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1301065. [PMID: 38169798 PMCID: PMC10758460 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1301065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Proteases exhibit a wide range of applications, and among them, alkaline proteases have become a prominent area of research due to their stability in highly alkaline environments. To optimize the production yield and activity of alkaline proteases, researchers are continuously exploring different fermentation conditions and culture medium components. Methods In this paper, the fermentation conditions of the alkaline protease (EC 3.4.21.14) production by Bacillus subtilis BS-QR-052 were optimized, and the effect of different nutrition and fermentation conditions was investigated. Based on the single-variable experiments, the Plackett-Burman design was used to explore the significant factors, and then the optimized fermentation conditions, as well as the interaction between these factors, were evaluated by response surface methodology through the Box-Behnken design. Results and discussion The results showed that 1.03% corn syrup powder, 0.05% MgSO4, 8.02% inoculation volume, 1:1.22 vvm airflow rate, as well as 0.5% corn starch, 0.05% MnSO4, 180 rpm agitation speed, 36°C fermentation temperature, 8.0 initial pH and 96 h incubation time were predicted to be the optimal fermentation conditions. The alkaline protease enzyme activity was estimated to be approximately 1787.91 U/mL, whereas subsequent experimental validation confirmed it reached 1780.03 U/mL, while that of 500 L scale-up fermentation reached 1798.33 U/mL. This study optimized the fermentation conditions for alkaline protease production by B. subtilis through systematic experimental design and data analysis, and the activity of the alkaline protease increased to 300.72% of its original level. The established model for predicting alkaline protease activity was validated, achieving significantly higher levels of enzymatic activity. The findings provide valuable references for further enhancing the yield and activity of alkaline protease, thereby holding substantial practical significance and economic benefits for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Sun
- Zhejiang Cheery Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Jiaxing, China
- College of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiaxing, China
| | - Kai Zou
- College of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yingqing Zhao
- Sinochem Linyi Crop Nutrition Co., Ltd., Linyi, China
| | - Yinfang Tang
- Zhejiang Cheery Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Jiaxing, China
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Zhejiang Cheery Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Jiaxing, China
| | - Weijing Chen
- Zhejiang Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xiaoting Tang
- College of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Chenran Chang
- College of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- College of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing, China
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Padayao MHR, Padayao FRP, Patalinghug JM, Raña GS, Yee J, Geraldino PJ, Quilantang N. Antimicrobial and quorum sensing inhibitory activity of epiphytic bacteria isolated from the red alga Halymenia durvillei. Access Microbiol 2023; 5:000563.v4. [PMID: 38188234 PMCID: PMC10765052 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000563.v4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Halymenia durvillei is a red alga that is commonly utilized in the Philippines as food and as a source of high-value natural products for industrial applications. However, there are no studies regarding the microbial community associated with H. durvillei and its potential applications. This study aimed to isolate and identify the epiphytic bacteria of H. durvillei and determine their antimicrobial and quorum sensing inhibitory (QSI) effects. The thalli of H. durvillei were collected at the shores of Santa Fe, Bantayan, Cebu, Philippines. Bacterial isolates were identified using 16S rRNA, and their ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extracts were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests against representative species of yeast and Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Their QSI activity against Chromobacterium violaceum was also determined. Fourteen distinct bacterial colonies belonging to four genera, namely Alteromonas (3), Bacillus (5), Oceanobacillus (1) and Vibrio (5), were successfully isolated and identified. All 14 bacterial isolates exhibited antibacterial effects. EPB9, identified as Bacillus safensis , consistently showed the strongest inhibition against Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis , with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.0625 to 1.0 mg ml-1. In contrast, all 14 isolates showed weak antifungal effects. Both B. safensis (EPB9) and Bacillus australimaris (EPB15) exhibited QSI effects at 100 mg ml-1, showing opaque zones of 3.1±0.9 and 3.8±0.4 mm, respectively. This study is the first to isolate and identify the distinct microbial epiphytic bacterial community of H. durvillei and its potential as an abundant resource for new antibacterial and QSI bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Hannah Rose Padayao
- Applied Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
- Tuklas Lunas Development Center, University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
| | - Francis Reuben Paul Padayao
- Applied Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
| | - Jenny Marie Patalinghug
- Applied Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
| | - Gem Stephen Raña
- Applied Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
| | - Jonie Yee
- Applied Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
- Tuklas Lunas Development Center, University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
| | - Paul John Geraldino
- Applied Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
- Tuklas Lunas Development Center, University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
| | - Norman Quilantang
- Applied Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
- Tuklas Lunas Development Center, University of San Carlos, Cebu City 6000, Philippines
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8
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Arabacı N, Karaytuğ T. Alkaline Thermo- and Oxidant-Stable Protease from Bacillus pumilus Strain TNP93: Laundry Detergent Formulations. Indian J Microbiol 2023; 63:575-587. [PMID: 38031609 PMCID: PMC10682312 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aims to produce a detergent-compatible and alkaline thermophilic protease from a Bacillus strain and to investigate its usability as a detergent bio-additive. The protease-producing bacterium was identified as Bacillus pumilus strain TNP93 according to the 16S rRNA sequence. The bacterium optimally synthesized the protease at 40 °C and pH 10 in 40 h. The raw protease displayed its optimum activity at pH 10 and 60 °C and its stability between pH 6-13 and 30-100 °C for 24 h. The molecular mass of the proteolytic band was estimated to be about 85 kDa. The protease was not inhibited by any of the metal ions used (Ba2+, Ca2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+). 97 and 90% of its original activity with 5 mM PMSF and EDTA remained. The activity was measured as 84, 124, and 95%, respectively, in the presence of 1% concentrations of Tween 20, Tween 80, and Triton X-100. In addition, all of its activity was preserved when the enzyme was exposed to 5% H2O2. The end products of casein were detected as tyrosine, aspartic acid, glycine, and cysteine by thin-layer chromatography. Considering the wash performance analysis, the mix of 1% commercial detergent and enzyme almost removed all of the protein-based stains (blood and egg yolk albumin). These remarkable findings indicate that the alkaline, thermo-, and oxidant-stable TNP93 protease is a valuable candidate for usage as a biological additive in various laundry detergents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Arabacı
- Arts and Sciences Faculty, Biology Department, Çukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
| | - Tuna Karaytuğ
- Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Biology, Çukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
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9
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Falkenberg F, Kohn S, Bott M, Bongaerts J, Siegert P. Biochemical characterisation of a novel broad pH spectrum subtilisin from Fictibacillus arsenicus DSM 15822 T. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:2035-2046. [PMID: 37649135 PMCID: PMC10626276 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Subtilisins from microbial sources, especially from the Bacillaceae family, are of particular interest for biotechnological applications and serve the currently growing enzyme market as efficient and novel biocatalysts. Biotechnological applications include use in detergents, cosmetics, leather processing, wastewater treatment and pharmaceuticals. To identify a possible candidate for the enzyme market, here we cloned the gene of the subtilisin SPFA from Fictibacillus arsenicus DSM 15822T (obtained through a data mining-based search) and expressed it in Bacillus subtilis DB104. After production and purification, the protease showed a molecular mass of 27.57 kDa and a pI of 5.8. SPFA displayed hydrolytic activity at a temperature optimum of 80 °C and a very broad pH optimum between 8.5 and 11.5, with high activity up to pH 12.5. SPFA displayed no NaCl dependence but a high NaCl tolerance, with decreasing activity up to concentrations of 5 m NaCl. The stability enhanced with increasing NaCl concentration. Based on its substrate preference for 10 synthetic peptide 4-nitroanilide substrates with three or four amino acids and its phylogenetic classification, SPFA can be assigned to the subgroup of true subtilisins. Moreover, SPFA exhibited high tolerance to 5% (w/v) SDS and 5% H2 O2 (v/v). The biochemical properties of SPFA, especially its tolerance of remarkably high pH, SDS and H2 O2 , suggest it has potential for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Falkenberg
- Institute of Nano‐ and BiotechnologiesAachen University of Applied SciencesJülichGermany
| | - Sophie Kohn
- Institute of Nano‐ and BiotechnologiesAachen University of Applied SciencesJülichGermany
| | - Michael Bott
- Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences, IBG‐1: BiotechnologyForschungszentrum JülichGermany
| | - Johannes Bongaerts
- Institute of Nano‐ and BiotechnologiesAachen University of Applied SciencesJülichGermany
| | - Petra Siegert
- Institute of Nano‐ and BiotechnologiesAachen University of Applied SciencesJülichGermany
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10
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Song P, Zhang X, Wang S, Xu W, Wang F, Fu R, Wei F. Microbial proteases and their applications. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1236368. [PMID: 37779686 PMCID: PMC10537240 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1236368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases (proteinases or peptidases) are a class of hydrolases that cleave peptide chains in proteins. Endopeptidases are a type of protease that hydrolyze the internal peptide bonds of proteins, forming shorter peptides; exopeptidases hydrolyze the terminal peptide bonds from the C-terminal or N-terminal, forming free amino acids. Microbial proteases are a popular instrument in many industrial applications. In this review, the classification, detection, identification, and sources of microbial proteases are systematically introduced, as well as their applications in food, detergents, waste treatment, and biotechnology processes in the industry fields. In addition, recent studies on techniques used to express heterologous microbial proteases are summarized to describe the process of studying proteases. Finally, future developmental trends for microbial proteases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- Shandong Aobo Biotech Co. Ltd., Liaocheng, China
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotech Co. Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Shuhua Wang
- Shandong Aobo Biotech Co. Ltd., Liaocheng, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Rongzhao Fu
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotech Co. Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Feng Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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11
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Falkenberg F, Voß L, Bott M, Bongaerts J, Siegert P. New robust subtilisins from halotolerant and halophilic Bacillaceae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12553-w. [PMID: 37160606 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12553-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was the characterisation of three true subtilisins and one phylogenetically intermediate subtilisin from halotolerant and halophilic microorganisms. Considering the currently growing enzyme market for efficient and novel biocatalysts, data mining is a promising source for novel, as yet uncharacterised enzymes, especially from halophilic or halotolerant Bacillaceae, which offer great potential to meet industrial needs. Both halophilic bacteria Pontibacillus marinus DSM 16465T and Alkalibacillus haloalkaliphilus DSM 5271T and both halotolerant bacteria Metabacillus indicus DSM 16189 and Litchfieldia alkalitelluris DSM 16976T served as a source for the four new subtilisins SPPM, SPAH, SPMI and SPLA. The protease genes were cloned and expressed in Bacillus subtilis DB104. Purification to apparent homogeneity was achieved by ethanol precipitation, desalting and ion-exchange chromatography. Enzyme activity could be observed between pH 5.0-12.0 with an optimum for SPPM, SPMI and SPLA around pH 9.0 and for SPAH at pH 10.0. The optimal temperature for SPMI and SPLA was 70 °C and for SPPM and SPAH 55 °C and 50 °C, respectively. All proteases showed high stability towards 5% (w/v) SDS and were active even at NaCl concentrations of 5 M. The four proteases demonstrate potential for future biotechnological applications. KEY POINTS: • Halophilic and halotolerant Bacillaceae are a valuable source of new subtilisins. • Four new subtilisins were biochemically characterised in detail. • The four proteases show potential for future biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Falkenberg
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Leonie Voß
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Bott
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Johannes Bongaerts
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Petra Siegert
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428, Jülich, Germany.
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12
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Fahmy NM, El-Deeb B. Optimization, partial purification, and characterization of a novel high molecular weight alkaline protease produced by Halobacillus sp. HAL1 using fish wastes as a substrate. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:48. [PMID: 37121925 PMCID: PMC10149429 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00509-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrolytic enzymes from halophilic microorganisms have a wide range of industrial applications. Herein, we report the isolation of Halobacillus sp. HAL1, a moderately halophilic bacterium that produces a novel high molecular weight extracellular alkaline protease when grown in fish processing wastes as a substrate. RESULTS Results showed that the isolated strain belonged to the genus Halobacillus, and it was designated as Halobacillus sp. HAL1 with the GenBank accession number OK001470. The strain secreted an extracellular alkaline protease, and the highest yield was obtained when it was grown in a medium with fish wastes substrate as the sole nutritional source (10 g/L) and incubated at 25 °C under shaking conditions. The enzyme was partially purified by Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. Zymographic analysis showed two casein degrading bands of about 190 and 250 KDa. The optimum enzyme activity was at a temperature of 50 °C at pH 8. The proteolytic activity was enhanced in the presence of metal ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+), surfactants (Tween 80, SDS, and Triton-X100), H2O2, and EDTA. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that Haobacillus sp. HAL1 is a moderately halophilic strain and secrets a novel high molecular wight alkaline protease that is suitable for detergent formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayer M Fahmy
- Marine Microbiology Laboratory, National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Bahig El-Deeb
- Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
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13
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Two-Step Purification and Partial Characterization of Keratinolytic Proteases from Feather Meal Bioconversion by Bacillus sp. P45. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11030803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to purify and partially characterize a keratinolytic protease produced by Bacillus sp. P45 through bioconversion of feather meal. Crude protease extract was purified using a sequence of an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) in large volume systems (10, 50, and 500 g) to increase obtaining purified enzyme, followed by a diafiltration (DF) step. Purified protease was characterized in terms of protein profile analysis by SDS-PAGE, optimum temperature and pH, thermal deactivation kinetics at different temperatures and pH, and performance in the presence of several salts (NaCl, CaCl2, MnCl2, CaO, C8H5KO4, MgSO4, CuSO4, ZnSO4, and FeCl3) and organic solvents (acetone, ethanol, methanol, acetic acid, diethyl ether, and formaldehyde). ATPS with high capacities resulted in purer protease extract without compromising purity and yields, reaching a purification factor up to 2.6-fold and 6.7-fold in first and second ATPS, respectively, and 4.0-fold in the DF process. Recoveries were up to 79% in both ATPS and reached 84.3% after the DF step. The electrophoretic analysis demonstrated a 25–28 kDa band related to keratinolytic protease. The purified protease’s optimum temperature and pH were 55 °C and 7.5, respectively. The deactivation energy (Ed) value was 118.0 kJ/mol, while D (decimal reduction time) and z (temperature interval required to reduce the D value in one log cycle) values ranged from 6.7 to 237.3 min and from 13.6 to 18.8 °C, respectively. Salts such as CaCl2, CaO, C8H5KO4, and MgSO4 increased the protease activity, while all organic solvents caused its decrease. The results are useful for future studies about ATPS scale-up for enzyme purification and protease application in different industrial processes.
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14
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Das M, Ghosh M. Screening, characterization, and kinetic studies of a serine alkaline protease from kitchen wastewater bacteria P2S1An and evaluation of its application in nutraceutical production. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2023; 95:e10848. [PMID: 36813755 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This present investigation aimed at characterizing the biochemical potential and kinetic study of the protease isolated from kitchen wastewater bacteria, P2S1An. The enzymatic activity was optimum when incubated for 96 h, at 30°C and pH 9.0. The enzymatic activity of the purified protease (PrA) was 10.47-folds that of crude protease (S1). PrA was about 35 kDa in molecular weight. The broad pH and thermal stability, chelators, surfactants and solvent tolerance, and favorable thermodynamics suggested the potentiality of the extracted protease PrA. Thermal activity and stability were enhanced in presence of 1-mM Ca2+ ion at high temperatures. The protease was a serine one as its activity was completely diminished in presence of 1-mM PMSF. The Vmax , Km , and Kcat /Km suggested stability and catalytic efficiency of the protease. PrA hydrolyzes fish protein with 26.61 ± 0.16% of peptide bond cleavage after 240 min, comparable to Alcalase 2.4L (27.13 ± 0.31%). PRACTITIONER POINTS: A serine alkaline protease PrA was extracted from kitchen wastewater bacteria Bacillus tropicus Y14. Protease PrA showed significant activity and stability in a wide temperature and pH range. Protease showed great stability towards additives like metal ions, solvents, surfactants, polyols, and inhibitors. Kinetic study showed that the protease PrA had a prominent affinity and catalytic efficiency for the substrates. PrA hydrolysed fish proteins into short bioactive peptides which signify its potential in the formation of functional food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhushrita Das
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mahua Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Mahakhan P, Apiso P, Srisunthorn K, Vichitphan K, Vichitphan S, Punyauppa-path S, Sawaengkaew J. Alkaline Protease Production from Bacillus gibsonii 6BS15-4 Using Dairy Effluent and Its Characterization as a Laundry Detergent Additive. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:195-202. [PMID: 36697226 PMCID: PMC9998202 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2210.10007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Protease is a widely used enzyme particularly in the detergent industry. In this research, we aimed to isolate alkaline protease-producing bacteria for characterization as a laundry detergent additive. The screening of alkaline protease production was investigated on basal medium agar plus 1% skim milk at pH 11, with incubation at 30°C. The highest alkaline protease-producing bacterium was 6BS15-4 strain, identified as Bacillus gibsonii by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. While the optimum pH was 12.0, the strain was stable at pH range 7.0-12.0 when incubated at 45°C for 60 min. The alkaline protease produced by B. gibsonii 6BS15-4 using dairy effluent was characterized. The optimum temperature was 60°C and the enzyme was stable at 55°C when incubated at pH 11.0 for 60 min. Metal ions K+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Na+, and Zn2+ exhibited a slightly stimulatory effect on enzyme activity. The enzyme retained over 80% of its activity in the presence of Ca2+, Ba2+, and Mn2+. Thiol reagent and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid did not inhibit the enzyme activity, whereas phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride significantly inhibited the protease activity. The alkaline protease from B. gibsonii 6BS15-4 demonstrated efficiency in blood stain removal and could therefore be used as a detergent additive, with potential for various other industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polson Mahakhan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Patapee Apiso
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Graduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kannika Srisunthorn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kanit Vichitphan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Fermentation Research Center for Value-Added Agricultural Products (FerVAAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sukanda Vichitphan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Fermentation Research Center for Value-Added Agricultural Products (FerVAAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sukrita Punyauppa-path
- Department of Mathematics and Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Surin Campus, Surin 32000, Thailand
| | - Jutaporn Sawaengkaew
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Fermentation Research Center for Value-Added Agricultural Products (FerVAAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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16
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Elhamdi M, Ghorbel S, Hmidet N. Bacillus Swezeyi B2 Strain: A Novel Alkaliphilic Bacterium Producer of Alkaline-, Thermal, Oxidant-, and Surfactant-Stable Protease, Extremely Efficient in Detergency. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:95. [PMID: 36737528 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes that are currently used to meet industrial demand are usually derived from Bacillus species. They find multiple technical applications, particularly they have been increasingly used as a key bio-additive in detergents. In this study, a novel alkalophilic bacterium was isolated from contaminated soil, exhibiting 1400 U/ml proteolytic activity, and identified as Bacillus swezeyi B2. The crude enzyme likely contained a single extracellular protease. This enzyme revealed optimum activity at pH 10 and 70 °C and was highly alkaline thermostable (7-12.5) and up to 70 °C. The protease activity was completely inhibited by Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) suggesting that it belongs to the serine protease group. It was highly stable in the presence of the strong anionic surfactant (SDS) and oxidizing agents (H2O2). The supernatant was lyophilized and showed high storage stability retaining 100% of its original activity after one year of conservation at 4 °C. The lyophilized product was evaluated for its detergent efficacy, it revealed excellent compatibility with various laundry detergents keeping its full original activity after incubation for 1 h with seven solid and liquid commercial detergents and it effectively removed chocolate stains at low washing temperature (40 °C) and low supplementation level (125 U/ml). The features of this single alkaline and thermotolerant protease, stable toward surfactants, oxidizing agents, and commercial detergents with stain removal efficacy support its ideal choice for supplementation in detergent formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Elhamdi
- Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology Laboratory, National Engineering School of Sfax-University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sofiane Ghorbel
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noomen Hmidet
- Enzyme Engineering and Microbiology Laboratory, National Engineering School of Sfax-University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
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17
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Chen H, Wu J, Huang X, Feng X, Ji H, Zhao L, Wang J. Overexpression of Bacillus circulans alkaline protease in Bacillus subtilis and its potential application for recovery of protein from soybean dregs. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:968439. [PMID: 36090104 PMCID: PMC9459226 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.968439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are important for decomposition of proteins to generate peptides or amino acids and have a broad range of applications in different industries. Herein, a gene encoding an alkaline protease (AprBcp) from Bacillus circulans R1 was cloned and bioinformatics analyzed. In addition, a series of strategies were applied to achieve high-level expression of AprBcp in Bacillus subtilis. The maximum activity of AprBcp reached 165,870 U/ml after 60 h fed-batch cultivation in 50 l bioreactor. The purified recombinant AprBcp exhibited maximum activity at 60°C and pH 10.0, and remained stable in the range from pH 8.0 to 11.0 and 30 to 45°C. Metal ions Ca2+, Mn2+, and Mg2+ could improve the stability of AprBcp. Furthermore, the recombinant AprBcp displayed great potential application on the recovery of protein from soybean dregs. The results of this study will provide an effective method to prepare AprBcp in B. subtilis and its potential application on utilization of soybean dregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jie Wu
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xuzhong Feng
- Shenzhen Shanggutang Food Development Co., Ltd.,Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongwu Ji
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Liangzhong Zhao
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
- *Correspondence: Liangzhong Zhao,
| | - Jianrong Wang
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
- Shenzhen Raink Ecology and Environment Co., Ltd.,Shenzhen, China
- Jianrong Wang,
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18
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Wen Y, Qiang J, Zhou G, Zhang X, Wang L, Shi Y. Characterization of redox and salinity-tolerant alkaline protease from Bacillus halotolerans strain DS5. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:935072. [PMID: 36060753 PMCID: PMC9434114 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.935072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus halotolerans DS5 was isolated and identified as a halophilic microbe according to 16S rRNA analysis and the physical and chemical indices of the strain. A new alkaline protease (designated as prot DS5) from Bacillus halotolerans DS5 was produced, purified, and characterized. After 12 h incubation in the medium with 1% dextrin, 0.5% NaCl, 2% soluble starch, and 1% yeast extract (pH 7.0), it could reach the maximum enzyme activity (279.74 U/ml). The prot DS5 was stable in the pH range of 6.0–12.0 and the temperature range of 40–60°C, with maximal hydrolytic activities at pH 9 and at 50°C. In the presence of Ca2+, Mn2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, and Fe3+, protease activity was enhanced. The prot DS5 was maintained highly stable in NaCl (up to 2.5 mol/L), reducing and oxidizing agents. The prot DS5 also exhibited compatibility in other detergent ingredients, such as non-ionic and anionic surfactants. These properties of prot DS5 make this enzyme suitable for various industrial applications (e.g., detergents and leather).
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19
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Falkenberg F, Rahba J, Fischer D, Bott M, Bongaerts J, Siegert P. Biochemical characterization of a novel oxidatively stable, halotolerant, and high-alkaline subtilisin from Alkalihalobacillus okhensis Kh10-101 T. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:1729-1746. [PMID: 35727859 PMCID: PMC9527586 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophilic and halotolerant microorganisms represent a promising source of salt-tolerant enzymes suitable for various biotechnological applications where high salt concentrations would otherwise limit enzymatic activity. Considering the current growing enzyme market and the need for more efficient and new biocatalysts, the present study aimed at the characterization of a high-alkaline subtilisin from Alkalihalobacillus okhensis Kh10-101T . The protease gene was cloned and expressed in Bacillus subtilis DB104. The recombinant protease SPAO with 269 amino acids belongs to the subfamily of high-alkaline subtilisins. The biochemical characteristics of purified SPAO were analyzed in comparison with subtilisin Carlsberg, Savinase, and BPN'. SPAO, a monomer with a molecular mass of 27.1 kDa, was active over a wide range of pH 6.0-12.0 and temperature 20-80 °C, optimally at pH 9.0-9.5 and 55 °C. The protease is highly oxidatively stable to hydrogen peroxide and retained 58% of residual activity when incubated at 10 °C with 5% (v/v) H2 O2 for 1 h while stimulated at 1% (v/v) H2 O2 . Furthermore, SPAO was very stable and active at NaCl concentrations up to 5.0 m. This study demonstrates the potential of SPAO for biotechnological applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Falkenberg
- Institute of Nano‐ and BiotechnologiesAachen University of Applied SciencesJülichGermany
| | - Jade Rahba
- Institute of Nano‐ and BiotechnologiesAachen University of Applied SciencesJülichGermany
| | - David Fischer
- Institute of Nano‐ and BiotechnologiesAachen University of Applied SciencesJülichGermany
| | - Michael Bott
- Institute of Bio‐ and GeosciencesIBG‐1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum JülichGermany
| | - Johannes Bongaerts
- Institute of Nano‐ and BiotechnologiesAachen University of Applied SciencesJülichGermany
| | - Petra Siegert
- Institute of Nano‐ and BiotechnologiesAachen University of Applied SciencesJülichGermany
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20
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Rios P, Bezus B, Cavalitto S, Cavello I. Production and characterization of a new detergent-stable keratinase expressed by Pedobacter sp. 3.14.7, a novel Antarctic psychrotolerant keratin-degrading bacterium. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:81. [PMID: 35612674 PMCID: PMC9133294 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antarctica is one of the harshest environments in the world. Despite this fact, it has been colonized by microorganisms, which had to develop different adaptations in order to survive. By studying their enzymes, we can harness these adaptations in order to use them in various industrial processes. Keratinases (E.C. 3.4.99.11) are characterized by their robustness in withstanding extreme conditions and, along with other enzymes, are commonly added to laundry detergents, which makes their study of industrial interest. RESULTS In this work, a novel keratinase producer, Pedobacter sp. 3.14.7 (MF 347939.1), isolated from Antarctic birds' nests, was identified. This psychrotolerant isolate displays a typical psychrotolerant growth pattern, with an optimal temperature of 20 °C (μmax=0.23 h-1). After 238 h, maximum proteolytic (22.00 ± 1.17 U ml-1) and keratinolytic (33.04 ± 1.09 U ml-1) activities were achieved with a feather sample conversion of approximately 85%. The keratinase present in crude extract was characterized as a metalloprotease with a molecular weight of 25 kDa, stable in a wide range of pH, with an optimum pH of 7.5. Optimum temperature was 55 °C. Wash performance at 20 °C using this crude extract could remove completely blood stain from cotton cloth. CONCLUSION We report a new keratinolytic bacteria from maritime Antarctica. Among its biochemical characteristics, its stability in the presence of different detergents and bleaching agents and its wash performance showed promising results regarding its potential use as a laundry detergent additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rios
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas (CINDEFI, CCT La Plata-CONICET, UNLP), Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Calle 47 y 115, (B1900ASH), 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - B Bezus
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas (CINDEFI, CCT La Plata-CONICET, UNLP), Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Calle 47 y 115, (B1900ASH), 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - S Cavalitto
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas (CINDEFI, CCT La Plata-CONICET, UNLP), Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Calle 47 y 115, (B1900ASH), 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - I Cavello
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas (CINDEFI, CCT La Plata-CONICET, UNLP), Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Calle 47 y 115, (B1900ASH), 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
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21
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Coban H. Production of protease with Bacillus megaterium DSM32: Partial characterisation of the enzyme and modelling of the production. ACTA ALIMENTARIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1556/066.2021.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Proteases hold an important position in today's world commercial enzyme market. Among various microbial producer genera, Bacillus is leading the commercial protease production. However, industry is still actively looking for new microbial protease producers with distinctive properties. Therefore, this study was undertaken for the evaluation of protease production by Bacillus megaterium DSM 32 strain in terms of its protease productivity, calculation of various production kinetics, partial characterisation of the enzyme, and modelling the protease production process. As results, the highest protease activity, specific cellular protease production rate, and protease productivity were calculated as 255.42 U mL−1, 36.2514 U g−1, and 16.1313 U mL−1 h−1, respectively, in shake flask fermentations. Partial characterisation studies showed that the enzyme has 45 °C and pH 8 as optimum working conditions, and its activity increased by 24% with the addition of 5 mM Mn+2 to the reaction medium. Additionally, the enzyme showed high stability and kept almost full activity in a cell-free medium for 20 days at 4 °C. Furthermore, modified Gompertz model provided the best fit in describing protease production with the lowest error and high fit values.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.B. Coban
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir Health Technologies Development and Accelerator (BioIzmir), Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey
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22
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Ariaeenejad S, Kavousi K, Mamaghani ASA, Ghasemitabesh R, Hosseini Salekdeh G. Simultaneous hydrolysis of various protein-rich industrial wastes by a naturally evolved protease from tannery wastewater microbiota. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152796. [PMID: 34986419 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Elimination of protein-rich waste materials is one of the vital environmental protection requirements. Using of non-naturally occurring chemicals for their remediation properties can potentially induce new pollutants. Therefore, enzymes encoded in the genomes of microorganisms evolved in the same environment can be considered suitable alternatives to chemicals. Identification of efficient proteases that can hydrolyze recalcitrant, protein-rich wastes produced by various industrial processes has been widely welcomed as an eco-friendly waste management strategy. In this direction, we attempted to screen a thermo-halo-alkali-stable metagenome-derived protease (PersiProtease1) from tannery wastewater. The PersiProtease1 exhibited high pH stability over a wide range and at 1 h in pH 11.0 maintained 87.59% activity. The enzyme possessed high thermal stability while retaining 76.64% activity after 1 h at 90 °C. Moreover, 65.34% of the initial activity of the enzyme remained in the presence of 6 M NaCl, showing tolerance against high salinity. The presence of various metal ions, inhibitors, and organic solvents did not remarkably inhibit the activity of the discovered protease. The PersiProtease1 was extracted from the tannery wastewater microbiota and efficiently applied for biodegradation of real sample tannery wastewater protein, chicken feathers, whey protein, dehairing sheepskins, and waste X-ray films. PersiProtease1 proved its enormous potential in simultaneous biodegradation of solid and liquid protein-rich industrial wastes based on the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh Ariaeenejad
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Kaveh Kavousi
- Laboratory of Complex Biological Systems and Bioinformatics (CBB), Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Sheykh Abdollahzadeh Mamaghani
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Rezvaneh Ghasemitabesh
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran; Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, NSW, Australia.
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23
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Zhen N, Ye C, Shen Q, Zeng X, Wu Z, Guo Y, Cai Z, Pan D. Heterologous expression and biological characteristics of UGPases from Lactobacillus acidophilus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2481-2491. [PMID: 35344091 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein, two genes (LBA0625 and LBA1719) encoding UGPases (UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase) in Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) were successfully transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) to construct recombinant overexpressing strains (E-0625, E-1719) to investigate the biological characteristics of UGPase-0625 and UGPase-1719. The active sites, polysaccharide yield, and anti-freeze-drying stress of L. acidophilus ATCC4356 were also detected. UGPase-0625 and UGPase-1719 belong to the nucleotidyltransferase of stable hydrophilic proteins; contain 300 and 294 amino acids, respectively; and have 20 conserved active sites by prediction. Αlpha-helixes and random coils were the main secondary structures, which constituted the main skeleton of UGPases. The optimal mixture for the high catalytic activity of the two UGPases included 0.5 mM UDP-Glu (uridine diphosphate glucose) and Mg2+ at 37 °C, pH 10.0. By comparing the UGPase activities of the mutant strains with the original recombinant strains, A10, L130, and L263 were determined as the active sites of UGPase-0625 (P < 0.01) and A11, L130, and L263 were determined as the active sites of UGPase-1719 (P < 0.01). In addition, UGPase overexpression could increase the production of polysaccharides and the survival rates of recombinant bacteria after freeze-drying. This is the first study to determine the enzymatic properties, active sites, and structural simulation of UGPases from L. acidophilus, providing in-depth understanding of the biological characteristics of UGPases in lactic acid bacteria.Key points• We detected the biological characteristics of UGPases encoded by LBA0625 and LBA1719.• We identified UGPase-0625 and UGPase-1719 active sites.• UGPase overexpression elevates polysaccharide levels and post-freeze-drying survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Zhen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo, 315211, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China.,College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China
| | - Congyan Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo, 315211, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China.,College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China
| | - Qiyuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo, 315211, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China.,College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China
| | - Xiaoqun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo, 315211, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China. .,College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China.
| | - Zhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo, 315211, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China.,College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China
| | - Yuxing Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo, 315211, China.,School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210097, China
| | - Zhendong Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo, 315211, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China.,College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China
| | - Daodong Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats To the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo, 315211, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Food Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China.,College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China
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24
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Espoui AH, Larimi SG, Darzi GN. Optimization of protease production process using bran waste using Bacillus licheniformis. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-021-0965-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Abedi G, Talebpour Z, Aliahmadi A, Mashhadi IS. Identification of industrial detergent enzymes by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05227f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method was proposed for routine analysis of the most widely used detergent enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Abedi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Talebpour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
- Analytical and Bioanalytical Research Centre, Alzahra University, Vanak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atousa Aliahmadi
- Department of Biology, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ilnaz Soleimani Mashhadi
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Tarrah A, Pakroo S, Carlot M, Nesto C, Cirillo A, Lombardi A, Corich V, Giacomini A. Thermal resistance and high-performance microwave decontamination assessment of Bacillus endospores isolated from food-grade herbal extracts. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261988. [PMID: 34962973 PMCID: PMC8714112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Generally, endospore contamination can occur from different sources during product manufacturing in many industries and therefore lower its quality by affecting physicochemical properties and shelf-life. Bacterial endospores can germinate inside the product and produce several enzymes, which can cause several undesirable changes. This study assessed the spores thermal resistance and applied a microwave decontamination technique toward herbal extracts (Tilia tomentosa and Centella asiatica) containing ethanol or glycerol. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, the detected contaminant endospores belonged to different Bacillus species, namely B. subtilis, B. zhangzhouensis, and B. pumilus. The thermal resistance assessment using inoculated endospores in the actual products revealed B. pumilus T2 as the most resistant endospore to the heat treatments tested in both T. tomentosa and C. asiatica extracts. Finally, a high-performance microwave technique was used to decontaminate T. tomentosa extract against the mixture of Bacillus spores. Results from the microwave technique indicate that the increase of temperature from 100°C to 105°C not only decontaminated the product but also could dramatically decrease the effective thermal treatment time (10 times), which can benefit the product quality. The results provided in this study considerably contribute to improving an original decontamination method for products containing glycerol and ethanol with the most negligible effect on product quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Tarrah
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animal and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Shadi Pakroo
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animal and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Milena Carlot
- Interdepartmental Centre for Research in Viticulture and Enology (CIRVE), University of Padova, Conegliano, TV, Italy
| | - Camilla Nesto
- Agripharma Società Cooperativa Agricola via Prima Strada 11, Vescovana, PD, Italy
| | - Antonella Cirillo
- Agripharma Società Cooperativa Agricola via Prima Strada 11, Vescovana, PD, Italy
| | - Angiolella Lombardi
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animal and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Viviana Corich
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animal and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre for Research in Viticulture and Enology (CIRVE), University of Padova, Conegliano, TV, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Alessio Giacomini
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animal and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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27
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Compatibility and Washing Performance of Compound Protease Detergent. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app12010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protease is the main enzyme of detergent. Through the combination of different proteases and the combination of protease and detergent additives, it can adapt to different washing conditions to improve the washing effect. In this experiment, whiteness determination, microscope scanning, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to detect the whiteness values of the cloth pieces before and after washing, as well as the stain residue between the fibers on the surface of the cloth pieces. The protease detergent formula with better decontamination and anti-deposition effects was selected. The combination of alkaline protease, keratinase, and trypsin was cost-effective in removing stains. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the molecular weight of the protein significantly changed after adding the enzyme preparation during washing, and the molecular weight of the protein was directly proportional to protein redeposition. The composite protease had a better comprehensive decontamination effect, and when compatible with suitable surfactants, anti-redeposition agents, and water-softening agents, the compound protease detergent exhibited a stronger decontamination ability than commercial detergents.
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28
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Wu PS, Liu CH, Hu SY. Probiotic Bacillus safensis NPUST1 Administration Improves Growth Performance, Gut Microbiota, and Innate Immunity against Streptococcus iniae in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus). Microorganisms 2021; 9:2494. [PMID: 34946096 PMCID: PMC8703608 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are considered ecofriendly alternatives to antibiotics as immunostimulants against pathogen infections in aquaculture. In the present study, protease-, amylase-, cellulase-, and xylanase-producing Bacillus safensis NPUST1 were isolated from the gut of Nile tilapia, and the beneficial effects of B. safensis NPUST1 on growth, innate immunity, disease resistance and gut microbiota in Nile tilapia were evaluated by feeding tilapia a basal diet or basal diet containing 105 and 106-107 CFU/g for 8 weeks. The results showed that the weight gain, feed efficiency and specific growth rate were significantly increased in tilapia fed a diet containing 106 CFU/g and 107 CFU/g B. safensis NPUST1. Intestinal digestive enzymes, including protease, amylase and lipase, and hepatic mRNA expression of glucose metabolism and growth-related genes, such as GK, G6Pase, GHR and IGF-1, were also significantly increased in the 106 CFU/g and 107 CFU/g B. safensis NPUST1 treated groups. Immune parameters such as phagocytic activity, respiratory burst and superoxide dismutase activity in head kidney leukocytes, serum lysozyme, and the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α and lysozyme genes were significantly induced in the head kidney and spleen of 106 CFU/g and 107 CFU/g B. safensis NPUST1 treated fish. The cumulative survival rate was significantly increased in fish fed a diet containing 106 CFU/g and 107 CFU/g B. safensis NPUST1 after challenge with Streptococcus iniae. Dietary supplementation with B. safensis NPUST1 improves the gut microbiota of Nile tilapia, which increases the abundance of potential probiotics and reduces the abundance of pathogenic pathogens. The present study is the first to report the use of B. safensis as a potential probiotic in aquaculture, and a diet containing 106 CFU/g B. safensis NPUST1 is adequate for providing beneficial effects on growth performance and health status in tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shan Wu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Hong Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan;
- Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yang Hu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan;
- Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
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29
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Romero-Severson J, Moran TE, Shrader DG, Fields FR, Pandey-Joshi S, Thomas CL, Palmer EC, Shrout JD, Pfrender ME, Lee SW. A Seed-Endophytic Bacillus safensis Strain With Antimicrobial Activity Has Genes for Novel Bacteriocin-Like Antimicrobial Peptides. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:734216. [PMID: 34646254 PMCID: PMC8503640 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.734216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriocins are a highly diverse group of antimicrobial peptides that have been identified in a wide range of commensal and probiotic organisms, especially those resident in host microbiomes. Rising antibiotic resistance have fueled renewed research into new drug scaffolds such as antimicrobial peptides for use in therapeutics. In this investigation, we examined mung bean seeds for endophytes possessing activity against human and plant pathogens. We isolated a novel strain of Bacillus safensis, from the contents of surface-sterilized mung bean seed, which we termed B. safensis C3. Genome sequencing of C3 identified three distinct biosynthetic systems that produce bacteriocin-based peptides. C3 exhibited antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Xanthomonas axonopodis, and Pseudomonas syringae. Robust antimicrobial activity of B. safensis C3 was observed when C3 was co-cultured with Bacillus subtilis. Using the cell-free supernatant of C3 and cation exchange chromatography, we enriched a product that retained antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis. The peptide was found to be approximately 3.3 kDa in size by mass spectrometry, and resistant to proteolysis by Carboxypeptidase Y and Endoproteinase GluC, suggesting that it is a modified variant of an AS-48 like bacteriocin. Our findings open new avenues into further development of novel bacteriocin-based scaffolds for therapeutic development, as well as further investigations into how our discoveries of bacteriocin-producing plant commensal microorganisms may have the potential for an immediate impact on the safety of food supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Romero-Severson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Thomas E Moran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Donna G Shrader
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Francisco R Fields
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Susan Pandey-Joshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Clayton L Thomas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Emily C Palmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Joshua D Shrout
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Michael E Pfrender
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Shaun W Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
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30
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Abstract
Proteases are ubiquitous enzymes, having significant physiological roles in both synthesis and degradation. The use of microbial proteases in food fermentation is an age-old process, which is today being successfully employed in other industries with the advent of ‘omics’ era and innovations in genetic and protein engineering approaches. Proteases have found application in industries besides food, like leather, textiles, detergent, waste management, agriculture, animal husbandry, cosmetics, and pharmaceutics. With the rising demands and applications, researchers are exploring various approaches to discover, redesign, or artificially synthesize enzymes with better applicability in the industrial processes. These enzymes offer a sustainable and environmentally safer option, besides possessing economic and commercial value. Various bacterial and fungal proteases are already holding a commercially pivotal role in the industry. The current review summarizes the characteristics and types of proteases, microbial source, their current and prospective applications in various industries, and future challenges. Promoting these biocatalysts will prove significant in betterment of the modern world.
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31
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Jayakumar D, Sachith SK, Nathan VK, Rishad KSM. Statistical optimization of thermostable alkaline protease from Bacillus cereus KM 05 using response surface methodology. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:2053-2065. [PMID: 34432180 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Proteases have gained great attention due to their enormous applications in food, tannery, detergent, photography and many other industries. Proteases rank third position in the production of enzymes. This paper targets to isolate a bacterium with high alkaline protease activity and optimization of its production conditions using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). RESULTS A bacterium isolated from soil contaminated with detergent exhibited clearance zone on skim milk agar medium with a protease activity of 22 U/ml. The bacterial strain was identified as Bacillus cereus KM05 and optimization of its production conditions were performed using statistical methods. Further optimization with Box Behnken design resulted in an increase in protease activity by 1.5-fold (28.6 U/ml). The protease enzyme was thermotolerant up to 70 °C with stability towards alkaline pH (pH 9). The enzyme was not affected by most of the metal ions and solvents. Moreover, the protease was also compatible with six commercial detergents tested. Densitometric analysis of the destained fabric materials following the detergent-enzyme treatment, revealed a stain removal efficiency of 97%. CONCLUSION The alkaline protease enzyme obtained was stable at different conditions with stain removal efficacy. Hence, the present alkaline protease could be used for detergent formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Jayakumar
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Zoology, Maharaja's College, Ernakulam, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sunish Kadayil Sachith
- Postgraduate and Research Department of Zoology, Maharaja's College, Ernakulam, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Nathan
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed To Be University, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India
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32
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Wang H, Cai C, Gan L, Wang S, Tian Y. Expression and Characterization of Surfactnt-Stable Calcium-Dependent Protease: a Potential Additive for Laundry Detergents. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683821040165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Li J, Jiang L, Cao X, Wu Y, Lu F, Liu F, Li Y, Liu Y. Improving the activity and stability of Bacillus clausii alkaline protease using directed evolution and molecular dynamics simulation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 147:109787. [PMID: 33992409 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Detergent enzymes have been developed extensively as eco-friendly substitutes for the harmful chemicals in detergent. Among them, alkaline protease accounts for a large share of detergent enzyme sales. Thus, improving the specific activity of alkaline protease could play an important role in reducing the cost of detergent enzymes. In our study, alkaline protease from Bacillus clausii (PRO) was used to construct a mutant library through directed evolution using error-prone PCR, and a variant (G95P) with 9-fold enhancement in specific activity was obtained. After incubation at a pH of 11.0 for 70 h, G95P maintained 67 % of its maximal activity, which was 46 % more than wild-type PRO (WT), indicating that G95P has better alkaline stability than WT. The thermostability of G95P was also enhanced, as G95P achieved 17 % initial activity after incubation for 50 h at 60 °C, while WT lost its activity. The MD simulation results verified that variant G95P possessed improved stability of its Gly95-Gly100 loop region and Arg19-Asp265 salt bridge, leading to enhanced stability and catalytic efficiency. This work enhances the understanding of the structure-function relationship of PRO and provides an academic foundation for improving the enzymatic properties of PRO to satisfy industrial requirements using protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Luying Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Xue Cao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
| | - Fufeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China.
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China.
| | - Yihan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, The College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, PR China.
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34
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Matkawala F, Nighojkar S, Kumar A, Nighojkar A. Microbial alkaline serine proteases: Production, properties and applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:63. [PMID: 33730214 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes hold a pivotal position in numerous industrial processes where hydrolysis of protein molecules is required under precise conditions. The emerging trend of biotechnological applications in recent years has witnessed a renewed interest in alkaline serine proteases extending their utility in detergent, leather, textile, food and pharmaceutical industries. A variety of microorganisms have been reported to produce alkaline serine proteases on a large scale, however, extensive research to find an alkaline serine protease with desirable characteristics such as significant catalytic efficiency, expanded stability and broad substrate specificity is still ongoing. Although submerged fermentation dominates the commercial enzyme production, recent reports have emphasized on solid state fermentation technology which can reduce major cost associated with the enzyme production. In the present review, recent research on alkaline serine proteases along with their novel properties and production using solid state fermentation have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Matkawala
- Maharaja Ranjit Singh College of Professional Sciences, Khandwa Rd., Indore, 452001, India
| | - Sadhana Nighojkar
- Mata Gujri College of Professional Studies, A.B. Road, Indore, 452001, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road, Indore, 452001, India
| | - Anand Nighojkar
- Maharaja Ranjit Singh College of Professional Sciences, Khandwa Rd., Indore, 452001, India.
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35
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Chang C, Gong S, Liu Z, Yan Q, Jiang Z. High level expression and biochemical characterization of an alkaline serine protease from Geobacillus stearothermophilus to prepare antihypertensive whey protein hydrolysate. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:21. [PMID: 33706728 PMCID: PMC7953746 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-021-00678-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteases are important for hydrolysis of proteins to generate peptides with many bioactivities. Thus, the development of novel proteases with high activities is meaningful to discover bioactive peptides. Because natural isolation from animal, plant and microbial sources is impractical to produce large quantities of proteases, gene cloning and expression of target protease are preferred. RESULTS In this study, an alkaline serine protease gene (GsProS8) from Geobacillus stearothermophilus was successfully cloned and expressed in Bacillus subtilis. The recombinant GsProS8 was produced with high protease activity of 3807 U/mL after high cell density fermentation. GsProS8 was then purified through ammonium sulfate precipitation and a two-step chromatographic method to obtain the homogeneous protease. The molecular mass of GsProS8 was estimated to be 27.2 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and 28.3 kDa by gel filtration. The optimal activity of GsProS8 was found to be pH 8.5 and 50 °C, respectively. The protease exhibited a broad substrate specificity and different kinetic parameters to casein and whey protein. Furthermore, the hydrolysis of whey protein using GsProS8 resulted in a large amount of peptides with high angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity (IC50 of 0.129 mg/mL). CONCLUSIONS GsProS8 could be a potential candidate for industrial applications, especially the preparation of antihypertensive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Chang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Siyi Gong
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhiping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Food Bioengineering (China National Light Industry), College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu, Beijing, 100083, China.
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A Novel Thermostable and Alkaline Protease Produced from Bacillus stearothermophilus Isolated from Olive Oil Mill Sols Suitable to Industrial Biotechnology. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041139. [PMID: 33672726 PMCID: PMC7924394 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify a new alkaline and thermophilic protease (Ba.St.Pr) produced from Bacillus stearothermophilus isolated from olive oil mill sols and to evaluate its culture conditions, including temperature, pH, carbon and nitrogen sources, and incubation time. The optimum culture conditions for cell growth (10 g/L) and protease production (5050 U/mL) were as follows: temperature 55 °C, pH 10, inoculation density 8 × 108 CFU/mL, and incubation time 24 h. The use of 3% yeast extract as the nitrogen sources and galactose (7.5 g/L) as the carbon sources enhanced both cell growth and protease production. Using reversed-phase analytical HPLC on C-8 column, the new protease was purified with a molecular mass of approximately 28 kDa. The N-terminal sequence of Ba.St.Pr exhibited a high level of identity of approximately 95% with those of Bacillus strains. Characterization under extreme conditions revealed a novel thermostable and alkaline protease with a half-life time of 187 min when incubated with combined Ca2+/mannitol. Ba.St.Pr demonstrated a higher stability in the presence of surfactant, solvent, and Ca2+ ions. Consequently, all the evaluated activity parameters highlighted the promising properties of this bacterium for industrial and biotechnological applications.
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Avcı A, Demir S, Akçay FA. Production, properties and some applications of protease from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. EBTA6. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 51:803-810. [PMID: 33345694 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1858429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular protease production by a novel strain, Bacillus sp. EBTA6, has been optimized by using central composite design of response surface methodology and properties and industrial applications of crude enzyme have been investigated. Three independent variables (temperature, pH and yeast extract concentration) chosen in the experimental design were significant terms and reduced cubic model fit with the design at p < 0.0001 level. The recommended temperature, pH and yeast extract concentration were 30 °C, 8, and 15 g/L, respectively. Crude enzyme displayed activity over a wide pH and temperature ranges having the optimum at 50-60 °C and pH 8. It was quite stable at high pH values and at 50 °C. Amongst the metal ions (Mg+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, K2+, and Sn2+), Ca2+ enhanced the activity and the others either decreased or did not change it. The enzyme activity was reduced by phenyl-methyl-sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), and ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA). The results revealed that the protease was serine alkaline type. Tween 20 and Tween 80 did not inhibit the enzyme, however, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), reduced it by 39%. It completely removed blood stain in 20 min and coagulated milk in the presence of CaCl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşe Avcı
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sakarya University, Serdivan, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Selin Demir
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sakarya University, Serdivan, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Fikriye Alev Akçay
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sakarya University, Serdivan, Sakarya, Turkey
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Nnolim NE, Nwodo UU. Bacillus sp. CSK2 produced thermostable alkaline keratinase using agro-wastes: keratinolytic enzyme characterization. BMC Biotechnol 2020; 20:65. [PMID: 33317483 PMCID: PMC7734832 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-00659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chicken feathers are the most abundant agro-wastes emanating from the poultry processing farms and present major concerns to environmentalists. Bioutilization of intractable feather wastes for the production of critical proteolytic enzymes is highly attractive from both ecological and biotechnological perspectives. Consequently, physicochemical conditions influencing keratinase production by Bacillus sp. CSK2 on chicken feathers formulation was optimized, and the keratinase was characterized. RESULTS The highest enzyme activity of 1539.09 ± 68.14 U/mL was obtained after 48 h of incubation with optimized conditions consisting of chicken feathers (7.5 g/L), maltose (2.0 g/L), initial fermentation pH (5.0), incubation temperature (30 °C), and agitation speed (200 rpm). The keratinase showed optimal catalytic efficiency at pH 8.0 and a temperature range of 60 °C - 80 °C. The keratinase thermostability was remarkable with a half-life of above 120 min at 70 °C. Keratinase catalytic efficiency was halted by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 1,10-phenanthroline. However, keratinase activity was enhanced by 2-mercaptoethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, tween-80, but was strongly inhibited by Al3+ and Fe3+. Upon treatment with laundry detergents, the following keratinase residual activities were achieved: 85.19 ± 1.33% (Sunlight), 90.33 ± 5.95% (Surf), 80.16 ± 2.99% (Omo), 99.49 ± 3.11% (Ariel), and 87.19 ± 0.26% (Maq). CONCLUSION The remarkable stability of the keratinase with an admixture of organic solvents or laundry detergents portends the industrial and biotechnological significance of the biocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonso E Nnolim
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa
| | - Uchechukwu U Nwodo
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa. .,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
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Biochemical and thermodynamic characteristics of a new serine protease from Mucor subtilissimus URM 4133. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 28:e00552. [PMID: 33294402 PMCID: PMC7683317 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A protease from the fungus Mucor subtilissimus URM 4133, capable of producing bioactive peptides from goat casein, was purified. SDS-PAGE and zymography showed a molecular mass of 30 kDa. The enzyme was active and stable in a wide pH range (6.0–10.5) and (5.0–10.5), respectively. Optimum temperature was at 45–50 °C and stability was above 80 % (40 °C/2 h). Activity was not influenced by ions or organic substances (Triton, Tween, SDS and DMSO), but was completely inhibited by PMSF, suggesting that it belongs to the serine protease family. The Km and Vmax were 2.35 mg azocasein.mL-1 and 333.33 U.mg protein-1, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters of irreversible denaturation (40–60 °C) were enthalpy 123.63 – 123.46 kJ.mol-1, entropy 120.24–122.28 kJ.mol-1 and Gibbs free energy 85.97 – 82.45 kJ.mol-1. Any peptide sequences compatible with this protease were found after analysis by MALDI-TOF, which suggests that it is a new serine protease.
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Sharma I, Kango N. Production and characterization of keratinase by Ochrobactrum intermedium for feather keratin utilization. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:1046-1056. [PMID: 33157140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A newly isolated bacterium producing 55.5 U/mL keratinase on feather meal minimal medium was identified as Ochrobactrum intermedium. Optimization of process parameters by one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) approach (substrate concentration 0.5% w/v, inoculum size 5% w/v, pH 7.0, 200 rpm for 96 h at 40 °C) resulted in 2.1-fold increase in keratinase secretion (117 U/mL). Keratinase was optimally active at pH 9.0 and 40 °C and was stable at pH 9.0 and 60 °C for 120 min. Calcium ions enhanced keratinase activity (158%) significantly, while it was strongly inhibited by both PMSF and EDTA, indicating it to be a metallo-serine protease. Keratinase degraded native chicken feathers efficiently resulting in 97.9% weight loss along with release of 745.5 μg/mL soluble proteins and 4196.69 μg/mL amino acids. Feather hydrolysate generated by NKIS 1 exhibited significant anti-oxidant and free-radical scavenging activity (90.46%). The present study revealed that O. intermedium NKIS 1 has potential applications in the biodegradation of chicken feathers and the value-addition of poultry waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, M.P. 470003, India
| | - Naveen Kango
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, M.P. 470003, India.
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Liu X, Feng Y, Lai X, Deng T, Liu X, Lyu M, Wang S. Virgibacillus halodenitrificans ST-1 for fermentation of shrimp paste and hydrolysates of its protease. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:5352-5361. [PMID: 33133538 PMCID: PMC7590317 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nutrition and flavor of shrimp paste came from hydrolyzation by enzymes that were produced by microorganisms. The salt-tolerant strain Virgibacillus halodenitrificans ST-1 isolated from shrimp paste was studied and used in the fermentation of shrimp paste. The strain and the protease produced by ST-1 were investigated. The optimum pH of the protease was 8.0, and the reaction temperature was 30°C. The protease showed high activity in the range of pH (5.0-11.0) and NaCl concentration (1%-15%). Divalent cations such as Ba2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, and Si2+ could enhance the protease activity. Residual activity of protease was more than 90% when it was incubated with PMSF and H2O2. Also, the enzyme retained more than 90% of initial activity after it was incubated with organic solvents. Variety of natural proteins could be substrates of the protease. By analyzing the release rate of free amino acids, it was predicted that the cleavage sites of the protease were mainly Glu, Asp, Gly, Leu, and Lys. Moreover, the hydrolysates of the protease had antioxidant activity, especially for DPPH and superoxide anion radical scavenging. The strain ST-1 and the protease both were excellent candidates for food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment /Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine BiotechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
- Co‐Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio‐industry TechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
| | - Yanli Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment /Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine BiotechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
- Co‐Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio‐industry TechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
| | - Xiaohua Lai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment /Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine BiotechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
- Co‐Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio‐industry TechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
| | - Tian Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment /Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine BiotechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
- Co‐Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio‐industry TechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
| | - Xin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment /Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine BiotechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
- Co‐Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio‐industry TechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
| | - Mingsheng Lyu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment /Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine BiotechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
- Co‐Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio‐industry TechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological ManufacturingAnhui UniversityHefeiChina
| | - Shujun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment /Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine BiotechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
- Co‐Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio‐industry TechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological ManufacturingAnhui UniversityHefeiChina
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Ouelhadj A, Bouacem K, Asmani KL, Allala F, Mechri S, Yahiaoui M, Jaouadi B. Identification and homology modeling of a new biotechnologically compatible serine alkaline protease from moderately halotolerant Gracilibacillus boraciitolerans strain LO15. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:1456-1469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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43
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Protease—A Versatile and Ecofriendly Biocatalyst with Multi-Industrial Applications: An Updated Review. Catal Letters 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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44
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Duffeck CE, de Menezes CLA, Boscolo M, da Silva R, Gomes E, da Silva RR. Keratinases from Coriolopsis byrsina as an alternative for feather degradation: applications for cloth cleaning based on commercial detergent compatibility and for the production of collagen hydrolysate. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:2403-2412. [PMID: 32642979 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02963-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Keratinases are proteolytic enzymes that emerge as an alternative for dealing with the disposal of chicken feathers. In this study, we aimed to investigate the keratin-degrading enzymes secreted by the fungus Coriolopsis byrsina and their partial biochemical characterization to adapt their use for keratin decomposition, detergent additive applications, and collagen degradation. RESULTS We observed the secretion of different proteolytic enzymes that possessed caseinolytic activity that peaked at pH 7.0-9.0 and 60-70 °C and at pH 10.5 and 55-60 °C, and keratinolytic activity that reached a maximum at pH 7.0-7.5 and 40-55 ºC and at pH 9.0 and 55 °C. Keratinolytic activity was maintained at approximately 63% of residual activity for 1 h at 50 °C. The caseinolytic activity at pH 10.5 remains stable until 1 h at 50 °C, and this is in contrast to the activity at pH 8.5, where the residual activity was 50%. Caseinolytic activity was inhibited only by PMSF, while keratinolytic activity was inhibited by PMSF and EDTA. When investigating the application of C. byrsina peptidases as an additive to commercial detergent, we observed an egg stain removal performance that was similar to that demonstrated by the commercial detergent. CONCLUSIONS Based on their activity and stability at alkaline pH, these enzymes appear to be attractive candidates for use in the detergent industry. Additionally, the collagenolytic activity of these enzymes potentially allows for their use in a wide array of industrial sectors that require collagenolytic enzymes, such as for the production of collagen hydrolysates from residues derived from the meat industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Duffeck
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas-Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho -São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Lionela Ambrosio de Menezes
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas-Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho -São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício Boscolo
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas-Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho -São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto da Silva
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas-Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho -São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eleni Gomes
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas-Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho -São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronivaldo Rodrigues da Silva
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas-Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho -São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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45
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Yang S, Zhai L, Huang L, Meng D, Li J, Hao Z, Guan Z, Cai Y, Liao X. Mining of alkaline proteases from Bacillus altitudinis W3 for desensitization of milk proteins: Their heterologous expression, purification, and characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 153:1220-1230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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46
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Citrobacter diversus-derived keratinases and their potential application as detergent-compatible cloth-cleaning agents. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:969-977. [PMID: 32291739 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, poultry farming is one of the sectors that have a significant impact on the global economy. In recent years, there has been an increase in the production of broilers, inflicting this segment of the industry to generate tons of keratin due to huge disposal of chicken feathers. This points to the need to degrade these chicken feathers, as they have emerged as a major threat to the environment. Thus, in this study we aimed to identify keratinases that are produced by the bacterium Citrobacter diversus and further investigate the biochemical characteristics of these keratin-degrading enzymes. In a submerged medium, the bacterium was capable of degrading chicken feathers almost completely after 36 h of fermentation. We found a maximum caseinolytic activity at pH 9-10.5 and 50-55 °C, and keratinolytic activity at pH 8.5-9.5 and 50 °C. Thus, given its stability at higher temperatures, upon incubation of this enzyme extract for 1 h at 50 °C, it showed approximately 50% of the keratinolytic and 100% of the caseinolytic activity. Further, under pH stability for 48 h at 4 °C, the enzyme extract maintained greater residual activity in the pH range 6-8. Caseinolytic activity was inhibited by EDTA and PMSF, whereas the keratinolytic activity was inhibited only by EDTA. Additionally, due to its alkaline activity and detergent compatibility, this enzyme extract could improve washing performance when added to a commercial detergent formulation. Using application tests, we could demonstrate a potential use of this bacterial enzyme extract as an additive in detergents to remove egg stains from cloth.
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47
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Yang H, Liu Y, Ning Y, Wang C, Zhang X, Weng P, Wu Z. Characterization of an Intracellular Alkaline Serine Protease from Bacillus velezensis SW5 with Fibrinolytic Activity. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:1610-1621. [PMID: 32274531 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-01977-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ISP-SW5 is an intracellular alkaline serine protease gene from Bacillus velezensis SW5 that was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Sequence analysis indicated that the ISP-SW5 gene has 960 bp open reading frame and encodes a protein of 319 amino acid residues. Three-dimensional structure of ISP-SW5 with the fibrinolytic activity from Bacillus velezensis was predicted by in silico analysis. Gly219 was the most likely active site for the fibrinolytic activity of ISP-SW5. The recombinant enzyme ISP-SW5 was purified by Ni-NTA Superflow Column. SDS-PAGE showed that this enzyme had a molecular mass of 34 kDa. The result of native-PAGE and N-terminal sequencing showed that the N-terminal propeptide of ISP-SW5 was cleaved during the maturation of protease. The optimum pH and temperature were 8.0 and 40 °C, respectively. Enzyme activity was markedly inhibited by PMSF and EDTA but enhanced by 5 mM Ca2+ and 2 mM Zn2+ by up to 143% and 115%, respectively. Additionally, ISP-SW5 retained 93%, 78%, and 49% relative enzyme activity after incubation with 0.5 M, 1 M and 2 M NaCl, respectively, at 4 °C for 12 h. The enzyme activity determined by casein as substrate was 1261 U/mg. ISP-SW5 could degrade fibrin at an activity of 3428 U/mg, and its properties reflect its potential application in developing a novel biological catalyst for efficient fibrin hydrolysis in medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Yang
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchang Ning
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, School of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyu Wang
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, People's Republic of China
| | - Peifang Weng
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, People's Republic of China
| | - Zufang Wu
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, People's Republic of China.
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48
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Optimization for coproduction of protease and cellulase from Bacillus subtilis M-11 by the Box–Behnken design and their detergent compatibility. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s43153-020-00025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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49
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Rong S, Xu H, Li L, Chen R, Gao X, Xu Z. Antifungal activity of endophytic Bacillus safensis B21 and its potential application as a biopesticide to control rice blast. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 162:69-77. [PMID: 31836057 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Endophytic bacteria are potential biocontrol agents for the control of fungal diseases. Here, an endophyte strain, B21, was isolated from Osmanthus fragrans Lour. fruits and identified as Bacillus safensis by analysis of its 16S rDNA gene sequence and its biochemical and physiological characteristics. The culture filtrate showed antifungal activity against Magnaporthe oryzae, which causes rice blast disease, and the IC50 of the methanol extract was 15.56 μg/mL, which was significantly lower than that of carbendazim (25.16 μg/mL). The antifungal activity of the methanol extract was stable at a wide range of pH values (1-9) and temperatures (40-100 °C). Two antifungal compounds were isolated by organic extraction, silica gel column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Based on electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR) analyses, the structures of the antifungal compounds were identified as iturin A2 and iturin A6. Additionally, the hyphae treated with iturin (iturin A2 or iturin A6) could be stained with the fluorescent dye propidium iodide (PI), indicating that these two compounds inhibited the growth of hyphae by changing the hyphal membrane permeability. In field experiments, spray treatment with fermentation broth resulted in a lower disease index than treatment with carbendazim, as did the culture filtrate. The results suggest that strain B21 and its bioactive compounds have the potential to be developed into a biopesticide for the biocontrol of rice blast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhao Rong
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Rongjun Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhengjun Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
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50
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Identification of a New Serine Alkaline Peptidase from the Moderately Halophilic Virgibacillus natechei sp. nov., Strain FarD T and its Application as Bioadditive for Peptide Synthesis and Laundry Detergent Formulations. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6470897. [PMID: 31886235 PMCID: PMC6914889 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6470897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A new peptidase designated as SAPV produced from a moderately halophilic Virgibacillus natechei sp. nov., strain FarDT was investigated by purification to homogeneity followed by biochemical and molecular characterization purposes. Through optimization, it was determined that the optimum peptidase activity was 16,000 U/mL. It was achieved after 36 h incubation at 35°C in the optimized enzyme liquid medium (ELM) at pH 7.4 that contains only white shrimp shell by-product (60 g/L) as sole energy and carbon sources. The SAPV enzyme is a monomer protein with a molecular mass of 31 kDa as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) gel filtration chromatography. The sequence of its NH2-terminal amino-acid residues showed homology with those of Bacillus peptidases S8/S53 superfamily. The SAPV showed optimal activity at pH 9 and 60°C. Irreversible inhibition of enzyme activity by diiodopropyl fluorophosphates (DFP) and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) confirmed its belonging to the serine peptidases. Considering its interesting biochemical characterization, the sapV gene was cloned, sequenced, and heterologously overexpressed in the extracellular fraction of E. coli BL21(DE3)pLysS. The biochemical properties of the recombinant peptidase (rSAPV) were similar to those of the native one. The highest sequence identity value (97.66%) of SAPV was obtained with peptidase S8 from Virgibacillus massiliensis DSM 28587, with 9 amino-acid residues of difference. Interestingly, rSAPV showed an outstanding and high resistance to several organic solvents than SPVP from Aeribacillus pallidus VP3 and Thermolysin type X. Furthermore, rSAPV exhibited an excellent detergent stability and compatibility than Alcalase 2.4 L FG and Bioprotease N100L. Considering all these remarkable properties, rSAPV has attracted the interest of industrialists.
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