Magnetically controlled drug delivery and hyperthermia effects of core-shell Cu@Mn3O4 nanoparticles towards cancer cells in vitro

Advances in local drug delivery technologies for improved rheumatoid arthritis therapy

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by an inflammatory microenvironment and cartilage erosion within the joint cavity. Currently, antirheumatic agents yield significant outcomes in RA treatment. However, their systemic administration is limited by inadequate drug retention in lesion areas and non-specific tissue distribution, reducing efficacy and increasing risks such as infection due to systemic immunosuppression. Development in local drug delivery technologies, such as nanostructure-based and scaffold-assisted delivery platforms, facilitate enhanced drug accumulation at the target site, controlled drug release, extended duration of the drug action, reduced both dosage and administration frequency, and ultimately improve therapeutic outcomes with minimized damage to healthy tissues. In this review, we introduced pathogenesis and clinically used therapeutic agents for RA, comprehensively summarized locally administered nanostructure-based and scaffold-assisted drug delivery systems, aiming at improving the therapeutic efficiency of RA by alleviating the inflammatory response, preventing bone erosion and promoting cartilage regeneration. In addition, the challenges and future prospects of local delivery for clinical translation in RA are discussed.

Theoretical investigations on modeling blood flow through vessel for understanding effectiveness of magnetic nanocarrier drug delivery systems

For cancer therapy, the focus is now on targeting the chemotherapy drugs to cancer cells without damaging other normal cells. The new materials based on bio-compatible magnetic carriers would be useful for targeted cancer therapy, however understanding their effectiveness should be done. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of a dataset containing variables x(m), y(m), and U(m/s), where U represents velocity of blood through vessel containing ferrofluid. The effect of external magnetic field on the fluid flow is investigated using a hybrid modeling. The primary aim of this research endeavor was to construct precise and dependable predictive models for velocity, utilizing the provided input variables. Several base models, including K-nearest neighbors (KNN), decision tree (DT), and multilayer perceptron (MLP), were trained and evaluated. Additionally, an ensemble model called AdaBoost was implemented to further enhance the predictive performance. The hyper-parameter optimization technique, specifically the BAT optimization algorithm, was employed to fine-tune the models. The results obtained from the experiments demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The combination of the AdaBoost algorithm and the decision tree model yielded a highly impressive score of 0.99783 in terms of R2, indicating a strong predictive performance. Additionally, the model exhibited a low error rate, as evidenced by the root mean square error (RMSE) of 5.2893 × 10-3. Similarly, the AdaBoost-KNN model exhibited a high score of 0.98524 using R2 metric, with an RMSE of 1.3291 × 10-2. Furthermore, the AdaBoost-MLP model obtained a satisfactory R2 score of 0.99603, accompanied by an RMSE of 7.1369 × 10-3.

Selective and Controlled Release Responsive Nanoparticles with Adsorption-Pairing Synergy for Anthocyanin Extraction

Anthocyanins with different structures have different anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Precise structural use can improve the chemopreventive effects of anthocyanins and enhance treatment outcomes because the anthocyanin structure influences its functional sites and activities. However, owing to the available variety of anthocyanins and their complex structures, the low matching of intermolecular forces between existing adsorbents and anthocyanins limits the targeted separation of anthocyanin monomers. Short-range and efficient selective binding, which is difficult to achieve, is the current focus in the extraction field. We here developed self-assembled Fe3O4-based nano adsorbers with different surface modifications based on adsorption-pairing synergy. The electrostatic force, coordination bond, hydrogen bond, and π-π* bond together induced selective adsorption between Fe3O4 nanoparticles and anthocyanin molecules. An acid-release solution disrupted the polarity balance in the aforementioned association system, thereby promoting the controlled release of anthocyanins. Among the candidates, the effects of morphology, particle size, surface charge, and functional group on adsorption performance were analyzed. The polyacrylamide-modified magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were found to be favorable for selectively extracting anthocyanin, with an adsorption capacity of 19.74 ± 0.07 mg g-1. The release percentage of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside reached up to 98.6% ± 1.4%. This study offers a scientific basis for developing feasible nanotechniques to extract anthocyanins and plant active substances.

Design of manganese-based nanomaterials for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications

In the past few years, manganese-based nanostructures have been extensively investigated in the biomedical field particularly to design highly biocompatible theranostics, which can not only act as efficient diagnostic imaging contrast agents but also deliver the drugs to the target sites. The nanoscale size, large surface area-to-volume ratio, availability of cheap precursors, flexibility to synthesize nanostructures with reproducible properties and high yield, and easy scale up are the major reasons for the attraction towards manganese nanostructures. Along with these properties, the nontoxic nature, pH-sensitive degradation, and easy surface functionalization are additional benefits for the use of manganese nanostructures in biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the recent progress made in the synthesis of manganese nanostructures, describe the attempts made to modify their surfaces to impart biocompatibility and stability in biological fluids, and critically discuss their use in magnetic resonance imaging, drug and gene delivery, hyperthermia, photothermal/photodynamic, immunotherapy, biosensing and tumor diagnosis.